8

Biotechnology
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Tools Used in Genetic
Engineering

DIVISION OF ANGELES CITY

Biotechnology – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 1-2: Tools Used in Genetic Engineering
First Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Regional Director : May B. Eclar PhD, CESO V
OIC Asst. Regional Director : Rhoda T. Razon EdD, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Marifar Santos, Lemuel Licup, Larissa Manalili

Editors: Sherilyne L. Reyes, Jennifer Praza, Edgardo D. Cortez,
Jenny S. Tongol, Edythe Hipolito
Reviewers: Gemima A. Estrabillo, Emily F. Sarmiento, Hermes Vargas,
Adrian Tamayo, Krislene Ida N. Mercado, Noel S. Reganit
Mercedes Bactol, Billy Ray B. Manuel, Marvin R. Leano,
Gemmarie G. Rivas
Illustrator: Arnold Arceo
Layout Artist: Maricon H. Rivera, Noel S. Reganit
Management Team: May B. Eclar PhD, CESO V
Rhoda T. Razon EdD, CESO V
Ma. Irelyn P. Tamayo PhD, CESE
Fernandina P. Otchengco, PhD, CESE
Librada M. Rubio PhD
Ma. Editha R. Caparas EdD
Rochella C. David
Emily F. Sarmiento PhD
Gemima A. Estrabillo EdD

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region III – Schools Division of Angeles City

Office Address: Jesus St., Pulungbulu, Angeles City

Telephone: (045) 322-5722; 322-4702 888-0582; 887-6099
E-mail Address: angeles.city@deped.gov.ph
 8

Biotechnology
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Tools Used in Genetic
Engineering
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you familiarize the different tools used in genetic engineering. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is summated into one lesson, namely:

● Lesson 1 – Tools Used in Genetic Engineering

After going through this module, you are expected to describe the different tools
used in genetic engineering.

1
 What I Know

Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. The term is defined as the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.
a. alleles c. genes
b. deoxyribonucleic acid d. ribonucleic acid
2. It is a branch of science that is concerned how various traits are inherited.
a. biological engineering c. heredity
b. genetics d. pathology
3. The process by which recombinant DNA technology is utilized to alter the genetic
makeup of an organism.
a. biological engineering c. genetic engineering
b. biological modification d. genetic modification
4. When did Hindll isolate the first restriction enzyme?
a. 1960 c. 1990
b. 1980 d. 1970
5. It is the first organism used in DNA technology experiments.
a. E. coli c. S. cerevisiae
b. E. faecalis d. S. typhimurium
6. This is a laboratory technique used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a
segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to
millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
a. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis c. Polymerase Chain Reaction
b. Molecular Scissor d. Restriction Endonuclease
7. The enzymes that make one incision on each of the two strands of DNA at
specific locations based on the nucleotide sequence are known as ______________.
a. DNA Polymerase I c. Primase
b. Helicase d. Restriction Endonuclease
8. He discovered the Polymerase Chain Reaction.
a. Hamilton Smith c. Kary Mullis
b. Hindll d. Werner Abner
9. It is a branch of biotechnology that deals with the study and investigation of
genomic information from trace evidence found at crime scenes. Agricultural
a. biotechnology c. Industrial biotechnology
b. Forensics biotechnology d. Medical biotechnology
10. It is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charged molecules
like DNA, RNA and proteins according to their size.
a. Gel Electrophoresis c. Polymerase Chain Reaction
b. Molecular Scissor d. Selection of Prokaryotic Host

2
Lesson
The Different Tools Used in
1 Genetic Engineering

What’s In

Our previous module learned that mutation could result from DNA copying
mistakes during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals
called mutagens, or infection by viruses. The majority of mutations have neither
negative nor positive effects on the organism in which they occur. These mutations
are called neutral mutations. While there is a mutation with positive effects, a
mutation can develop resistance to some diseases like atherosclerosis. These
mutations are called beneficial mutations. Lastly, a harmful mutation can cause
genetic disorders and diseases such as cancer and cystic fibrosis.

