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 joe.roalof
fiNCH'
ELSEVIER Journal of Nuclear Materials 228 (1996) 338-345
materials

Dynamic fracture toughness and Charpy impact properties of an

AISI 403 martensitic stainless steel
P.R. Sreenivasan a, S.K. Ray a,*, S. L. Mannan a, p. Rodriguez b
a Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Materials Development Division, Kalpakkam 603102, India
b Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
Received 28 August 1995; accepted 6 November 1995

Abstract

Dynamic fracture toughness and Charpy impact properties of a normalised and tempered AISI 403 martensitic
stainless steel obtained from instrumented impact tests are presented. Procedures for estimating dynamic fracture
toughness (Kid) from the load-time traces obtained in instrumented tests of unprecracked Charpy V-notch (CVN)
specimens are considered. The estimated Kid values show reasonable agreement with those obtained from
instrumented drop-weight and precracked Charpy tests. Also, except in the upper transition and uppershelf regions,
the A S M E KIR curve is generally conservative (i.e. gives lower Kid values) when compared to the above Kid
estimates. The conservatism of the A S M E KIR at the upper transition and uppershelf temperatures needs
verification/validation. The lowest Kid values estimated at the lower shelf temperatures for the above steel, namely,
33-42 MPa~/m are in good agreement with the reported values of 35-50 MPa~/m for the same steel in the literature.

1. Introduction and a lateral expansion (LE) of 25 mils at room tem-

A combination of adequate corrosion resistance,
sufficient strength and hardness to make a leak tight
joint and matching (with respect to Zircaloy) thermal
expansion characteristics to minimise thermal stresses
and maximise leak tightness has made AISI 403 stain-
less steel (SS) the apt choice for the end-fittings of
Zircaloy pressure tubes of pressurised heavy water
reactors (PHWRs) [1]. The material is a 12% Cr, 0.1%
C martensitic steel which is used in the quenched and
tempered condition. It was found by Atomic Energy
Canada Ltd. (AECL) that though this steel met the
specifications of tensile and hardness properties, it
failed to meet the specified Charpy V-notch (CVN)
impact properties {minimum standard CVN, or full-
thick CVN (FCVN), specimen energies, Cv, of 27 J
(longitudinal) at 294 K and 20 J (transverse) at 338 K
* Corresponding author. Tel.: + 91-4114 40 202; fax: +91-
4114 40 360; e-mail: skr@igcar.iitm.ernet.in.
perature} [1]. However, based on static fracture tough-
ness ( K i c ) measurements and simulation structural
burst tests, A E C L later proved that fracture stresses in
P H W R end fittings were predictable by linear elastic
fracture mechanics (LEFM) and a safety factor of at
least 3 was obtained for a defect more severe than that
specified in Appendix G of ASME Code Section III
[1,2]. Moreover, it has been reported that in this mate-
rial, end-of-life irradiated toughness is simulated by
the lowering of test temperature, provided the failure
mode remained the same; for example, the 300 K
fracture toughness after irradiation for the 30 year
design life of an end-fitting ( ~ 6 × 1019 ncm -2, E > 1
MeV) can be simulated by lowering the test tempera-
ture by 70 K [1].
For application of LEFM, Appendix G, Section III
of the A S M E Code provides an empirical relation
describing the variation of KIR (the lower bound of
toughness for static, dynamic and crack-arrest tests)
with ( T - R T N D T ) , where T is the test temperature
and RTNDT, the reference nil-ductility temperature
(NDT). The ASME KIR curve is specifically applicable

