INTRODUCTION

The pronoun is known to be one of the parts of speech that exists in most languages. The problem of
isolating and describing parts of speech is one of the most controversial in linguistics, causing
different, sometimes even polar interpretations and opinions. Despite the rather detailed study of the
parts of speech in all Indo-European languages, including English, there are still disputes among
scientists about the essence of one or another part of speech, as well as about approaches to the
classification of parts of speech. There is no single, recognized by most scientists, approach to the
consideration of the problem of classification of parts of speech in English. In linguistics, there are a
number of attempts to construct a classification of parts of speech that would meet the basic
requirement of logical classification and would be based on one single principle.Many works of
such famous linguists as A.I.Smirnitsky,B.A.Ilyish, L.S.Barkhudarov, M.Suon and etc. However, the
classification of parts of speech continues to be a controversial issue.Until now, there are
discrepancies between linguists regarding the number and nomenclature of parts of speech in
various languages, as well as the assignment of individual words to one or another part of speech.
The relevance of this study is due to insufficient research into the features of reflexive pronouns in
modern English, the ambiguity of approaches to their description.The relevance of the research is
also determined by the specific material that formed the basis of the course work.
The aim of the research is to analyze the functional features of reflexive pronouns in modern
English.
In accordance with the goal, this work sets the following tasks:
1) On the basis of scientific works on the problem under study, consider the general
characteristics of the pronoun as a part of speech;
2) Consider the features of reflexive pronouns in modern English;
3) Using specific examples from English-language fiction identify the features of reflexive pronouns
in modern English.
4) Analyze the functions performed by reflexive pronouns in the texts of fiction.
The object of research in our course work is reflexive pronouns in modern English.
The subject of the research is the functional features of reflexive pronouns in modern English.
The main research methods used in our work are the method of continuous sampling, the
comparison method, the method of analyzing sources devoted to the problem under consideration,
generalization of data, description of the features of reflexive pronouns and their classification.
The practical significance of the research results is determined by the contribution to the solution of
such linguistic problems as the analysis and description of parts of speech in English, the
identification of the peculiarities of the use of reflexive pronouns. The research results can be used
in further scientific research, in the analysis and translation of English-language literary and
journalistic texts into Russian, in the training of linguists and translators, as well as in teaching
English as a foreign language.
Volumeand structure of work. Course work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a
list of used scientific literature, a list of sources of factual material.
The introduction substantiates the relevance of the research, formulates its goals and objectives, and
describes the subject, object, research material, its practical significance, as well as the methods used
in the work.
In the first chapter, based on the analysis of scientific literature, the features of reflexive pronouns in
the English language are considered.
The second chapter of the course work analyzes the features of the functioning of reflexive pronouns
in modern English.
In the conclusion, the results of the study are described and summarized, conclusions are drawn.

1 Theoretical aspects of studying pronouns

1.1 The problem of highlighting parts of speech

As you know, the entire vocabulary of English, like all Indo-European languages, is subdivided into
certain lexical and grammatical classes, traditionally called parts of speech. The existence of such
classes does not raise doubts among any of the linguists, although their interpretation is not the same
for different scientists. The basic principles of this division into categories, which have existed since
ancient times, were formulated by L.V.Shcherba: these are lexical meaning, morphological form and
syntactic functioning [1].
Today, speaking about parts of speech, as a rule, they mean the grammatical grouping of lexical
units of the language, that is, the allocation of certain groups or categories in the vocabulary of the
language, characterized by certain grammatical features. Y.S.Maslov notes that the grammatical
categories characterizing the words of one or another part of speech do not coincide or do not
completely coincide in different languages, but in any case they are due to the general grammatical
meaning of this class of words, that is, they are due to the "general category", under which the
lexical meaning is brought. Parts of speech form in each language an interconnected dismembered
system, where the connections of different parts of speech are different, therefore, according to A.A.
Reformatsky, it is wrong to arrange all parts of speech in one indifferent row. Words as a building
material, being at the disposal of grammar, receive, first of all, the meaning of one or another part of
speech, which affects not only their syntactic use and the ability or inability to certain combinations,
but also their morphological properties, as word-formation, and inflectional. The general attribution
to a particular part of speech is determined by the grammatical meaning of this category, that is, the
part of speech [2].
When qualifying a word as a part of speech, first of all, one should pay attention to its
morphological properties both in relation to inflection and in relation to word formation,
because different parts of speech not only have different inflectional paradigms, but also different
"direction" of word formation, which also forms a paradigm.
As for the syntactic criterion, the usual position about which member of a sentence is a given word
does little, due to the fact that there is no strictly fixed parallelism between parts of speech and
members of the sentence; much more important is the criterion of "compatibility", on the basis of
which we can say that in the examples "He is used to laughing cheerfully" and "Today I have so
much fun laughing" the word "fun" is two different parts of speech, since the first "fun" is the
defining term for the infinitive, and the second "fun" is the term being defined with the same
infinitive [3].
Summing up the results of a brief examination of the characteristics of parts of speech, one can,
following A.A.Reformatsky, conclude that parts of speech are grammatical categories, the
composition and location of which in each language are special, and they are determined by a set of
morphological and syntactic differences and capabilities, and not by their own lexical properties.
The traditional system of parts of speech is based on the principle of common grammatical meaning.
However, according to Y.S.Maslov, this principle is not consistently carried out in it, different types
of common grammatical meanings are not differentiated, as a result of which some headings that
actually intersect turn out to be located in this system in one line.
When classifying parts of speech, one begins by identifying larger classes of words than individual
parts of speech. These are, first of all, the classes of significant and service words, each covering
several parts of speech of the traditional scheme. Significant parts of speech include those units that
have lexical meaning, i.e. concepts are called: table, dog, joy, strength; to bring, to cry, to enumerate;
big, difficult; soon, well. In other words, they denote permanent denotations. Possessing a lexical
meaning, words of significant parts of speech are able to occupy certain syntactic positions in a
sentence, i.e. function as members of a sentence, and also be the nucleus of a phrase.Thus, in the
delimitation of the significant parts of speech from the service ones, the lexical and syntactic criteria
coincide. Morphological properties are also to a certain extent attached to them: only significant
parts of speech have inflection. However, among the significant parts of speech, not all have the
inflection paradigm; therefore, the morphological feature is not restrictive in all cases [4].
Within the class of significant words,words-names and indicative-substitutive words are
distinguished. In the English language, the forms of word formation and inflection are very often not
signs that distinguish one part of speech from another, since a huge number of English words do not
have characteristic suffixes indicating their belonging to one or another part of speech, and the
number of grammatical endings is extremely limited.
According to the traditional classification, the following parts of speech are distinguished in modern
English:
1) The Noun
2) The Adjective
3) The Numeral
4) The Pronoun
5) The Verb
6) The Adverb
7) The Preposition
8) The Conjunction
9) The Interjection
Noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb and adverb are independent words. They designate objects,
their properties, their actions, etc. and have syntactic functions in a sentence.

