EN 1992-2

EC2- Concrete

• Based on CEB Model Code

• Much changed even since ENV
• Split by Bending, Shear etc
Not Beams,Columns etc
• Consistent for RC and Prestressed
• Uses Cylinders (fck approx 0,8fcu)
• Covers Stronger Concrete
• No “textbook
textbook material
material”

Red = general policy for all Eurocodes

 EN 1992 Concrete Structures
Parts

1-1 General rules and rules for buildings

1-2 Fire
2 Bridges
3 Retaining structures

Table 3.1 Concrete Properties

(abbreviated)

fck 25 30 40 50 60 70 90
(MPa)
fck,cube 30 37 50 60 75 85 105
(MPa)
fcm 33 38 48 58 68 78 98
(MPa)
fctm
t 26
2,6 29
2,9 35
3,5 41
4,1 44
4,4 46
4,6 50
5,0
(MPa)
fctk,0.05 1,8 2,0 2,5 2,9 3,1 3,2 3,5
(MPa)
Ecm 31 33 35 37 39 41 44
(GPa)
Consequences of considering
high strength concrete:

some things that used to be fixed, vary!

• Limiting strain reduced for HSC (only affects grade > 50/60)

• Some doubt as to whether shear strength continues increasing (NA limits

strength assumed for shear)

• Minimum reinforcement for flexure aims to ensure strength as RC >

cracking strength. Theoretically should vary with fct. Variation in theoretical
area now factor of 1.9. Not economic to ignore it.

• Similar effect for minimum links.

“No text book material”

• No effective lengths (except nominal examples)

(in PD, could use eigen values)

• No formulae for moment capacities

(derive, see Eurocode2.info or Concise EC2)
UL|S:

“Bending
Bending with and without
axial force”

• Beams, columns and slabs considered together

Concrete stress/strain relationship

σc
fck

fcd

ε c2 ε cu2 εc
0
0,002 0,0035
(for grades up to 50/60)
 Can simplify

σc

fck

fcd

0 ε c3 εcu3 εc

0.00175 0.0035
(for grades up to 50/60)

Stress Blocks
Strain Stress

0,0035*
(0,002 in pure compression)
αccfck/γc * αccfck/γc

0.8*

or

* = reduced for fck >50

Design Concrete Strength

fcd = αccfck/γc

Where
αcc = 0,85
(From UK NA)

γc = 1,5
1 5
fck = 0,8 fcu
(approx)

αccfck/γc = 0,453 fcu Close to BS 5400!

αcc

• Coefficient that takes account of long term effects and unfavourable

effects from the wayy loading
g applied
pp
• Part 1 recommends 1,0 but UK NA and Part 2 make it 0,85
• 0,85 for flexure/axial compression
• 1,0 when used in shear and also membrane rules (effect already included)
• Absorbed in EN 1994
• Appears theoretically could be 1,0 for loading in < approx 2 minutes
Max Concrete Strain (up to C 50/60)
Pure Compression
X>h X < h (usual case in bridges!)
0.001751 0.001751x 0.0035
(x-h/2)

1 for bilinear & rectangular stress block

Reinforcement

γs = 1.15 as BS 5400

Stress/strain relationship similar (bi-linear rather than tri-linear: closer to BS

8110)
Reinforcing steel stress-strain
relationships

Stres
s Strain Hardening

Elastic-Plastic
fyd =
fyk / γ s

fyd / εud Strai

Es n

Prestressing steel stress-strain

relationship

σ A

fpk
fpk/γs
fp 0,1k
fpd = fp 0,1k/γs A = Idealised
B B = Design

ε ud ε uk ε
fpd/ Ep
ULS SHEAR

EN 1992 does not distinguish between reinforced and prestressed sections

for the calculation of shear resistance.

Case 1: No designed links

VEd ≤ VRd,c
• VEd = design shear force from external loading and prestress (i.e.
including γp)
• For RC, approach and results fairly similar to BS 5400 (RC) and takes into
account the effect of concrete grade, reinforcement ratio and effective
depth of the section.

