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Matrices Notes
Matrices Notes
WHAT IS IT?
Matrix algebra is a means of making calculations
upon arrays of numbers (or data).
Most data sets are matrix-type
WHY USE IT?
Matrix algebra makes mathematical expression
and computation easier.
It allows you to get rid of cumbersome notation,
concentrate on the concepts involved and
understand where your results come from.
1.1 Matrices
Consider the following set of equations:
x y 7, It is easy to show that x = 3 and y
3x y 5. = 4.
x y 2 z 7,
2 x y 4 z 2,
HOW ABOUT SOLVING
5 x 4 y 10 z 1,
3x y 6 z 5.
a scalar is a number
(denoted with regular type: 1 or 22)
DEFINITIONS - VECTOR
8
TYPES OF MATRICES
Row Matrix: An m x n matrix is called row
matrix if m = 1. Ex: A = 1 2 3 4 5
Column Matrix: An m x n matrix is called row
matrix if n = 1. Ex: A = 1
2
3
4
5
0 0 0
0 0 0
A
0 0 0
TYPES OF MATRICES
Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix with its all non
diagonal elements as zero. i.e if A = [aij] is a diagonal
matrix, then aij = 0 whenever i ≠ j. Diagonal
elements are the aij elements of the square matrix A
for which i = j.
1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 3
TYPES OF MATRICES
Diagonal elements are said to constitute the main
diagonal or principal diagonal or simply a
diagonal.
The diagonals which lie on a line perpendicular to the
diagonal are said to constitute secondary diagonal.
1 2
3 4
Here main diagonal consists of 1 & 4 and secondary
diagonal consists of 2 & 3
TYPES OF MATRICES
Scalar Matrix: It’s a diagonal matrix whose all
elements are equal.
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 2
1 0 0
3 2 0 Lower Triangular Matrix
5 −6 3
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Two matrices A & B are said to be equal iff:
i. A and B are of the same order
𝑥 3𝑥 − 𝑦 3 2
Q2: If = ; find x,y,z,w.
2𝑥 + 𝑧 3𝑦 − 𝑤 4 7
𝑎+𝑏 2 6 2
Q3: If = ; find a,b.
5 𝑎𝑏 5 8
TRACE OF A MATRIX
In a square matrix A, the sum of all the diagonal
elements is called the trace of A. It is denoted by
tr A.
1 2 3
Ex: If A = 0 4 5 tr A = 1+4+1 = 6
7 6 1
1 2
Ex: If B = tr B = 1+4 = 5
3 4
OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
Addition/Subtraction
Scalar Multiplication
Matrix Multiplication
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
Two matrices may be added (or subtracted) iff
they are the same order.
3 8 11 1 −6 15
Q2: If A = and B =
6 −3 8 3 8 17
find A+B, A-B.
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
Tomultiply a scalar times a matrix, simply
multiply each element of the matrix by the scalar
quantity
3 8 11
Ex: If A = , then
6 −3 8
30 80 110
10A =
60 −30 80
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
1 3 4 4 1 0
Q1: If A = −2 4 8 and B 1 3 5
3 −2 −1 0 1 6
find 5A+2B.
3 8 11 1 −6 15
Q2: If A = and B =
6 −3 8 3 8 17
find 7A - 5B.
2 −2 7
Q3: If A = ; find matrix X such that
4 6 3
X+A=O where O is a null matrix.
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
2 3 4 7
Q4: If A = and B =
3 4 5 3
Show that 5(A+B) = 5A + 5B.
1 2 0 4 2 1 0 3
Q5: If A = and B =
2 4 −1 3 1 −2 2 3
find a 2 x 4 matrix “X” such that A - 2X = 3B.
7 0 3 0
Q6: If X+Y = and X – Y = Find X&Y.
2 5 0 3
5 10 9
Q7: Find additive inverse of 1 −3
−2
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
1 2
1 2 3
Example: A 0 1 4 , B 2 3 , Evaluate C = AB.
5 0
c11 1 (1) 2 2 3 5 18
1 2 c 1 2 2 3 3 0 8
1 2 3 12
0 1 4 2 3
5 0 c21 0 (1) 1 2 4 5 22
c22 0 2 1 3 4 0 3
1 2
1 2 3 18 8
C AB 2 3
0 1 4 22 3
5 0 27
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
1 9
2 3 2
Q1: If A = and B = 0 1 . Find AB.
