LESSON 2 – CELL (PROKARYOTE VS EUKARYOTE)

CELL 3. SELECTIVE TRANSPORT

• A fundamental component of our modern definition of life
and living things.
• Known as the “basic building blocks of life”
• Cell components are enclosed in a membrane.
• All forms of life are made up of cells.
• Take Note:
➢ Protein – Basic building block of amino acid
➢ Neurons – Basic building block of nervous system
➢ Lobules – Basic building block of liver
➢ Nephrons – Basic building block of kidney
• Via membrane channels and membrane pumps
• It is a process by which membranes in cells determine what
molecules can go in and what molecules can go out of a
cell.
• Here, you are transferring chemicals from one area to
another area using selective transports such as membrane
channels and membrane pumps.

CELL MEMBRANE
• Cell components are enclosed in a membrane which serves
as a barrier between the outside world and the cell's internal
chemistry.
• The cell membrane is a selective barrier.
➢ Meaning, it lets some chemicals in and others out.
• Regulates the crossing of chemicals in and out of the cell in
three ways including:
1. Diffusion
PROKARYOTES VS. EUKARYOTES
2. Osmosis
3. Selective Transport PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

1. DIFFUSION Size is 0.1 – 5.0 um Size is 5-100 um

• The tendency of solute molecules to minimize
concentration and thus move from an area of higher Nucleus is absent
concentration towards an area of lower concentration until
concentrations equalize. Membrane-bound nucleus is
• The net passive movement of molecules or particles from absent
regions of higher to regions of lower concentration. Chromosome is present, but
• Higher concentration to lower concentration. not true chromosome
• Diffusion is the process of movement of molecules under a plastids
concentration gradient.
Unicellular
• The one that flows or comes into motion is the solute.
Lysosomes and
peroxisomes absent
Microtubules absent
Endoplasmic Reticulum
absent
Mitochondria absent
Nucleus is present
Membrane bound
Nucleus is present.
More than one number
of chromosomes is
present.
Multicellular
Lysosomes and
Peroxisomes present
Microtubules present
Endoplasmic reticulum
present
Mitochondria present

Cytoskeleton absent Cytoskeleton present

Ribosomes are smaller Ribosomes larger

2. OSMOSIS
• The movement of solvent across a selective boundary in Vesicles present
order to equalize the concentration of a solute that is unable
to move across the boundary. Golgi Apparatus absent
• Refers to the movement of fluid across a membrane in Chloroplasts absent;
response to different concentrations of solutes on the two
Chlorophyll scattered in the
sides of the membrane.
cytoplasm
• The movement of a solvent (e.g., water), through a Submicroscopic in size
permeable membrane, from a solution having a lower
Flagella is present made up
concentration of solute to a solution having a higher
of only one fiber
concentration of solute.
• Solute is not able to move. Cell Wall chemically
➢ Because the solute is not able to move across a complexed
selective boundary.
• The one that moves is the solvent. Vacuoles absent
Permeability of Nuclear
membrane is not present
Sexual reproduction is
absent
Endocytosis and exocytosis
are absent.
It may have pili and fimbriae.
Transcription occurs in the
cytoplasm
Vesicles present
Golgi apparatus present
Chloroplasts present in
plants
Microscopic in size,
membrane bound
Cell wall is present in
plants and fungi and
chemically simpler
Vacuoles absent
Permeability of Nuclear
membrane is selective
Sexual reproduction is
present
Endocytosis and
exocytosis occurred
Pili and fimbriae are
absent
Transcription occurs
inside the nucleus.

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 PROKARYOTIC CELL PARTS
• A typical prokaryotic cell might contain the following parts:
1. Cell Wall
2. Plasma Membrane
3. Cytoplasm
4. Pilli
5. Flagella
6. Nucleoid
7. DNA
8. Plasmid

CELL WALL
• The membrane surrounding and protecting the cell.
• Helps maintain shape and prevents dehydration.
• Provides definite shape, strength, and rigidity
PROKARYOTES PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased • Outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its
organelles surrounding environment.
• Genetic material DNA in prokaryotes is not bound within a • Boundary between the outside and inside environments
nucleus.
• Provides communication among and between cells and the
➢ It does not have a nucleus but only has a nucleoid.
external environments.
• DNA is less structured in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes
• Made up of lipids and proteins.
• DNA is a single loop.
• Maintains shape and size of the cell
• There are 2 Groups of Prokaryotes:
• Protects internal contents of the cell
1. Bacteria
• Regulates entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell
2. Archaea

BACTERIA CYTOPLASM
• Jelly-like region within the cell that all of the material inside
• Reproduced through Binary Fission a cell can be found in (except nucleus, since it doesn’t have
➢ Binary Fission refers to the asexual reproduction one)
by a separation of the body into two new bodies.
• Also contains many organelles with distinct structure and
o It is the division of a single entity into two
function
or more parts and the regeneration of
• Jelly-like material formed by 80 % of water
those parts to separate entities
resembling the original.
• Single form of bacteria is bacterium.
FLAGELLA AND PILLI
• Protein-based filaments found on the outside of some
• Some of the bacteria can be found on foods and many of
prokaryotic cells.
them can cause serious diseases.
• Flagella
• However, not all bacteria are bad.
➢ Used for locomotion
➢ Others are actually helpful to human digestion and
➢ Basically used for the motility of the cell
other functions.
• Pilli
• Common bacteria:
➢ Used to exchange genetic material during a type
➢ E. coli
of reproduction called conjugation
➢ Salmonella
➢ Listeria
NUCLEOID
ARCHAEA • Nucleus-like region of the cell where genetic material is
kept.
• Considered to be as the unique lifeform prokaryote.
➢ Because it has the capability to live in an indefinite
extreme environment (very hot or very cold
DNA
temperature) such as hydrothermal vents or arctic • Deoxyribonucleic Acid
ice. • Genetic material of the cell that can be found in the
• A group of micro-organisms that are similar to, but darkened region of the cell called nucleoid.
evolutionarily distinct from bacteria.
PLASMID
• A small molecule of DNA that can reproduce independently.

