Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19J32-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-9439-8
Plant disease identification and classification using
Back-Propagation Neural Network with Particle
Swarm Optimization
1
Moumita chanda, 2Mantosh Biswas
1,2
Department of Computer Engineering, NIT Kurukshetra, India
1
moumitachanda12@gmail.com; 2mantoshb@gmail.com
Abstract— Agriculture is the culture of land and rearing of
plants to supply food to nourish and enhance life. Different types
of plants are farmed every year based on environmental
conditions and it is one of the main economic sources in India.
These plants are prone to many diseases which hinders normal
growth of the plants; these diseases are caused by seasonal
changes, environmental variations, and cultivation procedures.
To protect the plants from such damages, diseases need to be
identified and properly diagnosed on time. Hence, innovation of
feasible and powerful methods for identification and
classification of plant diseases is an urgent need. There are lots of
classifiers which are good in the classification of plant diseases:
Back-propagation Neural Network (BPNN), Probabilistic Neural
Network (PNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network
(RBFNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest
Neighbors (KNN) but only using these methods do not make the
best tradeoff between time and accuracy. So to remove this
constraint, in this paper we have given an image processing
solution to distinguish and classify plant diseases efficiently and
accurately. In our proposed method, for classification first, we
use back-propagation algorithm to get the weights of neural
network (NN) connections and then we optimize these weights
using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to come out of the
problems like local optima and overfitting which are very
common in conventional NN training methods. We have used
images of leaves affected by different bacterial and fungal
diseases: Alternaria Alternata, Anthracnose, Bacterial Blight and
Cercospora Leaf Spot in our experiment and our proposed
method achieves 96.2% accuracy.
Keywords— Back-propagation neural network; Clustering;
Feature extraction; Image processing; Particle swarm
optimization
I. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture helps us to get sufficient and necessary food for
a living and it has a big contribution to the nation's economic
growth. Countries which are highly dependent on agricultural
are India, China, US, Brazil, France, Mexico, and Japan.
Therefore, to protect these countries from economical
breakdown plant disease detection at an early stage is very
important. When a plant becomes infected by any disease, it
spreads all over the plants; branches of plants suddenly wither,
stop growing, and die. A simple solution to control this drastic
damages is to hire a group of experts who will continuously
monitor the plants with naked eyes but this costs high and the
process is time-consuming and inaccurate. Instead, automatic
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detection of diseases by just observing the symptoms on the
leaves is more meaningful, time and cost efficient and accurate.
The microorganisms that infect plants are bacteria, fungus,
protozoa, and virus. Viruses are the strongest among all the
pathogens. The viral infection prevents the plant's growth,
makes the leaves yellowish, wilted and molted. Bacterial wilt,
Crown gall, and Fireblight are some of the examples of
bacterial diseases. Anthracnose, Downy mildew, Powdery
mildew, Black spot, and Late blight are examples of fungal
diseases. Fungi cause a significant amount of damages to the
plants; agreeing to a survey 80 % plant diseases are caused by
the fungus [1-2].
Image processing is the best way to process an image
by extracting it’s features, dividing it into different parts based
on some characteristics, enhancing it’s quality and classifying
individual objects present in it. It has a big role in plant disease
detection, which helps to classify the diseases automatically by
just seeing the symptoms along the plant leaves. Therefore, it
eliminates the cost of engaging experts, doing this monotonous
task of monitoring a large field of crops. Plant disease detection
consists of different steps: the collection of plant leaf images,
quality enhancement, segmentation, extraction of different
features and classification. There are various image
enhancement techniques: color structure transformation, noise
reduction using filtering, resizing, histogram equalization,
contrast adjustment which upgrade the quality of the images to
have greater visibility of individual parts of the leaves with
similar features. Image segmentation helps to divide the images
into different regions depending upon different feature’s
values. There are different methods to segment an image: k-
means clustering (KMC), edge detection, fuzzy c-means and
region based segmentation. There are also many methods for
feature selection: fuzzy method, genetic algorithm, correlation
coefficient method and so on. Selection of highly influential
features is very important to have a good performance of any
classification method because based on these features one class
can be distinguished from another class. These features are the
only input to the classifier used to classify the leaf images.
In this paper, we have proposed an automatic disease
detection method which has five steps. Every step is the pre-
requirement of its next steps and every step has a significant
role in disease detection. At first, the image is preprocessed by
resizing, contrast enhancement, green pixel masking, and color
model transformation. Then, the image is segmented to get the
diseased portion of the leaf which is used to extract the features
and to classify the plant disease using our proposed method
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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19J32-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-9439-8
which uses BPNN and PSO. From the literature survey of the
various papers of plant disease detection, we have seen that
Back-propagation neural network is very successful and
reliable to classify plant diseases. But when NN is trained using
back-propagation, sometimes it converges to a local optimum
solution which debars it from reaching the global optimum