ACTIVITY 1
Direction: Match the types of mutation to their genetic codes and write the letter of
the correct answer before each number.

TYPES OF MUTATION GENETIC CODES

1. Duplication A.

2. Inversion B.

3. Normal Sequence C.

4. Deletion D.

5. Insertion E.

3
ACTIVITY 2
Direction: Fill in the diagram with the different types of mutation.
(Note to the learners: You may draw the illustrated diagram on your answer sheet.)

Mutation

4
 What’s New

Direction: Match each tool used in genetic engineering to its corresponding

description. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

Answer Genetic Tools Description

1. Molecular Scissor a. It multiplies the DNA

exponentially for each of the 25 to
75 cycles.
2. Polymerase Chain b. It is the enzymes that cut DNA
Reaction at specific locations based on the
nucleotide sequence.

3. Gel Electrophoresis c. It monitors the changes in

protein content in body fluids

d. The utilization of multi-cell

organisms to produce human
4. Polymerases
proteins since these hosts with
complex structures are more
suitable for synthesizing complex
5. Eukaryotic Host proteins.

e. The groups of enzymes that

catalyze the synthesis of nucleic
acid molecules

What do you think are these tools for in genetic engineering?

What is It

You may have heard about genetic engineering in newspapers, TV shows,

and the Internet. Sci-fi movies like X-Men and Splice depict individuals with
enhanced genetic modifications that give them special abilities.

So, what exactly is Genetic Engineering? Genetic engineering involves

manipulating genetic material (DNA) to achieve the desired goal in a pre-
determined way. In history, one of genetic engineering’s breakthroughs was the

5
successful discovery of CRISPR/Cas9, which was used nowadays as an editing tool
to modify genomes—a trailblazing development for medicinal purposes curing
genetic disorders in the near future. Furthermore, genetic engineering also made
cloning possible as it successfully cloned a mammal from an embryo cell, a sheep
named “Dolly,” and Ian Wilmut and his colleagues executed the said cloning.

However, what are the standard tools used in genetic engineering? Moreover,
how does genetic engineering help in the detection of viruses?

Figure 1: Genetically Modified Organisms and Tools Used in Genetic Engineering.

Genetic Engineering Defined

The term genetic Engineering is initially referred to various techniques used for the
modification or alteration of organisms through the processes of heredity and
reproduction.
Increasing plant and animal food production, diagnosing and treating diseases
through medical advancement, and producing useful drugs and vaccines for the
Sars-Cov2, are the major focus on the importance of genetic engineering.

6
 THE DIFFERENT TOOLS USED IN GENETIC ENGINEERING
Here are tools that are commonly used in genetic engineering:
● Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is efficient technique because it
multiplies the DNA exponentially for 25 to 75 cycles. A cycle takes only a minute,
and each new segment of DNA that is made can serve as a template for new ones.
This technique is used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies
of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to
millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. Developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis,
PCR is now a common technique used in clinical and research laboratories for
various applications (Javed, 2017).

Figure 2: Polymerase Chain Reaction

Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/

● Restriction Enzymes (Molecular Scissor) are enzymes that create one

incision on each of the two strands of DNA at specific locations based on the
nucleotide sequence. DNA cut with a restriction enzyme produces many
smaller fragments of varying sizes. These can be separated using gel
electrophoresis or chromatography. Furthermore, hundreds of different
restriction enzymes isolated from many different bacteria strains are capable of
cutting DNA at a distinct site. Restriction Enzymes was isolated in 1970 by
Hindll. He also did the subsequent discovery and characterization of numerous
restriction endonucleases (Hitendra, 2018).