0022-3115/96/$15.00 © 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

SSDI 0022-3115(95)00225-1
 P.R. Sreenivasan et al. /Journal of Nuclear Materials 228 (1996) 338-345 339

to steels with a specified minimum yield strength of Table 1

345 MPa or less at room temperature; for steels with Kid from precracked Charpy and drop-weight (DW) tests for
minimum room temperature yield strengths of 345 to a quenched and tempered AISI 403 stainless steel
621 MPa, as is the case for the present 403 SS, the T Kid (DW) Kid precracked Charpy (MPaim)
applicability of the ASME K m curve needs verifica- (K) (MPa~/m) Full-blow Low-blow
tion by Kid tests [4].
302.5 - I57-80(J) a 87-93(J) a
In this paper, the results from instrumented impact
298 64/62.4 -
tests of CVN specimens of an AISI 403 SS are pre-
291 52.7 - -
sented. Drop-weight NDT (TrqDx) and dynamic frac-
280 57.2 - -
ture toughness (K~d) for this steel determined from
270 48.2 - -
instrumented drop-weight tests had been reported ear-
223 - 52(P#) a 35(P) a
lier [3]. Apart from determining RTNDT, the instru- 53(t) a
mented CVN test results are analysed by different 197 - 53(t) a 40(P) a
procedures for detemaining estimates of Kid. Kid re- 50(P#) a
I

suits from a few precracked CVN (PCVN) specimens

tested at selected low temperatures are also presented. a See Appendix for explanation of various Kld values.
To examine the size effect on the CVN transition Note: Underlined values have been plotted in Fig. 3; drop-
curves, results from instrumented impact testing of weight KId values above are lower bound estimates repro-
half-thick CVN (HC\rN) specimens are also presented. duced from Ref. [3] and have been plotted as individual points
The various estimates of Kid values have been com- in Fig. 3.
pared with the ASME K m curve [2] to find the appli-
cability or otherwise af the same to this steel.
conservative Kid estimates obtained from instru-
mented drop-weight tests and reported iri Ref. [3] are
reproduced in Table 1. Fig. 1 shows the C v and LE
2. Material and experimental
transition features of both FCVN and HCVN speci-
mens. The raw data have been plotted only for the
The test material was the same as that used for
drop-weight tests in Ref. [3]. The material had a room
temperature Rockwell C hardness (HR c) of 23 and AISI 403 SS
2.5
estimated static yield strength of 650-675 MPa at room AND POINTS: FCVN SPECIMEN
temperature. Prior austenite grain size (PAG) was ap- ---HCVN SPECIMENS 03
proximately 25-30 I~:rn.Both FCVN and HCVN speci- 2.0
mens were machined with the axis of the V-notch
perpendicular to the :surface of the original drop-weight ~ 1.5
specimens. The impact tests were carried out on a
L~ 1.0 lmrn . _ / ~
Tinius Olsen Model 74 358 J impact machine with
Dynatup 500 instrumentation system. The testing was - - g.~mm -, /Ii

performed over the transition temperature range fol- 0.5

lowing ASTM E 23 procedure [5] and other practices ,if" LI~

relevant to instrumented impact testing [6,7]. A few 0

FCVN specimens were precracked to an a / W ratio of II O
about 0.5 at stress intensity factors less than 18 MPa~/m. 160' vii
These were impact tested at selected low tempera-
tures. While all the CVN specimens and most of the
PCVN specimens were tested at the full impact veloc-
ity of 5.12 m / s (initial hammer energy, E 0 = 358 J), a
•-~ 120 I ,!/
e"l I

¢.) 80 73J. tl/

. . . . . . . . . ~.~
few PCVN specimen:~ were tested at a reduced velocity . . . . . . . . . .
~ - - _

of about of 0.83 to 0.86 m / s (E 0 = 10 J) by the low-blow

40 ®~'~ "I"I
test procedure. The reasons for adopting the low-blow
test procedure are given later.
0 ~ ' r I il , i
173 273 373 473
IlK
3. Results and discussions
Fig. 1. Variation of Charpy V-notch (CVN) specimen energy
(Cv) and lateral expansion (LE) with temperature for full-
The drop-weight nil-ductility temperature previ- and half-thick CVN (FCVN and HCVN respectively) speci-
ously determined for this material was 298 K [3]. The mens of a quenched and tempered AISI 403 stainless steel.
340 P.R. Sreenivasan et al. /Journal of Nuclear Materials 228 (1996) 338-345

