Project Report: Dish Washer Using Programmable Logic Controller

DISH WASHER USING
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
A V S Sai Vamsi V (17L31A02L2)

D. Lovaraju (17L31A0221)
M Venkata Swamy (18L35A0222)
B Markenday (17L35A02L0)
Under the Guidance of

Dr. B. Prasada Rao
Associate Professor, VIIT
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY (A)

(NAAC Accredited and ISO 14001:2004 , OHSAS 18001:2007 Certified Institution)
(APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI & AFFILATED TO JNTUK – KAKINADA)
BESIDE VSEZ , DUVVADA ,VISAKHAPATNAM – 530049
JULY 2021
VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Dishwasher Using Programmable Logic
Controller” is the Bonfiade record of project work carried out under my guidance and
supervision by the students AV S.Sai Vamsi V (17L31A0L2), D. Lova Raju
(17L31A0221), M. Venkata Swamy(18L35A0222), B. Markenday (17L31A02L0))
during the academic year 2020-2021, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada. The results embodied in this project
report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any
Degree or Diploma.
Signature of HOD EEE Signature of Guide
Dr. PUDI SEKHAR Dr. B. PRASADA RAO

Associate Professor Associate Professor
EEE - VIIT EEE - VIIT

VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that that project entitled, “DISH WASHER USING
PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER” submitted in Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Information
Technology, Duvvada Visakhapatnam in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of B.TECH Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering is an
authentic work carried out by us under the supervision of Dr. B. Prasada Rao,
Assistant professor, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, VIIT
Duvvada. The content presented in this project represent the ideas in our own
words. We also declare that we have adhered to all the principles of academic
honest in integrity and we have not miss interpreted or fabricated or falsified any
idea/ data/ fact/ source in our submission.
NAME REGISTER NUMBER SIGNATURE
A V S Sai Vamsi V 17L31A02L2
D. Lovaraju. 17L31A0221
M Venkata Swamy. 18L35A0222
B Markenday. 17L35A02L0
Place:
Date:
i
Acknowledgement
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of the task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose
constant guidance and encouragement crown all the efforts with success.
We would extend our sincere gratitude towards our Project Guide
Dr. B. Prasada Rao, Associate Professor (EEE) who has always been a constant
motivation and guiding factor throughout the Project time in and out as well. It
has been a great pleasure for us to get an opportunity to work under his and
complete the Project successfully.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to PRC (Project Review Committee)
Members Dr. P. Sekhar, Mr. K. Pavan Kumar and Dr. Ramu of EEE for their
timely review and valuable suggestions which helped us to carry out this project
work smoothly in right direction.
We also would like to express our thanks to all Faculty Members of Dept. of
EEE for imparting knowledge and supporting us.
Our hearty thanks to our respected Principal, Dr. B. Arundhati, Vignan’s

Institute of Information Technology for her support, encouragement and for
providing all facilities and conductive environment to carry out this Project work.
Our sincere thanks to Dr. L. Rattaiah, Chairman of Vignan’s Group of

Institutions for providing all facilities and congenial learning research
environment in the Institute.
We would also extend my thanks to my fellow Students for giving us information

and ideas related to the Project work.
Finally, we take this opportunity to thank all the people who helped us directly or
indirectly in the completion of project work and for their helpful services.
ii
ABSTRACT
Washing vessels is a daily process across the world that involves a lot of human effort to
accomplish it completely. In our project, dish washer has made easier and efficient to work.
It removes oil and other stuffs accurately compared to manual cleaning process. It cleans by
spraying soap water. The process is carried in four stages. Initially, normal water is sprayed
on the plates using spray arms located on both sides of the cleaning area.
Then chemical action of soap oil is applied. Next the chemical action of water with soap
liquid is used to clean it completely. Finally normal water is again sprayed to clean plates
again for better hygiene. The water is again re-circulated using the motor pump even when
the external water supply is stopped. The used water in the sump is drained using the drain
pipe.
All the operations are automated using PLC. The panel board is fixed in front consisting of
ON and OFF push buttons for alarm. The time of washing plates can be adjusted as per
customer requirements. Additionally, alarm setup is installed to indicate the completion of
washing cycle. Huge number of plates is washed in lesser time.
iii
TABLE CONTENTS
DECLARATION………………………………………………………..……………….i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………..……………………………ii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………..………..iii
LIST OF FIGURS………………………………………………………………………….vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………...………1
1.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………...……...1
1.2. Objective………………………………………………………………………...………1
1.3. Literature Survey…………………………………………………………………...……2
CHAPTER 2 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION ……………………………………...……..5
2.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….…………5
2.2 Block Diagram…………………………………………………………………………….5
2.3 Components………………………………………………………………………………..6
CHAPTERS 3 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION…………………….………………….23
3.1 Introduction to PLC Fiddle…………………………………………...…………………..23
3.2 Ladder Logic Building……………………………………………………………………24
3.3 Simulation Idea……………………………………………………………………………25
3.4 Creating a Ladder Logic………………………………………………………..……….26

CHAPTER 4 SIMULATION AND RESULTS…………………………………………….32
iv
4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………….…..32
4.2 List of operations and sequence in a dishwasher…………………………………….….32
4.3 Ladder Logic Diagram…………………………………………………………….…….33
CHAPTER 5 HARDWARE…………………………………………………………………40
5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….40
5.2 Hardware Dimensions……………………………………………………………………40
5.3 Front view of the Model…………………………………………………………………47
5.4 Side Views of the Model…………………………………………………………………48
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE…………………………………………53
6.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….53
6.2 Future Scope……………………………………………………………………………..53
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………55
v
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Figure 2: Block Diagram of PLC………………………………………………….…….5
2. Figure 2.1: Logo Siemens PLC…………………………………………………….……7
3. Figure 2.2: Water Level Switch…………………………………………….…….11
4. Figure 2.3: Proximity Switch……………………………………………………12
5. Figure 2.4: Push Button…………………………………………………….……13
6. Figure 2.5: Solenoid Valve………………………………………………………14
7. Figure 2.6: Submersible Pump………………………………………………..…16
8. Figure 2.7: Adapter 24V………………………………………………………...18
9. Figure 3.1: PLC Fiddle – Online PLC Ladder Editor……………………………25
10. Figure 3.2: PLC Fiddle View………………………………………………...…26
11. Figure 3.3: AND gate using PLC Fiddle………………………………..………26
12. Figure 3.4: AND Gate……………………………………………………..…….27
13. Figure 3.5: OR gate implementation in PLC Fiddle………………………..……28
14. Figure 3.6: OR Gate………………………………………………..…………….28
15. Figure 3.7: NOT implementation using PLC Fiddle…………………….………28
16. Figure 3.8: NOT Gate…………………………………………………………….29
17. Figure 3.9: Implementation of UP/DOWN Counter……………………………...29
vi
18. Figure 4.1: Ladder Logic for the Dishwasher Application……………………..33
19. Figure 4.2: Inputs and control variables………………………………………..34
20. Figure 4.3: Input Timer Change………………………………………………...35
21. Figure 5.1: Plastic Drum………………………………………………………...40
22. Figure 5.2: LOGO Siemens PLC………………………………………………..42
23.Figure 5.3: Lawn Sprinkler Head………………………………………..………46
24.Figure 5.4: Inlet Pipe…………………………………………………….………44
25.Figure 5.5: Outlet Pipe………………………………………………….……….44
26.Figure 5.6: Solenoid Valve…………………………………………….………..45
27.Figure 5.7: Submersible Pump…………………………………………..………46
vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
A dishwasher is a machine used to clean dishware and cutlery automatically.