solution in optimal time. PSO is a method which searches all
over the search space with minimal time and cost. Using both
BPNN and PSO together is a good tradeoff between cost and
accuracy which is observed in our experimental result.
Our paper is distributed in different sections. Section II
shows the existing methods for plant disease identification and
classification. Section III illustrates the details of our proposed
method. Section IV gives the results of our experiment. Section
V presents the conclusion which is followed by references.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
In the last ten years neural networks have been used in
many agricultural purposes: characterization of plant leaf area
properties, plant species identification, identification of
nutritional deficiency in a plant, prediction of weed pollution
and plant disease detection and classification [3-4]. Lots of
research have been conducted for identifying and detecting
plant diseases using NNs. Ramakrishnan.M et al. proposed a
BPNN based method to classify groundnut leaf diseases:
Cercospora, Cercosporidium Personatum, Alternia leaf blight,
Phaeoisariopsis personata [5]. Here, the RGB image is
converted to HSV color model which is then used for green
pixel masking. After that features are extracted and used for
training of NN using backpropagation algorithm. Pooja
Kulinavar et al. described SVM based method to classify
following fungal and bacterial diseases: Alternaria alternate,
anthracnose, bacterial blight, and Cercospora leaf spot [6].
Here KMC has been used for segmentation, Gray Level Co-
occurrence matrix (GLCM) features have been extracted to use
as input and multiclass SVM has been used for classification.
Results of the plant disease detection and classification using
different kernel functions for SVM has been shown in this
paper. Gautam Kaushal et al. proposed KNN based plant
disease detection where GLCM features are used for feature
extraction, the image is segmented using k-means clustering
and KNN is used to classify the image [7]. Shanwen Zhang et
al. raised an approach for disease identification and
classification using K-means clustering for segmentation,
information digging of the affected region and sparse
representation for classification [8]. Seven major cucumber
diseases were recognized through this approach with 85.7 %
accuracy. John William Orillo et al. proposed a rice disease
detection, using the back-propagation algorithm [9]. In this
paper, three diseases have been taken and classified with high
accuracy. Yang Lu et al. proposed an automatic disease
detection method where CNN is used for classifying rice
diseases through image identification [10]. It achieved high
accuracy, but it is very complex, slow and it needs lots of
samples for training compared to other techniques.
From the above literature survey, we have seen that NN is
very successful in plant disease detection. The obvious reason
for this is, getting a comparable performance with most often
used SVM classifier. NN has fixed size which is an advantage
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of using it over SVM. It consists of a different number of
hidden layers of different sizes depending on the number of
features, dataset, connection edge's weights, and biases. On the
other hand, there are some problems with NN: Local minima
and overfitting. In local optima neural network produces a
result that is a locally optimal solution, but not a global one. In
overfitting, NN overfits with the training data due to long
training time. To overcome these problems we have used PSO
after training of NN with back-propagation for classifying
diseased leaf images in our proposed method. We have
described our proposed method in detail in the next section.
III. PROPOSED WORK
In our proposed method there are five steps which have
been shown in Fig. 1. In the first step, images are collected
from a reliable source. There are different websites having the
collection of high-quality diseased plant images. Images can be
collected either from these sources, or they can be clicked by
the camera to have new sets of images. In the second step
collected images are preprocessed using resizing, green pixel
masking, contrast adjustment, and color model conversion.
Preprocessing makes the image more visible, clean and suitable
for further processing. In third step image is segmented into
different dissimilar regions with respect to color changing,
using k-means clustering. In the fourth step, important features
are extracted from the segment consisting of diseased pixels. In
the final step, the image is classified into different diseases
using NN. Here we have used back-propagation algorithm for
training the NN and PSO for further optimization of NN
weights. PSO makes the plant disease detection faster than the
other existing methods by increasing the convergence rate.
Following are the detail description of each and every step of
our proposed method.
A. Image Acquisition
Acquisition of images is an important step in disease detection
because performance varies based on the quality of the images.
In our proposed solution we took images of five types of
diseased leaves from an online source which have already been
used to implement successful disease detection application
[13]. The dataset consists of five types of leaves: Alternaria
Alternata, Anthracnose, Bacterial Blight, Cercospora Leaf Spot
and Healthy Leaves.
B. Image Pre-processing
Image preprocessing is a significant step in disease detection
to remove unnecessary details in the leaf image. Following are
the preprocessing steps which we use in our proposed method.
(i) Image Resizing and Contrast Enhancement: Image resizing
helps to reduce the processing time in the later stages of
disease detection. In this step image is converted to 256*256
dimension and contrast of the image is increased.
(ii) Green pixel masking: Green pixel masking helps to
eliminate healthy areas of the leaves. In this step, the pixels
whose green component value is greater than both the other
components: red and blue are eliminated. In Fig. 2(b) the leaf
image after green pixel elimination has been shown.
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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19J32-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-9439-8
Image acquisition/Input Leaf image