VRd,c = (CRd,c k (100 ρl fck)1/3 + k1 σcp) bw d (6.2a)

13
0.27 ⎛ 100A s ⎞
V= ξ s ⎜⎜ f cu ⎟⎟ b w d
γm ⎝ bw d ⎠
 Case 1: No designed links

• EN 1992 defines a minimum value for VRd,c:

VRd,c =
(vmin + k1 σcp) bw d

where: vmin = 0,035 k3/2 fck1/2 (UK

NA)

(equivalent to min As used in BS 5400)

Comparison of EN 1992 and BS 5400

Effect of Steel Area
300
hear Strength (kN)

250 BS 5400 For

1m width
200 of
150 200d R.C. slab
EN 1992 with
100 25/30 Concrete
50
Sh

0
0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5
R e in fo rc e m e n t (% )
 Comparison of EN 1992 and BS 5400
Effect of Steel Area

300
ar Strength (kN)

BS 5400
250 For
1m width
200 of
EN 1992 200d R.C. slab
150
with
100 50/60 Concrete
Shea

50
0
0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3 3 .5
R e in fo rc e m e n t (% )

Short Shear Spans (6.2.2(6))

Load multiplied
by
β = av/2d
(av ≥ 0,5d)

av
 Short Shear Span Enhancement

• Altering loads is inconvenient for multiple loads distributed across the

bridge and impractical for moving load cases
So
• EN 1992-2 NA has changed it back to an enhancement factor to the
resistance of 2d/a (6.2.2(101))

Be careful! Do not apply a reduction to the loads and an enhancement to the

shear capacity

Case 2: Designed Links

• BS 5400 uses the addition principle ( V = Vconcrete + Vlinks)

• In EN 1992 - shear is taken only by the links once the shear strength
without links is exceeded and the strength is calculated using the varying
angle truss approach
Case 2: Designed Links
Variable Angle Truss Analogy

Concrete Struts

Steel Ties

Strength limited by Links

VRd,s

VRd,S = (Asw / s) z fywd cot θ

(6.8)
Asw / s = Link Area / Spacing
z = Lever Arm (normally 0,9d for RC)
fywd = Design yield strength of links (i.e. with γ factor of 1,15)
θ = Angle of struts (1< cotθ <2,5 but cotθ = 1 when external applied axial force is tensile)
Strength limited by Concrete

VRd,max

VRd,max = αcw bw z ν1 fcd / (cot θ + tan θ) (6.9)

αcw = Coefficient taking account of compression stress

(1,0 for R.C. can be up to 1,25)
bw = Web width (after reductions for ducts)
ν1 = Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
fcd = Design concrete strength
(As in flexure but αcc can be 1,0)

Choice of q
For minimum links cot θ =
2,5 ((21.8o truss))
Optimum until crushing capacity reached: virtually all rectangular and T sections

For maximum shear capacity cot θ =

1,0 (45o truss)

Optimum (least links) when concrete struts on point of crushing under applied shear force:
VEd =
VRd,max
Rearrange (6.9) to give: θ = 0,5 sin-1[2VEd
/(αcwbwzν1fcd)]
Solve to give shallowest angle of compressive struts required to carry load.
Use in equation 6.8 to find required area of shear reinforcement
Strength reduction factor, ν1

ν1 is a strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear

If the design stress in the yield reinforcement < 80% fywk:
ν1 = 0.54
for fck ≤ 60 MPa (UK NA)
ν1 = 0.84 – fck/200 for fck > 60 MPa
“
Otherwise:
ν1 = 0.6 (1 – fck/250) ≥ 0.48

For high shears, a higher shear capacity is obtained by limiting the reinforcement stress
to 80% fyk in equation 6.8:

VRd,s = (Asw / s) z (0.8fywk) cot θ

Strength reduction factor, ν1

10

Links at 0.8fyk
8
ear stress (MPa)

6 Links at fywd

4
She

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Shear reinforcement percentage

Link Design Comparison

600

500 Shear Strength

EN 1992 of
Sttength(kN)

400 300 wide 400 deep RC

300 beam
with
200 BS 5400 25/30 Concrete
100 (1% steel)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Links

