St.

Louise de Marillac College of Bogo

Member: Daughters of Charity-St. Louise de Marillac Educational System General Chemistry 1
Module
“ FLEx in SLMCB
The St. Louise de Marillac College of Bogo employs FLEx (Flexible Learning Experience) Delivery Mode for
SY 2020 – 2021. The chosen delivery mode operates on four basic principle: (1) Principle of Individuality and
Creativity, (2) Principle of Autonomy and Responsible Freedom, (3) Principle of Openness (Social and
Communication) and (4) Principle of Activity that are in consonance with the essence of Christian-Vincentian
Education and are to a great extent; facilitative to the realization of the Vision-Mission
and Core Values of SLMCB.
SLMCB.

Foreword
MODULE 2: AND IONS
ATOMS, MOLECULES
”
Look around you. Notice the great variety of colors, textures and other properties of
materials around you. Each materials exhibit a unique and infinite differences. We learned in
the previous module that matter possesses individual properties, but how do we understand
and explain them? Questions such as ,”Why is diamond harder than table salt?”, Why does
paper burn and water quench fires?”. The key to answer to these questions will be explained
as we study the structure and behavior of atoms.
In this module, we begin to explore the fascinating world of atoms, from its structure to the
formation of molecules and ions.

In this module, you will learn the following:

Most Essential Learning Christian- Sustainable
Vincentian Developmental
Lesson No. Topics Competencies Values Goals

Lesson # 1 Atoms ● Describe Dalton’s Atomic

Theory
Respect for Others SDG#4: Quality
● Differentiate among atomic Education
number, mass number and
isotopes

● Recognize common isotopes

and their use
(STEM_GC11AMIc-19)

Lesson # 2 Molecules and Ions ● Represent compounds using

chemical formula, structural
formula and
models(STEM_GC11AMIc-
e-21)

● Name compounds given

their formula and write

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 formula given the name of
the compound
(STEM_GC11AMIc-e-21)

LESSON 1: ATOMS

PRE-ACTIVITY: READ THE LABEL. Choose five household materials and look at their
ingredients. Enumerate at least 3 ingredients of the material.
Household Material Ingredients

Guide Questions:
1. Can you read the chemical formula?
2. Can you express these ingredients in its chemical formula form?
3. What is the significance of being able to read chemical formula of substances?

Reading and writing chemical formula is the main goal of this module. Why do we
have to study this? Simply because in gaining more knowledge, we can protect ourselves
more from the risk of the substances we use. But before we can name a substance, we have to
learn first its core and how they were formed.

DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

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 The whole idea of atom started with Democritus during the 4th century BC when he
proposed that matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles and named it atomos. However,
there were some who opposed and rejected the idea at first but it endured over the years, and
the idea of atomos prevailed with the accumulation and empirical data of John Dalton. He
provided precise and detailed description of the building blocks of matter-the atoms. During
the 19th century, John Dalton formulated the atomic theory to explain everything about
matter.

Reading Activity

Turn your books to page 65-67 and read the 4 postulates of Dalton’s Atomic
Theory and the fundamental laws of matter.
Dalton’s atomic theory is summarized in 4 postulates as shown in
Figure 1. Supporting the concept of the 3 rd postulate are the two fundamental
laws of matter namely the law of definite proportion and the law of multiple proportion. The
4th postulate, on the other hand, was supported by the law of conservation of mass.

Figure 1. Dalton's Atomic Theory

To check your understanding of your reading, perform Exercise No. 1

PRACTICE EXERCISE NO. 1

A. Refer to “What Have I learned So Far ?” in your book page 66 (numbers 1
to 3)

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 What is the main difference between the law of definite proportion and the law of
multiple proportions? The answer to this question leads you to answer the practice exercise.
So, read the book as it explains clearly the difference between the two fundamental laws.

If atoms are the building blocks of all elements, how does it look like? Is it
just an empty particle? Or a small particle filled with smaller particles? What
makes an atom of one element different from an atom of another element?

STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
Dalton’s atomic theory did not make any experimentation to see beyond the
appearance of an atom. It did not determine its structure and composition. Later on, many
scientists conducted their own research to see what is within an atom. It was then discovered
that atoms are composed of the sub-atomic particles namely the electron, proton and neutron.
The experiment on how these sub-atomic particles are discussed in the book on page 68-70.
The sub-atomic particles make each atom of different
element significantly different. Many attempts were made to
create the most accurate representation of the atom. Protons
and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom while
electrons are clouding the nucleus as shown in Figure 2.
The atoms of each element have a characteristic number
of protons. No different elements possess the same number of
protons. This number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a
particular element is called the atomic number (Z). Because an
Figure SEQ Figure \*
atom has no net electrical charge, the number of electrons it contains must equal the number
of protons. On the other hand, the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is
called the mass number (A). These two numbers can represented through an isotopic symbol
of an element as shown below.
ZAX e

The X is the chemical symbol of the element and e is the charge of the atom. To identify the
number of subatomic particles, it is summarized as:
o No. of protons = atomic number(Z)
o No. neutrons = mass number (A) – atomic number (Z)
o No of electrons = atomic number (Z)- charge (e)

Sample Exercise 1: In the notation, 612 C identify the number of protons, electrons and
neutrons.

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Solution: First, identify the atomic number, mass number and charge of the element. The atomic
number (Z) is 6, mass number (A) is 12 and the charge (e) is 0. Then solve for what is asked

o No. of protons = Z = 6 protons

o No. neutrons =A-Z= 12-6 =6 neutrons

o No. electrons = Z-e= 6-0 = 6 electrons

If the atomic number is not stated in the notation, you just have to look at the periodic table,
read the legend of the periodic table and look for the atomic number.

Sample Exercise 2: Identify the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the element 23Na.

Solution: First, the atomic number of sodium in the periodic table is 11. So the answers are 11
protons, 12 neutrons and 11 electrons.

Now, you try doing it on your own by answering Practice Exercise No. 2

PRACTICE EXERCISE NO. 2

A. Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is wrong.
______1. Sulfur and oxygen atoms have the same mass.
______2. Protons have the same mass of neutrons.
______3. Protons are attracted to electrons in the same element.
______4. Some atoms do not have electrons.
______5. An oxygen atom has six protons in its nucleus and six electrons outside of its
nucleus.

B. Complete the table below.

Isotopic Mass Atomic Number of Number of Number of

symbol number number protons neutrons electrons
239
U

23 12

7 7

ISOTOPES

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 Atoms of a given element can differ in the number of neutrons they contain and
consequently in mass. These elements are called isotopes with each other. Isotopes are those
atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Example of this
one is the isotope of hydrogen. Hydrogen exists in the form of 1H (protium), 2H (deuterium)
and 3H (tritium).

Table 1. Isotopes of Hydrogen

Isotopic symbol Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons
1
H 1 0 1
2
H 1 1 1
3
H 1 2 1

As shown in Table 1, the three isotopes of hydrogen have the same number of protons
but they differ in number of neutrons. There are a lot of isotopes in the whole universe and
some of these common isotopes and their uses are presented in Table 3.2 of page 74 in your
book.
Isotopes can be classified as stable or unstable. Stable isotopes are isotopes that do
not undergo radioactivity and do not disintegrate. Thus, they are abundant in nature. On the
other hand, unstable isotopes are those that exhibit radioactivity. They can be natural or
artificial. Nevertheless, both emit radiation in the form of alpha, beta and gamma rays.