7
 Figure 2: Restriction Enzymes
Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/

● Gel Electrophoresis is used for various purposes, from viewing cut DNA to
detecting DNA inserts and knockouts. It is also used to estimate the molecular
weight of protein and nucleic acids, purification of isolated proteins, monitoring
changes of protein content in body fluids, blotting application, and many more.
Purifying DNA from cell culture or cutting it using restriction enzymes would
not be of much use if we could not visualize the DNA that is, find a way to view
whether or not your extract contains anything or what size fragments you have
cut it into. One way to do this is by gel electrophoresis (Tapeshwar, 2015).

Figure 3: Gel Electrophoresis

Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/

8
● DNA Ligase are enzymes that can create covalent bonds between nucleotide
chains. The enzymes DNA polymerase I and polynucleotide kinase are also
crucial in filling in gaps, or phosphorylating the 5′ ends, respectively. The DNA
ligase used in molecular cloning differs in their abilities to ligate noncanonical
substrates, such as blunt-ended duplexes DNA: RNA hybrid or ss DNAs. In
genetic research, DNA Ligase are often utilized to link two or more individual
strands of DNA, to create a recombinant strand, or close a circular strand that
has been cut with restriction enzymes (Faraza ,2017).

Figure 4: DNA Ligation Process

Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/

● According to Faraza (2017), polymerases are collectively referred as the groups

of enzymes that catalyze nucleic acid molecules’ synthesis. It is customary to
use the name of the nucleic acid template on which the polymerase acts. The
three critical polymerases are given below.

Figure 5: Polymerizing and Proofreading

Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/

9
 o DNA-dependent DNA polymerase that replicates DNA from DNA.
o RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) that transcribes
DNA from RNA.
o DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that transcribes RNA from DNA

Figure 6: Plasmid Map

Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/

● Prokaryotic Host are able to multiply their plasmids (along with foreign DNA)
also multiply to produce millions of copies, referred to as a colony or in a short
clone. The term ‘clone’ broadly refers to a mass of cells, organisms, or genes
that results from the multiplication of a single cell, organism, or gene.
Furthermore, the bacteria Escherichia coli, was the first organism used in the
DNA technology experiments and continues to be the host of choice by many
workers. Undoubtedly, E.coli, the simplest Gram-negative bacterium (a
common bacterium of human and animal intestines), has played a key role in
the development of present-day biotechnology. Under a suitable environment,
the number of E. coli can double every 20 minutes (Faraza ,2017).

• Eukaryotic Host are preferred to produce human proteins since these hosts
with complex structures (with distinct organelles) are more suitable to
synthesize complex proteins. The most commonly used eukaryotic organism is
the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is a non-pathogenic organism routinely
used in the brewing and baking industry. Certain fungi have also been used in
gene cloning experiments (Faraza ,2017).

10
● Selection of Small Self-Replicating DNA
Small circular pieces of DNA that are not part of a bacterial genome, but are
capable of self-replication, are known as plasmids. Plasmids are often used as
vectors to transport genes between microorganisms. In biotechnology, once the
gene of interest has been amplified and restriction enzymes cut both the gene
and plasmid, they are ligated together, generating what is known as
recombinant DNA. Viral (bacteriophage) DNA can also be used as a vector, as
can cosmids, recombinant plasmids containing bacteriophage genes (Faraza
,2017).

Figure 7: Plasmid Map

Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/

● Methods to Select Transgenic Organisms

According to Faraza (2017), not all cells will take up DNA during
transformation. Therefore, it is essential to identify the cells that transform and
those that have not. Generally, plasmids carry genes for antibiotic resistance,
and transgenic cells can be selected based on the expression of those genes
and their ability to grow on media containing that antibiotic. Alternative
selection methods depend on the presence of other reporter proteins such as
the x-gal/lacZ system or green fluorescence protein, which allow selection
based on color and fluorescence, respectively.

11
 Figure 8: Selection of Transgenic Organisms
Image Source: https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/

What’s More

Activity 1: Jumbled Letters!

Direction: Arrange the jumbled letters to determine the tools used in genetic
engineering and write a brief description about them.

