Assi

gnment
Anal
ysi
sofbr
eastmi
l
k

Submi
tt
edt
o:Mam Bushr
aMubar
ak

Submi
tt
edby
:MuhammadShahi
dRaf
iq

Regno:
70092990

Br
eastmi
l
k:
Breastmi
lki
saliqui
dsourceoffoodmadebya
mother
'sbr
easts.Awoman'sbodycreat
esiti
nresponset
o
pr
egnancyandthesuckl
i
ngofababyatt hebr
east.

Composi
ti
on
Thecomposi
tionofbr
eastmilki
scompl
ex.I
t
consi
stsofov
er200di
ff
erentsubst
ances,
incl
udi
ngpr
otei
n,f
at,
carbohydrat
es,vi
tamins,mineral
s,othernutr
ients,enzymes,
and
hormones.Thiscompositionisn'
tconstant.I
t'sdif
ferentf
rom
mot hert
omot her
.Itevenv ar
ieswithi
nt hesamemot her,
dependingonthebaby '
sneeds.

Phy
sical
exami
nat
ion:
Thephysi
cal
exami
nat
ionofbr
eastmi
l
k
canbedonebyf
oll
owi
ngmethods.

React
ion:

Thereacti
onofbr east
-mi
lkiff
reshl
y
dr
awn,i
salkal
i
neinthegreatproporti
onofcases,sel
dom neut
ral
,
al
mostnev
eracid.I
tcanbeeasilytestedbyordi
naryl
it
muspaper.

Speci
fi
cgr
avi
ty:

Thespecif
icgravi
tyvar
iesbetween
1029and1032, theav eragebeing1031aty o°F.i
ngoodspecimen
abnormalvari
ati
onsar eseenbet weentheli
mitsof1017and
1036.Thi
smaybet akenwi thanysmallhydrometer
.Aur i
nometer
wil
lanswerthepurpose, al
thoughtheinst
rumentdescri
bedbelow
wil
lanswerbetter,
sincei tcanbeempl oyedwithasmal l
er
amountofmi l
k.Ani ncreasei nthefatl
owersthespecif
icgravi
ty
anincr
easeintheot hersol i
dsraisesit
.
Chemi
cal
exami
nat
ion

Sal
ts:

Theinorganicsaltsdonotv arymuchint hei

r
amountinordinarymi l
k.Asy etbutli
tt
leispositi
vel
yknownoft he
physi
ologi
caleffectsofthesev ar
iat
ions.Thesaltsareintoo
smallamounttoaf fectthespecif
icgravi
ty,andinthecli
nical
examinati
onofmi lktheymaybedr oppedfrom consider
ation
al
together

Const
ancyofsugar
:

Thepropor
tionofthesugari
sver
y
const
anti
nbr
east
-mi
l
kunderal
lci
rcumstances.

Thi
spoi
nthasbeenemphasizedbyal
lthechemi
stswhohav
e
mademanymilkanal
yses.

Infif
ty-
sev
enspeci
mensanalysedbyPfeif
ferthevar
iat
ionwas
l
essthanone-
hal
fpercent
,fr
om theaverageinfor
ty-
four
speci
mens.

Inf
ort
y-t
hreeexaminat
ionsmadebyLeeds,
hestatesthatt
he
v
ari
ati
onsinthepr
oporti
onsofsugarwer
everysl
ight
.

I
ntwent
y-f
iveanal
ysesmadef
ormeofsamples,
mostofwhich
wer
esel
ectedbecauset
heywereabnor
mal
thevari
ati
onf
rom t
he
averagewasone- hal
fpercent
.,orl
essintwenty
-oneofthecases,
From thesedataitmaybeconsider
edestabli
shedthatthe
percentageofsugarinmil
kisremarkabl
yconstantunderall
ci
rcumst ances.

Det
ermi
nat
ionoff
at:

Thi
sist
hemosti
mpor
tant

f
eat
urei
ntheanal
ysi
s.Thr
eemet
hodsf
orest
imat
ing

f
atmaybeempl
oyed.Thef
ir
stdependsupont
hef
act

t
hatt
heopaci
tyofmi
l
kisduet
othef
loat
ingf
atgl
obul
es,

andt
heest
imat
esoff
ati
smadebyaspeci
ali
nst
rument

desi
gnedt
omeasur
ethedegr
eeof
transl
ucency
.