Christian Vincentian Value: Respect for Others

Isotopes are basically the same elements, but, they are of different characteristics. Just like
anybody else, we have different personalities in the same person. How do you make use of
these differences in respecting others? Did the different personalities help you understand and
respect other more? In what way?
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Quiz 1. Answer the following items.
1. Differentiate atomic number and mass number by giving 3 real life analogies. In your
examples, identify which can vary without changing the identity of the substance? (Accuracy
of examples- 3 points each example, content of explanation-2 points)

2. Is it possible for the isotope of an element to have a mass number of zero? Explain. (5
points: content-3, organization of explanation-2)

3. Fill the gap in the following table, assuming each column represents a neutral atom:
52
Symbol Cr

Protons 25 82

Neutrons 30 64

Electrons 48 86

Mass # 222 207

The current understanding of the atom began with Dalton’s atomic theory. It was not until the
early 1900s that there was experimental evidence that showed atoms consist of protons,
electron and neutrons.
● Protons are the positively charged particles in the nucleus. The number of protons in
an atom is unique to each element and is called the atomic number (Z). The atomic
number is listed in the periodic table.
● Electrons are the negatively charged particles and exist in the relatively large space
outside of the nucleus. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the
number of protons.
● Neutrons is also in the nucleus with no charge. Atoms of an element can differ in the
number of neutrons which results in isotopes. The symbol for an isotope includes the
mass number (A), which is the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons.

LESSON 2: MOLECULES AND IONS

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Activity: Differentiate an atom, molecule and ion from each other.

Even though the atom is the smallest representative sample of an element, only the
noble-gas elements are normally found in nature as isolated atoms. Most matter is composed
of molecules which are formed from the combination of atoms or ions which are formed
from gaining and losing of electrons of atoms to seek for stability.

MOLECULES
When two or more atoms held are tightly bounded together due to their sharing of
electrons and acts as a single unit, it is called a molecule. Molecules can just be combination
of the same elements, which are called diatomic molecules, or an aggregate of two or more
types of atoms called molecular compounds. The elements that normally occur as diatomic
molecules are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and halogens (F, Cl, I, Br). Molecules are
composed only of non-metallic elements. Nonmetallic elements are those elements with the
darkest shade presented in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Periodic Table

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 Molecules can be represented using different models and formula as shown in Figure
3.11 of page 78 of the book.

IONS
Ions, on the other hand, are created when atoms lose or gain electrons to become
stable. When an atom gains an electron, it becomes negatively charged and it is then called an
anion as illustrated by Figure 3. 9 of page 76 of the book. When an atom loses electrons, it
becomes positively charge and it is called cation as illustrated by Figure3.10 of the book.
Anions are generally nonmetals while cations are metals. The periodic table is very useful
for remembering the charges of ions, especially those of the elements in the left and right side
of the table as shown in Figure 4 .

Figure 4. Charges of some common ions

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
When an anion and a cation combine, they form ionic compounds. Ionic compounds
are generally combinations of metals and non-metals, as in NaCl. In contrast, molecular
compounds are composed of non-metals.

Sample Exercise 3: Identify the following compounds if they are molecular or ionic.

1. CaO 3. I2

2. NO2 4. BaCl2

Answers:

1. Ca is a metal while O is a non-metal, thus it is an ionic compound

2. N is non-metal while O is still a non-metal, thus it is a molecular compound

3. Two atoms of iodine that is a non-metal, thus it is a molecular compound

4. Ba is a metal while Cl is a non-metal, thus it is an ionic compound

Now, you try identifying the compounds by answering Practice Exercise No. 3.

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 PRACTICE EXERCISE NO. 3

Identify the following compounds if they are molecular compounds or ionic

compounds.

______________1. Li2O ________________4. CO2

______________2. FeCl2 ________________5. KCl

______________3. SO2 ________________6. F2

Being able to identify molecular and ionic compounds, we can then write and read
compounds. Compounds are expressed through chemical formula. These chemical formula
are formula that denotes the number of atoms present in a compound.

How then can we represent compounds using chemical formula? How can we
name these componds given their chemical formula?

To obtain information about a particular substance you must know its chemical
formula and name. The names and formulas of compounds are essential vocabulary in
chemistry. The system used in naming substance is called chemical nomenclature.
The rules of chemical nomenclature depend on the nature of the compound. Naming
ionic compounds has different rules with naming molecular compounds.

NAMING OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

Since ionic compounds consist of metal ions combined with nonmetal ions. The
metals form the positive ions and the non-metals form the negative ions. Let’s examine the
naming of positive ions, then the naming of negative ions. After that, we will consider how to
put the names of the ions together to identify the complete ionic compound.