FCVN specimens to preserve clarity. The full- and

AISI 4 0 3 SS
dotted-line curves indicate the lower bound curves
obtained for FCVN and HCVN specimens, respec-
12
tively, by drawing smooth lines through the lowest HCVN S P E C I M E N
values for the respective specimens at each tempera-
ture. The temperature, Tcv, at which a minimum C v
= 68 J and a LE > 0.89 mm was found to be 335 K
(Fig. 1) [2,4]. ASME code [2] also specifies that for
AISI 4xx series matensitic steel components having a
TD
thickness greater than 2.5", Tcv can be taken as the Z / FCVN SPECIMEN
temperature at which LE = 1 mm. As seen from Fig. 1, ,a¢ at

1 mm LE temperature is 338 K. Based on the Tcv

chosen, ( T c v - 33)= 302 or 305 K. Within the 5 K 0
1
accuracy of determining TNDT [8], ( T c v - 33) can be
taken as 303 K. As it is higher than TNDT, RTNDT is
303 K. A linear least square fit of C v values to LE 12
yield the following relations.
For FCVN specimens: 8 O Prnax
nP~
LE = 0.507C v - 0.989 ( r = 0.9968). (1) A PGY
4
For HCVN specimens:
I I f
LE = 1.039C v - 1.25 ( r = 0.9971), (2) 173 273 373 473

where Cv is in J and LE is in mm (r is the correlation T/K

coefficient).
At the RTNDT, HCVN results give a C v = 17 J and
LE = 0.5 mm. The temperatures corresponding to LE
values of 0.91 mm and 1 mm are 317 and 323 K,
respectively. Contrary to expectation from results on
low-strength low-alloy steels [9,10], comparison of
FCVN and HCVN results in Fig. 1 shows an anomaly.
It is generally expected that at a particular tempera-
ture the energy values of HCVN specimens would be
higher than those of FCVN specimens, especially in
the transition region [10]. Based on this Towers [10]
had specified a temperature reduction approach while
testing specimens having thickness less than that of the
standard specimen. Fig. 1 shows that Cv values from
HCVN specimens are equal to or less than those from
FCVN specimens; however, LE values from HCVN
specimens are equal to those from FCVN specimens at
the lower shelf and the lower transition regions and
Fig. 2. Load-temperature diagrams from instrumented impact
tests of full- and half-thick CVN (FCVN and HCVN respec-
tively) specimens of a quenched and tempered AISI 403
stainless steel.
higher than those from FCVN specimens in the middle
transition regions of the FCVN curve. Hence Tower's
procedure cannot be applied to this steel.
Fig. 2 gives the load-temperature ( P - T ) diagrams
for both sizes of Charpy specimens. The analysis of
P - T diagrams from instrumented tests of CVN speci-
mens is well documented [11,12] and hence not elabo-
rated here. The dotted lines represent the general
yield load (PGv) points obtained by linear least square
fit of In(P6v) data to absolute temperature. The other
curves were obtained by drawing free-hand smooth
curves through the respective points (maximum load,

Table 2
Variation of general yield load, PGY, and dynamic yield stress, ~rvd, with temperature for a quenched and tempered AISI 403
stainless steel a
Charpy V-notch Fit variable A B Correlation
(CVN) specimen type b ( x 104) ( x 104) coefficient, r
FCVN PGY 3.11 9.58 0.8340
o'yd 6.95 9.57 0.8338
HCVN PGv 2.36 9.69 0.9516
O'yd 6.89 9.69 0.9518

a A and B are constants in the linear least square fit of ln(Pov or o'vd) to ( A - B T ) , where T is in K.
b FCVN and HCVN are full- and half-thick CVN specimens respectively.
 P.I~ Sreenivasan et al. /Journal of Nuclear Materials 228 (1996) 338-345 341