Feser
’sl
act
oscope:

Thi
sinst
rument

consi
stsofgl
asscy
li
nderhol
dingaboutt
hreeounces,

f
rom t
hebot
tom ofwhi
chr
isesawhi
tepor
cel
ainst
em

Amarkedwit
hstrongbl
ackli
nes.Fourcc.ofmi
l
kisputi
ntot
he
cy
li
nderwi
thgraduat
edpipet
te,
andwat er

i
saddedgraduall
y,t
hei
nst
rumentbeingshakenmeanawhi
l
e
unt
ilt
hebl
acklinesont
heporcel
ainstem ar
e
f
aint
lyv
isi
blet
hrought
hemi
l
kywat
er.Whent
hepr
oper

degr
eeoft
ransl
ucencyi
sreachedt
heper
cent
ageoff
at

i
sreadof
fatt
hel
evel
oft
hewat
erupont
hegr
aduat
ed

scal
emar
kedont
hecy
li
nder
,e.
g.,
wat
erupt
ocer
tai
n

par
tindi
cat
esf
ourpercent
,fatupt
oanot
hert
hreeper

cent
.,et
c.

Secondmet
hod:

I
nthi
smet hodfatisseparat
ed
fr
om themil
kbymeansofether,andthenprecipi
tat
edfrom the
ether
ealsol
uti
onbystr
ongalcohol
.Marchand’sapparat
us,
modifi
edbyConradtoenabl
ethetesttobemadewi t
hsmal l
er
quanti
tyofmil
kisshownint
heaccompany ingcut.

Est
imat
ionofPr
otei
ds:

Ther
eisnoknownmet
hod

ofdet
ermi
ningdi
rect
lyt
heper
cent
ageoft
hepr
otei
dsi
n

mi
l
kbycl
i
nical
exami
nat
ion.Not
hingshor
toff
ull

chemi
cal
anal
ysi
s,andt
hatbyanexper
t,canbel
ooked

uponasabsol
utel
yaccur
ate.I
tispossi
ble,
howev
er,

f
rom knowl
edgeoft
hespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyandt
heper
cent
ageof
fat
t
omakeanappr
oxi
mat
ecal
cul
ati
oni
nregar
d

t
otheper
cent
ageofpr
otei
ds;
enought
odet
ermi
ne

whet
heri
ngi
vencaset
heyar
eneart
henor
mal
,ori
n

v
eryl
arge,
ori
nver
ysmal
lpr
opor
ti
ons.
Mi
croscopi
cexami
nat
ion:
Al
thoughmuchl essimportantt
han
othermet hodsofexaminati
on,thi
si ssti
l
l usef ul
chief
lyi
nthe
recogni
tionofcolostr
um corpusclesandf oreignmat t
ers
occurri
ngi nmil
k,suchaspus, bl
ood, epi
thelialcell
s.

Obser
vati
onsmadeupont hesi
zeandnumberoft
hef
atgl
obul
es
havel
it
tl
eornopract
ical
value.

Pus,bloodandepithel
ial
cell
sappearinvar
iouspathol
ogi
cal
condit
ionsofthemammar ygl
and,andthei
rrecogni
ti
onismatt
er
ofimportance,si
nceifpr
esenti
nany

consider
ablequant
it
ytheymakenur
sing,
fort
het
imeatl
east
,
i
mpr oper.

Col
ost
rum cor
puscl
es:

Col
ost
rum cor
puscl
esar
e

normal
lypresenti
nmil
kdur
ingt
hef
ir
stweekofl
act
ati
oni
n
consi
derabl
enumbers.

From t
histi
metheydi
mini
shrapi
dly
,andt
hei
rappearanceaf
ter
thesecondweekmaybelookeduponaspat
hol
ogical
.

Thesecor
puscl
esdonotseem t
obeinthemselvesimport
ant,
but
thei
rpr
esencei
sal
waysanindi
cati
onofotherchangesinthemil
k,
noty
etwel
lunder
stood,
whi
chmakesi
tdi
sagr
eewi
tht
hei
nfant
.

Causeofcol
ost
rum mi
l
k:

Thecausesoft hi
scol
ostrum-
mil
karemany .I
tisseenoccasi
onallyduri
ngmenst ruat
ion,al
soi
ncasesof
markedanaemia,andfrequent
lyasr esul
tofst
rongnerv ousi
mpressions
ofanyki
nd,suchasfati
gue,gri
ef,f
ri
ghtandsexual exci
tement.