Chapter 2

CHAPTER 2
DEMAND FOR WATER SUPPLY
1
 Water Demand: the quantity of water required for
a purpose (municipal, industrial, commercial … ).
 To design a water supply scheme, it is important

first to know the amount of water demanded by
the user.
 Importance of demand data:

 To effectively manage existing scheme,
 To plan new works to meet future demand,
2
 Estimation of Water Demand:
 Accurate estimation of water demand is Unrealistic.
 The problem of estimating water demand may be

tackled by a detail study of the population, per-capita
demand and design period of the scheme.
 Per capita demand --- the average daily water

requirement of a person.
Per capita demand = yearly water requirement of the
city /(365xDesign population)
3
 Factors affecting per Capita Demand:
 Size of the city,
 Climate conditions,
 Living standard of people,
 Industrial and commercial activities,
 Quality of water supplies
 Pressure in the distribution system,
 Development of sewage facilities
 System of supply,
 Cost of water,
 Policy of metering and method of charging.
4
 Types of urban water demand:
 Domestic Demand,
 Industrial Demand,
 Institutional and Commercial Demand,
 Demand for Public uses,
 Fire Demand,
 Demand for Losses, etc.
 Total 
  Consumer  Distribution 
Total demand = potential  +  +  
 demand   wastage   losses 
 
5
 Domestic Demand:
 Includes the water required in private buildings
for drinking, cooking, bathing, lawn sprinkling,
gardening, sanitary purposes, etc.
 Domestic water consumption per person vary

according to the living conditions of the
consumers.
 According to IS: 1172-1993 = Minimum 200

lit/day/person
 In most countries the domestic demand

accounts about 50 to 60% of the total demand.
 The total domestic water demand shall be equal

to the total design population multiplied by per
6
capita domestic consumption
 Industrial and Commercial Demand:
 This includes the quantity of water required to be
supplied to offices, factories, different industries,
hotels, hospitals, etc.
 This quantity will vary considerably with number

and type of industries, and number and type of
commercial establishments.
 City with small industries = Average 50lit/person/day

 Industrial cities = Average 450lit/person/day
 Less commercialized cities = Ave. 20 lit/person/day
 Highly commercialized cities = upto 50lit /person/day

7
 Industrial and Commercial Demand:
 Major industries use their own supply not to degrade
the city's water supply and cost.
 In supply estimation, to include or exclude industrial

demand is a problem:
 If design includes, the industry later may say that it
would have its own, and

 If it is ignored, industrial development may be
discouraged.
 Hence, on average a margin of 20-25% of the total water

demand may be taken for design. 8
 Public Demand:
 This is the quantity of water required for public
utility purposes such as
 watering of municipal or public parks,
 gardening,
 washing and sprinkling on roads,
 use on public fountains,
 waste water conveyance, etc.
 Usually the demand may range from 2-5% of the total

demand (on the average 10lit/person/day).
9
 Fire Demand:
 The quantity of water required for extinguishing fire.
 This demand should be easily available and always kept

stored in storage reservoirs.
 Generally, in a moderate fire break out, three jet streams

are simultaneously thrown from each hydrant:
 One on the burning property
 One each on adjacent property on either side of the
burning property.
 Discharge from a fire hydrant are usually about 1100

10
lit/min.
 Example on fire demand:
 In Addis Ababa (Population = 5 million), if six fires break
out at different places in a day and each fire stands for
3hours,
 A. What is the total amount of water required to

distinguish the fires?
 B. What is the amount of water required per person

so as to use as a basis for design of water supply
scheme.
11
 C. What do you say about the result obtained in (B)?
 Solution:
 A) V = No. of fires x Discharge x Time of each fire
= 6 x (3x1100)x(3x60)
= 3,564,000 lit/day
𝑉
 B) Per capita demand =
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 3,564,000/5000000
< 1 lit/person/day
 C) The rate of water requirement for fire fighting is large but

the total water consumption is less than 1lit/person/day.
Thus, the fire demand is generally ignored while 12
computing the total per capita water requirement of a city