Unlike manual dishwashing, which relies heavily on physical scrubbing to remove
soiling, the mechanical dishwasher cleans by spraying hot water, typically between 45
and 75 °C (110 and 170 °F), at the dishes, with lower temperatures used for delicate
items.
A mix of water and dishwasher detergent is pumped to one or more rotating
sprayers, cleaning the dishes with the cleaning mixture. The mixture is recirculated to
save water and energy. Often there is a pre-rinse, which may or may not include
detergent, and the water is then drained. This is followed by the main wash with fresh
water and detergent. Once the wash is finished, the water is drained, more hot water
enters the tub by means of an electro-mechanical solenoid valve, and the rinse cycle(s)
begin. After the rinse process finishes the water is drained again, the dishes are dried
using one of several drying methods. Typically, a rinse-aid, a chemical to reduce surface
tension of the water, is used to reduce water spots from hard water or other reasons.
In addition to domestic units, industrial dishwashers are available for use in commercial
establishments such as hotels and restaurants, where many dishes must be cleaned.
Washing is conducted with temperatures of 65–71 °C (149–160 °F) and sanitation is
achieved by either the use of a booster heater that will provide an 82 °C (180 °F) "final
rinse" temperature or through the use of a chemical sanitizer.
1.2 Objective
The main objective of a dishwasher is to clean the dishes and cutlery, without any
human support and save time as well as ensure good hygiene. A mix of water and
dishwasher detergent is pumped to one or more rotating sprayers, cleaning the dishes
with the cleaning mixture. So, that all the dirty stains which require long scrubbings and
hard scrubbing work is reduced.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Page 1

1.3 Literature Survey
Since the modern dishwasher entered the US consumer market in the 1950s, if it
has been marveled as a time-saving addition to any household. Rather than washing
your dishes by hand, the dishwasher offers the same service – all you need to do is load
and unload the dishes. However, many have debated the dishwasher’s efficiency. Does
it really save you time? Does it use less water and energy? What are the environmental
impacts? While looking through literature, it seems that using a dishwasher is the better
choice. Modern dishwashers are highly water and energy efficient making it difficult for
hand-washing to compete. In fact, between 1990 and 2005, dishwashers reduced energy
use by 34% and reduced water use by 30%. Furthermore, studies show on average that a
dishwasher produces a cleaner dish and saves time.[2] Hand washing, on the other hand,
does not require machinery and only uses energy to heat water. In Los Angeles, many
homes use a gas heated water tank which may have a lower carbon footprint than
electricity grids. Some homeowners also invest in tank-less water heaters or solar water
heaters which can further decrease the carbon footprint of heated water. Advocates for
hand-washing dishes also mention space, mindfulness, and cleanliness as key reasons
for choosing to hand-wash.
Today, 60-65% of American homes have a dishwasher. as more households continue to
invest in dishwashers for the first time, or upgrade to newer energy efficient
dishwashers, it is important to understand the total environmental impact of using a
dishwasher or washing a dish by hand. At the University of Bond in Germany, a study
recorded the hand washing methods of residents from seven European countries. This
study was then replicated in other European countries. Our study uses data from the
German study, the UK study, and our own independent research. Overall, there is a
large variation in how individuals wash dishes with no correlation to age, gender, or
country of origin. Each participant washed 12 plate settings or 144 dishes (including
pots, pans and cutlery). The water use, energy use, time and cleanliness were then
compared to the machine dishwasher averages. While on average, machine dishwashers
were shown as more efficient, an efficient hand-washer could beat the machine and a
diligent handwasher could produce a cleaner dish. Energy efficiency and water
efficiency in dishwasher machines also have high levels of variation. The older your

dishwasher, the more energy and water inefficient the dishwasher is. Dishwashers on
the market today also vary in their efficiency levels and each dishwasher has multiple
settings that also alter the dishwashing efficiency. To understand this variance, we
looked at a “Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings” by the American
Council for an Energy Efficient Economy. The authors compared estimated energy use
per cycle of 453 dishwashers available in 2008 based on the Department of Energy
(DOE) test procedure which combines machine energy use, water heating energy use,
and drying energy use. The majority of dishwasher models clustered around the energy
star minimum requirement (with the average efficiency being slightly more efficient
than the Energy Star minimum). The authors then compared the energy use of three
specific modern dishwasher models: a Kenmore 665-1658220, Energy Star Kitchen Aid
KUDS011 JBTI, and the most efficient dishwasher on the market in 2008, the Bosch
SHX98M09. Using the data for these three models, we analyzed the energy efficiency
dishwashers use in various settings and inputs. These tests found that on average, the
dishwashers could be used more efficiently than the tested settings under DOE
guidelines. Thus, dishwashers when used on the most efficient settings use even less
energy than reported within user manuals.
Advantages of a Dishwasher:
• More Efficient and does not get tired.
• Saves a lot of time.
• Saves a lot of water
• Reduces Human Effort.
• Economical way of washing dishes.
• Provides Good Hygiene
Disadvantages:
• The controller used for the automatic operation of the dishwasher is a PLC controller, but
only disadvantages are that they are bulk in size.

• The PLC controllers are expensive, which not desirable for a controller to do limited
number of applications.

CHAPTER 2 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
2.1 Introduction
Any model is a combination of different devices working collectively as

one for obtaining the desired output. So, in this chapter, we are going to discuss
the details and specifications of each device used for this model. Each
component has its specific purpose of usage which is needed to be studied and
then use it according to our purpose and need. The combination of different
components will give rise to a system having ample of benefits and can be
controlled by anyone with minimum effort.
2.2 Block Diagram
Fig 2 Block Diagram of PLC.
There are different components connected to the PLC module which, was used in
the project. All, these are interconnected and the outputs are dependent on the input

sensors and switches connected. The total, working together forms a automated
machine, which reduces the human effort.
2.3 Components
The components used in the model are specified below in a tabular format Table;
2.1: List of the Components Used.

S. No Name of the
Component
1 Modular Siemens PLC
8 input and 8 output
2 Water Level Sensor
3 Proximity Sensor
4 Push Button
5 Solenoid Valve
6 Submersible Pump
7 240 V AC to 24 V DC
Adapter
2.3.1 Siemens PLC Logo
PLCs were first developed in the automobile manufacturing industry to provide flexible,
rugged and easily programmable controllers to replace hard-wired relay logic systems.
Since then, they have been widely adopted as high-reliability automation controllers
suitable for harsh environments.
The PLC provided several advantages over earlier automation systems. It tolerated the
industrial environment better than computers and was more reliable, compact and
required less maintenance than relay systems. It was easily extensible with additional
I/O modules, while relay systems required complicated hardware changes in case of
reconfiguration. This allowed for easier iteration over manufacturing process design.

