Academic Listening and Speaking Audio Scripts

Q2e Listening & Speaking 4: Audio Script Unit 1
Unit 1: Business Felix: Well, sometimes leaders are kind of

isolated because everyone is looking to them to
The Q Classroom
make the decisions, but at the same time
Activity B., Page 3
everyone wants the decisions to go their own
Teacher: Today we are beginning Unit One.
way. That’s a difficult position to be in. I would
Every unit in Q starts with a question. As we go
say that being a leader is very difficult in some
through the unit, we will continue to discuss
ways, so you have to have a strong character.
this question. Our answers may change as we
explore the topic. The question for Unit 1 is:
LISTENING 1: Best of Both Worlds?
“What makes a good leader?” Think about
Activity A., Activity D., Page 7, 8
some people in leadership positions, like
Speaker: When Ginny Pitcher needed to hire a
executives of large corporations, or captains of
director of business development at her
sports teams. What kinds of positive or negative
Westborough, Massachusetts marketing firm,
qualities do they have? What do you think,
she turned to her closest friend, Kate Massey.
Marcus?
Massey and Pitcher had talked money before,
Marcus: I think when some people are bad
during the years they were roommates. Still,
leaders, they feel that they are better than
this is business. It brought up issues like
others, or that they don’t have to follow the
negotiating salary and professional success,
rules the way other people do.
things most people want to keep separate from
Teacher: What do you think, Yuna? What do
their friendships. Not to mention that Pitcher
you think is a good quality for a leader to have?
would be Massey’s boss. “I didn’t jump on it
Yuna: I think people should be more
immediately,” says Massey. “I thought about it
responsible when they become leaders.
for a while.”
Teacher: You mean responsible for other
It’s been a year, and both women say their
people?
friendship is as strong as ever. Even better,
Yuna: Yes, they have to understand that their
they’re both making money and succeeding
decisions affect a lot of people.
professionally. That’s likely because they
Teacher: How about you, Sophy? What do you
handled it like experts from the beginning. They
think makes a good leader?
acknowledged there would be a change in their
Sophy: Well, I agree with Yuna that a good
friendship and discussed potential challenges.
leader understands the effects of their decisions
Anything personal stays outside the office.
on everyone, but it isn’t easy to make everyone
Massey doesn’t take criticism personally.
happy. Bad leaders think that they should be
sachtienganhhanoi.com
Pitcher treats Massey no differently than she
making all of the decisions, or they don’t really
does her other employees. Pitcher and Massey
need to consider how other people think or
exemplify the best aspects of working with
feel.
friends.
Teacher: Felix? What’s your opinion? We’ve
“One of the tricky things when you interview
heard that good leaders should have a strong
someone is figuring out if their personality will
sense of responsibility, but that reaching the
fit with the culture of the office,” says Pitcher, a
best decision for everyone isn’t easy. What do
co-founder of Kel & Partners. “When you know
you think?
someone like I know Kate, you know the answer
already.”
© Copyright Oxford University Press Page 1 of 5
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Knowing someone will fit in doesn’t alleviate Gena Cox, who runs the leadership coaching
other problems. Carly Drum had hired four firm Human Capital Resource Center, suggests
trusted friends to work at her family’s executive saying something like this: “I still want us to be
search firm in Manhattan, Drum Associates. friends. Can you support me and know that
One of them had great potential but was what happens at work doesn’t have anything to
bringing her personal problems to the office. It do with you or our relationship?” As for the
was affecting her work. “I knew going in that subordinate, he or she needs to understand
addressing it was going to be one of the more that the boss can’t show any favoritism.
challenging things in my career,” says Drum, the That’s precisely what Tory Delany had to deal
firm’s managing director. “She expected me to with as she rose up the ranks at a restaurant
be sensitive to her personal issues because company in Manhattan. She started as a coat
we’re friends. While I am, there has to be a line checker at Maggie’s Place in midtown and, after
drawn when you’re running a business. Even as a series of promotions, eventually became
soft as I tried to put it, her initial reaction was general manager. “The staff becomes close-knit
she was offended.” Two days later the because it’s a small restaurant. Most of our
employee came in and apologized to Drum. family is very far away,” says Delany. “The
They openly discussed the matter and owners have five places, so we all always knew
developed a plan of action so she could there was a chance for promotion for everyone
separate work from business. While it was from within.”
tough, that challenge was a good managerial She says the key to successfully managing
experience for Drum. She learned that before friends is developing rules and boundaries and
hiring a friend you must outline for him or her enforcing them. For example, an employee who
exactly what an average day will be like. Part of came in late was spoken to. If the employee
that discussion should include the type of was late again, he or she got a warning. The
interaction you will have with each other and third time resulted in suspension. Delany
the fact that in a workplace it’s all business. attributes her success to that uniformity.
“Stuff that you do outside of the office together “If there’s no structure, your whole team falls
cannot be brought into the office,” says Drum. apart,” she says.
Managing friends isn’t always a choice. She must be doing something right. She’s a co-
Employees who get promoted may find owner of a restaurant with the owners of
themselves suddenly in charge of friends. The Maggie’s Place.
same rules for success apply. First, the new
manager should be the one to tell the staff LISTENING SKILL: Listening for main ideas
about the change, particularly if he or she will Activity B. Page 12
be in charge of friends. Speaker: What do you need to start a new
From there, it’s important to acknowledge that business and make it succeed? Many people
things will change. Explain that it’s not because would answer that what you need is a great
the relationship isn’t important or because you idea. Others would say money. Of course,
want to end your personal relationship. Rather, money and ideas are important. Unfortunately,
you now have a hand in the professional lives of when people think about starting a new
a group of people. business, they often ignore the single most
important factor in the success of any company:
2
people. Only people can make those great ideas exclusively to leadership development and
happen. So, in order to start a successful research worldwide. Information available at
business, you need to start with the right www.ccl.org. Today’s topic: myths of effective
people. But how do you identify the right leadership.
people? That seems like a difficult question to There’s a difference between leadership and
answer because every business is different. power. Successful executives know that
Nevertheless, if you want to build a good team, difference and lead their teams more effectively
there are some characteristics of the right because of it. Unfortunately, many executives
people, no matter the business. We’re going to on the rise in an organization forget the
focus on some of those characteristics and how leadership skills and contacts that put their
to identify people who have what it takes to careers on track in the first place.
help make a new business a success. A study by the Center for Creative Leadership
First of all, your new business will need people shows that as executives advance in a company,
who understand your vision and share your they begin to blur the lines between leadership,
commitment to it. In other words, you need to power, and influence. They see themselves as
build a team that truly understands what your more intelligent and capable than those around
goals for the business are. them in the organization. They see people
Your new business will also need people who who agree with them as more capable,
are creative, independent thinkers. You can’t intelligent, and ethical than those who might
build a successful business based on your ideas disagree.
alone. You want your business to be a place The result? Executives get affirmation from a
where people learn from each other and inspire small, expected group, which inflates their idea
each other to do their best work. of how powerful and influential they are
Lastly, your new business will need people who among the people who work with them. Their
are willing to work hard. You need to find influence becomes constricted, and their
people who are ready to put in the long hours leadership erodes. Some people overtly use
and all the hard work it takes to build a power to accomplish their goals, says CCL’s Pete
successful business. Hammett, who is also the author of
No, starting a new business is not easy. Perhaps “Unbalanced Influence.” He says others
you’ve got a good business idea. Perhaps you become used to having tools of power, such as
have the money you need. But that’s not the ability to dictate and set agendas.
enough to guarantee success. It’s the people Over time, that access to power distorts an
you hire that matter most. Remember that if executive’s influence in the organization. They
you’re going to find success, you need people may have the title and power, but their
who are creative, hardworking, and committed disenfranchised team members won’t see them
to seeing your dream become reality. as an effective leader.
Those with different opinions choose to remain
LISTENING 2: Myths of Effective Leadership silent. Or they leave. With them, they take away
Activity A., C., Page 13, 14 a whole range of ideas.