Link Design Comparison

1200 Shear Strength

of
1000
EN 1992 300 wide 400 deep RC
Sttength(kN)

800 beam
600 with
50/60 Concrete
400 BS 5400 (1% steel)
t l)
200

0
10 links = T16-60
0 2 4 6 8 10 A lot but possible!
Links
 Shear in Prestressed Concrete

• Same general approach as RC

But
• Strength based on concrete strut capacity enhanced
VRd,max = αcw bw z ν1 fcd / (cot θ + tan θ) (6.9)

through αcw term

Effect of Compressive Stress on αcw

12
1.2

1
αcw
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
σcp/fcd
Stress/fcd

Concrete crushing strength increased for 0 < σcp < 0.6fcd

 Link Design Comparison (Prestressed)

3000

2500 EN 1992
Strrength (kN)

For
2000
250 x 1100 beam
1500
BS 5400 50/60 concrete
1000
(uncracked in flexure) 7N/mm2 prestress
500

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Links

Longitudinal Shear
(6.2.4)

vEd = ΔFd / (hf Δx) Asf/sf ≥ vEd hf / (cotθf fyd)

vEd ≤ υfcd sinθf cosθf

 bi

Longitudinal Shear (6.2.5)

Additionally, the shear stress at the interface between concrete cast at different
times should satisfy:

vEdi ≤ vRdi vEdi = βVEd / (zbi)

β is the ratio of the longitudinal force in the new concrete area and the total longitudinal force in the
compression or tension zone at the section considered

vRdi = cfctd + μσn + ρfyd ≤ 0,5υfcd

c depends on the cohesion between the concrete (0,25 – 0,50)

μ is a coefficient of friction (0,50 to 0,90)

Serviceability (+ fatigue)
Serviceability Issues

• Stress Limitation

• Crack Control

• Deflection Control

• Other issues, e.g. vibration

Serviceability Issues

St
Stress Limits
Li it

• Reinforcing Steel: 0,8fyk (0.75 in BS 5400)

1,0 for imposed deformations
• Prestressing steel 0,75fpk
• Concrete : 0
0,6
6 fckk (0.48
(0 48 fcu cf BS 5400
0,5 for RC, 0,4 for
PSC)
But Calculated on cracked section (sometimes)
Serviceability Issues

• Crack Control

Minimum steel area

Ensures reinforcement does not yield on first crack

Crack control rules

Restrict maximum width

Minimum Steel Area: simple rectangle in flexure

Asminσs = kc k fct,eff Act

(7.1)

Asmin = 0.4X1.0Xfct.effAct/500

= 0.0002b.hfct.eff

Also 9.1
Asmin = 0,26fctmbtd/fyk not less
than 0,0013btd

For slab, 9.1 governs!

Table NA.1 /(7.101N)
Recommended values of wmax (mm) and relevant combination rules

Reinforced members and

Prestressed members
Exposure Class prestressed members without
with bonded tendons
bonded tendons

Quasi-permanent load Frequent load

combinationc combinationc

X0, XC1 0,3a 0,2

XC2, XC3, XC4 0,2b

0,3
XD1, XD2, XD3 XS1,
0,2d and Decompression
XS2, XS3

Cracking criteria

• Criteria more onerous for prestressed

• Does not actually say you can treat an element (e.g. deck slab) as
prestressed in one direction and RC in another
• Neither does BS 5400!
• Can still do it
• Is not actually very logical (Said to be for durability but cracks parallel to
tendons more significant)
But: not clear using more severe criteria for prestressed is logical!
Notes From 7.101 (UK NA version)

a For X0, XC1 exposure classes, crack width has no influence on durability and this
s set
limit is se to
o gua
guarantee
a ee accep
acceptable
ab e appea
appearance.
a ce In the
e abse
absence
ce o
of appea
appearance
a ce
conditions this limit may be relaxed.
b For these exposure classes, in addition, decompression should be checked
under the quasi-permanent combination of loads.
c For the crack width checks under combinations which include temperature
distribution, the resulting member forces should be calculated using gross
section concrete properties and self-equilibrating stresses may be ignored.
d 0,2 applies to the parts of the member that do not have to be checked for
decompression.