Fig 2.1 Logo Siemens PLC.
LOGO! is compact, clever, and flexible, and now also comes with a direct line to the
Cloud. It couldn’t be simpler. Enjoy an even wider range of potential applications and
uses, with the same versatility and ease of programming.
Advantages Of Siemens PLC:

1. Reliable
PLC does not require a large number of moving components and wired electronic
components. Its connection is greatly reduced. At the same time, the system
maintenance is simple, maintenance time is short. PLC is designed using a series of
reliability design methods. For example: redundant design. Power outage protection,
fault diagnosis and information protection and recovery. PLC is a control device
specially designed for industrial production process Control, which has a simpler
programming language and more reliable hardware than universal computer control. A

streamlined programming language is used. The programming error rate is greatly
reduced.
2. Easy to operate
PLC has a high degree of ease of operation.
It has the characteristics of simple programming, convenient operation, easy

maintenance and so on, it is generally not easy to operate errors. The operation of the
PLC includes the operation of program input and program changes. The input of the
program can be directly connected to display, the operation of the change program can
also be directly based on the required address number or contact number to search or
program looking for, and then make changes. PLC has a variety of programming
languages to use. Used for trapezoidal diagrams are close to electrical schematics. Easy
to master and understand. PLC has the self-diagnosis function to the maintenance
personnel maintenance skills requirements are reduced.
In the event of a system failure, through the self-diagnosis of hardware and software,
maintenance personnel can quickly find the location of the fault.
3. Flexibility
The programming language used in PLC is trapezoidal diagram, Boolean mnemonic,

function table diagram, function module and statement description programming
language. The diversity of programming methods makes programming simple and
application surface expansion.
The operation is very flexible and convenient, and it is easy to monitor and control
variables.
The main use of the PLC is the timers and counters, which makes them flexible and
usable for almost each and every application
There is memory space in the PLC to store instructions and it would also do the
functions such as timing, counting, arithmetic, data handling, and sequencing. The
timers and counters are used in a PLC for its continuous operation so they are inevitable
in a PLC. The timer would time up to the value set by the user and the counter will
count up to the value set by the user. The timer and counter both are of 16 bits, the

timers and counters are the fundamental PLC instructions and it is common to all PLCs.
Both the timer and counter would function as output instructions in a PLC program.
Fig 2.1.1 Timers.
The PLC timer consists of an internal clock, a count value register, and an accumulator,
and the timer is mostly used for the timing process. Many of the control tasks would
need the programming of time. The timer instructions are used in PLC to create the
program time delays. The number of timers that we can use in our program is depended
on the amount of memory in the CPU. The timers are used in PLC to delay actions, the
timer would keep an output for a specified time after an input turns off. The timer would
also keep an output off for a specified time before it turns ON. The major function of a
timer is to keep an output ON for a specified length of time. A timer has certain parts
such as time base, accumulated value, timer address, and preset value. There are bits
that are related to the current state of the timer and it is called the status bits. The timing
functions are inevitable in PLC applications the cycle time is really critical in many
processes. The timers in PLC are considered as a software module and it would generate
digital timing. There is memory space in the PLC to store the delay time.
The timer instructions are the output instructions which is used to time the intervals for
which the rung conditions are true or false. The timer accuracy will be depended upon
the microprocessor which is being used. The timer instruction is composed of two
values and they are
• Accumulated value – This is a current number of time-based intervals that have

been counted from the moment when the timer is energized.

• Preset value – This value is set by the programmer, if the preset value is less
than or equal to the accumulated value then a status bit is set and this bit is to
control an output device.
Each timer is composed of two status bits
• Timer enable-bit – This bit will be set if the rung condition to the left of the
timer instruction is true and when this bit is set then the accumulated value will
be incremented on each time base interval till it reaches the preset value.
• Done bit – This bit will be set if the preset value and the accumulated value are
equal and it will be reset if the rung condition is false.
Counters
The counters are needed in a PLC to detect the numbers and events, mostly the
controller needs to operate with the counters. The counters are used to eliminate the
requirement of relays to represent the events that have occurred. The counters are used
to index, increment, or decrement the values. The counter would count from zero to the
predetermined value and it is the preset value. Mostly the counters are used in PLC to
count items an example of this will be counting the cans which go into a box on an
assembly line. So the counters are really important, if a box is filled then it needs to be
moved so that another one can be filled. So basically, a PLC counter is a function block
that would count up or down till it reaches a limit and when the output is set then the
limit is reached.
The counters can help to log to SCADA systems, they would count the number of times
the event has happened or it would set the alarm when the event happens for a certain
amount of time. The counters consist of variables and it is used to store the numbers in
the PLC. All the counter would store a minimum of two numbers and they would be
counter limit and current counter value. These two numbers will be saved as word or
integer data types.
Disadvantages:
1. Cost is higher, and cost does increase additionally with the increase of the
modules and voltage ratings.

Applications:
1. Transportation System likes Conveyor Belt System.
2. Packing and Labeling System in Food & Beverage.
3. Automatic Bottle or Liquid Filling System.
4. Energy Management System like Boiler, Ball Milling, Coal Kiln, Shaft Kiln,
etc.
5. It is used in the Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution System.
6. Some Electrical Equipment (like Circuit Breaker Tripping, Capacitor Switching)
can be automatically operated with PLC.
2.3.2 Water Level Switch
Fig 2.2 Water Level Switch.

2.3.2.1 Operating Principle
The float water level sensor is based on the principle of displacement measurement.
The displacement cylinder suspended on the measuring spring is immersed in the liquid
to be tested, and is subjected to upward buoyancy by Archimedes. The force is
proportional to the mass of the discharged liquid. When the pontoon immersed in the
liquid is subjected to the downward gravity of the float level sensor, the combination of
upward buoyancy and spring force, when the three forces reach equilibrium, the
pontoon is stationary at a certain position. When the liquid level changes, the buoyancy
of the pontoon changes accordingly, and the equilibrium state is broken, causing the
elastic force change, that is, the expansion and contraction of the spring, to achieve a

new balance. Therefore, the expansion and contraction of the spring causes
displacement of the rigidly connected magnetic steel. Finally, according to the level of
the liquid level, the immersion depth of the cylinder is different, the buoyancy changes,
and the measuring spring will be extended accordingly to achieve the measurement
result.
2.3.2.2 Applications
• Can be used in water tanks to control water levels
• Automatically turn ON/OFF pumps
• Can be used in factories, commercial complexes, apartments, home,
• Fuel tank level gauging
• Oil tank level control
• High & low-level alarms
• Pool water level control
2.3.3 Proximity Switch
Fig 2.3 Proximity switch.

A proximity switch is switch which is able to detect the presence of nearby
objects without any physical contact.
A proximity switch often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of

electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or
return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's
target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a

capacitive proximity sensor or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target;
an inductive proximity switch always requires a metal target.
Proximity switch can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the
absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between the sensor and the
sensed object.
• Parking sensors, systems mounted on car bumpers that sense distance to nearby
cars for parking
• Inductive sensors
• Ground proximity warning system for aviation safety
• Vibration measurements of rotating shafts in machinery
• Top dead centre (TDC)/camshaft sensor in reciprocating engines.
• Sheet break sensing in paper machine.
• Anti-aircraft warfare.
• Roller coasters
• Conveyor systems
• Beverage and food can making lines
• Mobile devices
o Touch screens that come in close proximity to the face.
o Attenuating radio power in close proximity to the body, in order to
reduce radiation exposure
• Automatic faucets
2.3.4 Push Button (On / Off Switch)
A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism

to control some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard
material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate
the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often
biased switches, although many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) still
require a spring to return to their un-pushed state

Fig 2.4 Push Button
Terms for the "pushing" of a button include pressing, depressing, mashing, slapping,
hitting, and punching.
2.3.5 Solenoid Valve
Fig 2.5 Solenoid Valve.