Losses and Wastes:
 These include:
 the water lost in leakage due to bad plumbing or damaged
meters,
 stolen water due to unauthorized water connection and
others.
 These losses should be taken into account while

estimating the total requirements.
 Losses can be reduced by proper plumbing and careful

maintenance
 Even in the best managed water works, losses may go

as high as 15% of the total consumption. 13
 Factors affecting losses and wastes:
 Loosen joints: due to bad plumbing. Usually joints are
leaky.
 Pressure in the distribution system: Higher pressure

in the distribution system leads to higher leakage losses.
 System of supply: In intermittent system of supplies, the

leakage loss is reduced, as it does not occur for the whole
daylong.
 Metering: In metered supply, wastage is considerably

reduced because people become more careful in using water
as they pay for it.
 Illegal connections: People connect their personal pipes 14

illegally to the system.
Example:
 For a town having population of 60,000 estimate average daily
demand of water. Assume industrial use 10%, institutional &
commercial use 15%, public use 5% and live stock 10% of
domestic demand. Take per capita consumption of 50 l/day and
leakage to be 5%
Solution:
 P = 60,000
 Domestic = 50x60,000 = 3,000,000l/day
 Industrial = 0.1x3000m3/day = 300m3/day
 Inst&com. = 0.15x3000m3/day = 450m3/day
 Public = 0.05x3000m3/day =150m3/day
 Live stock = 0.1 x 3000m3/day = 300m3/day
 Leakage = 0.05 x 3000 m3/day = 150m3/day
 Total Average Daily Demand = 4350m3/day 15
 Time variation of water demand:
 Seasonal variation: such variation occurs due to
larger use of water in dry season, lesser use in rainy
season.
 Daily variation: Day to day variations reflect

household and industrial activity.
 Hourly variation: Hourly consumption usually

attains peak value between about 7 A.M. to 11 A.M.
and then again from 7 P.M. to 9 P.M.
16
 Time variation of water demand:
17
 Variation in Water Demand:
 Annual average day demand (Qday-avg): the
average daily demand over a period of a year. For
economical calculations and fire fighting.
 Maximum day demand (Qday-max): the amount of
water required during the day of maximum
consumption in a year. Important for water
treatment plants and water storages.
 Peak hour demand (Qhr-max): the amount of water
required during the maximum hour in a given day.
Important for design of distribution systems.
 Coincident draft (Qcd): the sum of maximum daily
demand (Qday-max) and fire demand (Qf) 18
19
 Maximum daily demand adjustment factor:
20
 Peak Hour adjustment factor:
21
 Climate adjustment factor:
22
 Socio-Economic adjustment factor
23
Design Period:
 Design period is the number of years from the date of
implementation to the estimated date when the
maximum conditions of the design will be reached.
 Design period is guided by:
 The length of useful life of the units and structures,
 Initial cost of components,
 Ease and difficulty that is likely to be faced in expansions,
 Amount and availability of additional investments likely to
be incurred for additional periods, and
 The rate of interest on the borrowings and the additional
money invested.
 Rate of population growth
 However, the design period should neither be too long
nor should it be too short. 24
Demand Forecasting:
 Water resources planning and management is highly
dependent on projections of future water needs.
 Design of water supply scheme need to consider

functionality of the various components now and in
the future.
 Therefore, the future water demand is a function of:

 Population at the end of design period
 Development plan of the city
 Variations in the demand or draft should also be

generally assessed and known in order to design
supply pipes, service reservoirs, distribution pipes, 25
etc.
Population Forecasting:
 Population data is important for predicting the population of
the city at the end of design period.
 Methods of prediction:
1. Arithmetic increase method: Assumes a constant
rate of increase of a population. i.e. dP = K
dt
Pn = Po + nK
Where,
Pn =population after n decades;
Po = population at present;
n = no. of decades;
K = average rate of increase of population per
decade. 26
2. Geometric increase (Uniform Percentage) method:
constant percentage of growth rate is assumed for equal
periods of time, i.e.
n
 r 
Pn = Po 1 + 
 100 
Where,
Pn =population after n decades;
Po = population at present;
n = no. of decades;
r = growth rate in percent.
r can be computed from the past known population data as:
r = average [(increase in population/original population)x100

27
of each decade]
3. Curvilinear Method: involves the graphical projection of
the past population growth curve, continuing whatever trends
the historical data indicate.
4. Decreasing rate of increase (Declining Growth)

method: assumes of a changing/declining rate of increase
rather than a constant rate of increase.
Example: From the given data, calculate the population at

the end of the next three decades by a) arithmetic; b)
geometric; c) curvilinear; and d) declining growth methods.
1970 ---------- 80,000