Plus

• The decompression limit requires that all concrete within a certain distance
of bonded tendons or their ducts should remain in compression under the
specified loading. The distance within which all concrete should remain in
compression shall be taken as the value of cmin,dur (NA) determined for the
relevant surface.
“Decompression” vs BS 5400 Class 1

ε ε

Tendons

Cracke
d

OK to either OK for decompression,

not class 1

Decompression in thin slabs (UK N.A.)

Nominal cover to tendon

12MPa
> cmin.dur + Dc + bar diameter
typically 22-35mm more than cmin.dur

For example shown, moment to

decompression ≈ 1.3 x moment to class 1

26mm
-1.6MPa

220mm deck slab, cover = cmin.dur + 10 +16

Table 7.101N

Reinforced members and

Prestressed members
Exposure Class prestressed members without
with bonded tendons
bonded tendons

Quasi-permanent load Frequent load

combinationc combinationc

X0, XC1 0,3a 0,2

0,2 (+decompression
XC2, XC3, XC4
under quasi perm.)
0,3
XD1, XD2, XD3 XS1,
0,2d and Decompression
XS2, XS3

Means cracked section analysis needed for prestressed!

But rarely critical for XD case (except reversed moments!)

Main exposure classes

for bridges

XC3/XC4 No Salt Inside voids

Under waterproofing
Bridges not subject to salt
XD1 Moderate Walls etc more than 10m horizontally
from carriageway
Humidity Soffits more than 5m above
carriageway
XD2 Wet,
Wet Immersed + buried more than 1m below
carriageway
rarely dry
XD3 Cyclic The rest
wet & dry
 Prestress cracking

BS 5400 EN 1992
Class 1 Decompression
Class 2 No direct equivalent (quite)
Class 3 Crack width check
BS 5400/BD 24 normally requires checks for:
Class 1 HA comb1 + Class 2 Full comb 3

EN 1992-2
1992 2 normallyll requires
i d
decompression
i only
l under
d
frequent loads with no SV/SOV

There are 2 checks for cases without XD exposure

Cracked SLS check on prestressed

• Needed to make use of savings for XC exposure + cases where

critical tension on opposite face from tendon
• Requires iterative solution as rc column (or external prestress to
BD58)
• Means tensile stress in tendon can govern (which means reducing
jacking load)
• Means you can reduce prestress requirement by adding secondary
steel
• Do not have to do it if max tension < fct.eff
• fct.eff = fctm (3,5 for 40-50 concrete)
Prestress Cracking

• Tensile stress has to be less than fct.eff under characteristic load to avoid
requirement
i t ffor minimum
i i steel
t l 7.3.2
7 3 2 (4)
• This brings you back to something similar to BS 5400: check
decompression under normal load and fct.eff under full load

But:
Can include (adjusted) area of tendons within 150mm
Hence normally OK for pretensioned and…
and

Prestress cracking

BS 5400 EN 1992
Cl
Class 1 Decompression
D i
Class 2 No direct equivalent (quite)
But can design as in tension
but uncracked using Clause
7.1(2)
Class 3 Crack width check
BS 5400/BD 24 normally requires checks for:
Class 1 HA comb1 + Class 2 Full comb 3

EN 1992-2 normally requires decompression only with no

SV/SOV

There are 2 checks for XC exposure (0,2mm under

frequent, decompression under quasi-permanent)
Checking
Crack Widths

1. Calculate
1
or
2. Comply with max bar spacing table
or
3. Comply with max bar diameter table

Same basic
S b i approach h usedd ffor prestressed
t d when
h you d
do nott h
have tto
comply with decompression
Can’t use 2 for restraint induced cracking

Table 7.3 Maximum bar spacing for crack control

Steel stress * Maximum bar spacing [mm]

[MPa] Wk = 0,3 mm Wk = 0,2 mm
160 300 200
200 250 150
240 200 100
280 150 50
320 100 -
360 50 -
Notes:
1. The values in the table are based on the following assumptions:
c = 25mm; fct,eff = 2,9MPa; hcr = 0,5; (h-d) = 0,1h; k1 – 0,8; K2 =
0,5; Kc =0,4; K = 1,0; Kt = 0,4 and K’ = 1,0
2. Under the relevant combinations of actions
Table 7.2 Maximum bar diameters φ*s for crack control