1.2 Pronoun as part of speech

Pronouns are a part of speech that combines words that indicate an object, sign or quantity, but do
not name them. Being a kind of substitutional words, pronouns form their own special system,
parallel to the system of nouns, adjectives, and numerals. Some pronouns indicate objects (in the
grammatical sense of the word), therefore they are called pronominal nouns (I, you, we, you, he,
yourself, who, what, nobody, nothing, someone, something, etc.), others indicate signs of an object,
therefore they are called pronominal adjectives (my, yours, ours, yours, this, such, whose, everyone,
etc.), others indicate a generalized amount, therefore they are called pronounsnumerals (how many,
as many, several). At the same time, pronouns also have some of their own categories that
characterize them: 1) person ~ thing (compare who - what); 2) distant ~ close (compare that - this),
as well as syntactic features associated with their compatibility (compare the impossibility of
combining possessive pronouns with verbs or personal pronouns with adjectives-definitions).
There is a reason for such a combination of all pronouns: indeed, the pronoun as a part of
speech does not have grammatical unity and is singled out on the basis of its referential function:
pronouns do not name objects, signs, quantities, circumstances, but point to them, referring us either
to an extra-linguistic reality, speech situation (the pronoun I names the one who is currently the
speaker, the phrase Give me that book can be understood by pointing to a certain book with your
hand), or to the previous or subsequent text (Here is a table. It (= table) is wooden, which (= person)
I need, did not come - a reference to the previous context. I want to say that I will not come - a
reference to the subsequent context).
Pronouns, thus, represent a special part of speech, the hallmark of which is the demonstrative and
substitutive function [5].
Pronouns have an extremely generalized meaning: they indicate any objects, creatures, abstract
concepts, without naming them. This is a highly generalized part of speech, actualized in context, in
a situation, but devoid of substantive real content in abstraction from a specific situation.
Syntactically, pronouns function in the same way as nouns or adjectives.
Pronouns fall into a number of subclasses, different in lexical content, morphological forms and
syntactic functions. The following subclasses are usually distinguished: personal pronouns,
possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, reflexive, relative, indefinite, negative, indefinite personal.
This classification is entirely semantics-based. At the same time, most of these semantic subclasses
have some formal grammatical features.
Much attention is paid to the theory of parts of speech in linguistics. The traditions of Russian
science were the basis on which the classifications of parts of speech are built in the works of
Germanists dedicated to the modern English language [6].
Pronouns represent one of the most obvious linguistic universals.Pronouns are found in all
languages, and in all languages they are distributed in approximately the same categories. Due to its
great semantic and morphological diversity, the class of English pronouns attracted the attention of
researchers at all periods of the development of linguistics. For a long time, the status of pronouns as
an independent part of speech has been controversial. This is explained by the morphological and
functional heterogeneity of this class, the absence of its own grammatical meaning, which differs
from the grammatical meaning of the noun and adjective, and the absence of special syntactic
functions characteristic only of pronouns. That is why they are sometimes referred to nouns,
adjectives, adverbs, highlighting,respectively, within these categories, pronouns, pronouns, and
pronouns [7].
The majority of linguistic scholars divide the parts of speech into significant and service parts in full
accordance with the tradition of Russian linguistics. Service parts of speech are defined as having
predominantly grammatical functions, characterized by the absence of direct subject correlation,
weakened phonetically. Service words, however, can be auxiliary (or semi-auxiliary) verbs, as well
as some pronouns or adverbs that function as conjunctions.All scholars identify the "main" parts of
speech: verb, noun, adjective, adverb.The question of what pronouns are in English as a special part
of speech is especially difficult and controversial. The pronoun also has, as a rule, the status of a part
of speech. This is in particular due to the well-known distinctiveness of pronouns. "Basic" parts of
speech are usually referred to as "words with a symbolic function." A noun denotes an object (in the
broad sense of the word), an adjective denotes a property of an object, a verb denotes an action of an
object, an adverb denotes a secondary sign of an action or property. Pronouns differ from these basic
four parts of speech, as they have an indicative (so-called deictic) function. Most researchers note
the "situational nature" of pronouns, i.e.the designation of an "object" in relation to the speaker, to
the subject of speech. It is this feature of pronouns that gives reason to single them out as a special
part of speech, although almost all researchers write that the signs of division into nouns, adjectives
and pronouns from a logical point of view intersect. In addition, the belonging of a word to
pronouns does not exclude its simultaneous belonging to any part of speech. For example, if the
belonging of a word to a noun excludes the possibility of its belonging at the same time to an
adjective or numeral, then in the case of pronouns the situation is completely different.Each pronoun
simultaneously approaches some of the non-pronouns of speech: I, you - with nouns; demonstrative
this, that or possessive my, your - with adjectives, etc [8].
In the English language, there are a huge number of detailed classifications of parts of
speech.V.N.Zhigadlo, I.P.Ivanova, L.L.Iofik, noting that parts of speech are distinguished according
to three features, emphasize the role of a syntactic feature for modern English and the possibility of
distinguishing some parts of speech based on two features.Categorical, grammatical meaning exists
on the basis of lexical meaning, and the semantic feature is the leading one. Morphological signs are
not present in all parts of speech in English. Taking into account the syntactic feature is therefore
especially important for homonymous words belonging to different parts of speech that do not have
morphological features (for example, since, before, after - an adverb, preposition, and union).
The authors of this grammar believe that there is no insurmountable border between the parts of
speech and it is possible not only to transfer one part of speech to another, but also to use one part of
speech in a function that is mainly characteristic of another part of speech [9].
In their practical classification, the authors very consistently adhere to the principles they have
adopted. They distinguish 13 parts of speech, of which 9 are significant and 4 are service ones.
Significant parts of speech - noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, words of the category of state,
adverb, modal words, interjections.Service parts of speech - prepositions, conjunctions, particles,
articles.
According to grammatical meaning, the significant parts of speech are divided into three groups.
1. Parts of speech that name objects, phenomena, their signs (noun, numeral, verb, words of the
category of state, adverb).
2. Parts of speech indicating objects, their qualities or quantity, without naming them (pronoun). The
authors clearly understand the specificity of pronouns and emphasize their ability to perform the
function of an independent member of a sentence and a service function.
3.Parts of speech expressing the speaker's attitude to the content of the utterance, his feelings,
expression of will.On the basis of the definition of the third group of significant words, modal
words and interjections are referred to them and their originality is indicated, which consists in the
fact that when used in speech they do not participate in the main division of the sentence.
This classification seems to be the most successful and is widely used in Russian linguistics.
There is also a system outlined in one of the works of the early 70s, written by prominent English
linguists (R. Quirk, S.Greenbaum, G. Leech, J. Svartrik). The authors give their classification in
traditional terms of the parts of speech that have been used, as they write, in relation to the
languages of the Indo-European group since ancient times. The division of parts of speech
into groups is carried out under the influence of "positional classes" and "formal words" C.Fries.
The first group includes nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verb; to the second - the article. Demonstrative
pronouns (highlighted in a separate part of speech), all the rest are pronouns, prepositions,
conjunctions, interjections. The parts of speech in the second group are called “elements of a closed
system”, since their number is relatively small and new elements rarely appear. In the same parts of
speech as the pronoun and article, it is difficult to expect any continuation of the series. The parts of
speech of the first group are elements of "open classes". These parts of speech are "open" as the
series can be continued indefinitely. Individual elements of these classes as elements of a closed
system (or closed classes) cannot be placed in such a binary opposition: a - the, this - that. These
"closed" and "open" systems resemble the "open" positional classes of C. Fries and his "closed"
groups of functional words, but here this distinction is made within the framework of the general
system of traditionally distinguished parts of speech [10].
A.I.Smirnitsky also distinguishes pronouns as a special group of words based on specific meaning
and on the basis of a certain grammatical (morphological and syntactic) characteristics. He believes
that if pronouns can be called a part of speech, then only if this term is understood more broadly
than usual than when nouns, adjectives, etc. are meant.In addition, when calling pronouns a part of
speech, it should be remembered that the allocation of pronouns is in a different plan than the
allocation of parts of speech. The author of this grammar poses the question as follows: should
pronouns be singled out as a special part of speech at all, distracting from the fact that some of them
(I, you, he, etc.) approach nouns, while others (this, my and etc.) with adjectives, etc.; or it is more
correct not to single out pronouns as a special lexical and grammatical class of words and distribute
them according to those parts of speech with which they have common features. Some scholars also
distinguish between pronouns and pronouns adjectives.
Some Methodists use the term pronoun only in relation to words that play the same role in a
sentence as nouns; those, this term is understood in its literal, etymological meaning: pro-noun -
what stands instead of a noun. In this regard, words like my, you, etc. or which in the meaning, etc.,
performing the function of an adjective, are not included in the category of pronouns, and such a
word as this is considered either as a pronoun (Who is it?), then as an adjective (This man). But this
theory is contradictory, since if the words this, my, etc. refer not to pronouns, but to adjectives on the
grounds that they replace not a noun, but an adjective, it is not clear why words like I,
me,etc.,performing the same function as nouns, should nevertheless belong not to nouns, but to a
special category - pronouns.
Thus,before finally determining the position of pronouns,namely demonstrative pronouns in the
classification of parts of speech, it is necessary to understand what generally makes us speak of
pronouns as a special group of words (regardless of whether this group of words is a special part of
speech or no).