Preprocessing of the image

(Resizing the image, elimination of high green pixel values and
color model transformation)

Segmentation of enhanced image

(k-means clustering)

Features extraction
(Texture, Color and Shape)

Testing Dataset Training Dataset

NN Training using
Backpropagation

No
Termination
condition
reached?

Yes

Optimization of NN
Neural Network parameters (weights of the
connections) using PSO

Classification
Result

Figure 1. Flowchart of the proposed plant disease identification and classification method

(iii) Color space transformation: In color space transformation,
the image with RGB format are converted to CIE L*a*b color
model which is device independent. CIE L*a*b color space
carries color information only in a & b components which is
helpful to reduce the dimension of the image and to make the
image suitable for segmentation.
C. Image Segmentation
Segmentation is the process to separate the image into different
regions having the same characteristics. It helps to obtain the
region which consists of diseased pixels more in number. One
of the best segmentation techniques is k-means clustering
which divides the image into k number of clusters depending
on its color. In our proposed method we use KMC to divide the
image into three numbers of clusters which have been shown in
Fig. 3. Leaf image is segmented based on different colors
present in the image and one of these clusters is selected as the
region of interest. Here cluster with more disease affected
pixels is taken and carried forward for further processing.

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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19J32-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-9439-8
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Leaf image (a) affected by Cercospora Leaf Spot
and (b) After high green pixel elimination
D. Feature Extraction
Feature extraction is used to extract the infected portion of the
leaf image in plant disease detection. Every leaf disease has
some unique characteristics that help to classify it. Features
which are used in best plant disease detection are: color,
shape, and texture. These features are the backbone of disease
detection method and performance depends on the proper
selection of these features. In our proposed method we use
different texture features: Contrast, Correlation, Entropy,
Energy, and Homogeneity which are extracted from gray level
co-occurrence matrix obtained from GLCM function.
(i) Contrast represents the number of local variations present
in an image. It is calculated by the following equation:
Contrast=
Here, C(i,j) is the probability of the presence of the gray levels
i and j together.
(ii) Energy measures the amount of uniformity present in the
image. It is measured by the following equation:
Energy=
(iii) Local homogeneity measures the similarity present in
between the distribution of GLCM elements and it’s diagonal
elements. It is defined by the following equation:
Local Homogeneity=
(iv) Entropy measures the amount of dissimilarity present in
the GLCM matrix. It is calculated by the following equation:
Entropy=
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(v) Correlation measures the joint probability of occurring two
pixel values together in the image. It is calculated by the
following equation:
Correlation= (5)
Here, Pi,j, μ, and σ represents the probability of the presence
of gray levels i and j together, glcm mean and variance of the
gray levels, respectively.
Color features which we have used in our system are
Mean, Root Mean Square (RMS), Variance, Smoothness,
Kurtosis, Standard deviation, Skewness and Inverse
Differential Momentum (IDM). Mean gives average intensity
value of the pixels. RMS gives the square root of the mean of
the intensity value’s squares. Variance is the measure of the
dispersion of pixel values around the glcm mean. Smoothness
represents the continuity of the gray levels of the pixels.
Kurtosis describes the shape of the probability distribution of
the pixel values. Standard deviation gives the variance
between the pixel values. Skewness is the measure of
asymmetry in the distribution of the pixels. IDM measures the
similarity between gray levels of pixel values.
E. Classification
Classification helps to classify each type of leaves based on
their texture, color and shape features. In our proposed method
classification is done using back-propagation and PSO. At
first, back-propagation is used to train the feed forward neural
network and then NN connection weights are further
(1) optimized using particle swarm optimization.
Feed-forward neural networks: Neural networks are good in
approximating any non-linear function. There are different
algorithms to train the neural network. The neural network has
been proven to be a good classifier from a long time and it has
been successfully applied in many complex and large
classification problems [11-12]. Here in our proposed method,
we are using a feed-forward neural network having one input
(2)
layer with thirteen nodes, two hidden layers with thirteen
nodes each and one output layer with three nodes. Each input
node represents one feature and no. of output nodes depends
on the no of classes. Fig. 4 shows the feed-forward neural
network used in our proposed method implementation. In Fig.
4 Wij denotes the weight of the connection between ith node of
the input layer, I, and jth node of the first hidden layer, J. Wjk
(3) denotes the weight of the connection between jth node of the
first hidden layer and kth node of the second hidden layer, K.
Wky denotes the weight of the connection between kth node of
the second hidden layer and yth node of the output layer, Y.
(4)
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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19J32-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-9439-8