Speaker: Podcasts from the Leading Effectively CCL and Hammett recommend that executives
series are provided by the Center for Creative calibrate their spheres of influence and see
Leadership, an educational institution dedicated whether their team members perceive them as
3
leaders or merely as suits with powerful titles. 4. James has great aptitude, but he needs more
Here are three ways to proceed: training. In a year or so, he’ll probably be our
Number 1: Find and listen to other voices. A best programmer.
leader should keep in touch with new ideas and 5. The members of Emily’s group are
fresh perspectives. If all you’re hearing is experienced and talented. Besides, they exhibit
one voice, then invite others to the great teamwork.
conversation. And let them know
you really want to hear them. VOCABULARY SKILL: Understanding meaning
Number 2: Find a sparring partner. Find from context
someone who’s comfortable and capable of Activity B., Page 18
taking an opposing point of view. That doesn’t 1. Managing friends isn’t always a choice.
mean you should seek out every malcontent in Employees who get promoted may find
an operation. It means you should find themselves suddenly in charge of friends.
someone who is intelligent, thoughtful, and 2. Part of that discussion should include the
open to tackling a discussion from an opposing type of interaction you will have with each
view. Don’t be seen as a leader who refuses to other and the fact that in a workplace it’s all
listen to different ideas. Or, worse, one who business. “Stuff that you do outside of the
penalizes people for suggesting them. office together cannot be brought into the
Number 3: Leadership can be cultivated, but office,” says Drum.
only in a self-aware person. Sign up for a 3. She says the key to successfully managing
leadership program. Get some feedback that friends is developing rules and boundaries and
assesses your leadership style. Make a point to enforcing them. For example, an employee who
hold a mirror up to your conversations and came in late was spoken to. If the employee
interactions within your organization. Only was late again, he or she got a warning.
by seeing yourself through others’ eyes can you 4. Find someone who’s comfortable and
go from someone who holds power to someone capable of taking an opposing point of view.
who leads. Don’t be seen as a leader who refuses to listen
to different ideas.
VOCABULARY SKILL: Understanding meaning 5. They may have the title and power, but their
from context team members won’t see them as an effective
Activity A., Page 18 leader. CCL and Hammett recommend that
1. The job didn’t pay very well, but I loved the executives see whether their team members
office and my coworkers. perceive them as leaders or merely as suits with
It was a great environment to work in. powerful titles.
2. It’s impossible to function well when you
don’t get along with your co-workers. I can’t PRONUNCIATION: Syllable Stress
work in a situation like that. Example 1, 2, Page 21
3. I’m sure you can resolve the conflict with neGOtiate
your co-worker if you listen to each other’s Activity A., B., Page 22
opinions. 1. excerpt
2. aspect
3. enforce
4
4. effective
5. leadership
6. acknowledge
7. perspective
8. opposing
9. promotion
10. interaction
SPEAKING SKILL: Checking for understanding

Activity A., B., Page 22
Manager: OK guys, this project is huge, and it’s
going to be challenging. Here’s what I need all
of you to do. First of all, we all have to put in
extra hours. That means long days for the next
few weeks.
It also means that we need to pull together and
work extra hard as a team. That means all of us.
Do you know what I mean?
Staff: Yeah / Sure / Yes.
Manager: OK. It also means that you need to
drop all your other projects for now. Please
focus on this project. It is our top priority.
Does everyone understand?
Staff member: You mean stop working on every
other project?
Manager: That’s right. This account demands all
our attention right now. Richard, please call the
office in Tokyo, and let them know that we
need all the information they have on this
client. And we need the information by Friday
at the latest. Are you following me?
Richard: Yep. Call Tokyo, get information on the
client, tell them we need it by Friday.
Manager: Friday at the latest. Great! As for the
rest of us, we’ll be meeting again today at 3:00.
Before that, read over the project description. If
you have any questions, please bring them to
the meeting. Got it? OK, let’s get to work!
5
Unit 2: Behavioral Science LISTENING 1: A Perfect Mess

Activity A., D., Page 29, 30
The Q Classroom
Announcer: A Perfect Mess is a new book that
Activity B., Page 26
explores the benefits of being messy. Our
Teacher: In Unit 2, we’re going to talk about
reviewer, Henry Rubins, finds reasons in the
appearances. The Unit Question is “How does
book to embrace his own habits of chaos.
appearance affect our success?” Sophy, what
Henry Rubins: Finally, in A Perfect Mess by Eric
do you think?
Abramson and David Freedman, I read the
Sophy: Oh, in lots of ways. Our appearance
words I’ve been waiting for all my life:
influences what people think of us.
Neatness is not a virtue. It’s OK to be a little
Teacher: Can you give me an example?
disorganized. As someone who is frequently
Sophy: Sure. The way you dress, for example. If
criticized for being messy, I now know I’m not
you dress well, people will think you’re more
such a bad person after all.
successful or more competent. They’ll treat you
I’ve been messy since I was old enough to dress
more respectfully and that will help you
myself. As a child, I had the usual arguments
succeed.
with my mother about cleaning my room,
Teacher: Yuna, do you agree? Does dressing
putting my clothes and books away, and making
well help you be successful?
my bed.
Yuna: Yes, I agree. If you’re careful about your
At college I was even worse. Books, papers, and
appearance, people think you care about
dirty dishes were everywhere. Oh, part of it was
yourself.
because I was lazy, but I also felt so stifled in a
Teacher: OK, what else? Marcus, how about the
neat, too-tidy room. I couldn’t even think. I
appearance of other things, for example, your
mean, I need a certain amount of chaos to feel
desk or your bedroom? Does that affect your
comfortable.
success?
But it wasn’t until I got my first job that I found
Marcus: Well, it could. How people look at you
out how deep the world’s bias toward neatness
is important. If they look at you and think
and order is. I mean, I didn’t know I would be
you’re disorganized or not in control of your
expected to have a neat desk in order to do my
life, they’ll be less interested in working with
job. But after reading A Perfect Mess, I see I
you. That could affect your success.
have had it easy at work compared to other
Teacher: Anything else? Any other ways that
people.
appearance affects our success? Felix?
The book mentions a woman who worked at a
Felix: I agree with everyone else that
post office in Australia. She was fined more
appearances affect how other people react to
than two thousand dollars at work. Why?
you, but not everyone needs to be neat and
Because she had four personal items on her
well dressed and good-looking to be successful.
desk. The post office only allowed her to have
Your appearance also involves your style, and
you can use that to help you fit into the group three. Maybe it was an extra photo of her kids—
you want to be in. For instance, if I want to be a and for that she had to pay two thousand
successful businessman, I would have a dollars? The police chief in a Pennsylvania town
completely different kind of look than if I want had it even worse. He was actually fired from
to be a successful sports star. his job because of a messy desk. At least I’ve
never lost a job!
6
A Perfect Mess might help people like them, Next the book looks at our messy homes. The
and me. The book begins with a description of authors say a messy home isn’t so bad either. A
the National Association of Professional very neat home can be impersonal and cold, but
Organizers, or NAPO, conference. NAPO is a a home full of photos, personal items, and
professional organization I could never join. pieces of clothing strewn about shows others
Anyway, NAPO has thousands of members. who we truly are.
Thousands. These are people who have gone to Many people believe that an untidy house sets
graduate school in business, or education, or a bad example for children. Abramson and
even law, and now devote their lives to helping Freedman reassure us it’s not true. In fact,
the rest of us get organized. children may learn better in a messy space. The
The authors, Eric Abramson and David book gets support from research suggesting
Freedman, interview dozens of members of that a stimulating environment full of clutter,
NAPO. And they point out that not once in any movement, and noise may actually help
of the interviews does anyone answer the big children remember information. And it turns
question: What’s wrong with being messy? out that keeping your house too clean can
In fact, throughout the rest of the book, the actually be bad for children’s health. Dirt and
authors show us that being moderately messy germs help children build up protection against
can actually be good for us. A Perfect Mess diseases.
takes the reader on a tour of the various messy And the authors offered more evidence in favor
parts of our lives, starting with those messy of mess. It seems not only are messy people
desks. The book argues that a messy desk can often more successful than neat people, they
actually help you find things more easily tend to be more creative and open-minded.
because they’re right out in the open. Take, for example, the mystery writer, Agatha
And it can help people make connections Christie. The authors describe her disorganized
between ideas in new ways. approach to writing her 60-plus novels.