1.3 Pronouns in English

In English, personal pronouns have two case forms - the nominative case and the object case.
Personal pronouns in the nominative case

Form Singular Plural
1 I We
2 You You
3 He/she/it They

Personal pronouns in the nominative case perform the function of the subject and the nominal
part of the compound predicate. First person pronouns are used when the speaker is talking about
himself. Second person pronouns are used when referring to someone, i.e. to the listener. The third
person pronouns denote people / animals / things that the speaker is talking about (but not about
himself and not about the person (s) to whom he is addressing).
Personal pronouns, both in the nominative and in the object case, have the category of number and
person. Only the 3rd person singular pronouns have a gender category. She, her - feminine
pronouns; he, his is masculine. Pronouns it, its are considered neuter pronouns. However, the gender
category in English is not so developed and is expressed mainly using the pronouns she / her and
he / his. All inanimate objects are designated by the pronoun it, i.e. a neuter pronoun. And only
sometimes in some specific cases inanimate objects are designated by the pronoun she. But she is
used mainly in relation to certain objects, sometimes to personal objects, about which the speaker
speaks with special trepidation, equalizing them to a living being. For instance:
I bought a new car. She is beautiful! Or I have been through a thousand storms and stories together
with this ship. Jeez, she is strong!
This pronoun is also used when talking about countries and cities.
Exceptions exist not only for the pronoun she, but also for some other pronouns. For example, the
pronoun I cannot be used in the newspaper style of writing an article. No editor will let an article in
print where a journalist, expressing his opinion, uses this pronoun. It is advisable not to use 1 person
pronouns at all, as this is considered unprofessional, but if it is very necessary, it is better to use we
instead of I. It is believed that we sound more modest than I. For example:
We are convinced that the Government has made a grave mistake in imposing this tax.
Here the journalist, using the pronoun we, means himself alone.
The pronoun they also denotes people in a general sense, while not denoting any specific persons.
They are especially often used in the phrase they say. For instance:
They say she is going to resign.
Here they use this for cars.
The pronoun you is used in both singular and plural. The pronoun of the 2nd person singular thou
(thee), corresponding to the Russian you, has long gone out of wide use and is now found only in
poetry and prose written in a sublime style. In modern literary prose, as in everyday speech, this
pronoun is not used. But it would not be correct to say that it has fallen out of use altogether, since in
some dialects of the English language this pronoun is used not only in sublime poetry and prose, but
also in colloquial speech: thou - you (nominative); thee - you (object case). In Ireland, the personal
pronoun you has only the singular meaning, and the plural forms yous, yez, yiz [3].
The presence or absence of pronouns can also have a meaningful function.
For instance:
George came into the room and turned off the light.
It says here that George made two consecutive actions - went into the room and turned off the light.
George came in the room and he turned off the light.
The two sentences can also be understood differently depending on the context. For instance:
George came into the room and turned off the light.
George came in the room and he turned off the light.

Form Singular Plural
1 Me Us
2 You You
3 Him/her/it Them

Object pronouns
These pronouns in a sentence perform the function of a direct object, corresponding in Russian to a
pronoun in the accusative case (answering the questions of whom? What?), or the function of an
implicit indirect object, corresponding in Russian to a pronoun in the dative case (to whom?). For
instance:
He saw me in the street.
I met them at the station.
He showed her the picture.
The combination of a pronoun in the object case with the preposition to is a prepositional indirect
object and also corresponds to the Russian pronoun in the dative case.
He showed the picture to her and not to me.
The combination of a pronoun in the object case with the prepositions by and with is a prepositional
indirect object and corresponds to the Russian pronoun in the instrumental case (by whom? What?):
The article was translated by her and not by them.
This pen is bad. I can’t write with it.
The pronoun in the object case is used with any prepositions, being a prepositional indirect object
and corresponding in Russian to pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions:
This letter is for you.
I have read about it.
I quite agree with him.
However, despite such a clear distinction between personal pronouns in the nominative case and
pronouns in the object case, today more and more cases are noticed when pronouns in these two
cases can be interchangeable. This is especially common in various dialects of the English language.
“The process of replacing the nominative case of personal pronouns with the object one continues.
In modern language, It is I betrays a bookish stylistic shade, while It is me is stylistically neutral.
The colloquial stylistic flavor introduced by the use of the object case of personal pronouns instead
of the nominative is enhanced by the use of the relative pronoun that instead of whom. Wed:
colloquial: It was me that told the police and book. - Letter: It was I who told the police. When they
want to avoid these extremes in stylistic colors, they use a stylistically neutral sentence with a
different word order. For example: I was the one / the person who told the police."
“On the other hand, the nominative case is increasingly used in a colloquial style where the object
was used earlier. For example: It is a wonderful moment for my husband and I. The fluctuations of
the norm in such cases are evidenced by the possibility of the parallel use of both cases. For
example: Some people ought to be below she and Claud (OC.); the gum chewing woman got up and
passed in front of her and Claud (ib.) "
In African American English, and in many others, the object pronoun even performs the function of
the subject in the sentence. For example, if the sentence Her is a real fool is considered
grammatically incorrect in standard English, then in some dialects of the English language it is quite
correct.
Not only personal pronouns in the nominative and object cases are considered interchangeable in
various dialects of the English language, but also some other pronouns. For example, in Cumberland
and northeast. Lancashire, the possessive pronoun in the third person plural their is used instead of
the personal pronoun in the object case them:
All their came again - All of them came again.
There are other new rules in spoken English. For example, in combination with a verb of
prepositional-pronoun combinations containing a personal pronoun, the "rule of closeness" is
observed, i.e. the verb is used including the person in whom the nearest pronoun is. For example:
Who is going there? You and I am; Neither of us try to break it; You are the one that knows it.
In some dialects of English in various counties in Great Britain, the pronoun us is also used instead
of me. For instance:
Send us some of them.
Personal pronouns correspond to possessive pronouns that express belonging and answer the
question whose?Possessive pronouns have two forms: one, an adjective pronoun, and another, the
so-called absolute form, which serves as a pronoun for a noun.
Possessive pronouns – adjectives

Form Singular Plural
1 Mу Our
2 Your Your
3 His/her/it Their

The possessive pronoun in this form always precedes the noun to which it refers. As a determinant
of a noun, it excludes the use of the article before this noun:
My pencil is on the table.
He gave me his address.
If the noun is preceded by other definitions, then the possessive pronoun is placed before them:
Where is my red pencil?
His elder brother lives in Leningrad
The possessive pronoun, like the article, is placed after all and both:
All my pencils are in that box.
Both his brothers live here.
Gordon EM et al. Say that very often possessive pronouns replace the article before nouns denoting
kinship, body parts, clothing, and other accessories of a person.
Bob nodded at his wife as if he wanted to say “you see?”
He bit his lips, but said nothing.
However, there are some idiomatic phrases that use the definite article instead of a pronoun.
I have a cold in the head.
He was shot through the heart.
He got red in the face.
He took me by the hand.
In many dialects, possessive pronouns are formed by adding the formant gender. case –s for personal
pronouns in both the nominative and object cases: we’s, us’s (our); thoo’s, you’s (your), him’s, she’s,
them’s (his, her, their). In eastern England, that's used instead of literary his, her, its: that wagged
that’s tail [11].
It is quite common to use the personal pronoun (both in the nominative and in the possessive)
instead of the possessive. Norfolk uses the possessive form hisn, and Sarrey uses theirn: hisn old
woman; to proud to tell theirn name.
Weikhman G.A. says that there are registered cases of the omission of the possessive pronoun in
fiction:
Shultz shook head.