1.DISPALM 6. ESEGN

2.GTECNIE GEGENINERIN 7. DAN SIGALE

3.EGL TECLOROPESERHIS 8. SAEMPLOYERS

4.ROLAMECUL CISSROSS 9. TASYE

5.SEPAROELMY CAHIN NEROCATI 10. OAREGAS

12
Assessment 1
1. What is DNA Ligase? And how is it used in genetic engineering?
2. How is the Polymerase chain reaction useful in the detection of viruses?
3. Why are genes functional in genetic engineering?

Activity 2: Match Up!

Direction: Identify what is asked for each item by choosing the letter of the correct
answer in the box.
a. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase f. Restriction Enzymes
b. Hindll g. Kary Mullis
c. PCR h. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
d. Escherichia coli i. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
e. Plasmids j. Gel Electrophoresis

1. These are enzymes that can create covalent bonds between nucleotide chains.
2. It is the most commonly used eukaryotic organism.
3. It is considered as a common bacterium of the human and animal intestines.
4. It is the enzyme that transcribes RNA from DNA.
5. It is used to monitor the changes of protein content in body fluids.
6. These are enzymes used to cut DNA at specific locations based on the
nucleotide sequence.
7. It is a genetic engineering tool used to multiply the DNA exponentially for each
of the 25 to 75 cycles.
8. He discovered the PCR.
9. He isolated the first restriction enzyme in 1970.
10. These are enzymes that transcribe DNA from RNA

Assessment 2
1. How were restriction enzymes discovered?
2. Why is yeast the most commonly eukaryotic organism used for gene cloning
experiments?
3. How are the tools genetic engineering beneficial in medicine today? Justify your
answer.

Activity 3: Step Up!

Direction: Using letters A, B, and C, arrange the stages/steps on how the different
techniques/tools in genetic engineering work.

1. MAKING A RECOMBINANT DNA

_____ Sticky ends are joined by DNA ligase
_____ Restriction enzymes cut the desired DNA sequence
_____ Study and determine the specific gene needed

13
 2. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION / MAKING DNA COPIES
_____ DNA polymerase starts making copies
_____ “primers” provide a lace for DNA polymerase
_____ DNA is heated to separate the strands and cooled to bind
3. TRANSFORMING BACTERIA
_____ Insert a human gene into plasmid / bacterial DNA
_____ The recombinant DNA is inserted in the bacterial cell
_____ The bacteria can produce the human protein
4. TRANSFORMING PLANT CELLS
___The plasmid can be used to infect plant cells that take up DNA on its own
___ Insert a piece of foreign DNA into the plasmid
___ Inactivate the tumor-producing gene of a bacterium
5. TRANSFORMING ANIMAL CELLS
____ The host gene may lose (knocked out) sequences in between
____ DNA molecule is constructed with two ends that may recombine with
specific sequences
____ The knocked-out gene is replaced with a new gene

Assessment 3
1. What is PCR? And how is the process of making DNA copies performed?
2. How is human insulin produced by genetically modified bacteria? Describe
the process and determine what tool in genetic engineering was used.
3. How is recombitant DNA generated?

Activity 4: Let’s Investigate

Direction: Read the case of Jesse Gelsinger and answer the questions.

THE CASE OF JESSE GELSINGER

For 9 years, gene therapy seemed to promise cures to incurable genetic
disorders. Then in 1999, a gene therapy experiment failed. Jesse Geisinger, 18
years old, had ornithine transcarboxylase (OTC) deficiency, a rare metabolic
disorder that causes a build-up of ammonia. He was able to control the disease
with a low-protein diet and 32 pills per day. Although he was otherwise healthy at
the time, he signed up for an experimental trial at the University of Pennsylvania
that would benefit babies born with a fatal form of OTC.