Here’s a great example. Leon Heppel was a Apparently, many times when she began
researcher at the National Institutes of Health writing a mystery, she had no idea how the
in Bethesda, Maryland, in the 1950s. One day, mystery would be solved. She wrote down her
he was working at his desk. He stumbled upon ideas in notebooks, but they were completely
letters written by two different scientists. The disorganized. To make matters worse, Christie
letters were in the piles of paper on his messy often lost her notebooks in the mess of her
desk. If the two letters had been neatly put work space and worked from several notebooks
away he would never have looked at them side at one time. One notebook contained ideas for
by side. But he did, and he suddenly recognized 17 novels!
an important connection between the two In spite of this mess, Christie’s books were, and
scientists’ research. This connection eventually still are, wildly popular and have sold more than
led to a winning discovery and a Nobel Prize. 2 billion copies in 45 languages. Clearly, an
The book mentions he wasn’t the only scientist inflexible approach to organizing her stories
like this. Albert Einstein was another great didn’t work well for the creative genius Agatha
scientist who was known for having a very Christie. As the authors Eric Abramson and
messy office. David Freedman look into our messy lives, they
show us how a little chaos can be good for us.
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They tell us that mess may help us relax, be remember: now, later, or never. This filing
more creative, learn better, or even make an system requires immediate action, though. This
important scientific discovery. A Perfect Mess is is the key point; do something immediately with
a fascinating look at the unexpected benefits of all papers and documents. OK? How would you
mess. I’d recommend it to anyone—except feel if you never had to sift through piles of
possibly my kids. papers again?
Ella Oskey: Great! Now, on to the third
LISTENING SKILL: Identifying details strategy: Do a little at a time. Instead of trying
Activity A., Page 34 to change your whole life in one afternoon,
Ella Oskey: If you are one of the millions of work on it step by step. One day, organize a
people who just can’t stay on top of your mess, drawer. The next day, organize something else.
don’t worry, there is hope for you! Hi, and If you try to do too much at once, you might
welcome to this workshop, Getting it Together. feel frustrated. Making this change little by little
I’m Ella Oskey. I assume that you have come will not only ensure that you get organized, but
today because you feel like your life is too will also help you stay organized.
disorganized. If this is true, I have some
suggestions that will help you organize yourself, NOTE-TAKING SKILL
both at home and in the workplace. OK, let’s Activity A., Page 35
get started. How many of you have spent hours F: Sure, we all look better when we smile, but
searching for an important document or paper? can our facial expressions really cause us to
How long did you look for your car keys before succeed or fail? Many scientists believe that
leaving the house to come here today? smiling can lead to more success in life, while
Ella Oskey: The first strategy I suggest is simple: frowning can lead to more problems. Some
put everything in its place. In other words, put researchers discovered that people who smiled
everything into the room or space it belongs in in school pictures were more likely to have
after you use it. If it doesn’t have a place, make longer, happier marriages in the future than
one. This is not a radical idea, folks! If you those who did not. In contrast, people who
always put your keys in the same box next to didn’t smile in their class photos tended to get
the door every night, they will always be there divorced more often. Also, people who smiled
in the morning. How many of you think you can in job interviews were more likely to get the
do that? jobs than candidates who didn't smile. Smiling
Ella Oskey: Great! Now, strategy number two is also reduces stress, some scientists say. In fact,
just as simple: follow a filing and organization in one study, smiling while doing a stressful job
system. Every time you find a piece of paper, helped workers' brains and bodies recover from
decide which of these three groups it belongs the stress more quickly afterward. On the other
in: now, later, or never. hand, people who didn’t smile had faster
If it is a “now” item, like a bill that needs to be heartbeats long after they finished the stressful
paid today, deal with it immediately. If it is a job. Maybe this is why smiling can even cause
“later” item, like a magazine you still want to people to live longer. One research study
read, put it in its place, like I talked about in discovered that if baseball players were smiling
suggestion one. If it’s a “never” item, throw it on their cards, they lived almost seven years
away in the garbage immediately. So
8
longer than players who weren’t smiling. So, their employees at the end of a long work
remember to smile! week; dressing down on Friday would provide a
bridge between the high-pressure work week
LISTENING 2: The Changing Business Dress Code and the weekend. They thought that if
Activity A., C., D., Page 36, 37 employees felt comfortable on Friday, it would
Radio talk show host: My guests today are increase productivity. But they found that this
Andrew Park, from OPK Marketing, and Hana wasn’t true. In fact, the opposite was true.
Nasser of Best Foot Forward Consulting. Thank Making employees more comfortable actually
you for being with us today. caused productivity to fall.
Andrew Park: Glad to be here. Hana Nasser: That’s right. In fact, some
Hana Nasser: Thank you. supervisors noticed that on those casual
Radio talk show host: We’re going to talk about Fridays, employees seemed to work less and
the changing business dress code. Andrew, let relax a lot more.
me start with you. For the last ten or twenty Radio talk show host: Hmm. So, Hana, do you
years here in the United States, we’ve had a think casual Friday was a bad idea?
more relaxed attitude toward the clothing we Hana Nasser: Well, of course, it varies from one
wear at work, with some people even working workplace to the next. Certainly, some
in jeans. But is this relaxed attitude a thing of employees really enjoy a more casual dress
the past? code.
Andrew Park: Well, it’s not over but I think it’s One survey we conducted showed workers like
fair to say it’s on the way out and that more casual Friday because they save money on
formal dress is definitely on the way in. clothes, and they like not having to worry about
Back in the 1990s, we really saw the trend of what to wear. But in some companies, casual
business casual catch on. Employees were dress has had a negative effect. Maybe not so
allowed to ditch their suits and ties and formal much on the work the employees do, but on
skirts and blouses, and wear more comfortable the way customers and clients see them. Let’s
clothes in the office. For guys it might be an face it—clients don’t always feel that casual
open-necked shirt and cotton slacks. Women clothes are appropriate in a business setting.
might wear a sweater with a long skirt. And They’re looking for a sign that people are
even businesses that didn’t go all the way to professional, like they know what they’re doing.
business casual started allowing employees to And investors might be more cautious around
dress informally at least one day a week. Casual casually dressed professionals. I recently heard
Fridays became the norm. an anecdote about a CEO who had a meeting
I remember everyone looking forward to with a possible investor. The CEO turned up in a
getting to wear what they wanted to on Fridays. T-shirt and jeans. The investor had been very
Most workers thought it was great, and for a interested in the company’s products—really
while morale improved in many places. You cool video games—but decided against putting
know how it is with anything new. In the up any money. Who wants to give their money
beginning there’s a lot of enthusiasm for an to someone who looks like they could be
idea. hanging out at the mall?
Even employers liked the change. They thought
of casual Fridays as a kind of reward to give
9
Radio talk show host: OK, so business casual is and formal skirts. They want a clean,
on the way out because it’s led to a fall in professional look. The trend is toward a more
productivity and a lack of confidence from grown-up form of dress.
clients and investors. Andrew Park: You’re so right. In many places,
Andrew Park: Yeah, that’s a part of it. Some casual Fridays are starting to fade and there’s a
companies clearly saw they needed a more move towards “dress-up” or “formal” Thursdays
formal look to keep investors and customers or Mondays. Formal as in employees showing
happy. up in tuxedos, dress slacks, fancy dresses, even
But fashion trends always go in cycles. In the wedding gowns! And this move is not coming
‘50s and early ‘60s, the business uniform for just from the CEOs. It’s coming from employees
men in the United States was a suit and tie. as well. Sometimes, looking good really is
Working women wore a suit, or a dress and feeling good.
jacket. The look was professional. Then in the Radio talk show host: OK. That’s all the time we
‘60s and ‘70s, young people gave up that look. have, so we’ll leave it there. I’d like to thank my
They connected the suit and tie with older guests, who always look professional no matter
people and older ways of thinking. They wanted what day of the week it is. Thanks for listening.
a more natural, back-to-basics kind of lifestyle.