4 3 1
6 9
1 1 −1 −1 −2 −1
Q2: If A = 2 −3 4 and B = 6 12 6
3 −2 3 5 10 5
Show that AB is a null matrix & BA is not a null
matrix.
3 2 𝑎 𝑏
Q3: If A = and B = Find a & b such
4 1 3 5
that AB = BA.
1 2 3 1 1 1
Q4: If A = ,B= ,C=
3 4 4 5 2 2
Show that A(BC) = (AB)C
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Q5: Find “x” such that :
1 3 2 1
1 𝑥 1 2 5 1 2 =O
15 3 2 𝑥
3
Q6: If A = 0 and B = 4 2 −1 0 . Find AB &
5
BA if exists.
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Q7: A factory produces three items A, B and C.
Annual sales are given below:
Products
City
A B C
Delhi 5000 1000 20000
Mumbai 6000 10000 8000
1 2 2
Q9: If A = 2 1 2 Prove that A2 = 4A + 5I
2 2 1
PROPERTIES OF MATRICES
32
PROPERTIES OF MATRICES
a11 a12
Consider a 2 2 matrix: A
a22
a21
38
1.5 Determinants
Determinant of order 2
1 2
Example: Evaluate the determinant: 3 4
1 2
1 4 2 3 2
3 4
39
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Q1: Find the determinant of :
8 9
i)
1 7
4 0
ii)
1 0
1.5 Determinants of order 3
1 2 3
Consider an example: A 4 5 6
7 8 9
1 4 7
ii) −2 3 4
1 4 −4
1.5 Determinants
The following properties are true for
determinants of any order.
1. If every element of a row (column) is zero,
e.g., 1 2
1 0 2 0 0 , then |A| = 0.
0 0
determinant of a matrix
2. |AT| = |A| = that of its transpose
3. |AB| = |A||B|
45
1.3 Types of matrices
Orthogonal matrix
1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
Since, A 1/ 6
T
2 / 6 1/ 6. Hence, AAT = ATA = I.
1/ 2 0 1/ 2
Can you show
the details?
We’ll see that orthogonal matrix represents a
rotation in fact! 46
1.4 Properties of matrix
(AB)-1 = B-1A-1
(AT)T = A and (lA)T = l AT
(A + B)T = AT + BT
(AB)T = BT AT
47
APPLICATION OF MATRICES
(METHOD OF SOLVING A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS)
Cramer’s Rule
Q1:
PRACTICE PROBLEMS –
CRAMER’S RULE / DETERMINANT METHOD
Q1: Solve: 2x + 3y = 5, 3x – 2y = 1
Q2: Solve: x + 3y = 2, 2x + 6y = 7
Q5: Solve: 2x – 3y – z = 0, x + 3y – 2z = 0, x – 3y = 0
Q6: Solve: x + 4y – 2z = 3, 3x + y + 5z = 7, 2x + 3y + z = 5
Q7: Solve: x – y + 3z = 6, x + 3y – 3z = - 4, 5x + 3y + 3z = 10
PRACTICE PROBLEMS –
CRAMER’S RULE / DETERMINANT METHOD
Q8: Find the cost of sugar and wheat per kg if the cost
of 7 kg of sugar and 3 kg of wheat is Rs. 34 and cost of 3
kg of sugar and 7 kg of wheat is Rs. 26.
a b
c d
CRAMER’S RULE FOR 2X2 SYSTEM
Let A be the coefficient matrix
Linear System Coeff Matrix
ax+by=e a b
= ad – bc
cx+dy=f c d
If detA 0, then the system has exactly one
solution:
a e
and c f
y
det A
KEY POINTS
The denominator consists of the coefficients of
variables (x in the first column, and y in the
second column).