Form Singular Plural
1 Mine Ours
2 Yours Yours
3 His/hers/its Theirs

Possessive pronouns - nouns

Possessive pronouns function as a noun in the so-called absolute form. Usually the absolute form of
possessive pronouns is used to avoid repetition of the noun. For example, instead of his car was
broken, so he took my car, you can simply say his car was broken, so he took mine.
The pronoun its is rarely used in its absolute form. The pronoun yours is often used at the end of a
letter as a shorthand for Sincerely yours, Truly yours, etc.
Often the preposition of is placed before the absolute form of possessive pronouns:
He is a friend of mine.
She didn’t know it was that neighbor of his.
These possessive pronouns are never followed by a noun, since they themselves function as a noun.
In a sentence, they perform the function of the subject, object and the nominal part of the predicate:
This is not my pencil, mine is blue (subject).
My car is not working. Can I use yours? (addition)
That house is mine (predicate noun phrase)
The absolute form of the possessive pronoun (most often the pronoun mine) is used in poetry, in
humorous and ironic statements, in positive definitions, before a vowel and before h:
O mistress mine!
Dear mine! (Ironic tone)
With mine own hand.
Mine eyes.
In many dialects of English in the counties of Great Britain, the absolute form of possessive
pronouns is formed by adding the ending –n: mine, thine, hisn, hern, ourn, yourn, theirn. The double
forms of absolute possessive pronouns are also used: mine’s, hersen, she’sn, we’sn.
In other counties, the absolute form of the possessive case is completely replaced by a simple form:
That’s my.
Demonstrative pronouns
KN Kachalova et al. Name two demonstrative pronouns: this and that. EM Gordon names two more
demonstrative pronouns: such and same [12].
The demonstratives this and that have the category of number:
This - these
That - those
Demonstrative pronouns are used both as adjective pronouns and as noun pronouns.
The demonstrative pronoun-adjective, being the determinant of the noun, excludes the use of the
article before the noun to which it refers. When the noun to which the demonstrative pronoun
belongs is preceded by other definitions, then the demonstrative pronoun, like any determinant, is
placed before them:
He lives in that house.
He lives in that white house.
The pronouns this and these indicate objects that are in close proximity to the interlocutor, while that
and those indicate more distant objects.
This pencil is mine.
That pencil is yours.
The pronoun this with the word country is used in relation to the country in which the speaker or
author is located. Therefore, when this combination occurs in an English newspaper, it should be
translated as England, if in an American newspaper, then as America:
The exports of coal from this country decreased this year.
This in time expressions refers to the moment of the conversation or to the current time period, and
that to the moment or period in the past or future.
I'm too busy these days.
He used to smoke a lot those days.
But the pronoun this can also be used to denote the near future or the past:
Let’s get together some time, say this Sunday.
Father had to go to Chicago this morning.
Sometimes the pronouns this (these) that (those) are used for emotional coloring in a sentence:
Will this dog ever stop barking?
Do you really believe those ideas?
In such cases, the strong stress falls on the demonstrative pronoun.
The pronoun that is used as a circumstance of degree:
I didn’t know he was that upset.
He never gave me that much information.
Pronouns-nouns are used in the same way as pronouns-adjectives, namely, this (these) is used in
relation to objects that are closer, that (those) - to objects more distant. Often the pronoun that is
used instead of the personal pronoun it:
“Tell her that I miss her” “I’ll do that”
You said she was the one who stole the money. Well, that's wrong.
The pronoun that (those) also sometimes serves as a substitute word for a noun to avoid repetition.
In such cases, usually after the pronoun there is a prepositional phrase, participle, ing-ov form or a
whole sentence:
He hang his daughter’s portrait beside that of his wife’s.
These poems are not nearly as good as those you wrote last year.
I entered by the door opposite to that opening into the garden.
The pronoun this in sentences often denotes speech following the pronoun, and that speech
preceding the pronoun:
I’ll tell you this: Don’t go there!
He controlled her every step and that annoyed her.
Pronouns such and same
The pronoun such and same differ from each other in that such either defines the class of an object,
or indicates some degree, while same denotes the sameness, similarity of two objects / concepts.
I think Jack broke these cups. He does such things when angry.
I think Jack broke these cups. He did the same thing last time he got angry.
If such comes before a countable noun in the singular, then an indefinite article is placed after the
pronoun:
I've never seen such a house before.
Often the meaning of such is supplemented with a phrase starting with the word that or as:
I was in such a hurry that didn’t even have time to go for lunch.
I’ve never seen such a handsome man as Jim’s father.
The comparative expression such ... as is the same in the meaning with the expression as ... as: I’ve
never seen such a handsome man as Jim’s father - I’ve never seen a man as handsome as Jim’s
father.
After the pronoun such, you can put as + infinitive:
His carelessness is such as to make it unlikely that he will pass the exam.
It should be noted that such can be combined with indefinite pronouns:
I'll do no such thing.
He didn’t say any such thing.
Any such request is sure to be turned down.
Some such story was told to me years ago.
Sometimes the pronoun such is part of an established phrase:
They export a lot of fruit, such as oranges, lemons, etc.
The accused, such as he is, has kind nature and could never kill a person just for robbery.
The pronoun same is translated into Russian as that (that, the same). It is always preceded by a
definite article:
We don’t have to go in the same car.
The meaning of same is often supplemented with a phrase starting with as or that.
He was wearing the same suit that he did last time.
She gave me the same advice as on Jessie’s birthday.
Same can be found in idiomatic expressions:
It's all the same to me.
"How's he?" “Much the same”.
Interrogative pronouns include who (whom), whose, what, which, how, how much (how many).
Their very name already suggests that these pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. Each of
these pronouns serve a different function in a sentence.
The pronouns who and whom are used in relation to persons. Who is used as a pronoun-noun and
performs the function of the subject or the nominal part of the predicate in the sentence:
Who deleted the file from the computer?
Who is that man?
When who is the subject, the verb after who, as in Russian, is in the singular 3 persons.
Who is there?
When who is the nominal part of the predicate, the verb agrees in person and number with the noun
or pronoun that expresses the subject:
What are these things?
The pronoun whom performs the function of direct object and prepositional indirect object (in
combination with prepositions). Whom can be combined with any preposition, corresponding in
Russian to the pronoun who in indirect cases with prepositions. In colloquial speech whom is
usually replaced by the pronoun who.
Who (whom) did you meet there?
Who (whom) did he talk to?
You can distinguish who is a subject from who's complement by word order:
Who did you meet there?
Who met you there?
Who did you see?
Who saw you?
The preposition related to the pronoun whom is usually placed after the verb, and if there is an
object, after the object. In these cases, whom is replaced by the pronoun who.
Who (whom) did you show the letter to?
Who (whom) are you speaking of?
Can we say To whom are you talking? But you can't say To who are you talking ? Only who are you
talking to?
The pronoun whose designates the belonging of the item being defined to someone or something. In
a whose clause usually performs the function of a definition. The pronoun whose always comes
directly before the noun to which it refers:
Whose book is this?
Whose is used as an adjective pronoun. Even so, whose stands for either a noun or a possessive
pronoun.
Whose book is this?
This is her book (possessive adjective);
This book is hers (pronoun-noun);
This is Jane's book (noun).
As a pronoun-noun what is used with the meaning of what is in the function of the subject or direct
object and with the meaning of what, what is in the function of the nominal part of the predicate.
What in combination with prepositions corresponds to the Russian pronoun that in indirect cases.
What is the population of the USA?
As with the pronoun who, the verb after what is singular if the pronoun refers to the subject. If the
pronoun refers to the nominal part of the predicate, then the verb in person and number agrees with
the subject:
What are these bricks for?
What can also apply to persons when the purpose of the question is to find out the profession or
position of the person.
Who is this man?
What is this man?
What is also used in idiomatic expressions:
What about a cigarette?
What is he like?
As an adjective what is used with the meaning of what. The pronoun what always comes directly
before the noun, which it defines and excludes the use of the article before this noun:
What questions did he ask?
What books did you buy?
The combination what kind of or what sort of determines the gender / sort of an object / concept /
action:
What sort of books does he like?
What kind of questions did he ask?
What is also used at the beginning of an exclamation clause with the meaning of what, what for. In
this case, an indefinite article is placed before the countable nouns in the singular:
What a nice car!
What a good story that was!
It is also worth noting that the pronouns who, what, which can be given a logical stress by adding
ever to them:
Whoever (who ever) told you that?
Whatever for did you go there?
Whatever has an idiomatic meaning in modern English colloquially:
“I saw a ghost here last nigh”. "Whatever!"
The pronoun which is used to mean which, which, who, what, when it comes to choosing from a