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 EUKARYOTES CYTOSKELETON
• Organisms made up of cells that possess a membrane- • All of the organelles are stabilized and given physical
bound nucleus. support through the cytoskeleton.
• Other membrane-bound compartments or sacs, • Helps in sending signals from one part of cell to the other.
called organelles • A highly structured network of proteinaceous filaments
• Eukaryotic means “true kernel” or “true nucleus” • Responsible for the maintenance and over-all cell shape
• The word organelle means “little organs” and facilitation of cell movements
• Eukaryotic organisms may be multicellular or single-celled • Formed by microtubules and microfilaments
organisms. • In eukaryotic cells, the cytoskeleton is composed mainly of
• All animals are eukaryotes. Three Types of Filaments:
• Other eukaryotes include plants, fungi, and protists. 1. Microtubules
o Thickest
EUKARYOTIC CELL PARTS o Helps determine cell shape and function
• It contains the following parts: 2. Microfilaments
1. Chromosomes o Thinnest
2. Mitochondria o Rod shaped thin filaments; made of actin
3. Ribosomes Helps generate movement
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum o Provides mechanical support
5. Cytoskeleton 3. Intermediate Filaments
6. Cytosol o In between the microfilaments and
microtubules
o Help stabilize position of organelles

CYTOSOL
• Gel-like substance that surrounds all the organelles.
• The “soup” within which all the other cell organelles reside
and where materials for cell metabolism occur.
• Made up of cytoskeleton, that consists mostly of proteins.

GOLGI COMPLEX
• Sorts and protein for secretion

LYSOSOME
• Helps in digesting bacteria that enters the cell
• Eliminates some of the toxins inside the cell

CHROMOSOMES
• A structure of nucleic acids and protein which carry genetic
information in the form of genes.
MITOCHONDRIA
• Often described as the “powerhouse of the cell’
• Produces the energy adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• Inner cavity filled with matrix which contains many enzymes
• Contain their own DNA which are responsible for many
enzymatic actions
• Supplies energy for vital cellular function
➢ Such as motility, active transport of nutrients,
certain energy requiring metabolic reactions.
BACTERIA
• Bacteria consist of only one cell, but they're a very complex
group of living things.
• Some bacteria can live in temperatures above the boiling
point and in cold below the freezing point.
• The cell structure is simpler than that of other organisms;
as there is no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
• Instead, their control center containing the genetic
information is contained in a single loop of DNA.
• Some bacteria have an extra circle of genetic material
called a plasmid.
• The plasmid often contains genes that give the bacterium
some advantage over other bacteria.
➢ For example, it may contain a gene that makes the
bacterium resistant to a certain antibiotic.

RIBOSOMES BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION

• Makes proteins • Bacteria are being classified according to their structure
• Aids in DNA replication and form (morphology).
• Also helps in repairing and building body tissues.
• When it’s done making protein, its function is going to be BACILLUS ANTHRACIS
given to the Endoplasmic Reticulum • Causative agent of anthrax, which is a deadly disease
• Dot-like structures or spherical in shape located at the side transmitted form animals to humans.
of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Site for protein synthesis. SALMONELLA TYPHI
• Made of RNA and proteins in the nucleolus, then leave • Normally found in contaminated or raw food; dirty foods.
nucleus and enter cytoplasm • This causes typhoid fever.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM

• Sorts and packages the proteins • This causes a disease botulinum.
• Network of tubular and vesicular structures which are ➢ Deadly because it causes paralysis in the muscle.
interconnected with one another ➢ The muscle becomes stiff and you will also be
• Some parts are connected to the nuclear membrane, while experiencing difficulty in breathing.
others are connected to the cell membrane
• Two Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
➢ Smooth (Lacks Ribosomes)
➢ Rough (Studded with Ribosomes)
• Gives internal support to the cytoplasm
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
➢ Synthesize secretory proteins and membrane
proteins
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
➢ Synthesize lipids for cell membrane

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 BINARY FISSION
• Bacteria reproduce through Binary Fission.
• Basically works like:
➢ One becomes two ...
➢ Two becomes four ...
➢ Four becomes eight …
➢ And so on
• In this process the bacterium, which is a single cell, divides
into two identical daughter cells.
• Binary fission begins when the DNA of the bacterium
divides into two (replicates).
• The bacterial cell then elongates and splits into two
daughter cells each with identical DNA to the parent cell.
➢ Each daughter cell is a clone of the parent cell.
• When conditions are favorable such as the right
temperature and nutrients are available, some bacteria
like Escherichia coli can divide every 20 minutes.
• That’s why we can quickly become ill when pathogenic
microbes invade our bodies.

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