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically-operated valve.
Solenoid valves differ in the characteristics of the electric current they use, the strength
of the magnetic field they generate, the mechanism they use to regulate the fluid, and
the type and characteristics of fluid they control. The mechanism varies from linear
action, plunger-type actuators to pivoted-armature actuators and rocker actuators. The
valve can use a two-port design to regulate a flow or use a three or more port design to

switch flows between ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a
manifold.
Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks
are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many
application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high-reliability, long service
life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact
design.

According to the mode of actuation, a distinction is made between direct-acting valves,
internally piloted valves, and externally piloted valves. A further distinguishing feature
is the number of port connections or the number of flow paths ("ways").
With a direct-acting solenoid valve, the seat seal is attached to the solenoid core. In the
de-energized condition, a seat orifice is closed, which opens when the valve is
energized.
Fig 2.5.1 Operation of solenoid valve.

There are many valve design variations. Ordinary valves can have many ports and fluid
paths. A 2-way valve, for example, has 2 ports; if the valve is open, then the two ports
are connected and fluid may flow between the ports; if the valve is closed, then ports are
isolated. If the valve is open when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is termed
normally open (N.O.). Similarly, if the valve is closed when the solenoid is not

energized, then the valve is termed normally closed (N.C.). There are also 3-way and
more complicated designs. A 3-way valve has 3 ports; it connects one port to either of
the two other ports (typically a supply port and an exhaust port).
F = P * A = P * π (d*d) / 4;
Where d is the orifice diameter. A typical solenoid force might be 15 N (3.4 lb f). An
application might be a low pressure (e.g., 10 psi (69 kPa)) gas with a small orifice
diameter (e.g., 3⁄8 in (9.5 mm) for an orifice area of 0.11 in2 (7.1×10−5 m2) and
approximate force of 1.1 lbf (4.9 N)).
If the force required is low enough, the solenoid is able to directly actuate the main
valve. These are simply called Direct-Acting solenoid valves. When electricity is
supplied, electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy, physically moving a
barrier to either obstruct flow (if it is N.O.) or allow flow (if it is N.C.). A spring is often
used to return the valve to its resting position once power is shut off. Direct-acting
valves are useful for their simplicity, although they do require a large amount of power
relative to other types of solenoid valves.
1. Solenoid valves are used in industries to control machines, dose, mix, or restrict
the flow of liquids or gases. As an example, solenoid valves are used in beverage
factories to measure the exact amount of drink to be poured into bottles.
2. In irrigation devices such as the automatic sprinkler, or motorized farm
machines to dose substances.
3. To regulate the flow of automotive fluids such as oil, anti-skid brake fluid or
even fuel.
2.3.6 Submersible Pump
A submersible pump pushes water to the surface by converting rotary energy
into kinetic energy into pressure energy. This is done by the water being pulled into the
pump: first in the intake, where the rotation of the impeller pushes the water through the
diffuser. From there, it goes to the surface.

Fig 2.6 Submersible Pump.
A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a device
which has a hermetically sealedmotor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole
assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of
pump is that it prevents pump cavitation, a problem associated with a high elevation
difference between the pump and the fluid surface. Submersible pumps push fluid to the
surface, rather than jet pumps, which create a vacuum and rely upon atmospheric
pressure. Submersibles use pressurized fluid from the surface to drive a hydraulic motor
downhole, rather than an electric motor, and are used in heavy oil applications with
heated water as the motive fluid.
Electric submersible pumps are multistage centrifugal pumps operating in a vertical

position. Liquids, accelerated by the impeller, lose their kinetic energy in the diffuser,
where a conversion of kinetic to pressure energy takes place. This is the main
operational mechanism of radial and mixed flow pumps. In the HSP, the motor is a
hydraulic motor rather than an electrical motor, and may be closed cycle (keeping the
power fluid separate from the produced fluid) or open cycle (mingling the power fluid
with the produced fluid downhole, with surface separation).

The pump shaft is connected to the gas separator or the protector by a mechanical
coupling at the bottom of the pump. Fluids enter the pump through an intake screen and
are lifted by the pump stages. Other parts include the radial bearings (bushings)
distributed along the length of the shaft, providing radial support to the pump shaft. An
optional thrust bearing takes up part of the axial forces arising in the pump, but most of
those forces are absorbed by the protector's thrust bearing.
There are also screw-type submersible pumps, there is a steel screw which is used as a
working element in them. The screw allows the pump to work in water with a high sand
content and other mechanical impurities.
1. Used in oil wells
2. Used in sewage treatment plants
3. Used in sea water handling.
4. Used in firefighting.
And many more applications, even used in fish tanks and aquariums.
2.3.7 240V AC to 24V DC adapter
An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of external power
supply, often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Other common names include
plug pack, plug-in adapter, adapter block, domestic mains adapter, line power adapter,
wall wart, power brick, wall charger, and power adapter. Adapters for battery-powered
equipment may be described as chargers or rechargers (see also battery charger). AC
adapters are used with electrical devices that require power but do not contain internal
components to derive the required voltage and power from mains power. The internal
circuitry of an external power supply is very similar to the design that would be used for
a built-in or internal supply.
Use of an external power supply allows portability of equipment powered either by

mains or battery without the added bulk of internal power components,

Fig 2.7 Adapter 24V.
and makes it unnecessary to produce equipment for use only with a specified power
source; the same device can be powered from 120 VAC or 230 VAC mains, vehicle or
aircraft battery by using a different adapter. Another advantage of these designs can be
increased safety; since the hazardous 120- or 240-volt mains power is transformed to a
lower, safer voltage at the wall outlet and the appliance that is handled by the user is
powered by this lower voltage.
2.3.7.1 Operation
Originally, most AC/DC adapters were linear power supplies, containing a transformer
to convert the mains electricity voltage to a lower voltage, a rectifier to convert it to
pulsating DC, and a filter to smooth the pulsating waveform to DC, with residual ripple
variations small enough to leave the powered device unaffected. Size and weight of the
device was largely determined by the transformer, which in turn was determined by the
power output and mains frequency. Ratings over a few watts made the devices too large
and heavy to be physically supported by a wall outlet. The output voltage of these
adapters varied with load; for equipment requiring a more stable voltage, linearvoltage
regulator circuitry was added. Losses in the transformer and the linear regulator were
considerable; efficiency was relatively low, and significant power dissipated as heat
even when not driving a load.
Early in the twenty-first century, switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs) became

almost ubiquitous for this purpose. Mains voltage is rectified to a high direct voltage

driving a switching circuit, which contains a transformer operating at a high frequency
and outputs direct current at the desired voltage. The high-frequency ripple is more
easily filtered out than mains-frequency. The high frequency allows the transformer to
be small, which reduces its losses; and the switching regulator can be much more
efficient than a linear regulator. The result is a much more efficient, smaller, and lighter
device. Safety is ensured, as in the older linear circuit, because a transformer still
provides galvanic isolation.
A linear circuit must be designed for a specific, narrow range of input voltages (e.g.,
220–240 VAC) and must use a transformer appropriate for the frequency (usually 50 or
60 Hz), but a switched-mode supply can work efficiently over a very wide range of
voltages and frequencies; a single 100–240 VAC unit will handle almost any mains
supply in the world.
However, unless very carefully designed and using suitable components, switching
adapters are more likely to fail than the older type, due in part to complex circuitry and
the use of semiconductors. Unless designed well, these adapters may be easily damaged
by overloads, even transient ones, which can come from lightning, brief mains
overvoltage (sometimes caused by an incandescent light on the same power circuit
failing), component degradation, etc. A very common mode of failure is due to the use
of electrolytic capacitors whose equivalent series resistance (ESR) increases with age;
switching regulators are very sensitive to high ESR (the older linear circuit also used
electrolytic capacitors, but the effect of degradation is much less dramatic). Well-
designed circuits pay attention to the ESR, ripple current rating, pulse operation, and
temperature rating of capacitors.
Many inexpensive switched-mode AC adapters do not implement adequate filtering