The experiment was to test the safety of treatment and to determine the
maximum tolerated dose of an adenovirus vector with the OTC gene. Four days
after he received an infusion into his liver of recombinant virus, he died from
complications resulting from a clotting disorder and organ failure due to the
adenovirus. Interestingly, three monkeys had died of the same problem after they
received a stronger version of the adenovirus at a dose 20X higher than any of the
doses later used in the human experiment. Nevertheless, the experiment
proceeded.

14
 In 2003 nearly 30 gene therapy trials were canceled after two children
treated for ADA deficiency developed leukemia in a French trial. It was discovered
that the retrovirus had inserted next to an oncogene in a white blood cell to grow
uncontrollably, causing leukemia. The children were treated with chemotherapy.
These cases raise issues about gene therapy safety, although some experts say the
development of leukemia may have been specific to the SCID gene therapy trials.

Guide Questions:

1. What is gene therapy?

2. Do you agree that gene therapy may be the best method to treat ailments
such as cancer, AIDS, and genetic disorders? Explain.

Assessment 4
1. One of your siblings has a genetic disorder, and you were offered to undergo
clinical trials for free. Will you allow your sibling to undergo gene therapy?
Explain.
2. If you were a biologist, how would you address gene therapy safety issues
with possible patients?

Activity 5: DNA Fingerprinting Analysis

Case 1
Mr. Chan’s family consists of mom, dad and four kids. The parents
have one daughter and one son together, another daughter is from
the mother’s previous marriage, and the other son is adopted. Here
are the DNA analysis results:

1. Which child is adopted? Why?

2. Which child is from the mother’s previous marriage? Why?
3. Who are the own children of Mr. and Mrs. Chan?

Assessment 5
1. What is DNA Fingerprint Analysis?
2. How does rep-PCR relate to DNA fingerprinting?
3. How does pulsed-field gel electrophoresis relate to DNA fingerprinting?

15
Activity 6: Crime Investigatory
Direction: Read the short article about Grace Hayden and answer the following
questions.
A single fingerprint and the actions of an “above and beyond” deputy led
investigators to arrest a man in North Carolina for allegedly murdering an elderly
woman 31 years ago in California, according to officials. Grace Hayden, 79, was
raped and killed in San Diego in May 1987, said Investigator Erich Hackney of the
Robeson County, North Carolina, District Attorney’s Office. San Diego District
Attorney Investigator Tony Johnson was reviewing Hayden’s brutal unsolved killing
when he found a single fingerprint from a left ring finger on Hayden’s kitchen stove,
Hackney said in a news release. “Johnson resubmitted the fingerprint through the
national fingerprint database,” Hackney said, and found a match to 62-year-old
Kevin Ford in Robeson County, North Carolina. When that warrant was served in
2015, Robeson County Sheriff’s Office Deputy John Blount happened to decide to
fingerprint Ford -- “something rarely done on a charge of this nature,” according to
Hackney. “It was this set of fingerprints that were taken by Blount that matched
the print left by Ford at the crime scene,” Hackney said.
A DNA sample was obtained from Ford to compare, and investigators found that it
matched DNA collected from the victim, Hackney said.

Source: abcnews.go.com
Guide Questions:
1. Should fingerprints be used as evidence? Why?

Assessment 6
1. How are fingerprints used to solve crimes?
2. In your perspective, are fingerprints valid enough to convict a person? Why?

What I Have Learned

Let’s sum up what you have learned. Read each item carefully. Complete its
meaning by supplying the correct term.

1. Gel electrophoresis, molecular scissors, and polymerase chain reaction, are

the common tools used in _____________.
2. The process by which recombinant DNA technology is utilized to alter the
genetic makeup of an organism is called _____________.
3. It is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charged
molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins according to their size, known as
__________.

16
 4. These are enzymes that make one incision on each of the two strands of DNA
at specific locations based on the nucleotide sequence, namely __________.