Steel stress* Maximum bar size [mm]

[MPa] Wk = 0,3 mm Wk = 0,2 mm
160 32 25
200 25 16
240 16 12
280 12 8
320 10 6
360 8 5
400 6 4
450 5 -

Notes:
1. The values in the table are based on the following assumptions:
c = 25mm; fct,eff = 2,9MPa; hcr = 0,5; (h-d) = 0,1h; k1 – 0,8; K2 = 0,5;
Kc =0,4; K = 1,0; Kt = 0,4 and K’ = 1,0
2. Under the relevant combinations of actions

The maximum bar diameter should be

modified as follows:
B di ((att lleastt partt off section
Bending ti ini compression)
i )

φs = φ∗s (fct,eff /2,9) kchcr/(2(h-d))

Tension (all of section under tensile stress)

φs = φ∗s((fct,eff
, /2,9)h
) cr/(8(h-d))
( ( ))
where:
φs is the adjusted maximum bar diameter
φ∗s is the maximum bar size given in the Table 7.2
hcr is the depth of the tensile zone immediately prior to cracking, considering the
characteristic values of prestress and axial forces under the quasi-permanent
combination of actions
kc coefficient for stress distribution, 0.4 for rectangle with no axial force
Cracking in RC

• Only checked under quasi-permanent

• Unlikely to be critical?
• Result: despite apparently radical treating of RC and prestressed together,
still tends to give:

RC: designed at ULS

Prestressed: designed at SLS

Crack Width Calculation

r max (εsm - εcm)

wk = sr,max ((7.8)
8)
where
sr,max is the maximum crack spacing
εsm is the mean strain in the reinforcement under the relevant
combination of loads, including the effect of imposed
deformations and taking into account the effects of
tension stiffening. Only the additional tensile strain beyond
zero strain
t i iin th
the concrete
t iis considered
id d
εcm is the mean strain in the concrete between cracks
 Crack Spacing

Bar spacing
p ( φ/2))
g ≤ 5(c+

sr,max = 3,4c + 0,425k1k2φ /ρp,eff (7.11)

Bar spacing > 5(c+φ/2)

sr,max = 1.3 (h - x) (7.14)

For 25mm bar and 40 mm cover 5(c+φ/2) = 262mm

As + ξ12 Ap
=
ρp,eff Ac,eff

Crack Spacing

h -x A - Neutral axis
φ

c B B - Concrete tension surface

C - Crack spacing predicted by

w Expression (7.14)

C D - Crack spacing predicted by

D Expression (7.11)

5(c + φ /2)
Ac effective

x
ε2 = 0

h d
A
hc,ef A - level of steel centroid
ε1
B B - effective tension area

Strain,, allowing
g for tension stiffening
g

fct,eff
σ s − kt
ρp,eff
(1 + α e ρp,eff )
σs
ε sm − ε cm = ≥ 0 ,6
Es Es
Crack widths: calibration

• Despite very different formulae, tends to gives similar widths to BSs

• Simple rules often more optimistic than calculations

• Tends to favour using bar spacing rules

Early thermal effects

• EN 1992 gives criteria and crack width approach

• Does not give strains

• PD says EN does not fully cover and refers to CIRIA 660

Pretensioned Beams

Section

(CBDG Design Example which has been Published)

Pretensioned Beam: Transfer

• Tension ((critical for top

p at ends))
No specific rule:
Decompression checked if tendons close, (assuming chloride) otherwise
crack width?
Gives a paradox: top strand provided to control tension but checks not
needed if no top strand.
Precast Manual proposes using a tensile stress
Pretensioned Beam: Transfer

• Compression (critical for soffit)

BS 5400 0.5fci not greater than 0.4fcu
EN1992 0,6 fck(t) 0,7 fck(t) (subject to NDP) for
pretensioned elements “if it can be justified by tests or experience that
longitudinal cracking is prevented.”