1. Positive Ions (cations)

(a)Cations formed from metal atoms have the same name as the metal:
Example:

1. Na+ 🡪 sodium ion

2. Al3+ 🡪 aluminium ion

3. Ca2+🡪 calcium ion

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 Ions formed from single atom are called monoatomic ions.

(b) If a metal can form different cations, the positive charge is indicated by a Roman numeral
in parenthesis following the name of the metal:
Example:

1. Fe2+ 🡪 iron (II) ion 3. Cu+ 🡪 copper (I) ion

2. Fe3+ 🡪 iron (III) ion 4. Cu2+🡪 copper (II) ion

Metals that can form more than one cation are called transition metals. These metals
occur in the middle block of the elements, from group 3B to group 2B in the periodic table.
Common transition metals with varying oxidation number are presented in Table 10.2 of page
204 of the book.

(c) Cations formed from non-metal atoms have names that end in –ium:
Example:

1. NH4+ -🡪 ammonium ion 2. H3O+--🡪 hydronium ion

These two ions are the only ions of this kind that we will encounter. These two ions
are both polyatomic ions which contains two or more atoms but acts as a single ion.

2. Negative Ions (Anions)

(a) The names of monoatomic anions are formed by replacing the ending of the name of the
element with –ide:
Example:

Monoatomic ions

1. H- 🡪 hydride ion 3. N3- 🡪 nitride ion

2. O2- 🡪 oxide ion 4. C4- 🡪 carbide ion

A few simple polyatomic anions also have named ending with –ide:

1. OH- 🡪 hydroxide ion 2. CN- 🡪 cyanide ion

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(b) Polyatomic anion containing oxygen have names ending in –ate or –ite. These anions are
called oxyanions. The ending –ate is used for the most common oxyanion of an element. The
ending –ite is used for an axyanion that has the same charge but one O atom fewer.
Example:

NO 3−¿¿🡪 nitrate ion SO42−¿¿ 🡪 sulfate ion

NO 2−¿¿ 🡪 nitrite ion SO32−¿ ¿ 🡪 sulfite ion

Prefixes are used when the series of oxyanions of an element extends to four members
as with the halogens. The prefix per- indicates one more O atom than the oxyanion ending in
–ate; the prefix hypo- indicates one O atom fewer than the oxyanion ending in –ite.
Example:

ClO4−¿¿ -> perchlorate ion (one more O atom than chlorate)

ClO3−¿ ¿ -> chlorate ion

ClO2−¿¿ -> chlorite ion

ClO−¿ ¿ -> hypochlorite ion (one O atom fewer than chlorite)

Some common polyatomic anions are presented in Table 10.3 of page 205 of the book.

(c) Anions derived by adding H+ to an oxyanion are named by adding as a prefix the word hydrogen
or dihydrogen, as appropriate:
Example:

CO 32−¿ ¿🡪 carbonate ion PO 43−¿¿ 🡪 phosphate ion

H CO3−¿ ¿🡪 hydrogen carbonate ion H 2 PO 4−¿¿ 🡪 hydrogen phosphate ion

Notice that each H+ reduces the negative charge of the parent anion by one.
3. Ionic compounds
Names of ionic compounds consist of cation name followed by the anion name.
Example:
CaCl2 – cation: Ca2+ and anion: Cl−¿¿ so combine the name, then its name is calcium
chloride
−¿¿
Al(NO3)3 - cation: Al3+ and anion: NO 3 , so combine the name, then its read as aluminum
nitrate

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 Study sample exercise 4 below.

Sample Exercise 4: Name the following compounds:

(A) K2SO4 (B) Ba(OH)2 (C) FeCl3
Solution:
(A) The cation is K+ and the polyatomic anion is SO42-. Putting together the names of the
ions, we have potassium sulfate.
(B) The cation is Ba2+ and the polyatomic anion is OH-. Putting together the names of the
ions, we have barium hydroxide.
(C) The cation is Fe3+ and the polyatomic anion is Cl-. Putting together the names of the ions,
we have iron (III) chloride.