5. It is a laboratory technique used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a

segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to
millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence, known as ____________.
6. The branch of biotechnology that deals with the study and investigation of
genomic information from trace evidence found at crime scenes is called
____________.
7. Genes is the basic physical and functional unit of __________.
8. The branch of science that is concerned with how various traits are inherited
is called ___________.
9. It is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger that serve as
valid evidence in crime scenes, known as __________.
10. The genetic tool used to detect people with COVID-19 virus is ___________.

What I Can Do

Practical Use of Genetic Engineering During the COVID-19 Pandemic

During the 2020 Pandemic, COVID-19 affects
the lives of many people and slows down the global
economy. This pandemic has killed almost 1.79
million worldwide. The most common symptoms of
this viral infection are fever, cold, cough, bone pain,
and breathing problems, which will lead to
pneumonia.

In response, the health department utilized

COVID-19 rRT-PCR test as a real-time reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR)
test for the qualitative detection of nucleic acid from Retrieved from:
https://images.app.goo.gl/miNE5
SARS-CoV-2 in upper and lower respiratory BWtqcovJkU99
specimens (such as nasopharyngeal or
oropharyngeal swabs, sputum, lower respiratory tract aspirates, bronchoalveolar
lavage, and nasopharyngeal wash/aspirate) collected from individuals suspected of
COVID-19 by their healthcare provider (HCP), as well as upper respiratory
specimens (such as nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs, nasal swabs, or mid-
turbinate swabs) collected from any individual, including for testing of individuals
without symptoms or other reasons to suspect COVID-19 infection.

17
 In addition, the technological advancement of
genetic engineering gave us the pathway for the
availability of vaccines with different efficiency in some
countries, yet there are still side effects once you are
vaccinated.

As a student, what is your greatest learning from

this module? And how can you respond to the COVID-
19 outbreak? Retrieved from:
https://images.app.goo.gl/iLR
i8ZwkNv4tFkUv9

Assessment

Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What do you call an organism that contains genes from two different organisms?
a. Altered genome organism
b. Mutant organism
c. Modified organism
d. Transgenic organism

2. Which of the following best describes the use of genetic engineering?

a. alter the genetic makeup of an organism
b. generate new hybrid strains
c. improve disease resistance
d. all of the above

3. sWhich of the following is the most challenging issue facing genome sequencing
or organism modification?
a. the availability and stability of DNA
b. the ethics of using information from genomes at the individual level
c. the inability to develop fast and accurate sequencing or modifying
techniques.
d. all of the above

4. What carries a gene from one organism into a bacterial cell?

a. a plasmid
b. a restriction enzyme
c. electrophoresis gel
d. polymerase chain reaction

5. When was the Polymerase Chain Reaction discovered?

a. 1963
b. 1973
c. 1983
d. 1993

18
True or False. Write the word “True” if the statement is correct and write “False” if
the statement is incorrect.

1. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned from an embryo cell.
2. Generally, it is easier to insert genes into plant, yeast, and bacteria
cells, rather than animal cells, rather than animal cells.
3. Criminology is another term for forensic science.
4. The use of DNA as a forensic tool began in the 1980s.
5. Gene therapy is a medical technique to treat or prevent disease.

Additional Activities

Directions: Make an editorial cartoon showing how the tools are used in genetic
engineering which are beneficial to humans in terms of health, agriculture, and
technology. Use the rubric below as your guide in your illustration.

EDITORIAL CARTOON RUBRICS

CATEGORY 4 3 2

Required The cartoon All required elements All but one (1) of the
Elements includes all are included in the required elements
required elements cartoon. are included in the
as well as cartoon.
additional
information.

Labels All items of Almost all items of Many items of

importance on the importance on the importance on the
cartoon are clearly cartoon are clearly cartoon are clearly
labeled. labeled. labeled.

Graphics- All graphics are All graphics are All graphics relate to
Relevance related to the topic related to the topic the topic
and make it easier and most make it
to understand. easier to understand.

Attractiveness The cartoon is The cartoon is The cartoon is

exceptionally attractive, in terms of acceptably attractive
attractive, in terms design, layout, and though it may be a
of design, layout, neatness. bit messy.
and neatness.