Transfer Stress: Comparison

• 0,7 fck(t) = 0.56fci ??

• But fci = “cube strength at transfer”
• fck(t) = “Characteristic…”
• Gives c16.8 cf 20 for BS 5400 if fck(t) from fcm(t) and Table 3.1
• But: with good concrete quality control, and records to prove it, fck(t) would be
greater and result similar to BS 5400
 Table 3.1 Concrete Properties
(abbreviated)

fck 25 30 40 50 60 70 90

(MPa)
fck,cube 30 37 50 60 75 85 105

(MPa)
fcm 33 38 48 58 68 78 98

(MP )
(MPa)
fctm 2,6 2,9 3,5 4,1 4,4 4,6 5,0

(MPa)
fctk,0.05 1,8 2,0 2,5 2,9 3,1 3,2 3,5

(MPa)

Jacking force in tendon

• Limited to 0
0,8
8 fpkk and 0
0,9
9 fp0,1k
0 1k

• May jack to 0,95fp0,1k if controlled to 5%

• Typically fractionally less than BS 5400

• Limited to 0,75 fpk and 0,85 fp0,1k after lock off

Strand Pattern

• Came out identical to BS 5400 design

• If you had no XD/XS (Chloride) Exposure could save c 25% prestress
• Similar conclusions for rail bridge

With reduced prestress (no chloride)

• ULS might govern

• Increase in tendon force under live loading is much greater so fatigue or
limit on tendon service stress could govern
In our examples

• ULS did not govern

g
• Upper limit on in service tendon stress did affect rail example (i.e. jacking
stress had to be reduced)
• Fatigue limit check did not govern
• Since less prestress is needed and transfer is the critical condition for
concrete compression, you could reduce section.

For Rail Loading

Design code Initial prestress Number Tendon stress

and exposure force of during
class (kN) Strands tensioning
(N/mm2)
BS 5400 4599 21 1460
EN 1992, XD 4637 22 1405
exposure
EN 1992, XC 2976 16 1240
exposure
Fatigue

• EN 1992-1 says do not check if SLS stress range less than fixed value
• Fixed value is based on non-propagating stress range so safe for any
loading (e.g. inc. machinery bases)
• PD gives less conservative stress values specific to highway traffic load:
these vary with span
• Our (one!) comparison suggests full fatigue check allows much higher
stress range
• EN 1992-2
1992 2 id
identifies
tifi some cases where
h checks
h k nott needed
d d
• NA adds most deck slabs to this

Fatigue: PD stress ranges

Table 1A – Limiting stress ranges – Longitudinal bending for unwelded

reinforcing bars in road bridges (From PD)
Span Adjacent spans loaded Alternate spans loaded
Bars 16 mm Bars Bars ≤16 Bars >16 mm
>16 mm mm
m MPa MPa MPa MPa
≤3.5 150 115 210 160
5 125 95 175 135
10 110 85 175 135
20 110 85 140 110
20-50 90 70 110 85
100 115 90 135 105
≥200 190 145 200 155

Table 2B – Limiting stress ranges– Transverse bending for

unwelded reinforcing bars in road bridges
Span Bars ≤16 mm Bars >16 mm
m MPa MPa
≤3.5 210 160
5 120 90
≥10 70 55
Large post-tensioned box example

Spans
70-100-70

Support section

Large post-tensioned box example

Mid-span section
Large Box Girder
Prestress Requirement

Prestress Requirement (MN)

Code
Mid-Span Pier

BS 5400 (HA Implementation) 57.4 57.8

EN 1992-2 (XD or XS Exposure) 55.4 60.3

EN 1992-2 (XC Exposure) 36.8* 50.3*

* Varies with secondary steel

External Prestress

• Like BD 58, considers cracking as RC

• Unlike BD 58, does not require decompression/class 1 under permanent
load
• Gives complete freedom for partial prestress!
• Less links than BD 58 (both treat as RC but EN has more enhancement
for compression)
Conclusions

• Design generally comes out similar: some exceptions

• Savings for prestressed without chloride
• More freedom for unbonded prestress
• Not as radical as it appears
• Crack widths less likely to be critical