The children who grew up during the ‘60s and PRONUNCIATION: Unstressed Syllables
‘70s became managers in the ‘80s and ‘90s. Example, Page 44
They were the ones who accepted casual dress appearances
in the workplace. When one generation dresses Activity A., B., Page 44
formally, the next wants to be casual, and so 1. pleasure
on. That’s the way fashion works. 2. forgotten
Radio talk show host: So are you saying that 3. successful
this is all just part of regular fashion cycles? 4. habit
That what we wear at work doesn’t really 5. business
matter that much? 6. allow
Andrew Park: Yes and no. Yes, there will always 7. cautious
be cycles. And no, I think what we wear does 8. professional
matter. Because what we wear is not only
about looks, it says something about who you SPEAKING SKILL: Confirming understanding
are. For some people, a casual look is Activity A., Page 45
associated with a certain careless approach to 1. A: Did you hear that starting next month,
other things. there won’t be a “casual Friday” anymore?
Hana Nasser: I agree. To many people, a sloppy B: What? So you mean that they are getting rid
look indicates careless work, not just a style of of casual Friday completely?
dress. It’s a matter of attitude. As Andrew said, A: Yes, the email said no more casual Fridays.
the way we dress tells people who we are. B: Oh.
What we’re noticing is that nowadays many 2. A: More and more customers are looking for
young professionals in their 20s or a sign of professionalism.
30s want to look good and be taken seriously. B: Are you saying they prefer less casual dress?
They’re the ones going back to suits and ties A: Yeah, that’s right.
10
B: Got it.
3. A: If my desk is too organized, I can’t be
creative.
B: If I understand you, you need to be messy to
work well?
A: Yeah, I need a little mess.
B: OK.
4. A: Most people can’t get organized all at
once.
B: Does that mean it’s better to work on it step
by step?
A: Yes, it does.
B: I see.
11
Unit 3: Developmental Psychology NOTE-TAKING SKILL

Activity A., Page 53
The Q Classroom
M: In some cultures, many around the world
actually, the question about when a child
Teacher: The Unit 3 question is: “When does a
becomes an adult is easily answered because
child become an adult?” What do you think,
there is a special ceremony to celebrate it. It’s
Felix? How would you answer this question?
very interesting, really. For example, in Japan
Felix: I don’t think we become adults at an
there is a special national holiday every second
exact age, but I think you start becoming an
Monday in January called Seijin no Hi. In English,
adult when you have to take care of yourself—
this translates into the Coming of Age Day. On
pay your own rent, make your own meals, take
this day, many young men and women who
yourself to the doctor when you’re sick. Those
turned twenty years old that year dress in
are the things that make you grow up.
traditional clothes, participate in a ceremony at
Teacher: It sounds like you associate adulthood
a government office, and then attend parties
with economic independence.
with their friends. Unfortunately, fewer and
Felix: Yeah, I guess I do.
fewer young people are participating in this
Teacher: What about you, Sophy? When do you
holiday these days. One tradition that is still
think a child becomes an adult?
popular, however, is the Quinceañera. In
Sophy: I agree with Felix about it not being a
Mexico, girls have a Quinceañera to celebrate
specific age, but I think a lot of people don’t
their fifteenth birthday. They wear long, formal
really feel like adults until they get married and
dresses, attend church, and then celebrate with
have children of their own. That’s when you
a party where they dance with their fathers. So,
start to understand what life was like for your
as you can see, different cultures mark growing
parents, and the kinds of responsibilities they
up in very different ways.
had. That’s when you’re really an adult.
Teacher: What do you think, Yuna? Do you
LISTENING 1: Making the Right Decision
agree with Felix or Sophy?
Activity A., C., Page 54, 55
Yuna: No, not really. I think of myself as an
Grandmother: Hello?
adult even though my parents help me
Neils: Hi! Grandma?
financially and I’m not married. I manage my
Grandmother: Neils! How nice to hear from
own life. I make decisions.
you! It’s been so long since we’ve talked!
Teacher: Well, we have three completely
Neils: I know. I’m sorry I haven’t called lately.
different definitions! Where do you stand on
I’ve just been so busy.
this, Marcus? When does a child become an
Grandmother: Oh, well, I assumed you’d
adult?
forgotten your dear grandmother. So anyway,
Marcus: I think I’m with Yuna. When you’re in
what’s new? How’s school?
your early twenties, you’re an adult, even if you
Neils: Oh, where to start? Let’s see…well, you
still feel like a kid inside sometimes. Your body
know this is my last year of high school…and I
is done growing, your mind is developed, and
have some big exams coming up.
your life is your responsibility, whether you’re
Grandmother: Yes, it’s that time of year, isn’t
supporting a family or whether your family is
it? These exams are really important for your
supporting you.
12
future, aren’t they? You must be feeling a lot of that was like a marker of our place compared
stress. with the other students in the school.
Neils: Yeah. Well, you know I’ve never been a Grandmother: So, what did you do?
very good student. Neils: It made me really sad, but I decided I had
Grandmother: Well, I know you’ve had a hard to quit the team. I just figured it wouldn’t be
time in some of your classes. morally right for me to lead the other players as
Neils: That’s an understatement! Anyway, you an example, but fail my exams and destroy my
also know that for the past year and a half, I future.
was spending a lot of time managing the Grandmother: That was a very mature decision,
football team at my school. Neils. I’m so proud of you! That you came to
Grandmother: Yes, of course! I know how much this understanding on your own, without your
you enjoy helping the coach and running the parents pushing you, is a milestone in your
team. Your father told me that the other development! It shows just how grown-up
players on the team really respect you, and that you’ve become.
you helped them transition into one of the Neils: It just seems that being an adult is a real
most successful teams in the district. contradiction. I’ve started to see that you have
Neils: Yeah, I really loved working with the all this freedom to make your own decisions
younger boys and helping them develop their when you are grown, but your freedom is
skills. I loved the fun initiation at the start of limited by having to be responsible and do the
the year, when we pushed the new members of right thing.
the team to run as far and fast as they could. Grandmother: Yes. It’s not always easy, but you
Even though we wanted to win our games, I did the right thing! So, now, how’s your
also really loved the carefree feeling of the studying going now that you have more time to
team. We all liked football and just wanted to spend on it?
play. Neils: Well…
Grandmother: Yes, I can see that you had a lot
of fun, but it took up a lot of your time, too. LISTENING SKILL: Making predictions
Neils: You got it! It took my attention away Activity B. Page 59
from my studies. In fact, I realized that being 1. Lecturer: Today’s topic is “Proper Behavior in
the leader of the football team really the Workplace.”
contributed to my poor grades in school. We’ll be discussing several issues, including how
Grandmother: Yes, I worried about that. How to deal with a workplace disagreement, why it’s
did you figure that out? important to be punctual, and how to dress
Neils: Hmm. It’s hard to pinpoint the exact appropriately in any work environment.
moment. I guess it was probably a few weeks 2. Rudolph: Adam, I can’t keep up with the
ago. I came home from practice and it was homework. I am just too tired after a long day
already late. I had a lot of studying to do for a at work.
test the next day. I tried to focus, but I was too Adam: I know what you mean. I took an online
tired and I kept falling asleep at my desk. business class last semester. It was tough
The next morning, I took the test and I knew I getting all the work done at night. I had to come
hadn’t done very well. I was really disappointed up with a plan.
in myself because it was an important test, one Rudolph: How did you do it?