and/or shielding for electromagnetic interference that they generate. The nature of these
high speed, high-energy switching designs is such that when these preventative
measures are not implemented, relatively high energy harmonics can be generated, and
radiated, well into the radio portion of the spectrum. The amount of RF energy typically
decreases with frequency; so, for instance, interference in the medium wave (US AM)
broadcast band in the one-megahertz region may be strong, while interference with the
FM broadcast band around 100 megahertz may be considerably less. Distance is a

factor; the closer the interference is to a radio receiver, the more intense it will be. Even
WiFi reception in the gigahertz range can be degraded if the receiving antennae are very
close to a radiating AC adapter. A determination of if interference is coming from a
specific AC adaptor can be made simply by unplugging the suspect adapter while
observing the amount of interference received in the problem radio band. In a modern
household or business environment, there may be multiple AC adapters in use; in such a
case, unplug them all, then plug them back in one by one until the culprit or culprits is
found.
• Safety – External power adapters can free product designers from worrying
about some safety issues. Much of this style of equipment uses only voltages
low enough not to be a safety hazard internally, although the power supply must
out of necessity use dangerous mains voltage. If an external power supply is
used (usually via a power connector, often of coaxial type), the equipment need
not be designed with concern for hazardous voltages inside the enclosure. This is
particularly relevant for equipment with lightweight cases which may break and
expose internal electrical parts.
• Heat reduction – Heat reduces reliability and longevity of electronic
components, and can cause sensitive circuits to become inaccurate or
malfunction. A separate power supply removes a source of heat from the
apparatus.
• Electrical noise reduction – Because radiated electrical noise falls off with the
square of the distance, it is to the manufacturer's advantage to convert potentially
noisy AC line power or automotive power to "clean", filtered DC in an external
adapter, at a safe distance from noise-sensitive circuitry.
• Weight and size reduction – Removing power components and the mains
connection plug from equipment powered by rechargeable batteries reduces the
weight and size which must be carried.
• Constant voltage is produced by a specific type of adapter used for computers
and laptops. These types of adapters are commonly known as eliminators.

• Configuration versatility – Externally powered electronic products can be used
with different power sources as needed (e.g., 120 VAC, 240 VAC, 12 VDC, or
external battery pack), for convenient use in the field, or when traveling.

CHAPTER 3 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Introduction to PLC Fiddle

In some study programs, Programmable Logic Control (PLC) is taught to students.
One of the diagrams that is more than 100 years old is the Ladder Diagram. In the
process of designing an automatic system, the logic used can be modeled using a ladder
diagram.
Ladder diagrams are an important learning content. This is confirmed by the

increasingly rapid development of automation. Cloud robotics is one of the
developments in this automation field. Cloud technology continues to develop, one of
which can be applied in the learning process. Amid the threat to employment due to
increased automation, competent human resources in the field of automation are
increasingly needed.
The model is an imitation of the real system. The model is made with certain
assumptions. The model is validated and verified so that the attributes that exist in the
model are useful for understanding the behavior of real systems. Likewise with the
ladder diagram. Ladder diagrams are used because they are useful for users who want to
understand how an automated system works.
Ladder diagrams serve as a language that makes it easy to communicate with each
other. Automated systems design work involves several people with multiple skills.
With the same language, it will facilitate the process of understanding the ideas that are
owned by other people in the team. The idea of automatic features of the system would
be very complicated when expressed in a narrative. It is difficult to make and difficult to
understand. There is a risk of inconsistency in the narrative. These ideas need to be
made using standard language.
Students are able to build their logic about automatic processes. However, ladder
diagrams, as a new language, certainly have a difficulty level to learn. Some
applications can be used as a learning tool. One such facility is the PLC Fiddle.
There are several applications that can be used as a PLC teaching tool, for example
Petri Nets. Several papers have also discussed evaluations of applications used to

implement PLC. Evaluation was also carried out on the application of PLC in industrial
Automation. Apart from application and software, an evaluation of the framework and
the PLC learning method users. There is no research yet that examines PLC Fiddle as a
tool for PLC learning. We could only find one study that applied the PLC Fiddle. This
paper is intended to evaluate and test the PLC Fiddle application as a tool for PLC
learning.
3.2 Ladder Logic Building

Ladder logic (also known as ladder diagram or LD) is a programming language
used to program a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). It is a graphical PLC
programming language which expresses logic operations with symbolic notation.
Ladder logic is made out of rungs of logic, forming what looks like a ladder – hence the
name ‘Ladder Logic’.
Ladder logic is mainly for bit logic operations, although it is possible to scale a PLC
analog input. Even simple bit logic operations can be beneficial in more advanced PLC
programs and SCADA system programming.
The people or the organization that sets the standards for ladder logic is PLCOpen.
Ladder logic is not only a programming language for PLC’s. It is one of the
standardized PLC programming languages. This simply means that ladder logic is
described in a standard. That standard is called IEC 61131-3. But for now, the only
thing you need to know is that there is a standard describing this programming
language.
To get you started with ladder logic there are a few things you should know about the
programming language. You should know why ladder logic was invented because then
it will be much easier for you to understand it. Especially if you have prior experience
with electrical circuits and relays or some Boolean logic.
Ladder logic is a graphical programming language which means that instead of text, the
programming is done by combining different graphic elements. These graphic elements
are called symbols.

One of the smart things about the ladder logic symbols is that they are made to look like
electrical symbols. Ladder logic was originally created for technicians, electricians, and
people with an electrical background. People who are used to look at electrical diagrams
and schematics.
Take a look at the symbols and see if you think they look familiar.
Just as in electrical diagrams ladder logic have symbols for contacts and relays (which
are called coils in ladder logic). The symbols may look a little different from the ones
you find in electrical schematics, but they have almost the same functions.
3.3 Simulation Idea
PLC Fiddle will allow you to create and save simple ladder logic circuits. It will
enable you to create simple PLC ladder logic code within your browser. The simulator
will run your ladder logic and display the results in your web browser. This is an ideal
way in understanding PLC concepts for industrial automation. All of the basic PLC
instructions that come with most plc units have been incorporated in this virtual PLC
software.
PLC Fiddle is currently in an early stage of development but is functional enough to be
helpful to you in learning and understanding PLC concepts. Some of the basic
instructions are timers, counters, math, compares and shift registers. This gives us a
good understanding and method to program programmable logic controllers in ladder
logic.
Fig 3.1 PLC Fiddle – Online PLC Ladder Editor.

Fig 3.2 PLC Fiddle View.
3.4 Creating a Ladder Logic
Step 1: Open the PLC Fiddle online simulator, www.plcfiddle.com.
3.4.1 Creating a AND gate:
Fig 3.3 AND gate using PLC Fiddle .

Fig 3.4 AND Gate .
The above, ladder logic shown in the above using PLC Fiddle; does the same actual job
of an AND gate.
The capacitor shaped one’s are called as input contact / input relay and the other one at
the end from the left is called the Output Coil.
The line which holds both of them is called a rung.
3.4.2 Creating an OR Gate

The Logic OR Gate is a type of digital logic circuit whose output goes HIGH to a logic
level 1 only when one or more of its inputs are HIGH.
The output, Q of a “Logic OR Gate” only returns “LOW” again when ALL of its inputs
are at a logic level “0”. In other words for a logic OR gate, any “HIGH” input will give
a “HIGH”, logic level “1” output.
The logic or Boolean expression given for a digital logic OR gate is that for Logical
Addition which is denoted by a plus sign, ( + ) giving us the Boolean expression
of: A+B = Q.