2x-4y= -10
So: 2 5 8 2
and
10 4 2 10
x y
42 42
2 5
10 4 8 (50) 42
x 1
42 42 42
8 2
2 10 80 4 84
y 2
42 42 42
Solution: (-1,2)
APPLYING CRAMER’S RULE
ON A SYSTEM OF TWO EQUATIONS
ax by e 2 x 3 y 16
cx dy f 3 x 5 y 14
2 3
D
a b D (2)(5) (3)(3) 10 9 19
c d 3 5
e b 16 3
Dx Dx (16)(5) (3)(14) 80 42 38
f d 14 5
2 16
a e Dy (2)(14) (3)(16) 28 48 76
Dy 3 14
c f Dx 38 Dy 76
x 2 y 4
Dx Dy D 19 D 19
x y
D D
EVALUATING A 3X3 DETERMINANT
(EXPANDING ALONG THE TOP ROW)
a1 b1 c1
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
a2 b2 c2 a1 b1 c1
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
a3 b3 c3
1 3 2
0 3 2 3 2 0
2 0 3 (1) (3) (2)
2 3 1 3 1 2
1 2 3
(1)( 6) (3)(3) ( 2)( 4)
6 9 8 23
USING CRAMER’S RULE
TO SOLVE A SYSTEM OF THREE
EQUATIONS
where
a11 a12 a13 b1 a12 a13
D a12 a22 a23 D1 b2 a22 a23
a13 a32 a33 b3 a32 a33
x1 36
x x2 and B 7
x3 31
2 4 5
D 3 5 7 336
5 3 8
36 4 5
D1 7 5 7 672
31 3 8
EXAMPLE 1
2 36 5
D2 3 7 7 1008
5 31 8
2 4 36
D3 3 5 7 1344
5 3 31
D1 672
x1 2
D 336
D 1008
x2 2 3
D 336
D3 1344
x3 4
D 336
CRAMER’S RULE - 3 X 3
a1 x b1 y c1z C1
a2 x b2 y c2 z C2
a3 x b3 y c3 z C3
CRAMER’S RULE - 3 X 3
a1 C1 c1 a1 b1 C1
C1 b1 c1
a2 C2 c2 a2 b2 C2
C2 b2 c2
a 3 C 3 c3 a3 b3 C3
C3 b3 c3 y z
x a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
a3 b3 c3
EXAMPLE 1
Solve the system : 3x - 2y + z = 9
x + 2y - 2z = -5
x + y - 4z = -2
9 2 1 3 9 1
5 2 2 1 5 2
2 1 4 23 1 2 4 69
x 1 y 3
3 2 1 23 3 2 1 23
1 2 2 1 2 2
1 1 4 1 1 4
EXAMPLE 1
3 2 9
1 2 5
1 1 2 0
z 0
3 2 1 23 The solution is
1 2 2
1 1 4 (1, -3, 0)
CRAMER’S RULE
Not all systems have a definite
solution. If the determinant of the
coefficient matrix is zero, a solution
cannot be found using Cramer’s Rule
because of division by zero.
When the solution cannot be
determined, one of two conditions
exists:
The planes graphed by each equation are
parallel and there are no solutions.
The three planes share one line (like
three pages of a book share the same
spine) or represent the same plane, in
which case there are infinite solutions.
MINORS & COFACTORS
Q1: Calculate the minors of all the elements of a
1 4 7
given matrix: −2 3 4
1 4 −4
2 1
Q1: Find the adjoint of A =
4 −1
−1 1 2
Q2: Find the adjoint of A = 3 −1 1
−1 3 4
Imp. Result: A(Adj. A) = (Adj. A).A = 𝐴 . I
Q2: x + 2y + z = 7, x + 3z = 11, 2x – 3y = 1
Q4: 2x –y + 3z = 1, x + 2y – z = 2, 5y – 5z =3
Q5: 2x – y + z = 4, x + 3y + 2z = 12, 3x + 2y + 3z = 16
Q6: x – y + 3z = 6, x + 3y – 3z = – 4 , 5x + 3y + 3z = 10
Q7: x + y + 3z = 6, x – 3y – 3z = – 4 , 5x – 3y + 3z = 8
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS – INVERSE
2 −1
Q1: If A = , Show that A2 – 4A + 7I = O and
3 2
hence deduce A-1.
3 1
Q2: If A = , Show that A2 – 5A + 7I = O and
−1 2
hence find A-1.
1 2 2
Q3: If A = 2 1 2 , Find A-1. Also deduce that
2 2 1
A2 – 4A + 5I = O.
1.3 Types of matrices
The inverse of a matrix