‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﶈﺎﺿﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻣﻨﺠﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺆﻟﹼﻔﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٩٣۲٥٠٣٣١۸‬‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻧﱵ ﺳﺎﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺼﺔ )‪(٩٣٢٥٠٥٥١۸‬‬

‫)‪(٩٣٢٥٠٣٦١۸‬‬ ‫ﺯﻟﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﻄﻬﺮﺓ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ﮐﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﮑﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻛﺪﻳﺮﻱ‬

‫‪۲٠۲١‬‬
 ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺰﻝ ﺍﱃ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﲪﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﱃ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﻠﲔ ﺍﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﻫﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺻﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻭ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺒﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺍ ﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﻳﻘﻨﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﺍﻫﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺷﻜﺮﺍ‬

‫ﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﲤﺎﻡ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳔﺺ ﺇﱃ ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻣﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻗﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺑﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺠﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺕ ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻢ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻭﺭﺑﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻀﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻢ‬

‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﱪﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺒﺸﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻓﺼﺎﺋﻞ ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺠﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳓﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪.1‬‬

‫‪1‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﳎﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪) ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ (۲٠٠٣ ،‬ﺹ‪.٣٥-٣٤ .‬‬
 ‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻒ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﺙ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﱂ ﲤﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﳍﻨﻮﺩ ﻳﻘﺮﺃﻭﻥ ﻧﺼﻮﺻﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺆﻟﻔﻮﻥ ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﰲ ﻳﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺭﻛﺰﻭﺍ‬

‫ﺟﻬﺪﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺡ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣ ﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﻀﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻓﺸﻴﺌﺎ ﳓﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﻠﻴﺠﻞ‬

‫‪ F. Schlegel‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻘﺎ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺷﻠﻴﺠﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﮑﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﻋﺠﺎﺑﻪ ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺠﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﲔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻥ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺷﻲ ﻗﺪﱘ ﻭﻏﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺳﻨﺴﮑﺮﻳﺘﯽ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﻠﻴﺠﻞ ﺳﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻃﻔﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺣﺮﺯ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﻠﻴﺠﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺎ ﻣﻄﺮﺩﺍ ﺣﻘﻖ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻯ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻔﺖ ﻧﺸﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻊ ﺑﺎﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻫﻢ‬

‫ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺘﺲ ﺑﻮﺏ ‪ F. Bopp‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﺩﺍ ﰲ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﺪﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ‪.١٨٥١-۱۸٣۳‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺘﺲ ﺑﻮﺏ ﺑﺮﯼ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺴﻜﻦ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺭﺃﯼ ﺷﻠﻴﺠﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺤ ﺎﻭﻝ ﺑﻮﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻼﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺪﻡ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺪﻡ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺧﺮﺟﺖ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻗﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳌﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﻮﺍ ﲝﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬

‫ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻋﱪ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪.2‬‬

‫‪2‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﳎﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪) ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ (۲٠٠٣ ،‬ﺹ‪.١۲٩-١۲٨ .‬‬
 ‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬

‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻟﻐﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻧﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﺮ ﻭﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ )ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻻﻟﻴﺔ( ﺑﲔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ‪-‬‬

‫‪ Language Proto‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺮﺓ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻭﻻ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳍﺎ ﰲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺄﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺃﳒﺰﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺑﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﻓﺎﻟﺪ‪ -‬ﺑﻮﺭﻛﻮﱐ ‪ Walde Porkony‬ﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻭ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺩﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬

‫ﺻﻨﻔﻪ ﺑﻚ ‪ Buck‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﱐ‪.3‬‬

‫ﻭﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﰲ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬

‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺟﻨﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻟﻴﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺷﻴﺌﲔ‪:‬‬

‫‪3‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‪)،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭﻏﺎﺭﻳﺐ‪ (۲٠۰١ ،‬ﺹ‪٩٩ .‬‬
 ‫‪ .١‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۲‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺇﻧﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺄﻛﺪ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻧﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻷﻭﻝ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱄ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﲣﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‬

‫ﺷﺎﻣﻼ ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.5‬‬

‫‪4‬ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﺎﱀ ﺣﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳛﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ‪) ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‪ (١٩٨٤ ،‬ﺹ‪٦۰ .‬‬
‫‪5‬ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎﻣﺮ‪‬ﺍﺉ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ‪) ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﻳﲔ‪ (١٩٨٣ ،‬ﺹ ‪١٨٨‬‬
 ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬

‫ﳎﺎﺯﻱ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻓﻬﻤﻲ‪ ،۲٠٠٣ ،‬ﺍﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ(‬

‫ﳏﻤﺪ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ ﳏﻤﺪ‪ ،۲٠۰١،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭﻏﺎﺭﻳﺐ(‬

‫ﺻﺎﱀ ﺣﺴﲔ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،١٩٨٤ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳛﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴ‪‬ﺎﻣﺮ‪‬ﺍﺉ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ‪ ،١٩٨٣ ،‬ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ )ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﻳﲔ(‬