Fig 3.5 OR gate implementation in PLC Fiddle .
Fig 3.6 OR Gate.
3.4.3 Creating NOT Gate
Fig 3.7 NOT implementation using PLC Fiddle.

Fig 3.8 NOT Gate .
3.4.4 Using Counters

A PLC counter is a function block that counts up or down until it reaches a
limit. When the limit is reached the output is set. The thing is that counting is in fact
widely used in PLC programming. Often you will have the need to counts different
things.
Types of Counters:
1. Up Counters
2. Down Counters
3.4.4.1 Implementation of Counters
Fig 3.9 Implementation of Up / Down Counter.
Pick the type of counter required from the count/time option above and setup the
counter.
Now, assign it some required value so that, it will start to count from 0 to count value or
count value to 0. Based upon the type of counter selected.

If Up Counter, then it will make it high till the value reaches count value from 0.
If a Down Counter, the it will count down from count value to 0.
3.4.4.2 Implementation of Timer
There are three main types of PLC timers:

– The on-delay timer,
– The off-delay timer,
– The retentive on-delay timer.
3.4.4.2.1 On Delay Timer
Fig 3.9.1 Implementation of On Delay Timer.

On delay, timers are the most used timer in electric circuit. The word itself you may
come to know, that “on delay = delayed on”. It means the timer does not give the
contact changeover until the preset time reached. See the picture that, the input supply is
given to the timer coil, but there is no output until the preset time. After reaching the
preset time the timer makes the contact changeover. Such Timers are called On delay
timers.

3.4.4.2 Off Delay Timer
Fig 3.9.2 Implementation of Off Delay Timer.
To implement these, select the timers from the time/count section available from the top
section and choose the required set of timers.
Set the delay time and declare the timer in the variables section; set this according to the
requirement.
The main reason for the demand in the PLCs is the timers and counters as, they us
endless number of applications and the scope of these is also very high and used more
frequently, in almost each and every application, from a toy to big machinery equipment
operations and even used for protection of circuits.

CHAPTER 4 SIMULATION AND RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we will discuss the simulation results of the project. Here are
various schematic captures of different parts that collectively represent the dishwasher
model. Each component is operated differently and in sequential order. Different
simulation results were shown in PLC Fiddle with the Inlet valves, submersible pump,
input switches and the output valves.
4.2 List of operations and sequence in a dishwasher

Basically, a dishwasher is a robot that cleans and rinses dirty dishes. Humans
have to load the dishes, add detergent, set the proper washing cycles and turn it on, but
the dishwasher accomplishes a whole series of functions by itself. A dishwasher:
• Adds water
• Heats the water to the appropriate temperature
• Automatically opens the detergent dispenser at the right time
• Shoots the water through jets to get the dishes clean
• Drains the dirty water
• Sprays more water on the dishes to rinse them
• Drains itself again
• Heats the air to dry the dishes off, if the user has selected that setting.
Flow Chart :-
The below flow chart represents the turning on and turning off of each and every
switch in the PLC and the change of the outputs with respect the to the state change
in the inputs with the help of the timers which are here ideally set at an ideal time
(15 seconds), but in practical case it may vary because each and very operation
require different operating times and here assume, it has to be 15 seconds after these
preset values the timers are off

Fig 4.1 Sequential Operations Chart
4.3 Ladder Logic Diagram
Ladder logic is widely used to program PLCs, where sequential control of a process or
manufacturing operation is required. Ladder logic is useful for simple but critical control
systems or for reworking old hardwired relay circuits. As programmable logic controllers
became more sophisticated it has also been used in very complex automation systems. Often the
ladder logic program is used in conjunction with an HMI program operating on a computer
workstation.
The motivation for representing sequential control logic in a ladder diagram was to allow
factory engineers and technicians to develop software without additional training to learn a
language such as FORTRAN or other general purpose computer language. Development and
maintenance were simplified because of the resemblance to familiar relay hardware systems.
Implementations of ladder logic may have characteristics, such as sequential execution and

support for control flow features, that make the analogy to hardware somewhat inaccurate
Fig 4.1 Ladder Logic for the Dishwasher application.
PLCs have a set of inputs from sensors on which logical, and mathematical operations
can be done. The output of the PLC is used to control the operating characteristics of the
machine or process to which it is connected.
PLCs are widely used for automating industrial processes. Many of the tasks performed
will depend on another task. Some tasks can be done only after other tasks have been
completed. Let me illustrate this with an everyday task we are familiar with.

Fig 4.2 Inputs and control variables.
Step 1: -
Initially, when the stop button is ON, then all the processes are turned OFF and
Dishwasher is in an ideal state.
When start button is ON;
At the control side we can see the, outputs status and the input status along with the
timers and their timing counts.
At control side we can, see the start switch, stop switch, motor, timers and valves and
drying elements functions also, all these take place in a step-by-step process which is

called sequencing operations are very much useful and mostly found in the industries
and many other purposes.
Fig 4.2.1 Start Button On.
As. We can clearly see that, when the start is turned On, the inlet water is taken
and the motor starts to operate and the heater coil also, runs parallelly.
Timer starts and operates until its fixed time and stops all the processes connected to it ,
when the timer goes off to 0.
Fig 4.3 Input Timer change.

From the above, fig we can clearly see the change in the timer count and when the
accumulated count value reaches the preset value then the TT is turned High and the
enable and Q are turned OFF.
The general concept of the enable (EN) input is that the instruction behaves “normally”
so long as the enable input is active (in this case, non-retentive timing action is

considered “normal” according to the IEC 61131-3 standard), but the instruction
“freezes” all execution whenever the enable input de-activates.
This “freezing” of operation has the effect of retaining the current time (CT) value even
if the input signal de-activates.
Fig 4.3.1 Turn off of Enable and Q.

Step 2: -
When, the input timer is turned OFF, then
Fig 4.3.2 Input Timer connections to the outputs and other timer.
As, seen from the figure HOT WATER intake is turned OFF and the soap water Timer
gets turned ON.

So, when the soap water timer is ON, then this makes dishwasher to let its intake the
soap solution.
As in the below, fig

The control side we can see the Soap Release timer, and the inputs of these timer play a
crucial role for the implementation of the next cycle of sequential operations to be done
and all of them have a similar working, the basic idea to connect the Q terminal of the
timer to the next cycle timer so, that when the 1st timer gets off, then immediately the
2nd timer starts to run and perform its tasks.
Fig 4.3.3 Interconnection between the timers and the output coils.
Now, as seen from the above the same cycle appears as, per discussed above, the cold-
water intake is taken for some time and the timer when reaches the preset value then,
the intake is cutoff by the solenoid valve.
As, we can see there are two input timers used (refer fig 4.2); these two input timers are
of set to different presets and they carry a same function to intake the water by,
energizing the solenoid valve and letting the water in for a particular time period.
During, the drying time the drying operation occurs that is we use a drying element to
dry off our dishes or we make the forced hot air to blow on the dishes to kill the bacteria
and the water droplets still left on our, dishes and cutlery.