Pm~, and brittle fracture load, PF). Dynamic yield
stress, trYd, values were obtained from the standard
expression for CVN specimens [6,12]:
trYd = 467Poy/B,
where B is the spechaaen thickness in mm and PGY is
in kN. The constants in the fit
In ( P G Y o r t r Y d ) = A - B T ,
where PoY is in kN, trYd is in MPa and T is in K, are
presented in Table 2 along with the respective correla-
tion coefficients (r).
The brittleness transition temperature, TD, at which
Pmax = PoY, and cleavage fracture strength or micro-
cleavage fracture stress, trf, for both FCVN and HCVN
specimens and the RTNDT values are reported in Table
3. trf was evaluated from the trYa at T o using the
expression
trf = C f t r y d ,
where the stress intensification factor Cf was taken as
2.57 and 2.24 for FCVN and HCVN specimens, respec-
tively [12]. Because ,of the higher constraint, the T D
value from FCVN specimens is 11 K higher than that
from HCVN specimens. However, constraint effects do
not seem to have a significant effect on trYd as these
values for the two sizes of specimens agree within 5%
(see Table 4), which is within the 10% variation in load
values that can be expected in instrumented impact
tests. However, trf values estimated from FCVN speci-
mens are 18-20% higher than those from HCVN spec-
imens. Since there is only moderate difference between
trvo values from the two types of specimens, the large
difference in try values from the HCVN and FCVN
specimens may be due to the inaccuracy in Cf. Accu-
rate estimation of this factor would require finite ele-
ment evaluation or comparison of experimental load
and fractographic measurements with assumed/com-
puted stress distributions [13,14]. For the purposes of
this paper, the value of 2140 MPa obtained from
FCVN specimens with Cf = 2.57 is taken as the esti-
(3)
mate of trf. Taking a value of 2.47 for Cf of FCVN
specimens [14] would reduce the difference between
the trf estimates from FCVN and HCVN specimens to
10%. As Kid estimates (reported later) from FCVN
(4)
and HCVN specimens do not differ by more than 10%,
probably Cf values of FCVN and HCVN specimens
also do not differ by more than 10%. The trf value of
2140 MPa obtained here compares favourably with, but
is less than, the widely reported value of 2300-2400
MPa for the trf of a 12Cr martensitic stainless steel
(room temperature static try = 650 MPa and PAG size
of 50 ~m compares favourably with the values for the
same of the present steel) [15].
The different Kid estimates obtained from un-
precracked CVN specimens are tabulated in Table 4
(5)
along with trYd values. As Kid estimation procedures
used in this paper have been discussed in detail else-
where [16], only the expressions used and the error
bands are summarised in the Appendix. The lower
bound Kid results estimated by various procedures are
plotted against ( T - RTND T) in Fig. 3 along with the
ASME KIR curve [2]. The values plotted are those
underlined in Tables 1 and 4.
Charpy correlation Kid values are too pessimistic
compared to the KIR curve [2]; since most of the
correlations have been developed for carbon and low
alloy steels, their applicability to the present steel
needs verification. The lowest values in the error bands
of the other Kid estimates show that the KIR curve is
conservative except in the regime approaching/or cor-
responding to the uppershelf. At the lower-shelf and in
the lower transition region, the lower bound Kid val-
ues include those determined using precracked CVN

Table 3
Transition temperature results for a quenched and tempered AISI 403 stainless steel from instrumented drop-weight and impact
tests
TNDT and RTNDT results
TNDT Tcv1 a TCV2a (Tcvt - 33) (Tcv 2 - 33) RTND T
(K) (K) (K) (K) (K) (K)
298 335 338 302 305 302/305
TD and trf values from Jinstrumented impact tests
Charpy V-notch (CVN) TD Cleavage fracture
specimen type b (K) strength, ~rf (MPa)
FCVN 234 2143
HCVN 223 1781

