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Bending of Beam: Marisha Bhatti 19AE30010 AE29004
Bending of Beam: Marisha Bhatti 19AE30010 AE29004
19AE30010
AE29004
Bending of Beam
Aim:
Studying the experimental and theoretical deflection components in a 3 point
beam.
Apparatus Needed:
3-point beam apparatus, Weights, Dial, Gauge, Vernier Callipers
Theory:
The three point bend test is a classical experiment in mechanics, used to measure
the Young’s modulus of a material in the shape of a beam. Flexural strength is
defined as a material's property to resist deformation when it is subjected to a
load, it is also known as bend strength. The value of the flexural strength is equal
to the load it can bear before rupturing.
Flexural testing involves the bending of a material, rather than pushing or pulling,
to determine the relationship between bending stress and deflection. Flexural
testing is commonly used on brittle materials such as ceramics, stone, masonry
and glasses. It can also be used to examine the behavior of materials which are
intended to bend during their useful life, such as wire insulation and other
elastomeric products
The three-point bending flexural test provides values for the modulus of elasticity
in bending, flexural stress, flexural strain and the flexural stress-strain response of
the material.
If a beam is simply supported at the ends and carries a concentrated load at the
center, the beam bends concave downwards. The distance between the original
position of the beam and its position after bending is different. This difference is
called ‘deflection’. In the case which occurring bending, takes places maximum
deflection at the center along the length.
In the flexure (bend) test, maximum stress and maximum strain are calculated for
increments of load. Results are plotted in a stress-strain diagram. Flexural strength
is defined as the maximum stress in the outermost fibre. This is calculated at the
surface of the specimen on the convex or tension side. Flexural modulus is
calculated from the slope of the stress vs. deflection curve. If the curve has no
linear region, a secant line is fitted to the curve to determine slope.
The beam, of length L, rests on two roller supports and is subject to a
concentrated load P at its centre. In general the deflection y of the beam at any
location x is given by:
|𝑦| = 𝑃𝐿𝑥2/4𝐸𝐼 − 𝑃𝑥3/12𝐸𝐼 − 3𝑃𝐿2𝑥/16𝐸𝐼 + 𝑃𝐿3/48𝐸𝐼
It can be shown that the deflection y at the centre of the beam is (equation 1):
y = PL3/48EI
where,
● E is the Young’s modulus.
● I is the second moment of area defined by (equation 2):
I = h3b/12
where h is the beam’s height and b is the beam’s width.
By measuring the central deflection y and the applied force P, and knowing the
geometry of the beam and the experimental apparatus, it is possible to calculate
the Young’s modulus of the material.
If the applied force P is plotted against central displacement y, a straight line is
obtained provided we remain within the elastic limit of the material. The gradient
of this line is (equation 3):
dP/dy = 48EI/L3
There are some benefits to using equation (3) instead of equation (1) for
estimating E. We can take several measurements of P and y, and deal sensibly with
experimental error by finding a line of best fit from which we obtain the gradient
dP/dy. There is also less need for calibration, since we only need to know changes
in the measured values, not the actual values.
Schematic of the three point bend test (top), with graphs of bending moment M,
shear Q and deflection w.
Procedure:
1. Measure the width and thickness of the specimen.
2. Mark on the locations where the load will be applied under three-point
bending. Note the length of between support.
3. Place the sample carefully on to the stage of 3-point bending fixture of a
universal testing machine
4. Make sure that the loading point is placed on to the marked location.
5. Carry out the bend test
Observations:
1. Length of bar = 46cm
2. Average Height of Bar, h = 28.36mm
3. Average Width of Bar, b = 21.78mm
Loading and Unloading
S. No. Load (ton) Deflection at (l/4) (mm) Deflection at (l/2) (mm) Deflection at (3l/4) (mm)
1 0 0 0 0
17 0 0 0 0
Graphs:
1. At x = l/4 :
2. At x = l/2 :
3. At x = 3l/4 :
Calculations:
I for the given bar is = 41399.5203mm4
For x = l/2 : y = PL3/48EI
For x = l/4 and 3l/4 : y = 11PL3/768EI
Location x Slope (103kg/m) E calculated (GPa)