Seeing all of this we can simply think, how fast and easily we can design a ladder logic
for the desired work using a PLC controller, one of the main reasons anyone of us either
be a student, teacher or either a technician can also learn it simply and you need to
require to be a highly professional engineer or a literate to learn this stuff.
The remaining all the rest parts are similar to the above working and I hope everyone
understands the logic and the connections also easily.
Fig 4.3.4 Last Cycles and the stop switch.
After all, the cycles have been completed you might wonder how do they get, stopped
all at once; here comes the stop switch which energies when all the inputs are turned off
and stops all the processes; if in case due; to some purpose you have pressed the stop
button then, the stop button holds the all the running processes and the timers have
already stored and accumulated value, so there will not be any lost work or there is no
need to start the processes again from the beginning.
The main focus here, is about the RESETS, which are given; when these must be reset
is that, once all the processes have been completed and then; the timers need to be reset

or else when the next time you use the dishwasher, then the processes won’t occur as
they have already reached their preset values; which is really big problem; that is why
the resets are used.

CHAPTER 5 HARDWARE
5.1 Introduction
This chapter consists of the hardware dimensions and the hardware related
calculations, and the working model photos.
List of all the used components: -
1. Siemens LOGO PLC

2. Plastic Water Drum
3. Lawn Sprinkler Head
4. Inlet Pipe
5. Outlet Pipe
6. Proximity Sensor
7. Solenoid Valve
8. Submersible Pump
9. Dish Tray
5.2 Hardware Dimensions
Fig 5.1 Plastic Drum.

5.2.1 Plastic Drum Specifications
Height: - 53cm
Radius at middle: - 49.5 cm
Radius at top: - 40cm
Country of
India
Origin
Material Plastic
Usage Industrial Use
Packaging Type Paper Box, Plastic Box, Velvet Box, Wooden Box
Finishing Polished, Non-Polished
Durable, Dustproof, Fine Finishing, Light Weight, Shiny
Specialties
Looks, Stylish, Waterproof
Color Blue, Sky Blue, White
5.2.2 LOGO Siemens PLC

The modular PLC is a type that allows multiple expansions of the PLC system through
the use of modules, hence the term “modular”.
Modules give the programmable logic controller additional features like increased
number of I/O units, and they are usually easier to use because each component is
independent of each other.
The power supply, communications module, Input/Output module are all separate to the
actual microcontroller so you have to manually connect them to each other to create
your PLC control system.
Siemens LOGO is also one of the modular type PLC controller, which is very much
used now a days and is very reliable.

Fig 5.2 LOGO Siemens PLC.
5.2.2.1 General technical data Criterion Tested in accordance with Values

LOGO!
Basic: Dimensions (WxHxD) 72 x 90 x 55 mm
Weight Approx. 190 g Installation on a 35 mm profile rail 4 module widths or wall

mounting
LOGO! expansion module: Dimensions (WxHxD) 36 x 90 x 55 mm Weight

Approx. 90 g Installation on a 35 mm profile rail 4 module widths or wall
mounting
Climatic conditions Ambient temperature Horizontal installation Low temperature

to IEC 60068-2-1
High temperature 0 ... 55 °C
Vertical installation High temperature to IEC 60068-2-2 0 ... 55 °C
Storage/shipping –- 40 °C ... +70 °C

Relative humidity IEC 60068-2-30 From 10 to 95 % no condensation Air pressure
795 ... 1080 hPa
Pollutants IEC 60068-2-42 IEC 60068-2-43 SO2 10 cm3 /m3, 4 days H2S 1 cm3
5.2.2.2 Electrical Ratings
Power supply Input voltage: - 115 - 240 V AC/DC
Permissible range: - 85 ... 265 V AC 100 ... 253 V DC
Permissible mains frequency: - 47 ... 63 Hz
Power consumption: - 115 V AC 10 ...40 mA; 240 V AC 10 ... 25 mA;
Digital Inputs: - 8
Digital Outputs: - 8
5.2.3 Lawn Sprinkler Head
Fig 5.3 Lawn Sprinkler Head.

• Product Dimensions: 20 x 18 x 8.5 cm; 110 Grams
• Item Weight: 110 g
Total area how much it can cover; - 50 – 70 square feet
5.2.4 Inlet Pipe
Fig 5.4 Inlet pipe.
Length of the pipe: - 1 meter
Material: - Nylon Plastic
5.2.5 Outlet Pipe
Fig 5.5 Outlet Pipe.

Length of the pipe: - 0.5 meter
Material: - Plastic
5.2.6 Solenoid Valve
The valve body must be compatible with the fluid; common materials are brass,
stainless steel, aluminium, and plastic.
The seals must be compatible with the fluid.
To simplify the sealing issues, the plunge, core, springs, shading ring, and other
components are often exposed to the fluid, so they must be compatible as well. The
requirements present some special problems. The core tube needs to be non-magnetic to
pass the solenoid's field through to the plunge and the core. The plunge and core need a
material with good magnetic properties such as iron, but iron is prone to
corrosion. Stainless steels can be used because they come in both magnetic and non-
magnetic varieties. For example, a solenoid valve might use 304 stainless steels for the
body, 305 stainless steels for the core tube, 302 stainless steels for the springs, and 430
F stainless steel (a magnetic stainless steel ]) For the core and plugnut.
Fig 5.6 Solenoid Valve 12V DC.
Power Supply: - 12 V DC supply

Height: - 5 cm
Radius of the outlet: - 0.5 inch
Pressure = F * A
Depending, on the force of the water the pressure is determined.
5.2.7 Submersible Pump
Electric submersible pumps are multistage centrifugal pumps operating in a vertical

position. Liquids, accelerated by the impeller, lose their kinetic energy in the diffuser,
where a conversion of kinetic to pressure energy takes place. This is the main
operational mechanism of radial and mixed flow pumps. In the HSP, the motor is a
hydraulic motor rather than an electrical motor, and may be closed cycle (keeping the
power fluid separate from the produced fluid) or open cycle (mingling the power fluid
with the produced fluid downhole, with surface separation).
Fig 5.7 Submersible Pump.
Power Supply: - 120V/240V AC supply

Power Consumption: - 40 Watts / Hour
Pressure: - 1 Pa
Material: - Plastic

Power Source: - Corded Electric
Item Weight: - 1.15 pounds
5.2.8 Dish Tray
Dimensions: - 53 x 42 x 25 cm
It can hold up to 10 big size dishes and 10 cups and cutlery. /20 big size dishes / 25
glasses / 2 big Kadas.
5.3 Front View of the Model
Fig 5.8.1 Front View.

The front view consists of the door, drum and the top. The height of the drum is 50cm
and the radius at the center is 49.5cm.
The door has been made out of the same plastic drum, which was cut out of it.
5.4 Side Views of the Model
Fig 5.8.2 Side View.
From the side view we can observe the inlet and outlet pipes which are connected and
they are used to intake and outlet the water in and out of the dishwasher.
The inlet valve is given a lead in opening before the piston reaches top dead center on
the exhaust stroke so that least resistance is offered to the incoming flow of air and
petrol mixture as the piston begins its induction stroke. It is also provided with a lag in
closing after the piston reaches bottom dead center and begins the compression stroke
so as to take advantage of the reluctance of the incoming mixture to cease flowing as the
piston ends its induction stroke.