Now, you try naming the following ionic compounds.

PRACTICE EXERCISE NO. 4

A. Name the following compounds:

(1) NH4Br (4) KMnO4
(2) Cr2O3 (5) AgI
(3) Co(NO3)2
B. Write the chemical formula of the following compounds
1. copper (II)sulfate 4. Hydrobromic acid
2. lithium bicarbonate 5. Potassium dichromate
3. lead (IV) sulfate

How can we then write the chemical formula of an ionic compound given its name?

Read your book

Read and study page 80-83 of your book. The steps of writing chemical formula
of an ionic compound are clearly presented there.

NAMING AND WRITING OF MOLECULE COMPOUNDS

The procedures used for naming binary (two-element) molecular compounds are
similar to those used for naming ionic compounds. We name the first element first followed
by the second element ending with –ide. However, you take note of the prefixes shown in
page 84 of the book. In the same page are the step-by-step procedures for naming molecule
compounds in page 83-85.

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SAMPLE EXERCISE 5:
A. Name the following molecular compound:
1. Cl2O – dichlorine monoxide 3. NF3- nitrogen trifluoride
2. N2O4 – dinitrogen tetroxide 4. SiBr4 – silicon tetrabromide

B. Write the chemical formula of the following molecular compound.

1. nitrogen dioxide- NO2 (oxygen has subscript 2 since it has a prefix di-)
2. disulfur dichloride – S2Cl2
3. tetraphosphorus decasulfide – P4S10

It is your turn now to try naming and writing formula for molecular compounds.

PRACTICE EXERCISE NO. 5

A. Name the following molecular compound.
1. SO2 2. PCl5 3. N2O3 4. PO5 5. CF4
B. Write the chemical formula of the following molecular compound.
1. tetraphosphorus hexasulfide 4. Iodine pentafluoride
2. dichlorine monoxide 5. Xenon trioxide
3. sulfur hexafluoride

Isn’t it fun learning how to name compounds? Now, can you name the ingredients of
the materials used in the product you are using? In the next module, we will be encountering
more of these chemical formulas as we deal with the next topic.

Sustainable Development Goal: Quality Education

When we enjoy learning, we learn more. With all that is presented in this module, kindly rate
your level of understanding. From the rate of 1-10, how confident are you in naming
compounds? Writing chemical formula? Can you differentiate now atom, molecules and
ions?

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Quiz 2

1. Complete the table by filling in the formula for the ionic compound formed by each pair of
cations and anions, as shown for the first pair and name each compound formed.
Ion K+ NH4+ Mg2+ Fe3+

Cl−¿¿ KCl

OH −¿¿

CO 32−¿ ¿
3−¿¿
PO 4

2. Write the chemical formulas of the covalent compounds.

1. carbon dioxide
2. trisulfur hexafluoride
3. tetraiodine nonachloride
4. diphosphorus pentasulfide
5.fluorine monobromide
6. hydrobromic acid
7. Dichlorine heptoxide
8. Hydrogen fluoride
9. Diiodine tetrabromide
10.silicon tetroxide

3. Name the following compounds.

1. I2Br6 6. Mg(ClO4)2
2. P4O9 7. Li3PO4
3. N2O 8. NH4I
4. BF3 9. Zn(HSO4)2
5. F2Br7 10. MnO

Read and perform Beyond Walls 3.3 of your book.

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 Apodaca, D. C. (2020). General Chemistry 1 (2nd ed.). Makati: Diwa Learning System Inc.

Bauer, R. C., Birk, J. P., & Marks, P. S. (2016). Introduction to Chemistry (4th ed.).
McGraw-Gill Education.

Brown, T., LeMay, H., Bursten, B., Murphy, C., & Woodward, P. (2009). Chemistry the
Central Science. Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd.

Espinosa, A. A. (2016). General Chemistry 1. Makati City, Philippines: Diwa Learning

Systems Inc.

Written by: Checked by:

Engr. Florenei O. Rosaña Ingrid R. Quiliquite, LPT
Teacher Science Coordinator

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