Grammar There are no There 1-2 There 3-4

grammatical/mech grammatical/mechan grammatical/mechan
anical mistakes in ical mistakes in the ical mistakes in the
the cartoon. cartoon. cartoon.

19
 20
What I know 6. GENES - The term is defined as the basic
1. c 6. c physical and functional unit of heredity.
2. b 7. d
3. c 8. c 7. DNA LIGASE- is a specific type of enzyme,
4. d 9. b that facilitates the joining of DNA strands
5. a 10. A together by catalyzing the formation of a
phosphodiester bond.
What’s In
Activity 1
8. POLYMERASES – are enzymes that catalyze
1. c 4. c
the synthesis of DNA from
2. e 5. b
deoxyribonucleotides, which are the building
3. a
blocks of DNA.
Activity 2
● Somatic
9. YEAST – a unicellular organism that converts
● Chromosomal Alterations
its food sugar and starch through
● Point
fermentation, into carbon dioxide and
● Frameshift
alcohol.
● Germline
10. AGAROSE – is a polysaccharide, which is
What’s New
generally extracted from certain red
1. b 4. e
seaweed. It is frequently used in Gel
2. a 5. d
Electrophoresis.
3. c
What’s More Assessment 1
Activity 1
1. PLASMID- a genetic structure in a cell that 1. DNA Ligase is a DNA-joining enzyme. And it
can replicate independently of the is used to link two or more individual
chromosomes, typically a small circular strands of DNA, to create a recombinant
DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium strand, or close a circular strand that has
or protozoan. been cut with restriction enzymes.
2. GENETIC ENGINEERING- The process by 2. It can identify and detect the viral nucleic
which recombinant DNA technology is acids.
utilized to alter the genetic makeup of an
organism. 3. Genes are the material that
genetic engineering aims to modify for
3. Gel Electrophoresis- is a technique enhancement the capabilities of an organism
commonly used in laboratories to separate
charged molecules like DNA, RNA and
proteins according to their size. Activity 2
1. e 6. f
2. h 7. c
4. MOLECULAR SCISSORS also known as 3. d 8. g
Restriction enzyme as they cleave DNA at or 4. a 9. b
near specific recognition sequences known 5. j 10.i
as restriction sites.
5. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION-
Polymerase chain reaction is a method
widely used to rapidly make millions to
billions of copies of a specific DNA sample,
allowing scientists to take a very small
sample of DNA and amplify it to a large
enough amount to study in detail.
Answer Key
 21
Assessment 2
1. Werner Abner observed a dramatic
change in the bacteriophage DNA after
it invaded these resistant strains of
bacteria degraded and cut into pieces.
2. Yeast and human cells have little in
common, they both have a nucleus.
3. Answers may vary.
Activity 3: Step Up
1. C- B- A
2. A- B- C
3. B- A- C
4. A- B- C
5. B- A- C
6.
Assessment 3
1. It is a technique used in molecular
biology to amplify a single copy or a
few copies of a segment of DNA across
several orders of magnitude,
generating thousands to millions of
copies of a particular DNA sequence.
And the process of making DNA are
the following:
● DNA polymerase starts making copies.
● “primers” provide a lace for DNA
polymerase.
● DNA is heated to separate the strands
and cooled to bind.
2. The process of production of Humulin
by bacteria follows the steps:
● The recombinant DNA is inserted in
the bacterial cell
● Insert a human gene into plasmid /
bacterial DNA
● The bacteria can produce the human
protein
3. The process of generating recombinant
DNA follows the steps:
● Study and determine the specific gene
needed
● Restriction enzymes cut the desired
DNA sequence
Sticky ends are joined by DNA ligase
Activity 4: Let’s Investigate
1. Gene therapy is a medical field which
focuses on the utilization of the
therapeutic delivery of nucleic acids
into a patient's cells as a drug to treat
disease.
2. Gene therapy replaces a faulty gene or
adds a new gene in an attempt to cure
disease or improve your body's ability
to fight disease.
Assessment 4
1. Answer may vary
2. Answer may vary
Activity 5
1. The adopted is the child #3 because he did
not match to the fingerprints of both Mr.
and Mrs. Chan
2. The child from the previous marriage is
child #2 because they are match base on
the fingerprinting
3. The child #1 and #4 are the children of Mr.
and Mrs. Chan
Assessment 5
1. It is a genetic engineering technology used
to establish a link between biological
evidence and a suspect in a criminal
investigation.
2. Rep-PCR is used to generate unique DNA
profiles or fingerprints of individual
microbial strains.
3. PFGE is used to produce a DNA fingerprint
for a bacterial isolate, wherein the electric
charge will run through the DNA.
Activity 6
1. Fingerprint evidence is used in
investigations for criminal cases often, and
the findings are frequently used to
determine if someone is connected to the
crime or was naturally part of the scene.
Assessment 6
1. Fingerprints collected at a crime scene, or
on items of evidence from a crime, have
been used in forensic science to identify
suspects, victims and other persons who
touched a surface.
2. Fingerprints Can Identify, But Not
Necessarily Convict.
*Answer may also vary
 22
What I Have Learned Assessment
Multiple choice
1. Genetic Engineering 1.D
2. Genetic Engineering 2.D
3. Gel electrophoresis
3.B
4. Molecular scissors
5. Polymerase chain reaction 4.A
6. Forensics biotechnology 5.C
7. Heredity True or false
8. Genetics 1. True
9. Fingerprint 2. True
10. rt-PCR 3. False
4. True
5. True
Additional Activities
*Illustrate an editorial cartoon showing how
the tools used in genetic engineering are
beneficial to human in terms of health,
agriculture and technology.
References