a Tcvl is the temperature at which a minimum Charpy V-notch energy (C v) of 68 J and a minimum lateral expansion of 0.89 mm
is obtained. Tcv2 is the temperature corresponding to a lateral expansion of 1 ram.
b FCVN: Standard or full-thick CVN (B = 10 mm). HCVN: Half-thick CVN (B = 5 ram).
342 P.R. Sreenivasan et al. /Journal of Nuclear Materials 228 (1996) 338-345

specimens also (Table 1). In Fig. 3, at the uppershelf,
for comparison, K~a values from R o l f e - N o v a k - B a r s o m
correlation [18] are also shown; these results n e e d
verification using p r e c r a c k e d Charpy testing. However,
the suggested p r o c e d u r e s for analysis of i n s t r u m e n t e d
test results from C V N specimens yield Kid values that
are likely to be in the scatter b a n d o f Kid from
precracked Charpy specimens [16,19]. T h e a g r e e m e n t
of drop-weight and p r e c r a c k e d Charpy Kid values with
t h e general t r e n d of the data in the lower-shelf testifies
to the validity of the p r o c e d u r e s at least in the lower
shelf and in the lower transition regions.
It may b e n o t e d that the Kid values r e p o r t e d in
Table 1 for precracked Charpy specimens are b a s e d on
full- and low-blow tests. T h e Kid values at the lower
shelf t e m p e r a t u r e s can b e expected to be i n d e p e n d e n t
of strain rates; moreover, the load data from the low-
blow tests of P C V N specimens are m o r e reliable as
they satisfy Ireland's 3~- criterion and h e n c e are free of
dynamic effects [6]; the results from full-blow tests of
P C V N specimens show times to fracture, tf < 7" and
h e n c e require times-to-fracture (tf) m e a s u r e m e n t s to
apply Kalthoff's impact r e s p o n s e curve p r o c e d u r e [20].
In such cases the tf m e a s u r e m e n t s from P - t traces of
full-blow tests involve m o r e uncertainty than load val-
ues from low-blow tests. H e n c e the lower b o u n d KIO
for the p r e s e n t steel at the lower shelf t e m p e r a t u r e s
can be taken as the lowest values o b t a i n e d from low-

Table 4
Dynamic yield strength (~rvd) and various Kid estimates for a quenched and tempered AISI 403 stainless steel from instrumented
CVN tests a
CVN specimen T o'yd KId(J) Kid(8) KId(PF/PC) KId(Cv)
type (K) (MPa) (MPa~/m) (MPa~/m) (MPa~/m) (MPa~/m)
Full-thick CVN 422 686.5 200.2 99.5 - 106.4
(130) (75) - (85.1)
373 756.6 184.6 101.3 - 100.2
(120) (76) - (80.2)
422 756.6 184.7 108.4 - 71.2
(120) (81.3) - (57)
300.5 743 166.4 98.7 - 59.1
(108.2) (74.1) - (47)
273 817.3 116.9 76.7 - 46.9
(76) (57.5) - (37.5)
253 820.3 110.2 67.2 - 34.6
(71.7) (50.4) - (28)
223 - - - 76.6 28.1
(61.3)
193 - - - 52 24.8
(42)

Half-thick CVN 422 658.5 186.7 89.5 - -

(121) (67.1)
373 691.2 170.9 104.2 - -
(111) (78.2)
422 709.9 164.5 100 - -
(106.9) (75)
300.5 733.2 148.9 85 - -
(96.8) (63.7)
273 766.8 122.5 76.3 - -
(79.6) (57.2)
253 778 121.4 62.7 - -
(78.9) (47)
223 - - - 80.3 -
(64)
193 - - - 41.1 -
(33)

a See Appendix for explanation of various Kid values. The values in parentheses are the lowest values in the error hands of those
immediately above; the error bands for the various Kid estimates are given in the Appendix. The underlined values have been
plotted in Fig. 3.
 P.R. Sreeniuasan et al. /Journal of Nuclear Materials 228 (1996) 338-345 343

