CITIZENSHIP AND

GOOD GOVERNANCE
 GOOD GOVERNANCE
• An indeterminate term used in the
international development literature to
describe how public institutions
conduct public affairs and manage
public resources.
 GOVERNANCE
• The process of decision-making and
the process by which decisions are
implemented (or not implemented).
• The concept of “good governance”
often emerges as a model to compare
ineffective economies or political
bodies with viable economies and
political bodies.
• The concept centers on the
responsibility of governments and
governing bodies to meet the needs
of the masses as opposed to select
groups in the society.
Good governance in the context of
countries is a broad term, and in that
regard, it is difficult to find unique
definition. According to Fukuyama
(2013), there are two dimensions to
qualify governance as good or bad: the
capacity of the state and the
bureaucracy’s autonomy.
 State Capacity
• Describes the ability of a state to
collect taxes, enforce law and order,
and provide public goods.
 Bureaucracy’s Autonomy
• Formal exemption of an agency head
from full supervision by the
departmental minister.
• When the state is more capable for
instance, through the collections of
taxes, there should be more autonomy
because the bureaucrats are able to
conduct things well without being
instructed with a lot of details.
• Another way to think about
GOOD GOVENANCE is through
OUTCOMES.
• Security
• Health
• Education
• Water
• Protection of the environment , etc.
The characteristics of good
governance
 1. PARTICIPATION
• Participation by both men and women is a key
cornerstone of good governance. This means
freedom of association and expression on the
one hand and an organized civil society on the
other hand.
 2. RULE OF LAW
• Good governance requires fair legal
frameworks that are enforced impartially. It
also requires full protection of human rights,
particularly those of minorities.
 3. TRANSPARENCY
• Transparency means that decisions taken and
their enforcement are done in a manner that
follows rules and regulations. It also means that
enough information is provided and that it is
provided in easily understandable forms and
media.
 4. RESPONSIVENESS
• Good governance requires that institutions
and processes try to serve all stakeholders
within a reasonable timeframe.
 5. CONSENSUS ORIENTED
Good governance requires mediation of the different
interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society
on what is in the best interest of the whole community
and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad
and long-term perspective on what is needed for
sustainable human development and how to achieve the
goals of such development.
 6. Equity and inclusiveness
• A society’s well being depends on ensuring
that all its members feel that they have a stake
in it and do not feel excluded from the
mainstream of society.
 7. Effectiveness and efficiency
• Good governance means that processes and
institutions produce results that meet the needs
of society while making the best use of resources
at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the
context of good governance also covers the
sustainable use of natural resources and the
protection of the environment.
 8. ACCOUNTABILITY
Accountability is a key requirement of good
governance. Not only governmental institutions but
also the private sector and civil society
organizations must be accountable to the public
and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is
accountable to whom varies depending on whether
decisions or actions taken are internal or external to
an organization or institution.
1987 Constitution – Article III
 BILL OF RIGHTS
• Declaration and enumeration of a
person’s rights and privileges that the
Constitution is designed to protect
against violation by the government or
by an individual or groups of individual
 NATURAL RIGHTS
• They are the rights possessed by every
citizen without being granted by the
state, for they are given to man by
God as a human being created in His
image so that he may live a happy life.
 STATUTORY RIGHTS
• They are the rights that provided by
laws promulgated by law-making
body: consequently they may be
abolished by the same body.
 CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
• They are the rights that are conferred
and protected by the constitutions.
Since they are part of the fundamental
law, they cannot be modified or taken
away by any law-making body
 CLASSIFICATION OF
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS
• The human rights secured by the
Constitution includes social and
economic rights, not just political and
civil rights.
 1. POLITICAL RIGHTS
• They are such rights of the citizens that
give them the power to participate,
directly or indirectly, in the
establishment or administration of the
government.
 2. CIVIL RIGHTS
• They are the rights that the law will
enforce at the instance of private
individuals for the purpose of securing
for them the enjoyment of their means
of happiness.
 3. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
RIGHTS
• They refer to the rights that are
intended to insure the well-being and
economic security of the individual
4. RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED
• They are the civil rights intended for
the protection of a person accused
for any crime.
 Section 1.
• No person shall be deprived of life,
liberty, or property without due process
of law, nor shall any person be denied
the equal protection of the laws.
 DUE PROCESS OF LAW
• Any deprivation of life, liberty, or
property by the State is with due
process if it is done
 ASPECTS OF DUE PROCESS
• PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS
which refers to the method or
manner by which the law is enforced.
“which hears before it condemns, which
proceeds upon inquiry, and renders
judgment only after trials.”
• SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS
which requires that the law itself,
not merely the procedures by which the
law would be enforced, is fair and
reasonable, and just.