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3. Segmented image (a) Cluster 1 (b) Cluster 2 and (c) Cluster 3

I Wij J Wjk K
Input 1 Wky Y

Input 2

Input 3
. . .
. . .
. . ..
Input 13

Figure 4. Feed forward neural network used in the proposed method

The neural network is trained using backpropagation
algorithm which consists of two phases: feed-forward phase
and backward error correction phase.
(i) Feed-Forward Phase: In the feed forward phase inputs are
propagated through hidden layers and the output is determined
by multiplying the weight vector (between the hidden and
output layer) with the input vector (hidden layer). After inputs
are propagated through all the layers of NN in the forward
direction, the difference between the target output and the
desired output or error is calculated and this error goes
backward in the backward phase.
(ii) Backward phase with Conventional Back-propagation:
Back-propagation algorithm has a major constraint that hidden
layer neuron activation function should be differentiable. In
our proposed method learning is achieved with the aim of
minimizing the mean square error (MSE). Here, the target
output and hidden layer error are first calculated and then
weights are updated based on these errors. There are
some parameters whose values should be chosen properly to
have good performance or fast learning. The most important
one is the learning rate. A too low or too high value of this
parameter decreases the accuracy of plant disease detection.
Its value should be chosen optimally to have fast global
convergence. When there are many local and global optima
then variable learning rate is good. In our experiment learning
rate has been taken as 0.15 to have a good tradeoff between
speed and accuracy. The second important parameter is
activation function which is used to get the final output from
the nodes. In our experiment, we have used the binary
sigmoidal function. After training is completed using back-
propagation algorithm NN weights are used to set the
positions of the particles in PSO which we have described
below.
Particle swarm optimization (PSO): After training is
completed by BP with a predefined termination condition that
is whether given no. of iterations are reached or not, the
weights are further optimized using PSO. PSO is an