limited number of persons or objects. Which is used in relation to animate objects as well as in
relation to inanimate objects. The pronoun which is used as a pronoun-noun and as a pronoun-
adjective. As an adjective which performs the function of a definition, and therefore excludes the use
of the article in front of the defined [13].
Which chapter did you read?
Which floor do you live on?
The distinguishing feature of which from who and what is precisely in the fact that when using
which we are talking about a choice from limited, and when using what, who there is no restriction:
Who took my book?
Whichofyoutook my book?
Indefinite pronouns include the pronouns some, any, no (+ their derivatives), none, much, many,
little, few, all, both, either, neither, each, every (+ its derivatives), other, one [14].
Some is used in affirmative sentences, and any in negative sentences, general questions, and
conditional sentences. They are used both as adjective pronouns and noun pronouns:
Do you have any money?
Yes, I have some.
However, in modern colloquial speech, the pronoun some is often used in general questions:
Have you met any of the new students yet?
Have you met some of the new students yet?
Some and any are used with the meaning of several, some, some:
A) As adjective pronouns before plural nouns. In this case, some and any are often not translated
into Russian in separate words:
He asked me some questions.
Do you have any candies left?
Sometimes some is also used before countable nouns in the singular with the meaning of some along
with the indefinite article: I’ve read it in some book (= I’ve read it in a book).
B) As pronouns for nouns instead of plural nouns:
I gave her some medicine, because she really needed some.
He asked for some books, but she didn’t have any.
Some and any are used with the meaning of a certain amount, a little, a little something:
A) as adjective pronouns before uncountable nouns. In this case, these pronouns are not translated
into Russian in separate words:
Can I have some water?
Do you have any beer?
B) As pronouns-nouns instead of uncountable nouns:
I ran out of ink. Do you have any?
Some (and not any) is used in special questions, as well as in general questions in which something
is proposed or some kind of request is expressed:
Why didn’t you buy some cheese?
Would you like some coffee?
May I use some of your ink?
Some is also used with the meaning of some as an adjective before plural nouns and as a pronoun
for a noun instead of plural nouns:
Some people never get to know all the illnesses they have.
Some men think she’s ugly, some think she’s extremely beautiful.
When some (some) refers to a certain group of persons or objects, the preposition of is used after
some:
Some of my friends have never heard of Duluth.
Some can be used before uncountable nouns with the meaning of part:
Some of the sugar was mixed with flour.
Some is used before numbers with a meaning approximately, around:
There were some twenty dogs in her apartment.
He won some five million dollars.
Any is used in affirmative and interrogative sentences with the meaning any, any before countable
nouns in the singular and uncountable nouns:
Any of you can use the services of this library.
Any, who breaks the rules, will be fired!
Some and any combined with one, body, and thing form indefinite pronouns someone, somebody,
anyone, anybody, something, something, anything ( anything). Like some and any, the pronouns
someone, somebody, something is used in affirmative sentences, and anyone, anybody, anything is
used in negative sentences, conditionals, and general questions:
Is anybody home?
Somebody is knocking at the door.
When these pronouns perform the function of a subject, then the verb is put in the singular:
Somebody is giving out secret information.
Somebody, someone, something, as well as the pronoun some itself, are used in special questions, as
well as in general questions in which something is proposed or a request is expressed:
Can somebody help you?
Anybody, anyone, anything, as well as any, is used with the meaning any, both in affirmative and
interrogative sentences:
Anybody can do that.
After the pronoun anybody, the preposition of is not used.
The pronoun no is used as an adjective pronoun before singular and plural nouns. No has the same
meaning as not… a and not… any (before countable plural and uncountable nouns). When using no,
the verb is put in the affirmative:
I have no place to go.
There’s no water in the pot.
Before nouns in the role of the subject, the pronoun no is usually used (and not not ... a or not ...
any), which is translated into Russian as neither one, nor any:
No information has been received from him.
No student has registered for the fall semester yet.
No is not used as a noun pronoun. The pronoun none is used instead. In turn, the pronoun none is
never used as an adjective pronoun:
How many pictures have you taken here? None.
No in combination with body, one, thing forms the pronouns nobody, no one (nobody), nothing
(nothing), which are used only as pronouns-nouns. These pronouns are used with the verb in the
affirmative form, since there can be only one negation in English. Nobody, no one are equal in value
not anybody, anyone, and nothing is not anything.
We saw nobody there.
There was nobody in the room.
He said nothing about it.
When nobody, no one, nothing is used as the subject, the verb is singular:
Nobody is asking you to go away.
Nothing is on the table.
No combined with where forms the adverb nowhere.
The pronouns much and many are used both as adjective pronouns and as noun pronouns.
Much and many are used as adjective pronouns with the meaning of many. Much is used before
uncountable nouns, and many before countable nouns.
I don’t have much time right now.
I’ve seen many fancy cars, but I’d never seen one like this!
Much and many as pronouns of nouns are used with the meaning: much much, significant part,
many many. In this case, after much and many, the preposition of is usually used:
I had thrown away many of those books.
Much of what you say is true.
Much and many are mostly used in interrogative and negative sentences. In affirmative sentences,
they are often replaced by the expressions a lot (of), plenty (of), a great deal (of), a good deal (of),
lots, good many:
Have you seen much of the city yet?
Are there many cars in the parking lot?
I learned a lot of new things there.
I’ve got plenty of time today.
Much can also be used as an adverb: He doesn’t read very much.
The pronouns little and few are used both as adjective pronouns and noun pronouns.
Little and few are used as adjective pronouns with the meaning of little. Little is used before
uncountable nouns, and few before countable nouns:
He has few friends.
I have little time.
Like much and many, little and few are mainly used in negative and interrogative sentences, giving
way to expressions not many and not much in affirmative sentences (unless they are defined by
words like rather, very, too, so, as, how):
I haven’t got much time (= I have little time).
Little as a pronoun-noun is used with the meaning of little, little, and the pronoun few - few:
Little has been said about it.
Many people were invited, but few came.
Little and few are also used in conjunction with the indefinite article. A little, a few:
Get me a few candles.
Give me a little water, please.
Little and few can be used with the definite article, meaning that few, those few, those few.
The few, who agreed to take part in the experiment, will stay here for longer time.
Use the little milk that is still good.
The pronoun all is used both as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun.
As a pronoun-adjective all is used with the meaning of everything with countable nouns in the plural
and with the meaning of all, everything, everything with uncountable nouns. The article the,
possessive and demonstrative pronouns are placed after all:
He spends all his free time in the reading-room.
All can define a noun with and without the definite article. The question of the use of the article is
decided on the basis of the rules for using the article, regardless of the presence or absence of all:
All flowers are beautiful.
All the necessary documents were submitted.
As a pronoun-noun all is used with the meaning everything, everything:
All said the same l said the same or the same.
More often I know everything is used instead of I know all.
Often all is used in combination with the pronouns we, you, they. In such cases, either all comes
before other pronouns, or they are connected using the preposition of, and instead of personal
pronouns in the nominative case, personal pronouns in the object case are used:
We all went there.
All of us were there.
In modern English, the pronouns everybody, everyone, everything are increasingly used instead of
all:
I know all here - I know everyone here.
The pronoun both is used:
A) as an adjective pronoun. The noun being defined can be used both without the article, and with
the article the, which is placed after both. The possessive or demonstrative pronoun is also placed
after both:
Both (the) brothers live in Moscow.
Both my daughters are married.
B) as a pronoun of a noun. Both are often used in combination with the pronouns we, you, they. In
such cases, either all comes before other pronouns, or they are connected using the preposition of,
and instead of personal pronouns in the nominative case, personal pronouns in the object case are
used:
We both knew where he lived.
Both of them left the room.
When the predicate is expressed in a complex verb form or a combination of a modal verb with an
infinitive, then both comes after an auxiliary or modal verb:
They have both gone to America.
When both is the subject of a sentence, the verb is plural:
Both go the same school.
Negative sentences use neither instead of both:
Neither of the two sisters is married yet.
The pronoun either refers to two persons or objects and is used with the meaning one or the other,
one of two, either of two (three, four ...). Either is used as both an adjective pronoun and a noun
pronoun.
As an adjective pronoun, either is used before a countable noun in the singular:
You may take either road.
You may have either car.
When either is used as a noun pronoun, the preposition of is often used after it:
Either of you may go there.
The meaning of either is often complemented by or. Either ... or means either ... or:
You can tell this either to Ann or Alice.
The pronoun neither is a negative form of either:
Either of you can go.
Neither of you can go.
The pronoun other is used both as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun.
As an adjective pronoun, other is used before nouns in both the singular and plural. Other can be
preceded by a definite or indefinite article. This pronoun can also be used without any article. If
there is an indefinite article in front of it, then they are written together - another:
It's on the other side of the road.
Give me another sheet of paper.
He has other intentions.
As a pronoun-noun instead of a noun in the singular, another is used, and instead of a noun with a
definite article - the other:
The others didn’t come.
I ate all the cake. Will you give me another?
The pronoun each is used in relation to a limited number of persons or objects. Each is used both as
an adjective pronoun and a noun pronoun.
Each is used as an adjective pronoun before countable nouns in the singular:
There are new houses on each side of the road.
Each student in the group has to hand in an essay tomorrow.
When each is used as a noun pronoun, the preposition of is often used for it:
Each of you has to read this book.
The pronoun every, everyone, unlike each, is used in the case when a limited number of persons or
objects is not meant. Every is used only as an adjective pronoun before countable nouns in the
singular:
Not every person in the USA knows English.
I see him every day.
Each and every are used in a sentence at once to give logical stress:
Each and every of us has to be proud of our motherland.
Every in combination with body, one, thing forms the pronouns everybody, everyone, everything.
These pronouns are used only as noun pronouns:
Everything is fine.
Everybody is here.
The pronoun one is used as a pronoun-noun. One is used to denote an indefinite person in sentences
corresponding to indefinite personal sentences in Russian. One in this case serves as the subject:
One can never be sure what happens next.
One never values happiness until it is gone.
Very often one is used with the verbs must, should, ought to, can, may:
One can do whatever he wants here.
One is used to avoid repetition of a noun in the singular, when it should be repeated with the definite
article, if there is an individualizing definition. In this case, one is preceded by the definite article:
This book is more interesting than the one I read last time.
One is used after adjectives to replace the previously mentioned countable noun in order to avoid
repetition:
I don’t like the red hat. Give me the blue one.
These are sweet pickles. Can I have a can of dill ones?
One is used to replace the previously mentioned noun after the pronouns this, that, which, another,
the other. After the pronouns these, those, the pronoun one is not used. However, this rule is
increasingly violated in modern colloquial speech:
This chair is for you. I'll take that one.
These lamps are better than those (ones).
Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding -self to personal or possessive singular pronouns and
-selves to plural personal or possessive pronouns. For the 1st and 2nd persons, the possessive
pronouns of the attached form are used: myself, yourself, ourselves, yourselves. For the third person,
personal pronouns are used in the indirect case: himself, herself, itself, themselves [15].
Reflexive pronouns indicate the identity of the agent and the object of the action:
I saw myself in the mirror.
I saw myself ten, twenty years hence ... growing sour because life had passed me by.
Along with verbs that can function with or without an object, there are verbs that require an object.
In these cases, the use of a reflexive pronoun is necessary, indicating that the action is closed on its
agent; these are verbs like amuse oneself, enjoy oneself, collect oneself. For instance:
He was enjoying himself, we were sharing a bottle of wine.
Finally, there is a small group of verbs that cannot be used at all without a reflexive pronoun; these
are the verbs to absent oneself, to busy oneself, to pride oneself (on), to avail oneself (of).
In addition to indicating the identity of the agent and the object, reflexive pronouns can have an
emphatic meaning; in these cases, they take a position either directly after the subject or, most often,
at the end of the verb phrase: I saw it myself.
Reflexive pronouns are structurally decomposable, unlike pronouns of other types: they include a
stem that coincides with the possessive pronoun or with the object form of a personal pronoun, and
the pronoun self, which previously functioned without the first component: myself, yourself,
ourselves, yourselves; himself, itself, themselves. It is impossible to say what the form of her in
herself is - the object case or the possessive pronoun, since both of these forms are homonymous
[16].
The reflexive pronoun is the only category of forms that has retained the morphologically expressed
difference between the singular and plural of the second person - yourself, yourselves.
Reflexive pronouns in English differ by person, gender and number, in contrast to the Russian
language, in which the reflexive pronoun itself does not change by person, gender and number.
In modern English, there is a clear tendency to omit the reflexive pronoun in cases where the
meaning of the statement is not violated by this:
In the morning I wash (myself), dress (myself) and have my breakfast.
Reflexive pronouns have two meanings:
1. Return value, i.e. show the transition of the action to the actor himself (Reflexive Pronouns
Proper); in this case, a reflexive pronoun in a sentence performs the function of a noun - a direct
object:
In the morning I wash myself with cold water.
I took him to the kitchen where he cleaned himself.
Children like to hide themselves here.
She fell down and hurt herself.
Like the Russian suffixes -ся, -сь, the English Reflexive Pronouns Proper can only appear after
transitive verbs, i.e. direct object accepting verbs. In Russian, the suffixes -ся, -сь replace the direct
object (i.e. after the suffixes -ся, -сь the direct object is no longer needed, its function has passed to
the subject), and in English reflexive pronouns are put in place of the direct object, returning the
action to the subject.
A reflexive pronoun can function as a direct object, along with other objects, but in other cases it
either closes the action at its source, or changes the meaning of the verb.
So, in the sentence I poured myself another cup of tea, the reflexive pronoun functions like any other
addition (I poured him a cup of tea).
2. Amplifying value, i.e. are used to emphasize that the action was performed by the person himself
without assistance (Emphasizing Pronouns); in these cases, the reflexive pronoun corresponds to the
Russian сам, сама, само, and does not have an independent syntactic function, but only enhances
the meaning of the noun or pronoun. Therefore, its place in the proposal is not fixed. It can stand in
front of the predicate and after it:
Jason did his task himself.
I myself saw the man. = I saw the man myself.
She wants to go there herself.
English amplifying pronouns are used as attachments to nouns (or pronouns) and appear after the
word, the meaning of which they reinforce:
On the Moon itself the force of gravitation is one sixth as much as it is on the Earth.
If the amplified word is a subject, then the amplifying pronoun can also appear after the subject, or it
can appear at the end of the sentence: I myself saw it. = I saw it myself, but not after the verb and
not instead of direct object (this will already be a return function):
He himself wrote this. = He wrote this himself.
I myself saw the man. = I saw the man myself.
In Russian, the reflexive pronoun itself does not have special forms for expressing person, gender
and number. In English, a corresponding pronoun is used for each person, gender and number:
He spoke about himself.
She spoke about herself.
They spoke about themselves.
English verbs expressing specific actions with the meaning of reflexivity are used, as a rule, without
reflexive pronouns. This includes verbs such as to wash, to dress, to shave and others:
He bathed and shaved with care. = He bathed [himself] and shaved [himself] with care.
The indefinite pronoun oneself (the indefinite pronoun one plus the reflexive suffix self) does not
express a person, number, or gender. It has the same meanings as other reflexive and
amplifying pronouns, and is used when the subject is expressed by the indefinite pronoun one:
It is such a thing that one cannot do oneself.
Usually the pronoun oneself is used with the infinitive to indicate the reflexive meaning of the verb:
to amuse oneself, to find oneself.
In dictionaries, the infinitive of verbs used with reflexive pronouns is given with an indefinite
personal reflexive pronoun oneself: to find oneself, to come to oneself. When such verbs are
conjugated, the pronoun oneself is replaced by the corresponding reflexive pronouns:
She found herself in an unknown place.
He came to himself in hospital.
Summing up the analysis of literary sources devoted to the problem of reflexive pronouns in the
English language, we can draw the following conclusions:
Pronouns are a special part of speech, the distinguishing feature of which is the demonstrative and
substitutive function. Pronouns have an extremely generalized meaning: they indicate any objects,
creatures, abstract concepts, without naming them [17].
Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding -self to personal or possessive singular pronouns and
-selves to plural personal or possessive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns in English differ by person,
gender and number. Moreover, in contrast to the Russian language, in English for each person,
gender and number, the corresponding reflexive pronoun is used.
A reflexive pronoun can function as a direct object; it also either closes the action at its source, or
changes the meaning of the verb.
Reflexive pronouns have the following two meanings: reflexive (show the transition of the action to
the character itself) and amplifying or emphatic (used to emphasize that the action was performed by
the person himself without assistance).
2 Features of reflexive pronouns in English