1980 ---------- 120,000
1990 ---------- 170,000
28
2000 ---------- 230,000
Solution:
a) Arithmetic
K = [(120000 -80000) + (170000-120000) +(230000-170000)]/3
K=50,000
 Therefore, 2010 ------Pn = Po + nK = 230000+1*50,000
= 280000
2020 ------Pn = Po + nK = 230000+2*50,000
= 330000
2030 ------Pn = Po + nK = 230000+3*50,000
= 380000
29
b) Geometric growth method
120000−80000 170000−120000 230000−170000 100

r= 80000
+ 120000
+ 170000
× 3
= (0.50+0.42+0.35)*100/3
r = 42.33%
 Therefore, 2010 ------Pn = Po (1+ r/100)n

42.33 1
= 230000 1 +
100
= 327359
42.33 2
2020 ------Pn = 230000 1 +
100
= 465930
42.33 3
2030 ------Pn = 230000 1 + 30
100
= 663158
c) Curvilinear
700000
600000
500000
No. of Population
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 31
Years
d) Declining growth method
Year Popn. Increase % increase Decrease

in % Increase
1970 80000
40000 50%
1980 120000 8%
50000 42%
1990 170000
7%
60000 35%
2000 230000
Average for decade 7.5% 32
Therefore, population at end of:
2010 ------ Pn = 230000 + {(35-7.5)/100}*230000

= 230000+(27.5/100)*230,000
= 293250
2020 ------ Pn = 293250 + {(27.5-7.5)/100}*293250

= 293250+(20/100)* 293250
= 351900
2030 ------ Pn = 351900 + {(20-7.5)/100}*351900

= 351900+(12.5/100)* 351900
= 395887
33
Population Density:
 It is information regarding the physical distribution
of the population.
 It is important to know in order to estimate the flows

and to design the distribution network.
 Population density varies widely within a city,

depending on the land use.
 May be estimated from zoning master plan.

34
THANK YOU!!
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CHAPTER 2

DEMAND FOR WATER SUPPLY

 To design a water supply scheme, it is important

 Importance of demand data:

 The problem of estimating water demand may be

 Per capita demand --- the average daily water

 Domestic water consumption per person vary

 According to IS: 1172-1993 = Minimum 200

 In most countries the domestic demand

 The total domestic water demand shall be equal

 This quantity will vary considerably with number

 City with small industries = Average 50lit/person/day

 Less commercialized cities = Ave. 20 lit/person/day

 Highly commercialized cities = upto 50lit /person/day

 In supply estimation, to include or exclude industrial

would have its own, and

 Hence, on average a margin of 20-25% of the total water

 washing and sprinkling on roads,

 use on public fountains,

 waste water conveyance, etc.

 Usually the demand may range from 2-5% of the total

 This demand should be easily available and always kept

 Generally, in a moderate fire break out, three jet streams

 Discharge from a fire hydrant are usually about 1100

 A. What is the total amount of water required to

 B. What is the amount of water required per person

 C) The rate of water requirement for fire fighting is large but

Thus, the fire demand is generally ignored while 12

computing the total per capita water requirement of a city

 These losses should be taken into account while

 Losses can be reduced by proper plumbing and careful

 Even in the best managed water works, losses may go

 Pressure in the distribution system: Higher pressure

 System of supply: In intermittent system of supplies, the

 Metering: In metered supply, wastage is considerably

 Illegal connections: People connect their personal pipes 14

 Daily variation: Day to day variations reflect

 Hourly variation: Hourly consumption usually

 Design of water supply scheme need to consider

 Therefore, the future water demand is a function of:

 Variations in the demand or draft should also be

r = average [(increase in population/original population)x100

4. Decreasing rate of increase (Declining Growth)

Example: From the given data, calculate the population at

1970 ---------- 80,000

120000−80000 170000−120000 230000−170000 100

 Therefore, 2010 ------Pn = Po (1+ r/100)n

Year Popn. Increase % increase Decrease

2010 ------ Pn = 230000 + {(35-7.5)/100}*230000

2020 ------ Pn = 293250 + {(27.5-7.5)/100}*293250

2030 ------ Pn = 351900 + {(20-7.5)/100}*351900

 It is important to know in order to estimate the flows

 Population density varies widely within a city,

 May be estimated from zoning master plan.

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