with the reported values of 35-50 MPaCm for the same

AISI /,03 SS in the literature.
360 Z RANGEOF LOWESTKid (PF/Pc)TKId(S} OR KM(Il)
A Kid FROMDROPWEIGHTTESTS
320 [~ Kid FROM "1 ESTIMATES
Appendix A
i LOWESTVALUESIN THE ERROR
BAN OF Kid(J) ESTIMATES
280 r-:-I Kid FROMI;y CORRELATION 260-269MPe~ A.1. Drop-weight test data analysis
Kid .FROM ROLFE-NOVAK- F / / / / / / / / A
BARSOMCORRELATION
240 By assuming that the elliptical thumbnail formed by
kg the H A Z of the weld-bead to be the starter crack,
200 m Sreenivasan et al. [3] had estimated Kid from P - t
3E F/
187MPa traces of drop-weight tests at and below Tr~DT. For
-o 160 this, a critical fracture load, Pc, was determined by
v 120 ASMIE K|R CUIVE ~ B~I
applying Varga's amplitude reduction procedure [21] to
maximum load, PF, preceding the sharp drop to zero
r~
load corresponding to brittle fracture. The final formu-
.o / . lae obtained for P - 3 drop-weight specimens were;
Kid (MPaCm) = 0.42Po/a at TNDT,
4O
= 0.38Po/a at T < TNDT, (A.1)
0 I I I where a (mm) is the semi-minor axis of the elliptical
133 173 273 373 45'~
thumbnail crack and Pc is in kN.
(I-RTNoT)/K
Fig. 3. Variation of Kid with (T--RTNDT) for a quenched A.2. Impact test data analysis
and tempered AISI 403 stainless steel.
A.2.1. General
The P - t traces from instrumented tests of CVN
specimens can be categorised into Types I, II and III
blow tests using precracked Charpy specimens: 35-40 as shown in Fig. 4; these represent brittle (fracture in
MPaCm; these agree well with the range of 35-50
MPaCm reported for the same in the literature [15].
Pmax: PF
Interestingly, the lowest values of Kid reported in
Table 4 (see underlined Kid values for both FCVN
and HCVN specimens at 193 K), namely 33-42 MPaCm,
are in excellent agreement with the above values.