2.1 The use of reflexive pronouns in reflexive meaning

As shown in the theoretical part of the work, the first function performed by reflexive pronouns in
English is to indicate the transition of an action to the character itself.o In this case; the reflexive
pronoun in the sentence performs the function of a noun - a direct object. An analysis of examples
from fiction allows us to distribute the cases of the use of reflexive pronouns into several groups,
depending on the direction of the described action [18].
So, there are cases when a person directs a certain physical action on himself:
Shivering, he pulled himself to his feet.
They had barely managed to hide themselves before Fache had darted past them, gun drawn, and
disappeared into the bathroom.
On this night, they had dutifully stationed themselves in the parking lot outside his building.
She had wanted him, in that first instant, wanted him as simply and unreasoningly as she wanted
food to eat, horses to ride and a soft bed on which to lay herself.
Reflexive pronouns can also be used to describe human behavior and how it is perceived by the eyes
of others, for example:
Captain BezuFache carried himself like an angry ox, with his wide shoulders thrown back and his
chin tucked hard into his chest.
On stage or in public he went to quite a little trouble to keep himself up to his full height of almost
five feet eleven, but once he was alone he relaxed with relief and was scarcely more than five feet
eight.
He kept himself taut and light so the movements would be quick and soundless.
Besides, when Scarlett gets mad, everybody knows it.She doesn’t hold herself in like some girls do."
A person can direct some mental, mental action to himself, for example, say something to himself
(as a rule, in the form of internal speech, and not out loud), persuade himself:
One hour, he told himself, grateful that the Teacher had given him time to carry out the necessary
penance before entering a house of God.
The elevator is a perfectly safe machine, Langdon continually told himself, never believing it.
"Well," I said to myself, "I don't know. Maybe the doctors know."
Night after night, when Scarlett went to bed after sitting on the front porch in the semi-darkness with
him, she tossed restlessly for hours and comforted herself only with the thought that the very next
time he saw her he certainly would propose.
A person can deceive himself, lie to himself, which is also described using reflexive pronouns:
Langdon exhaled, turning a longing glance back up the open-air escalator. Nothing's wrong at all, he
lied to himself, trudging back toward the elevator.
People can also ask themselves questions:
They would go through the motions and ask themselves a couple of questions they could not answer,
but there were always some of those.
Being dissatisfied with themselves, a person can scold himself, as in the following example:
Khamel cursed himself for not checking the bulb and unscrewing it.
A person can smile "to himself", which is also described in English using a reflexive pronoun, for
example:
Khamel smiled to himself. "The job will be finished, Mr. Sneller, by midnight. That is, if your
information is correct."
Khamel smiled to himself as he crouched in the doorway and quickly pulled the 22 automatic and
silencer from the Ace bandage wrapped around his waist.
Mental actions include those by which a person evaluates himself. Such self-directed assessment
actions are also described using reflexive pronouns, for example:
Although they considered themselves Scarlett's favored suitors, they had never before gained tokens
of this favor so easily.
As for the poor whites, they considered themselves well off if they owned one mule.
The house negroes of the County considered themselves superior to white trash, and their
unconcealed scorn stung him, while their more secure position in life stirred his envy.
She was more like her father than her younger sisters, for Carreen, who had been born Caroline
Irene, was delicate and dreamy, and Suellen, christened Susan Elinor, prided herself on her elegance
and ladylike deportment.
Most small people who take themselves seriously are a little ridiculous; but the bantam cock is
respected in the barnyard, and so it was with Gerald.
Feelings that a person experiences can also be described using reflexive pronouns:
The hostess began reading choice excerpts from the inane article, and Langdon felt himself sinking
lower and lower in his chair.
The reflexive pronoun is used in a similar function in the standard colloquial expression with the
meaning "feel at home":
"I'm sorry, I must leave you now. Make yourselves at home." He moved quickly toward the door.
The following sentence also contains a set expression that includes a reflexive pronoun:
Tulane played in the Dome tomorrow, then the Saints on Sunday, and the rowdies were out by the
thousands, parking everywhere, blocking streets, roaming in noisy mobs, drinking from go cups,
crowding bars, just having a delightful time raising hell and enjoying themselves [19].
The stable expression to keep to oneself means "to keep apart", "to avoid communication":
The lawyers tend to keep to themselves in their own little sections.
The two agents kept to themselves a few feet away.
They were a close-mouthed and stiff-necked family, who kept strictly to themselves and
intermarried with their Carolina relatives, and Gerald was not alone in disliking them, for the
County people were neighborly and sociable and none too tolerant of anyone lacking in those same
qualities.
There are cases of the use of reflexive pronouns in relation to inanimate objects and phenomena, for
example:
Stettner, the math major, raised his hand."Because if you draw a pentagram, the lines automatically
divide themselves into segments according to the Divine Proportion."
A joint action directed both at oneself and at a group of people to which a person belongs is
described using reflexive pronouns in such, for example, cases:
They call themselves the Prieuré de Sion — the Priory of Sion.
Priory members wait decades proving themselves trustworthy before being elevated to the highest
echelons of the fraternity and learning where the Grail is.
"They don't introduce themselves."
Thus, the analysis shows that reflexive pronouns, performing a reflexive function, can indicate an
action directed both at oneself and at a group of people to which a person belongs. Pronouns in a
return function are used in 32 cases out of the 50 examples we analyzed, which is 64% of the sample
considered in the work.

