In linear algebra, Cramer's rule is a theorem, which gives an expression for the solution of a system of

linear equations with as many equations as unknowns, valid in those cases where there is a unique solution.
The solution is expressed in terms of the determinants of the (square) coefficient matrix and of matrices
obtained from it by replacing one column by the vector of right hand sides of the equations. It is named after
Gabriel Cramer (1704–1752), who published the rule in his 1750 Introduction à l'analyse des lignes courbes
algébriques (Introduction to the analysis of algebraic curves), although Colin Maclaurin also published the
method in his 1748 Treatise of Algebra (and probably knew of the method as early as 1729).[1]

segment reporting

presentation required in the annual report when a reportable segment meets one or more of the following
tests: (1) revenue is 10% or more of combined revenue; (2) operating profit is 10% or more of combined
operating profit (operating profit excludes unallocable general corporate revenue and expenses, interest
expense, and income taxes); or (3) identifiable assets are 10% or more of the combined identifiable assets;
also called line of business reporting. fasb Statement No. 131 requires that financial statements include
information about operations in different industries, foreign operations, export sales, major customers, and
government contracts. The disclosures provide data useful in evaluating a segment's profit potential and
riskiness. A significant segment in the past that is expected to be so again should be reported even though it
failed the 10% test in the current year. Segments shall represent a substantial portion (at least 75%) of the
company's total revenue to unaffiliated customers. As a matter of practicality, however, no more than 10
segments should be shown. While intersegment sales or transfers are eliminated in consolidated financial
statements, they are included for purposes of segment disclosure in determining the 10% and 75% rules. The
disclosure s are not required for an enterprise that derives 90% or more of its revenues from one industry.
The segmental disclosures may be presented in the body of the financial statements, footnotes, or a separate
schedule. The disclosure requirements are not applicable to nonpublic companies or in interim reports.
Yield Variance:

Definition and Explanation:

Yield can be defined as the amount of prime product manufactured from a given
amount of materials. The yield variance is the result of obtaining a yield different
from the one expected on the basis of input. In sugar refining, a normal loss of yield
develops because, on the average it takes approximately 102.5 pounds of sucrose in
raw sugar form to produce 100 ponds of sucrose in refined sugars. Part of this
sucrose emerges as black strap molasses, but a small percentage is completely lost.

In the canning industry, it is customary estimate the expected yield of grades per ton
of fruit purchased or delivered to the plant. The actual yield should be compared to
the one expected and should be evaluated in terms of cost. If the actual yield deviates
from predetermined percentages, cost and profit will differ.

Since the final product cost contained not only materials but also labor and factory
overhead, a yield variance for labor and factory overhead should be determined when
the product is finished. The actual quantities resulting from the processes are
multiplied by the standard cost, which includes all three cost elements. A labor yield
variance must be looked upon as the result of the quality and /or quantity of the
materials handled, while the factory overhead yield variance is due to the greater
or smaller number of hours worked. It should be noted that the overhead yield
variance may have a significant effect on the amount of over or under absorbed
factory overhead.

Disadvantages of Inflation Accounting

Depreciation charging on replacement cost goes against the concept.
Depreciation charging on replacement cost goes against the concept.
Both the methods CPP and CCA have serious drawbacks and there is
Both the methods CPP and CCA have serious drawbacks and there is
no general consensus about the method to be used.
no general consensus about the method to be used.
Charging depreciation on replacement cost not acceptable to the income
Charging depreciation on replacement cost not acceptable to the income
tax authorities.
tax authorities.