4. C o n c l u s i o n s
LTYPE-I

Data analysis procedures presented in this paper Pmax= PF

enable determination of conservative estimates of dy- POY~~__ PI t--
namic fracture toughness (Kid) from the load-time
traces obtained from instrumented tests of un-
precracked CVN specimens. These procedures were
applied to the instrumented CVN test results from an
AISI 403 stainless steel. The estimated Kid values
TYPE - I I
show reasonable agreement with those obtained from
instrumented drop-weight and precracked Charpy tests.
Also, except in the upper transition and uppershelf
regions, the ASME KIR curve is reasonably conserva-
tive (i.e. gives lower Kid values) when compared to the
above Kid estimates The conservatism of the ASME
K m at the upper transition and uppershelf tempera-
tures needs further verification/validation based on
precracked Charpy Kid tests. The lowest Kid values TYPE-III
estimated at the lower shelf temperatures for the above Fig. 4, Three types of load-time ( P - t ) traces from instru-
steel, namely, 33-42 MPaCm are in good agreement mented tests of Charpy specimens.
344 P.R. Sreenivasan et al. ~Journal of Nuclear Materials 228 (1996) 338-345
the linear-elastic regime), ductile-brittle and fully duc-
tile fractures, respectively.
A.2.2. Kid estimation procedures (unprecracked Charpy
V-notch specimens)
For Type I cases satisfying Ireland's 3z criterion
[6,7,12], Kid was estimated using the ASTM E 399
[6,7,17] formula for 3PB specimens taking a / W = 0.2
and the final expression for the CVN specimen is
Kld (MPaCm) = 46.7PF/B, (A.2)
where PF is in kN and B is the thickness in mm;
reported error in Kid is + 20% [3,22]. Thus the appli-
cation of a reduction factor of 0.8 (the lowerbound of
the 20% error band) to the results from CVN speci-
mens using Eq. (A.2) can b e expected to give results in
the error band of precracked Charpy Kid results [19].
For failure times between 1~" and 2~-, Varga has sug-
gested replacement of PF by a critical fracture load Pc
[16,21], while Turner [23] has given graphical correc-
tion factors to be applied to PF. In the present case
these inertia correction factors were found to be smaller
than 20%. Kid evaluated by this procedure has been
designated as KId(PF/Pc) depending on whether the
PF or Pc was used.
For Type II and III test traces (Fig. 4), an elastic-
plastic procedure has to be applied. Usually such traces
have been analysed using a J-integral or crack tip
opening displacement (CTOD) procedure assuming
that crack initiation occurs at Pm~, [24]. However,
many papers report fracture initiation occurring much
earlier than Pm~x; after considering the various crack
initiation points reported for CVN specimens of fer-
ritic steels [18,25,26], in the present case, taking ti/tma x
= 0.4 (where tm~x is the time to reach Pm~), as re-
ported by Norris [26], yielded smaller (i.e. conservative)
values. Hence, J or CTOD estimates were computed
assuming initiation to occur at a ti/tma x value of 0.4.
For a standard CVN specimen (the same holds for
half-thick CVN specimen also, for the relation is inde-
pendent of thickness), following the derivation in Ref.
[27], and assuming that the 3PB specimen during load-
ing undergoes rotation by a plastic hinge mechanism
with a rotational factor of 0.2 [28], the relation between
plastic part of CTOD, apl , and the plastic part of the
load-point-displacement (LPD), dpl, is given by
6pl = 0.16dpp (A.3)
Then total CTOD, 3, is given as the sum of the
elastic and plastic parts [28]:
a = a e 4- apl ,
= (K2(1 - u2)/(Z%E)) + apl, (A.4)
where K is calculated using Eq. (A.2) with P = Pi at t i,
u is Poisson's ratio, try~ is replaced by trVd and Young's
modulus E = 190 GPa for the range of temperatures
involved. For plane stress, Kid(8) is given by (with a at
t i denoted by a i)
K i d ( g ) = ,/(eO'Ydai). (A.5)
For determining J from single specimens, the fol-
lowing formula is generally employed:
Ji = (3Ei/Bb, (A.6a)
where ¢q = 2 for deep cracked 3PB specimens, B is the
thickness, b is the remaining ligament depth ( = W - a)
and E i is the total energy (excluding the machine
contribution) up to initiation. Based on a critical con-
sideration of the expressions given in Ref. [29], for a
V-notched specimen with a / W = 0.2, n can be taken
as 1.45. Then,
Ji = 1.45Ei/Bb. (A.6b)
The machine contribution to the total energy is
substracted following the procedure in Ref. [6]. Then
(for plane stress),
Kld(J ) = ~/(EJi). (A.7)
The errors in Kid(a) and Kid(J) have been assumed to
be 25% and 35%, respectively [16].
One of the most successful correlations for ferritic
steels with room temperature static yield strength, trys,
in the range of 270-815 MPa and applicable over a
wide range of C v (3-95 J) is [30]:
K I d ( C O = 15.5C °375. (A.8)
The above was used in the present paper to estimate
KId(C v) from C v values. This is also assumed to be
accurate to + 20%.
A.2.3. K1a from precracked Charpy tests (a / W > 0.4)
For linear elastic test traces satisfying the 3~" crite-
rion application of ASTM E 399 formula for calculat-
ing Kid is straightforward [6,7,17], while for traces
showing fracture after general yielding, Kid(J) can be
estimated, using n = 2 in Eq. (A.6a). For traces failing
to satisfy the 37 criterion either Varga's [21] or Turner's
[23] correction procedure is applied as described be-
fore. Values obtained using Turner's inertia correction
have been indicated as KId(P'~). For failure times,
tf < z, Kid is obtained by Kalthoff's dynamic response
curve method [20], taking tf corresponding to PF from
the oscillographic traces; the corresponding KId has
been designated as Kid(t).
References
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