Aryal, Sagar. 2018. Recombinant DNA Technology- Steps, Applications, and

Limitations Retrieved from https://microbenotes.com/recombinant-dna-
technology-steps-applications-and-limitations/

Explorebiotect,genetic-engennering ,Retrieved October 18,2020

https://explorebiotech.com/10-tools-for-genetic-engineering/

Geib, Claudia. 2018. “We’re Getting Closer to Cloning Humans. Here’s What’s
Stopping Us.” Center for Genetics and Society. 2018.
https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article/were-getting-closer-cloning-
humans-heres-whats-stopping-us.

Hitendra. 2018. Gene Cloning. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/gohilsanjay3/gene-cloning-principles-an-
technique

Human Cloning. n.d. Human Cloning | Center for Genetics and Society. Accessed
January 11, 2021. https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/topics/human-
cloning.

Javed Follow, Faraza. 2017. “Polymerase Chain Reaction.” SlideShare. 2017.

https://www.slideshare.net/FarazaJaved/pcr-76618045.

Shapiro, Emily. 2018. How a single fingerprint led to arrest in cold case murder of
elderly woman 31 years later: Officials. Retrieved from
https://abcnews.go.com/US/single-fingerprint-led-arrest-cold-case-murder-
elderly/story?id=56535934

Steve Minchin in Facts, Genetics,Retrieved October 18,2020

Tapeshwar, Yadav. 2015. Lecturer of Medical Biochemistry retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/TapeshwarYadav1/gel-electrophoresis-
53828963

Tapeshwar,Lecture Medical Biochemistry ,Retrieved October 18,2020

Trustees of Boston University. 1993. Guided practice restriction enzyme worksheet

#1. Retrieved from
http://jennifergriffin.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/6/5/25655361/restriction_e
nzymes.pdf

23
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III – Schools Division of Angeles City

Jesus St. Pulungbulu, Angeles City, Pampanga, Philippines 2009

Telefax: (045) 322-5722;322-472; 888-0582; 887-6099

Email Address: angeles.city@deped.gov.ph

blr.lrpd@deped.gov.ph