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 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19J32-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-9439-8
evolutionary technique where a number of populations are
used for searching the optimum solution.
Initially, a random position and velocity of the particles
are chosen. Then, the velocity and position are updated
incrementally. There are three components in the velocity
equation: previous velocity, the difference between ‘Pbest’ &
current position and the difference between ‘gbest’ & current
position. The first component helps particle to go in the
direction of its previous solution. The second component
considers the best solution or position of the particle till the
time of updating the velocity. The third component indicates
the direction of the global best solution found till the time of
updating the velocity. Every component is given some weight
according to the number of iteration. So the basic concept of
PSO is accelerating particles towards social and global best
solutions. Following are the steps (i-vi) of PSO in our
proposed method.
(i) The population of particles is initialized taking random
values for positions and velocities of particles using
previously obtained weights from the neural network to set the
limit. Here the weights are taken as ±0.1 to the output weights
of BPNN as the limit. 0.1 is taken because it is giving the best
result for our classification problem.
(ii) For each particle, the fitness function is measured and
compared with the global best cost. Here we use negative
accuracy as the fitness function to make it a minimization
problem. If the fitness function value is less than the global
best then global best position and cost are updated.
(iii) Each particle’s velocity, Vi and position, Xi are
updated by the following equations, (6) and (7), respectively.
Vi (t  1)  W *Vi (t )  c1* rand1*[ Pibest  X i (t )]  c2* rand 2*[Gbest  X i (t )]
X i (t  1)  X i (t )  Vi (t  1)
Here, Vi(t+1) is the current velocity of the particle and
Vi(t) is the velocity of the previous time step. c1 and c2 are
positive constants used to add different weighting to the social
and global components, respectively. We set the values of c1
and c2 by equations (8) and (9), respectively. rand1 and rand2
are random values between 0 and 1. Xi(t+1) is the current
position whereas Xi(t) is the previous position of the particle.
c1= (c11 - c12) * (it / (nPop * 1)) + c12
c2= (c22 - c21) * (it / (nPop * 1)) + c21
Here, nPop is the number of particles, and c11 and c21 are
the lower limits and c12 and c22 are higher limits of social
and global coefficients. In our experiment we have taken
nPop=100, c11=c21=0.5 and c12=c22=2.5.
(iv) The fitness function is calculated and compared with
‘Pbest’. If current position’s cost is less than the previous best
position, then ‘Pbest’ is updated.
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(v) Then current ‘Pbest’ of each particle is compared with
‘gbest’ and if it is less than ‘gbest’ then, the global position is
updated.
(vi) Step (iii) is continued until a predefined criterion that
is the maximum number of iterations is met.
When we use PSO one main concern is to set the
parameter’s values appropriately. There are following
parameters: inertia weight, coefficient of the social
component, coefficient of the global component, and the
velocity (i.e., max and min) in PSO. Changing one of its value
changes the performance of the PSO drastically. Here, the
performance of the PSO basically refers to the convergence
rate of PSO. After a different hit and trial attempt, the values
of the parameters have been set to the following numerical
values to achieve the best performance. We have used -4 and 4
for Vmax and Vmin, respectively and 0.9 for inertia weight
with a damping ratio of 0.99.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Here, we have shown experimental results for plant disease
identification and classification of our proposed method in
Table 1 and with three existing methods namely,
Ramakrishnan.M et al. [5], Pooja Kulinavar et al. [6] and
Gautam Kaushal et al. [7] using our considered dataset [13] in
Table 2. In Fig. 5 we have shown some diseased plant images
of our dataset. For training and testing, we have divided the
dataset into 75% and 25%, respectively. We have trained the
neural network for four hundred iterations using back-
propagation algorithm and then we have run hundred iterations
of PSO to optimize the weights. Implementation of the
(6) proposed method and other three existing methods have been
done using MATLAB R2016a running at Core I3, 2.20 GHz
(7) processor with 4GB.
Table 1 represents the result of our proposed method for
each and every category of diseases of the considered dataset.
Here, we observe that for different classes different accuracy
rate has been achieved. In Table 2, we see the performance
comparison for plant disease detection of our method and other
classification based existing methods: Ramakrishnan.M et al.,
Pooja Kulinavar et al. and Gautam Kaushal et al. based on
classification accuracy. Here, we have run each method five
times and taken the average accuracy. Here, accuracy is
calculated as the percentage of correctly classified images over
(8) the total number of images used for testing. Comparative
analysis shows that our method gives the best result among the
(9) four methods using our considered dataset. Here, our method’s
accuracy is 96.72 %, Ramakrishnan.M et al.’s BPNN based
method’s accuracy is 92% [5], Pooja Kulinavar et al.‘s SVM
based method’s accuracy is 87.09% [6], and Gautam Kaushal
et al.’s KNN based method’s accuracy is 63% [7].
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(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 5. Diseased leaf images (a) Alternaria Alternata (b) Anthracnose (c) Bacterial Blight and (d) Cercospora Leaf Spot

Table 1.
Results of the proposed method for considered leaf images

Type of leaf image No of images No of correctly Accuracy

(Diseased/Healthy) taken for testing classified images

Alternaria Alternata 25 25 100%

Anthracnose 25 24 96%
Bacterial Blight 25 23 92%
Cercospora Leaf Spot 25 24 96%
Healthy 25 24 96%

Table 2.
Comparative results of Ramakrishnan.M et al. [5], Pooja Kulinavar et al. [6], Gautam Kaushal et al. [7] and our proposed method for
plant disease identification and classification based on accuracy

Methods No of images Accuracy

taken for testing
Proposed method 125 96.72

Ramakrishnan.M et al. [5] 125 92.0

Pooja Kulinavar et al. [6] 125 87.09

Gautam Kaushal et al. [7] 125 63.0

V. CONCLUSION
Particle swarm optimization is a computationally fast
evolutionary algorithm that has both theoretical and practical
interest. Using PSO with BPNN has better training
performance, greater accuracy, and faster convergence rate
compared to the other methods. In our proposed method the
only difficulty is to choose initial values of the parameters of
PSO. In the future, the work can be extended by finding out
some method to simplify the process of choosing the initial
values of parameters of PSO and applying it on a large dataset.
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Natural Resources and College of Agricultural and
Environmental Sciences, Center for Invasive Species and
Ecosystem Health, US Forest Service, International Society of
Arboriculture, USDA Identification Technology Program,
https://www.forestryimages.org/Collections (Last updated
October 2018)
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