LESSON 1 – GLOBAL & NATIONAL HEALTH SITUATIONS, DEFINITION & FOCUS, PUBLIC HEALTH, AND COMMUNITY HEALTH

OVERVIEW OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING HEALTH PROFILE

• Before going into the various concepts, it is important for us • Crude birth rate in 2000 was 23.1 per 1000 population while
to understand the basic terms and their definitions first. the crude death rate was 4.8 per 1000 population.
• Despite the decline in the fertility of women, the total fertility
COMMUNITY rate in the Philippines remains high (3.1 births per woman
• A group of people with common characteristics living in 2004).
together within a territory or geographical boundaries. • Crude Birth Rate
➢ Number of live births occurring among the
COMMUNITH HEALTH NURSING population of a given geographical area during a
• A field of nursing practice where services are delivered given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of
outside the hospital in community settings. a given geographical area during the same year.
• The utilization of nursing process in the different levels of • Crude Death Rate
clientele, concerned with the promotion of health, ➢ The number of deaths occurring among the
prevention of disease, disability and rehabilitation. population of a given geographical area during a
given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING the given geographical area during the same year.
• A specialized field of nursing that combines the skills of • Total Fertility Rate
nursing, public health and some phases of social ➢ The total number of children that would be born to
assistance and functions as part of the total public health each woman if she were to live at the end of her
program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the child bearing years, and give birth to children in
conditions in the social and physical environment, alignment with the prevailing age specific fertility
rehabilitation of illness and disability. rates.
➢ (WHO, Expert committee of Nursing) LEADING CAUSES OF MORTALITY AMONG FILIPINOS
(PHILHEATH STATISTICS 2004)
PUBLIC HEALTH
1. Heart Disease
• The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, 2. Vascular System Disease
promoting health and efficiency through organized 3. Malignant Neoplasms
community effort for the sanitation of the environment, 4. Accidents
control of communicable diseases, the education of 5. Pneumonia
individuals in personal hygiene, the organization of medical 6. TB (All Forms)
and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive 7. Ill-defined, and unknown cause of mortality
treatment of disease and the development of the social 8. Chronic Respiratory Disease
machinery to ensure everyone a standard of living 9. Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
adequate for the maintenance of health, so organizing 10. Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period
these benefits as to enable every citizen to realize his birth
of health and longevity. MALNUTRITION
➢ (Dr. C.E. Winslow) • Very common among children
• The science of protecting and improving the health of ➢ Particularly protein energy malnutrition.
people and their communities. • In 2001, 31% of children under 5 years old were
• This work is achieved by promoting healthy lifestyles, underweight.
researching disease and injury prevention, and detecting, • The Philippines has one of the highest blindness rates in
preventing and responding to infectious diseases. the world wherein lack of Vitamin A is the primary cause of
blindness.
NURSING
• Assisting the sick individual to become healthy and that MATERNAL MORTALITY
healthy individuals achieve optimum wellness. • The major indicator of a woman’s health status
• Maternal mortality rate in 2000 was 2/1000 live births.
10 WAYS TO ADDRESS THE GLOBAL HEALTH ISSUES • Other Causes:
1. Build global solidarity for worldwide health security ➢ Inaccessible antenatal services
2. Speed up access to COVID-19 tests, medicines, and ➢ Poor transport facilities
vaccines. ➢ Inadequate supply for blood transfusion
3. Advance Health for all ➢ Vital drugs, supplies, and equipment are not
4. Tackling health inequities available
5. Provide global leadership on science and data ➢ Unavailability of adequately skilled help in labor
6. Revitalized efforts to tackle communicable diseases and delivery is not available
7. Combat drug resistance
8. Prevent and treat NCDs and mental health conditions ELDERLY
9. Act in solidarity • Elderly suffers from the “double burden” of degenerative
and communicable diseases.
NATIONAL HEALTH SITUATION • Leading Causes of Morbidity:
• Categorized into two categories: ➢ Influenza
1. Demographic Profile ➢ Pneumonia
2. Health Profile ➢ Tuberculosis (TB)
• Leading Causes of Mortality:
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ➢ Cardiovascular diseases
• Ranked 12th in the world in terms of total population. ➢ Pneumonia
➢ Which was 88.6 million in August 2007 ➢ Malignant neoplasms
• Country’s annual population growth rate is 2.04%, down ➢ Tuberculosis (TB)
from 2.36% in the 1990’s ➢ Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• In 2020, the country’s population was 109,035,343 ➢ Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
➢ The Philippines, ranked 13th most populous ➢ GIT Ulcers
nation in the world as of May 1, 2020. ➢ Accidents and Injuries
➢ 2020 Census of Population and Housing ➢ Nephritis, Nephrotic syndrome, Nephrosis
➢ Septicemia

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• High Prevalence of Nutritional Deficiency Disorders GLOBAL AND COUNTRY HEALTH IMPERATIVES
➢ Anemia – 45% • Public health systems are operating within a context of
➢ Thiamine Deficiency – 35%, ongoing changes, which exert a number of pressures on the
➢ Riboflavin – 12% public health system.
• These changes include:
LIFESTYLE-RELATED DISEASES 1. Shifts in demographic and epidemiological trends
• This includes the following: in diseases, including emergence and re-
1. Cardiovascular Diseases emergence of new diseases and in the prevalence
2. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) of risk and protective factors.
3. Cancer 2. New technologies for health care, communication,
4. Chronic Respiratory Diseases and information.
• In 2020, 73% of the total deaths is attributed to the major 3. Existing and emerging environmental hazards
non-communicable disease (World Health Assembly, 2004) some associated with globalization.
• Major Reasons Why People Die: 4. Health Reforms
➢ Lifestyle – Unhealthy Diet
➢ Sedentary Work “WHAT HAS THE PHILIPPINES ACHIEVED SO FAR IN
➢ Lack of Exercise TERMS OF ITS HEALTH STATUS?”
• Cardiovascular Diseases comprise 25% of the total deaths. • Our country has experienced considerable improvements
in its health status for the past 50 years.
INFECTIOUS AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES • Poor performance in reducing infant and maternal mortality
• Number of deaths from infectious disease has decreased. • Philippines is also experiencing an “epidemiological shift”
• Many of these are still major public health problems in the ➢ While contending with the problem of non-
country. communicable disease, it is also burdened by the
➢ Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) effect of communicable ones.
➢ HIV cases in the country and STDs • Currently, it has also been burdened by the COVID-19 virus
➢ Tuberculosis (TB) pandemic, caused by SARS Coronavirus-2 strain, which
➢ Leprosy challenged the capability of our public health infrastructure.
➢ Schistosomiasis
➢ Rabies
➢ Hepatitis B
➢ Malaria, Filariasis, Dengue Fever

MENTAL ILLNESS
• Mental illness is the third most common form of disability.
➢ After visual and hearing impairments.
• Common in older age groups, drug users, and those who
could not cope with stresses of daily living.

HEALTH
• A state of absolute physical, mental, and social well-being.
• It is more than just the absence of disease or infirmity.
• To be healthy, we need:
➢ Happiness
➢ Sleep
➢ Water
➢ Good Diet
➢ Exercise

DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH (WHO)

1. Income and Social Status
2. Education
3. Physical Environment
4. Employment and Working Conditions
5. Social Support Networks
6. Culture
7. Genetics
8. Personal Behavior and Coping Skills
9. Health Services
10. Gender

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