The Antibacterial Effects of Citrus Sinensis Peel Extract On the Growth of

Staphylococcus Aureus
INTRODUCTION

Background of Study
Citrus sinensis peel extract have been used for medicinal purposes. The skin of the citrus contains
bioactive compounds that are considered to protect various diseases and can kill bacteria. Bioactive
compounds have this influence in the human health. They are mostly found in fruits and vegetables which
are effective natural antioxidant that can heko boost the body's immune system. These compounds
comprise of flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, betalains, carotenoids, plant sterols and glucosinolates
altogether are beneficial in fighting different types of diseases. According the Researchers, the citric acid
is the one responsible for making numerous kinds of bacteria inactive – not entirely kill them. Thus, citrus
peel extract is a nutritional boost since it contains healthy enzymes which is a great contribution to
humans that consume them. Studies have proved that citrus sinensis peel extract is a very effective
antioxidant against Staphylococcus aureus. Since the bacteria is often found in the upper airways and on
the skin citrus peel is helpful in preventing on the growth of this bacteria. Traditionally, citrus peel is used
as a herbal medicine by the Chinese people for hundreds of years. It also has vitamin C that studies reveal
it's very important seeing that it prevents the risks of some diseases. However, indulging a lot of citrus
fruits can also lead to health risks. But it's still enjoyed by many people eating or drinking it in
moderation.

Statement of the Problem

The study attempts to know the antibacterial effects of Citrus sinesis peel extract on the growth of
staphylococcus aureus. Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:
1. What are the antibacterial effects of citrus sinensis peel extract?
2. What is the major antibacterial component of citrus sinensis peel extract that affects the growth
of staphylococcus aureus?
3. Is there a significant difference on the growth of staphylococcus aureus with and without the
presence of citrus sinensis peel extract?

Hypothesis
If the citrus sinensis peel extract is used as an antibacterial against several pathogenic bacteria then it has
a potential use to treat infectious diseases. If the polar: ethanol and methanol are used for extraction then
then it has a high capacity to extract the antibacterial agent which may be extremely toxic to K.
pneumoniae, S. Pyogenes, S. aureus, E. coli, and E. amnigenus.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study will contribute greatly to the welfare of the society considering that
citrus fruits are beneficial to our health. The amount of vitamins and minerals that your body could take
when consuming it. Since it's antioxidant, it can fight different types of diseases and infections not only
Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, the people that apply this approach of this study will be able to see its
importance and will include citrus fruits in their daily diet. So when eating citrus fruits, those oranges,
lemons and limes, don't throw away the skin. As there are great benefits than you can imagine.
LITERATURE REVIEW
This article “In vitro assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial and phytochemical analysis of peel of Citrus
Sinensis” is the most relevant article about the topic. In this study they evaluated the antibacterial effects
of citrus peel extract against several pathogenic bacteria which is associated with human and fish
infection. Methanol, ethanol,chloroform and diethyl ether solvents are used for extraction. There were
different results in the conventional extraction of the citrus peel extract using different solvents in each
experiment conducted. The results in this study do not agree with the other studies because the non-polar
solvents did not have any significant effect against the bacterial pathogens except E.Coli. The solvents
have the capacity to extract the antibacterial agent, which may be extremely toxic to K. Pneumoniae, S.
Pyogenes, S. Aureus, E. Coli, and E. Amnigenus. Phytochemicals are very rare in other plants and active
against various pathogens but the peel of Citrus fruits are rich source of it. The C.Sinensis peel extracts
have a wide range of antibacterial and antioxidant activity and new antibacterial agents can be discovered
because of the extracts which provide the possibilities.

Conceptual Framework

Antibacterial Effects
Citrus Sinensis Peel
Extract Growth of
- (Effect No. 1) Staphylococcus
- (Effect No. 2) Aureus
- (Effect No. 3)

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Figure1. Conceptual Framework

The figure shows the antibacterial effects of Citrus sinesis peel extract that can affect the
growth of staphylococcus aureus and it can be classified into different effects such as (effect no. 1),
(effect no. 2), (effect no. 3)