13
3. Yukio: I’m excited about going to study in parentification, we’re saying that the child is
London for a year, but I’m going to miss you a taking on some of the duties and
lot, Tara. responsibilities of a parent. A ten-year-old
Tara: I know. I’ll miss you, too. But… who’s making dinner every night, a 12-year-old
4. Maria: Oh, thanks for stopping by. I’m trying who’s in charge of getting her siblings ready for
to get all the employees together for a meeting. school every morning, a 16-year-old who picks
It’s been very slow lately and morale is pretty the younger kids up from school, or who goes
low, but I want to share some important news to the parent-teacher meetings for a sibling, all
with them. I just heard that our company won of these kids are parentified in a way.
the Williams contract! That means we have a lot However, some kids don’t just act as parents to
more business coming to us. their younger brothers or sisters. Some take
care of their mothers or fathers. They reverse
LISTENING 2: Growing Up Quickly roles with their own parents. When you have
Activity A., C., Page 61, 62 this role reversal, the parents are so sick that
Lecturer: Good morning. Today we’re going to they can no longer act in their parental role.
talk about the issues faced by children who The children cook for them, shop for groceries,
have to take on adult responsibilities before even dress their parents, bathe them, and put
they are 18. them to bed. The children make the important
First, let me tell you a story of a kid in this decisions. The needs of the parents become
situation. Let’s call him Bill. Bill’s father died more important than the needs of the child.
before he was born, and for a few years his In less extreme cases, kids have to take care of
mother was a single parent. Then his mom their parents or another family member, but
remarried and had another child. the parents are still in charge. So, for example,
Bill worked hard in school, but he struggled to if a mother has a major illness and is too weak
help his mother take care of his younger to get out of bed, the child may cook dinner or
brother. This is a common situation for children go to the grocery store, but the mother is still
like Bill. They are forced to act like adults for a the parent in the relationship. She is the one
wide variety of reasons. In Bill’s case, a young who makes decisions as a parent does.
sibling gave him adult responsibilities. In other Okay, so kids are forced to grow up quickly for a
situations, a parent is sick, so the child has to variety of reasons. Is this a good thing or a bad
take care of the sick parent. Sometimes, when thing? Well, it depends on the situation and on
parents divorce or one dies, a child takes on the child. As you might guess, the ones who
responsibilities such as cooking and cleaning. suffer the most are the kids who reverse roles
Or, in some immigrant families, a child may be with a parent. Because role reversal happens in
the only family member who speaks the new cases where the parents have the most
language, so he or she has to translate for the problems and are the least capable, their
parents at school or at the doctor’s office. children often feel more isolation. They may be
Although kids often want to help their families, embarrassed by the situation at home. They
too much responsibility can be a burden for may feel confusion about how regular kids or
them. They may feel they are giving up their teens are supposed to act. But many kids with
childhoods. An important term regarding these adult responsibilities, not just those where the
children is parentification. When we talk about roles are reversed, resent their responsibilities,
14
and see their duties at home as barriers to a 2. I think it’s how much you can provide for
happy social life. They can’t go out and have yourself.
fun. They feel a lot of frustration, and they have 3. I think it’s when you get married.
a lot of stress. 4. I think you become an adult at 16.
So which kids do the best? Probably the young 5. The day that I’m an adult is the day that I can
care givers who take on responsibilities only for do whatever I want to do.
a short period of time and at an older age. 6. The age at which you become an adult varies.
Also, kids who feel supported by their families
or who get support from school or other adults SPEAKING SKILL: Giving a Presentation
usually do much better. And there can be Activity A. Page 71
positive effects for children with some adult Speaker: Uh, hi. Um, today my presentation is
responsibilities. These kids often care more about an important turning point in my life. Um,
about others. They get satisfaction from OK. So, a few years ago, I got my first job. I was
helping people. Many of these kids grow up to really, really excited because I was making my
become teachers, counselors, and health own money. I felt completely grown up.
professionals. In fact, remember that kid Bill I Uh, on the way home from work, I used to stop
told you about earlier? That was Bill Clinton, at stores and buy things I liked just because I
who later became president of the United could. Uh, I bought clothes and a new watch
States. and books. I really felt like an adult when I paid
with my own money.
GRAMMAR: Phrasal Verbs But this bad habit caught up to me. One day, in
Activity A., Page 68 the middle of the month, I realized that I had
1. I can always count on my brother to help me spent all my money already and I, uh, wouldn’t
with the chores. get paid again for another two weeks. I didn’t
2. I try to show up on time for school every day. even have enough money to buy myself lunch.
3. Once I tried to run away from home when I Uh, where was I? Oh yeah, uh, so I didn’t have
was a child. enough money. I had to ask my parents to give
4. Fortunately, I talked my son into cleaning the me some. They were happy to help, of course,
garage this weekend. but, umm, I sure didn’t feel very grown-up
5. I didn’t know what that word meant, so I had having to ask them. Since then, I have learned
to look it up. to budget my money better so my paycheck
6. I decided to drop in on my father to see how lasts all month. Umm, that’s it.
he was doing.
UNIT ASSIGNMENT: Consider the Ideas

PRONUNCIATION: Sentence Stress Activity A. Page 97
Example, Page 69 Speaker: Hello. I’m Tony, and today I’d like to
I became an adult when I got married and tell you about an important turning point in my
started a family. life. When I was 18 years old, I went to Europe
Activity A., Page 69 for a long vacation. I had a lot of interesting
1. When you become employed, you can call adventures, and I grew up a lot on that trip.
yourself an adult. However, one event sticks out in my mind as a
15
moment in my life when I really left childhood

and entered adulthood. I was traveling in Russia
at the time. My father’s voice sounded so far
away on the phone when he called. I couldn’t
believe his news: my mother had a problem
with her brain, and the doctors didn’t know if
she was going to live.
I got on a plane the next day and hurried across
the planet hoping that my mom would still be
alive when I got back home. When I walked into
her hospital room, she recognized me, but
couldn’t talk. She got better, bit by bit, and, one
day, I was allowed to take her outside in the
hospital garden. As I pushed her wheelchair, I
realized that my mom would need me for a
while. I understood that even though traveling
was my dream, it was more important to stay
home and take care of my mom. I guess that I
learned that being an adult means putting other
people’s needs first. I think I grew up a little
more as my mom and I enjoyed the walks in the
hospital garden.
16
Unit 4: Fine Arts Teacher: What’s your opinion, Felix? Why do

people do things by hand?
The Q Classroom
Felix: Well, a good reason to do stuff by hand is
because it becomes a hobby. And having
Teacher: The unit question is: “Why do people
something relaxing and fun to do in your free
do things by hand?” What do you think,
time is important. I would like to be able to
Marcus?
make something beautiful and useful. I’d rather
Marcus: People do things by hand because it’s
create something nice than sit around watching
cheaper. If you have to pay someone to do
TV in my free time.
everything for you, it’s not very economical. If
Sophy: That’s right. And if you have a nice
you know how to paint a wall or fix your roof,
hobby like crafts, you meet other people who
it’s much cheaper than hiring someone to do it
like the same thing. You make friends that way.
for you. That’s why people do those things.
My sister is part of a knitting group and she
Teacher: That’s true for do-it-yourself projects
really likes knitting, but she likes having a
like repairing your home. But sometimes it costs
reason to get together with her friends even
more money to knit a sweater than to buy one
more. She said she’d teach me to knit, too, and I
in a department store. Why would people
think I’d like to learn.
prefer to do crafts in that case?
Sophy: Because it’s fun! I like to wear clothes
LISTENING 1: Quilting’s New Popularity
that are unique. If you buy a sweater in a
Activity A., C., Page 80
department store, you know that thousands of
Reporter: It’s possible that you’ve heard of
people have that same sweater. If you buy the
quilting. Quilting is a craft in which pieces of
yarn and knit your own sweater, you have a
fabric are sewn together in patterns—by hand
unique product.
or by machine—and then made into an item
Teacher: What do you think, Yuna? Why do
such as a blanket to keep you warm in winter.
people do things by hand?
There are usually two or more layers to a quilt
Yuna: Because the industrial process pollutes
and that makes it different from a regular
the environment. It’s greener and more
blanket.
environmental to do things at home.
For many years, people stopped quilting when it
Teacher: Hmm. Are you sure about that? Does
became possible to buy quilts and blankets to
making things by hand always pollute less?
cover their beds. These store-bought quilts
Yuna: I don’t know if it always pollutes less. But
were often less expensive, and, of course, you
many things that industries use chemicals for
could have one immediately without waiting
can be done naturally. For example, my aunt
the weeks or months it takes to produce a quilt.
buys plain white fabric for her projects and then
But, in the 1980s, quilting made a comeback,
uses natural things to dye the fabric. Like, to
and now you can find quilting materials, classes,
make fabric green, she uses plants from her
books, and magazines—even TV shows—
garden. And to make something brown or
everywhere. What’s the big deal about quilting?
orange, she uses onion skins. It’s totally natural
We visited a popular convention and asked
and much better than the industrial things
around.
some companies use.
Stacy Riley is a designer for a fabric company.