Top View
Fig 5.8.3 Top View.
Inside View
Fig 5.8.4 The Spray Arm and outlet pipe
This view is the clear determination of the working of the dishwasher and is mainly
dependent on this spray arm, which sprays the water at high pressures on to the dishes.
The spray arm and the pump are interconnected as per the below

Fig 5.9 Working and the interconnection of the model with the pump and the Spray arm
.
Applications
1. Dishwashing Purposes
2. For washing the dirt off the fruits and vegetables (must be done without the use
of the detergent)
Results
The benefits of using a dishwasher primarily have to do with the added convenience of
not having to hand wash dishes. If you are busy or have a large household, a dishwasher
will save you the time and effort of having to wash your dishes manually.
Dishwashers can also clean more efficiently and are more hygienic. For a large family
or an office setting, a dishwasher is a must-have. If you have a smaller number of
people in your household, a double drawer dishwasher could be better for you as these
appliances are great for washing smaller quantities of dishes.

Fig 5.9.1 Before Washing.
As, we can see the plate is pretty dirty and needs some cleaning so, testing of the model
was done to see the cleaning of this plate and the result was shown clearly in below
figure attached, and you might be quite impressed seeing the results and the output of
work done by it.
We totally recommend the use of the dishwasher designed as, shown here and it is very
simple and can be used with and without a PLC controller too.
After Washing
The dishwasher obviously saved a lot of time and human effort and it is very
economical and used less amount of water than, the normal regular hand washing; it is
reliable and did quite a good amount of work in the specified time
There no oil stains and neither any odour either and the stains were easily and
comfortably with less amount of water and power.
As, said earlier the average power consumption of a dishwasher was 1200watts/hr , but
it just took about 120 – 140 watts / hr .

Fig 5.9.3 After washing the dish
The result was pretty excellent and the dishwasher worked as per the design and
performed, its task very well.
This dishwasher can, thus clean and give you hygienic dishes for you to stay safe and
healthy as, we have learnt a lesson from the recent COVID outbreak, how much
necessary good hygiene is, so we strongly recommend using this dishwasher for your
cleaning applications.

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 Conclusion
• The size of the dishwasher, we have made is smaller and is enough for
households and for small purposes.
• The energy consumption was way much lesser than that of the normal
dishwasher.
• The average energy consumption of a Normal Dishwasher - 1800 Watts/hr
• The energy consumption of our dishwasher - 120 Watts / hr
• In this work we able to automate the Dishwasher using PLC for house hold for
cleaning applications.
6.2 Future Scope
There is more potential for energy savings than water savings with dishwashers.
Because dishwashers already use a relatively small amount of water, there is little
financial incentive for consumers to spend more money for products that use less water.
This is not the case for energy.
Dishwashers use energy primarily for heating water and secondarily for circulating the
water through the machine. To the extent that the amount of water used by the machine
can be reduced, the energy consumption can also be reduced. New high efficiency
dishwashers have more effective washing action, energy efficient motors and other
advanced technology such as sensors that determine the length of the wash cycle and the
temperature of the water necessary to clean the dishes.
In the coming years expect to see the energy and water efficiency of dishwashers
improve, but baring some dramatic new technological development it seems unlikely
that these efficient products will take as prominent a role in the market as efficient
clothes washers.
Manufacturers are actively researching new dishwasher designs, products, and
technologies. Over the past few years, the number of efficient dishwasher products on
the market has increased.

References
1. Özçevik, Ö; Brebbia, C. A.; Şener, S. M. (2015). Sustainable Development and
Planning VII. WIT Press. p. 794. ISBN978-1845649241.
2. "The History of the Dishwasher". Yellow Advertiser. Archived from the original
on 2014-02-17. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
3. Jaffe, Alexandra. ‘'It’s Settled: Dishwashers Beat the Lowly Hand, Almost Every
Time “. The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
4. J.M. Fenster, "The Woman Who Invented the Dishwasher," Invention &
Technology, pp. 55-61, Fall 1999.
5. J. Garis-Cochrane, "Dish-washing machine", United States Patent Office, Patent
No. 355,139, December 28, 1886.
6. J. Garis-Cochrane, "Dish-washing machine", United States Patent Office, Patent
No. 835,299, April 24 1917.
7. Y. Kurata and Y. Maeda, "Toward a Smart Dishwasher: A Support System for
Optimizing Dishwasher Loading", Technical Reports of Information Processing
Society of Japan, vol. 2016-CDS-16, no. 9, 2016.

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DISH WASHER USING

PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

A V S Sai Vamsi V (17L31A02L2)

Under the Guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VIGNAN’S INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY (A)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Signature of HOD EEE Signature of Guide

Dr. PUDI SEKHAR Dr. B. PRASADA RAO

EEE - VIIT EEE - VIIT

NAME REGISTER NUMBER SIGNATURE

A V S Sai Vamsi V 17L31A02L2

M Venkata Swamy. 18L35A0222

Our hearty thanks to our respected Principal, Dr. B. Arundhati, Vignan’s

Our sincere thanks to Dr. L. Rattaiah, Chairman of Vignan’s Group of

We would also extend my thanks to my fellow Students for giving us information

1.3. Literature Survey…………………………………………………………………...……2

CHAPTER 2 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION ……………………………………...……..5

2.2 Block Diagram…………………………………………………………………………….5

CHAPTERS 3 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION…………………….………………….23

3.1 Introduction to PLC Fiddle…………………………………………...…………………..23

3.2 Ladder Logic Building……………………………………………………………………24

3.3 Simulation Idea……………………………………………………………………………25

3.4 Creating a Ladder Logic………………………………………………………..……….26

4.2 List of operations and sequence in a dishwasher…………………………………….….32

4.3 Ladder Logic Diagram…………………………………………………………….…….33

5.2 Hardware Dimensions……………………………………………………………………40

5.3 Front view of the Model…………………………………………………………………47

5.4 Side Views of the Model…………………………………………………………………48

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE…………………………………………53

6.2 Future Scope……………………………………………………………………………..53

1. Figure 2: Block Diagram of PLC………………………………………………….…….5

2. Figure 2.1: Logo Siemens PLC…………………………………………………….……7

3. Figure 2.2: Water Level Switch…………………………………………….…….11

4. Figure 2.3: Proximity Switch……………………………………………………12

5. Figure 2.4: Push Button…………………………………………………….……13

6. Figure 2.5: Solenoid Valve………………………………………………………14

7. Figure 2.6: Submersible Pump………………………………………………..…16

8. Figure 2.7: Adapter 24V………………………………………………………...18

9. Figure 3.1: PLC Fiddle – Online PLC Ladder Editor……………………………25

10. Figure 3.2: PLC Fiddle View………………………………………………...…26

11. Figure 3.3: AND gate using PLC Fiddle………………………………..………26

12. Figure 3.4: AND Gate……………………………………………………..…….27

13. Figure 3.5: OR gate implementation in PLC Fiddle………………………..……28

14. Figure 3.6: OR Gate………………………………………………..…………….28

15. Figure 3.7: NOT implementation using PLC Fiddle…………………….………28

16. Figure 3.8: NOT Gate…………………………………………………………….29

17. Figure 3.9: Implementation of UP/DOWN Counter……………………………...29

20. Figure 4.3: Input Timer Change………………………………………………...35

21. Figure 5.1: Plastic Drum………………………………………………………...40

22. Figure 5.2: LOGO Siemens PLC………………………………………………..42

23.Figure 5.3: Lawn Sprinkler Head………………………………………..………46

24.Figure 5.4: Inlet Pipe…………………………………………………….………44

25.Figure 5.5: Outlet Pipe………………………………………………….……….44

26.Figure 5.6: Solenoid Valve…………………………………………….………..45