2.2 The use of reflexive pronouns in the amplifying meaning

Reflexive pronouns in English can also be used in an amplifying sense, i.e. to emphasize that the
action was performed by this person himself without assistance.
He himself was almost surprised at what he was saying.
He insisted on feeding himself, and it was not pretty.
Frederic fixed himself a ham sandwich and a plate of cookies, and scanned a National Enquirer at
the kitchen table.
Their clever remarks sent her into merry peals of laughter and, inspired by the thought that she
considered them a remarkable pair, they fairly outdid themselves.
As noted above, in these cases the reflexive pronoun corresponds to the Russian itself, itself, itself,
and does not have an independent syntactic function, but only enhances the meaning of the noun or
pronoun. For instance:
The place of the reflexive pronoun in the sentence is not fixed. It can stand before the predicate and
after it. In the amplifying function, reflexive pronouns come after the word, the meaning of which
they reinforce:
The new entrance to the Paris Louvre had become almost as famous as the museum itself.
Fache's presence was anything but welcoming, and the Louvre itself had an almost sepulchral aura
at this hour.
In the above examples, the meaning of an inanimate noun is strengthened, but often reflexive
pronouns also strengthen the meaning of an animate noun, for example:
Salamat, still chatting with Mrs. Boake-Rehan Adams, was about to ask who the young lady was
who looked like a Renoir girl and gave one the feeling of having been created out of rose petals and
champagne when the girl herself came leaping and laughing through the excited people to her aunt
to ask whether she might not stay with her an extra day before going home to Philadelphia.
She was constitutionally unable to endure any man being in love with any woman not herself, and
the sight of India Wilkes and Stuart at the speaking had been too much for her predatory nature.
Raiford Calvert was made first lieutenant, because everybody liked Raif, and Able Wynder, son of a
swamp trapper, himself a small farmer, was elected second lieutenant.
Reflexive pronouns are often used to reinforce the meaning of a personal pronoun, for example:
It was thus that a rather slight but fairly well-organized play became little more than a vehicle for
Andre Salamat and, as he himself frequently said, the kind of success that would make so much
money for the unknown playwright that he would never write another play.
Fortunately, she was chatting with a man old enough to be her father, and of course it did not occur
to Andre Salamat that he himself was that old, although not quite as old as her companion, who was
every bit of sixty-five and looked it.
"I am a sad man," he said so earnestly that he himself believed it, and in fact it was not entirely
untrue, for there is no man who cannot say the same thing and believe it, and if need be actually
prove that he is telling the truth.
Brent liked India but he thought her mighty plain and tame, and he simply could not fall in love with
her himself to keep Stuart company.
Sometimes reflexive pronouns in the amplifying function can be preceded by a preposition:
The agent looked grim. "You don't understand, Mr. Langdon. What you see in this photograph ..."
He paused. "Monsieur Saunière did that to himself."
Again the image of the curator's body flashed in his mind. Jacques Saunière did that to himself?
There was some extremely light laughter from behind the fourth row, and it came from students who
felt obligated to laugh but at the same time did not wish to call attention to themselves.
Here are some more examples of the use of reflexive pronouns with prepositions:
Miss Bankhead and the girl's aunt came up and stopped only a moment for greetings, and then for
another moment he had her almost to himself.
And like most people who have always been too busy to loaf, Jim is full of stories about himself.
As the analysis of the identified examples has shown, reflexive pronouns are used less often in the
amplifying function than in reflexive ones. In the analyzed texts, we identified 18 cases of using
reflexive pronouns in the amplifying meaning, which is only 36% of the entire sample considered in
this work.
The analysis of the functioning of reflexive pronouns in the texts of modern English-language
fiction, carried out in the practical part of the course work, shows that reflexive pronouns,
performing a reflexive function, can indicate an action directed both at oneself and at a group of
people to which a person belongs.Reflexive pronouns can indicate that a person has performed some
physical actions in relation to himself, on the features of his behavior, on the performance of mental
actions (talking with himself, evaluating himself), on how a person experiences internal sensations.
Also, reflexive pronouns in this function are part of the set expressions to make oneself at home and
to keep to oneself.
Performing a reinforcing (emphatic function), reflexive pronouns can emphasize that a person
performs a particular action independently, as well as strengthen the meaning of a noun or personal
pronoun. In this function, reflexive pronouns can be used with prepositions.They do not have a fixed
place in the sentence and, as a rule, come after the word, the meaning of which is reinforced.
In the analyzed texts, reflexive pronouns are used much less frequently in the amplification function
than in the reflexive function. Thus, we identified 18 cases of using reflexive pronouns in the
amplifying meaning, which is 36% of the entire sample. Pronouns in a reflexive function are used in
64% of cases [20].
CONCLUSION

Summing up the results of the course work devoted to the study of the functional features of
reflexive pronouns in modern English, we can draw a number of conclusions.
In the theoretical part of the work, the analysis of literary sources on the problem under
consideration was carried out. A general description of the pronoun as a part of speech was given,
and the features of reflexive pronouns in modern English were considered. It was shown that,
according to the definition of scientists, pronouns represent a special part of speech, the hallmark of
which is the demonstrative and substitutive function. Pronouns have an extremely generalized
meaning: they indicate any objects, creatures, abstract concepts, without naming them.
Reflexive pronouns in English are formed by adding the -self component to personal or possessive
singular pronouns and the -selves component to the plural personal or possessive pronouns.
Reflexive pronouns in English, in contrast to Russian, differ in persons, gender and numbers.The
reflexive pronoun in English can have the following meanings: reflexive and amplifying or
emphatic.
The analysis of the functioning of reflexive pronouns in the texts of five works of modern English-
language fiction, carried out in the practical part of the course work, led to the conclusion that
reflexive pronouns are more often used in the reflexive function (64% of all cases considered).
Performing a reflexive function, these pronouns can indicate an action directed both at oneself and
at a group of people to which a person belongs. Reflexive pronouns indicate that a person performs
some physical actions in relation to himself, on the peculiarities of his behavior, on the performance
of mental actions (talking with himself, evaluating himself), on how a person experiences internal
sensations. It was shown that reflexive pronouns in this function are part of the stable expressions to
make oneself at home - and to keep to oneself - "avoid communication."
Performing a reinforcing (emphatic function), reflexive pronouns can emphasize that a person
performs a particular action independently, as well as strengthen the meaning of a noun or personal
pronoun. In this function, reflexive pronouns can be used with prepositions. They do not have a
fixed place in the sentence and, as a rule, come after the word, the meaning of which is reinforced.
Метод Обнаружения : Копии
Выборки: На каждую 1000 слов
Количество выборок: 9
Количество ссылок на выборку: 3
Количество слов в шингле: 3
Порог уникальности: 60
Поиск дубликатов: Нет
Игнорировать цитаты: Да