Riley says all the major fabric companies have
17
taken note of the rise in quilting’s popularity. minutes of free time I get every day. Being the
Ms. Riley, the quilts I recall from my childhood mother of little children is a full-time job. But
featured fairly traditional quilting designs. They knowing that when my little guys are taking a
were always square or rectangular and made nap I have a quilt to work on, I have the energy
for beds, and generally had simple patterns and to keep going. It makes me so happy to have
quiet colors. You say that today’s quilting isn’t something nice to put on the family’s beds,
like the quilting of old, or even the quilting of something I made.
thirty years ago? The fabrics are more At this convention last year, I saw Margaret
interesting, as are the designs, techniques, and Wilson. I couldn’t believe it! She has won so
colors? many awards and made so many quilts that I
Stacy Riley: That’s right. Our generation grew love. These conventions are really cool because
up with an entirely different kind of quilts. Our sometimes you get to meet famous quilters.
grandmothers, in the 1930s and ‘40s, sewed Reporter: Quilting’s comeback in recent years
their own clothes. It was cheaper. They saved means a great hobby for people like Tina, but it
up the scraps from the clothes they made to can also mean big money. After our encounter
make quilts. And these quilts were often with Tina, we spoke to Anna Roberts, a UCLA
beautiful, but more often they were functional. student who’s studying business. She explained
Their purpose was to keep you warm at night. her plans for the future.
Nowadays, it’s cheaper to buy a bed covering in Anna Roberts: Crafts are growing fast. People
a store. So people make quilts these days are learning that there are lots of things they
because it’s a fantastic hobby. can create for their homes without the help of
Reporter: But they still use scraps of fabric from outsiders. They’re learning to make furniture,
sewing clothes? sew quilts, and knit their own sweaters. So what
Stacy Riley: Nowadays, it’s usually cheaper to I want to do when I graduate is open a topnotch
buy clothes than to make them. And that craft store. Quilting alone is a multi-million
created a shift for those of us who work in the dollar industry.
fabric industry. When we design new fabrics, Reporter: Neil Brown is the owner of a quilting
we think much less about what will look good in store in Topeka, Kansas, and he has a different
a person’s clothing and much more about how take on quilting’s popularity. He’s part of a
quilters will like it. Will it look fun, interesting, panel that will talk later today about quilting
and exciting in a quilt? And we don’t design one and its new role in schools. I asked him if his
fabric at a time. We design a whole series of quilt store had classes for children.
fabrics in certain colors because quilters often Neil Brown: Oh, yes, definitely. We’ve got after-
use these fabrics together. school classes for children in elementary school
Reporter: Today’s quilting, unlike quilting in the and Saturday classes for teenagers. Quilting has
past, appeals to a different breed of crafters, become wildly popular among children. I’ve set
people who quilt for fun and not out of up a small library of books on quilting, and
necessity. Tina Martin is the parent of three those books are in constant circulation. We
active children, but she finds time to attend have a waiting list and I’m thinking we’ll need to
conventions and invest in her hobby. expand the classroom section of my store to
Tina Martin: Quilting is really great. I enjoy make room for more classes.
having a hobby that I can do in the few spare
18
Reporter: So, there’s a connection between Reporter: Ms. Riley, the quilts I recall from my
quilting and lots of other areas in the school childhood featured fairly traditional quilting
curriculum? designs. They were always square or
Neil Brown: That’s true. In quilting, lots of rectangular and made for beds, and they
subject areas are involved: math, design, generally had simple patterns and quiet colors.
history, reading, even science sometimes. I’ve You say that today’s quilting isn’t like the
seen it happen a lot. Children develop an quilting of old, or even the quilting of thirty
interest in quilting and suddenly teachers see years ago?
development in the classroom.
You know, most kids don’t do crafts at home. Activity B., Page 84
Their parents are so busy and no one has time Excerpt 1:
to teach kids some of the basic things they need Neil Brown: Oh, yes, definitely. We’ve got after-
to know in life, like baking a cake, sewing school classes for children in elementary school
buttons on clothes, making a kite, or creating a and Saturday classes for teenagers. Quilting has
scrapbook. I love teaching. For me, anything become wildly popular among children. I’ve set
that helps young people have an appreciation up a small library of books on quilting and those
for hard work and dedication to a project is books are in constant circulation. We have a
terrific. waiting list and I’m thinking we’ll need to
expand the classroom section of my store to
LISTENING SKILL: Making Inferences make room for more classes.
Examples, Page 83 Excerpt 2:
Tina Martin: At this convention last year, I saw Stacy Riley: When we design new fabrics, we
Margaret Wilson. I couldn’t believe it! She has think much less about what will look good in a
won so many awards and made so many quilts person’s clothing and much more about how
that I love. These conventions are really cool quilters will like it. Will it look fun, interesting,
because sometimes you get to meet famous and exciting in a quilt? And we don’t design one
quilters. fabric at a time. We design a whole series of
fabrics certain colors because quilters often use
Activity A., Page 84 these fabrics together.
Excerpt 1:
Neil Brown: In quilting, lots of subject areas are NOTE-TAKING SKILL
involved: math, design, history, reading, even Activity A., Page 85
science sometimes. I’ve seen it happen a lot. Podcast host: If you enjoy cycling and you’re
Children develop an interest in quilting and thinking about buying a new bike, there are
suddenly teachers see development in the several reasons to build your own rather than
classroom. buy a new one. First of all, you may not find the
Excerpt 2: perfect bike for you anywhere. Maybe you want
Reporter: Tina Martin is the parent of three a bike that’s especially light, or especially fast,
active children, but she finds time to attend or just the right size. By building a bike on your
conventions and invest in her hobby. own you can guarantee that it’s the right one
Excerpt 3: for you. You may also save money in the
process. A great bicycle can be extremely
19
expensive. But when you buy the individual Carl Baxter: Not really, just a few. But the ones I
parts you need—and you can buy them new or have really like it. They always start out
used—you can often find them at affordable wondering if it will be fun, but the first time I
prices, especially online. tell them to cut a piece of wood that will
Of course, building a bike is not a short project. actually be used to make someone’s home—
Plus, it’s not easy. You’ll have to learn the skills and they do it well, and it is used—they feel a
necessary to do it right. You also need to have real sense of accomplishment. And they want to
an experienced bike mechanic advise you along learn more.
the way and check your work when you’re Reporter: So none of these kids have had any
finished. This will help you build a bike that is experience with crafts.
safe and avoid some of the mistakes beginners Carl Baxter: Oh, heck no. I mean, I was a
often make. With some hard work and learning, complete amateur when I started, too. I didn’t
you’ll soon have the pleasure of knowing that know what I was doing, but I read a few books
the bicycle you’re riding represents your own and practiced making things for a few years and
creativity and hard work. If you ask me, that’s suddenly I had learned most of what I needed
the best part of taking on a project like this. to and was ready to go. It’s the same with these
kids. They don’t think it’s going to be interesting
LISTENING 2: A Different Path in Life till they get started and next thing you know,
Activity A., D., Page 87 they’re dreaming of building their own cabins to
Reporter: Some people choose a different path live in.
in life. They choose to do things by themselves Reporter: Have any of your apprentices gone
and teach others their craft at the same time. out and built a cabin by themselves?
I’m standing here with Carl Baxter, outside a Carl Baxter: One has, so far. He helped me build
small cabin near Browning, Montana. A cabin two cabins and then started trying to design his
he built with his own hands, with the help of his own. He didn’t want to clone the work I’d
newest apprentice, Dave Black. Carl, tell me done—you know, do the same thing he’d
about your apprentice program. already done twice, so he sat down and planned
Carl Baxter: Well, I mean, it’s not a “program” something just for him. I helped him build it and
so much as something I just do. I worry about we got it done in just under a year. It’s a unique
kids these days. They spend all their time with place that he built, and he likes hanging out
video games, on cell phones, and in front of the there because no one has anything like it. He
TV. I can’t identify with that at all. I’ve always can point to it and say, “I made that.” Since
loved making things, being outdoors, learning then, he has gotten a few orders for cabins. He
stuff. I think today’s kids would love to learn to has started his own business. I love that.
make things too, but they don’t have anyone to Reporter: How do you design the cabins you
show them how. So I started teaching a few build? And what input do your apprentices have
teenagers some skills, the stuff I know. I make in the process?
cabins, so I teach them basic carpentry to help Carl Baxter: Mostly I just listen to the client. I
me make my cabins. try really hard to understand the person’s
Reporter: Do you have a lot of kids in your lifestyle. You know, no one lives the same way,
program? so I try to incorporate a person’s attitudes
towards life into my cabins. I regard my work as
20
an extension of that person. And I’m trying to Pronunciation: Basic Intonation Patterns
teach these kids to do the same thing. Listen. Activity A., Page 95
Really listen. Don’t build your dream. Build their 1. How much do these books cost?
dream. 2. Is the library open?
Reporter: Tell me about this cabin here. 3. We’re looking for the craft shop.
Carl Baxter: Dave and I built this for a 4. Walk north for two blocks.
professional potter. She makes vases and bowls 5. Are you sure?
and plates; her work is incredible, but she 6. Please sign on the dotted line.
needed lots of light. So I made sure there were 7. Call me tomorrow at six.
incredible windows and that the house was 8. Have you read her new book?
situated on a beautiful piece of land. Dave did
all the work on the windows. Nice, isn’t it? And Activity B. Page 96
after moving in and doing her ceramic work Alex: Have you seen Kim’s latest sculpture?
here, her work has appeared in a fantastic Lee: Yeah, Jae and I saw it last weekend.
gallery in New York. So maybe we had a small Alex: What did you think of it?
hand in helping her improve in her craft. Lee: It was really creative.
Reporter: Do you pay your apprentices? Alex: That’s it? Come on. Tell me what you
Carl Baxter: Yeah, I pay them a percentage of thought.
the total I receive for a cabin. And business is Lee: Well I could tell she worked hard on it. But
good because of it. People like the idea of a it’s really not my style. I mean, I wouldn’t
product that supports education of teenagers. I decorate my apartment with it.
set up a website for my cabins and with just Alex: I see. I guess we all have different tastes.
that little bit of marketing, I’ve got more clients Lee: That’s for sure. Did you like it?
than I can handle. Some of them are overseas. I
recently got a request for a cabin in Japan. Can SPEAKING SKILL: Avoiding answering questions
you imagine that? I’ve never been outside of Activity A., Page 97
the United States. 1. A: How old are you?
Reporter: Are you going to expand your B: I’d rather not say.
operation to keep up with the orders? 2. A: What did you think of that book?
Carl Baxter: I’m not sure. I can only teach so B: You might say it gives a very unique point
many kids at one time. And I build cabins of view.
because I love working with my hands. I really 3. A: Hello. Is Nick there?
enjoy the process and don’t want to turn it into B: Who’s calling?
some kind of industry. That’s not what I’m 4. A: Is Joseph doing a good job?
about. I do it out of love—both love for building B: Joseph is a very hard worker.
cabins and love of these kids. So I’m going to 5. A: Can I have your address, please?
keep my operation small for the time being, at B: I’m sorry, but I don’t give out that
least until I find someone to help me, someone information.
who’s interested in both the cabins and the 6. A: Where were you on Friday?
kids. Till then, I’ll keep it small and simple. And B: Why do you need to know?
that’s good enough. 7. A: Where do you want to have dinner?
B: Where would you like to go?
21
8. A: How much did you pay for that car?

B: It was affordable, and we’re very happy
with it.
22
Unit 5: Nutrition
NOTE-TAKING SKILL
The Q Classroom
Professor: Hello, everyone! Today, I am going
Teacher: We’re going to talk about the science
to be talking about the study of zootherapy,
of food, so let’s start off with the Unit Question,
which simply means using food in place of
“How has science changed the food we eat?”
medicine. Traditionally, in many cultures
Yuna, what do you think?
around the world, people have used food to
Yuna: Science has changed packaged food a lot.
cure illnesses.
They add vitamins because they’re good for us,
For instance, in China, one famous and delicious
and they use less fat and things that aren’t
dish is Peking Duck. Have any of you ever tried
good for us.
it? Have you ever wondered how it gets that
Teacher: What do you think, Felix? How has
beautiful red color? Well, it is also very healthy
science changed the food we eat?
because the skin of the duck is colored with red
Felix: Well, I think it’s because of science that
rice powder that contains a natural chemical
people eat so much packaged food. They’ve
that lowers cholesterol. Maybe this is one
discovered ways to create food that people like,
reason why fewer people have heart disease in
usually by adding a lot of salt or sugar. It’s not
China than in many other countries. Perhaps
healthy at all.
doctors in China advise their patients with heart
Teacher: How else has science changed the
problems to eat more Peking Duck.
food we eat? Marcus?
Another example of using food for good health
Marcus: They’ve learned to make all kinds of
comes from Brazil. Some of the indigenous, or
things out of corn. They use corn syrup to
native, populations that live near water use
sweeten sodas and candy, and corn oil for
specific kinds of fish as medicine. For example,
frying. Corn is cheap to grow, so a lot of food is
they use the oil from the liver of a shark called a
less expensive, like fast food. But I agree with
hammerhead to cure asthma. So, when
Felix—it’s not healthy.
someone is having an asthma attack and they
Teacher: Sophy, do you have any other answers
have trouble breathing, they may drink shark
to this question? How else has science changed
liver oil. Now that these traditional cultures
the way we eat?
have more access to modern medicine, their
Sophy: Well, science has changed the plants
use of fish as a source of medicine, especially
and animals we eat. A long time ago, corn was a
fish that are endangered, like the hammerhead,
small plant, but now it’s a huge one. And the
is decreasing. Nowadays, people are more likely
animals are bigger, too, because they’ve figured
to visit a doctor than to go fishing for their
out just the right diet to feed them to make
medicine. However, even as the practice of
them larger.
using food as medicine seems to be
Teacher: Some of you feel that science has
disappearing in some places, modern drug
made food less healthy. Do you think science
companies are looking to traditional foods for
has done anything good for our diets?
new medicines. Right now, researchers are
Sophy: Absolutely. Because of science, we’re
testing new asthma drugs that contain oil from
able to grow more food and feed more people.
other sharks, like nurse sharks and blue sharks.
Less hunger in the world is a very good thing.
In your text, you will read more examples of
23
food being used in medicine. Please open to drinks to test in a group of 3-year-olds and a
page 271. second group of children aged 8 and 9. Children
received ordinary fruit juice or a drink identical
LISTENING 1: Food Additives Linked to in look and taste that contained common
Hyperactivity in Kids additives. Some children were given a drink
From “Food additives may cause hyperactivity: containing colorings typically found in a couple
study” by Maggie Fox, September 5, 2007, of 50 gram bags of candy. Others were given a
Reuters. All rights reserved. Republication or higher level of colorings, equal to consuming
redistribution of Thomson Reuters content, the additives in four of these bags. Parents,
including by framing or similar means, is teachers, and the researchers then studied the
expressly prohibited without the prior written children’s behavior. Both mixtures significantly
consent of Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters affected the older children, when compared
and its logo are registered trademarks or with the regular drink. “Although the use of
trademarks of the Thomson Reuters group of artificial coloring in food might seem
companies around the world. © Thomson superfluous, the same cannot be said for
Reuters 2009. Thomson Reuters journalists are sodium benzoate, which has an important
subject to an Editorial Handbook which requires preservative function,” the researchers write.
fair presentation and disclosure of relevant “The changes to food additive rules could be
interests. substantial.”
Activity A., D., Page 107, 108 The issue of whether food additives can affect
Reporter: The controversy about food additives children’s behavior has been controversial for
and children’s behavior continues, this time decades. Dr. Benjamin Feingold has written
with a study linking food additives and a books arguing that not only do artificial colors,
common preservative to hyperactivity. But not flavors, and preservatives affect children, but so
everyone is convinced this latest research is do natural chemicals found in some fruits and
definite. Certain artificial food colorings and vegetables.
other additives can worsen hyperactive Several studies have contradicted this notion.
behaviors in children aged 3 to 9, UK And some have only found an effect of food
researchers report. Tests on more than 300 additives on the behavior of children
children showed significant differences in their diagnosed with extreme hyperactivity. In this
behavior when they drank fruit drinks latest research, children generally reacted
mixed with food colorings and preservatives, poorly to the mixtures.
say Professor Jim Stevenson and colleagues at “We have found an adverse effect of food
the University of Southampton. additives on the hyperactive behavior of 3-year-
“These findings show that adverse effects are old and 8- to 9-year-old children,” the
not just seen in children with extreme researchers write.
hyperactivity but can also be seen in the general Stevenson has this message for parents:
population,” the researchers write. Stevenson’s “Parents should not think that simply taking
team, which has been studying the effects of these additives out of food will prevent all
food additives in children for years, made up hyperactive disorders. We know that many
other influences are at work, but this at
least is one a child can avoid,” he says.
24
Dr. Sue Baic says that the study is well-designed Excerpt 2:

and “potentially very important.” Can it really hurt your heart to drink one soda a
“It supports what scientists have known for a day? A recent study published by the American
long time: that feeding children on diets that Heart Association says it can. The report
mainly consist of heavily processed foods which suggests that drinking even one soda a day can
may also be high in fat, salt, or sugar is not increase your chances of getting heart disease.
optimal for health.” Excerpt 3:
Others disagree. “The paper is not a Tea is one of the world’s oldest and most
demonstration of cause and effect,” says Dr. popular drinks. In spite of the recent popularity
Paul Illing. of fancy coffee in parts of Asia, most people in
China still look forward to the peace and calm
Listening Skill: Understanding bias in a they associate with the ancient practice of
presentation drinking tea.
Activity A., Page 110 Excerpt 4:
Speaker: Don’t Believe the Organic Hype. Can we believe what the food labels claim?
For too many people, eating healthier means Labels say things like “all-natural” or “helps
buying organic food. build healthy bones” or “made with real fruit”
People think that just because the label says or “contains real chocolate,” or “helps burn
“organic” that the food is better for them. fat.” But research shows that food labels can
However, a quick look at the list of ingredients often be confusing. Or they try to make you
of many organic products shows that they can believe something that isn’t quite true.
be just as high in salt, calories, and fat as
normal foods. Just because some potato chips LISTENING 2: The “Flavr Savr” Tomato
are made from organic potatoes doesn’t mean Activity A., C., Page 117
it’s a healthy choice to eat the whole bag. Announcer: Turning now to the world of
Furthermore, research shows that the dangers science, genetically altered food may soon be
associated with eating too much high-calorie available at your local vegetable stand. The
food are worse than eating food with additives “Flavr Savr” tomato is already on sale in the
or artificial coloring. United States. It’s supposed to stay riper,
Activity B., Page 110 fresher, and more flavorful than an ordinary
Excerpt 1: tomato. It’s also one of the first foods to be
As the sale of fast food increases produced by biotechnology. But not everyone is
internationally, people’s weights are increasing, a fan. As Nina Winham reports, consumers
too. Several important international often have an uneasy reaction to scientifically
organizations, including the World Health improved food.
Organization, are very concerned about the Nina Winham: At the Kensington Fruit Market
growing rate of obesity around the world. in Toronto, tables are piled high with everything
Scientists believe that fast food restaurants play from rutabagas to radicchio. People are picking
a substantial role in more and more people through the produce, comparing prices and
becoming overweight. freshness. Ask them about genetically
engineered vegetables.
25
Speaker 1: Oh, no. No, I wouldn’t go for organisms, we are doubly interested because
genetically altered. I wouldn’t go for it. we are, ourselves, ingesting the result.
Winham: Yeah, and if it… Winham: Burke says the biotechnology industry
Speaker 1: If it would be sweeter and maybe is realizing people have moral and cultural
more tastier, but I wouldn’t go for it. reactions to food, and so this very personal
Speaker 2: I guess, to begin with, you would commodity may be the area where the debate
want to know what goes into it, to see whether over the ethics of biotechnology comes to a
it is going to affect us. head. Susan Harlander is director of research
Speaker 3: I feel that if you tamper with nature, with Land o’ Lakes Dairies. She says the key for
there’s bound to be a rebound. food producers will be to underline the benefits
Speaker 4: I think most people are scared of of biotechnology, such as higher-quality
what, if something can be altered that much, is foods. And she says that people need to see the
it really going to be good for them in the long science done in a lab as a continuation of the
run? science that has long been a part of farming.
Winham: Genetic engineering is when scientists Susan Harlander: I think most people don’t
alter the chemical blueprint of an organism. understand breeding and selection and how
They can make it develop the traits they want, much modification of the food supply has gone
sometimes by adding a part of the blueprint on with traditional agriculture, and how little
from a completely different species. To some, we can actually control what’s happening in a
the process seems fantastic, but to others, it’s traditional breeding experiment versus what we
disturbing. Professor Robert Strong studies the can control with genetic engineering.
ethics of biotechnology at the University of Winham: Back at the Kensington Market, Linda
Redding. Arugio is busy helping customers at the
Robert Strong: People think that um, certain, checkout counter. She says genetically
many aspects of our modern lifestyle are engineered foods aren’t that different from
unnatural, and that is, sort of, colored with other hybrid products she’s sold in the past. She
moral overtones. Because it’s unnatural, it must remembers a lettuce, a cross between two
be bad. varieties, that people just wouldn’t buy. But she
Winham: But society has already accepted says watermelon with no seeds has caught on
some genetic engineering, especially for and has loyal fans.
medical uses. Insulin for diabetics, human Linda Arugio: Most people get used to trying
growth hormone for underdeveloped children different things, and they start thinking that it’s
are two widely used products of biotechnology. all right or even accepting that it’s all right,
It’s when the science lab produces food that or knowing that it’s all right, they’ll start buying
people start to back away. Steven Burke is vice it and getting more into it.
president of the North Carolina Biotechnology Winham: The uncertain reaction of consumers
Center. is only part of the hurdle faced by food
Steven Burke: With food biotechnology, the producers. Genetically engineered foods
issues are, in many cases, compounded. Not are expected to cost considerably more than
only are we concerned, or at least interested in their old-fashioned counterparts, and people
the application of the techniques and in the here will tell you that may be the ultimate
movement of different genes between different turn-off.
26
Marc: Yeah, and the cheese is amazing! It tastes

PRONUNCIATION: Other common intonation nothing like what we buy in the grocery stores
patterns here.
Examples, Page 120 Faisal: That’s interesting. I feel that way about
This tomato is genetically altered? Saudi Arabian food here, too. It’s not quite the
You eat five sandwiches a day? same.
I ate eggs, toast, and cereal.
Would you like coffee?
Would you like coffee or iced tea?
1. What? You’ve never eaten a tomato?
2. Do you prefer water or juice?
3. My favorite foods are rice, yams, and pizza.
4. What did you say? You don’t like ice cream?
5. Are you hungry? Do you want some bread
and cheese?
SPEAKING SKILL: Expressing interest during a

conversation
Faisal: Hey, Marc. Is this seat free? Do you mind
if I sit here?
Marc: Not at all! How are you doing?
Faisal: I’m absolutely starving!
Marc: Really? Why?
Faisal: I went to the gym this morning before
school, and by 11:00, my stomach was growling
in class.
Marc: Wow, that had to be embarrassing.
Faisal: Definitely. So, what did you get for
lunch?
Marc: Well, they’re serving French onion soup
today, so I got some of that. It’s not bad, but
not like home!
Faisal: Yeah! French food is famous around the
world, but I’ve never had it.
Marc: Well, I am from Provence, in the south of
France. People take food very seriously there.
Faisal: Mm-hmm.
Marc: People buy fresh fruit and vegetables
from the market every day.
Faisal: Every day!
27
Unit 6: Education NOTE-TAKING SKILL

Activity A., page 129
The Q Classroom
Professor: Okay, so in the reading you did to
prepare for this class, you learned about several
Teacher: “Is one road to success better than
different businesses that have taken kind of a
another?” Marcus, what do you think? Is
non-traditional approach to success. In other
there a best road to success?
words, these companies have achieved success
Marcus: I think that in most cases it’s better to
without focusing only on making money. Who
take a non-traditional road. If you have a
can tell me about one of the businesses from
different kind of experience than other people
the chapter you read? Yes, Brian.
in your career, then you’ll have a different
Brian: Well, one of the examples was the
perspective. You might know things other
American ice cream maker, Ben and Jerry’s. The
people don’t know.
two guys who started the company, Ben and
Teacher: Good point. What do you think,
Jerry, were childhood friends. They took a
Sophy? Is one road to success better than
college course in ice cream making, and they
another?
opened their first ice cream shop in, um, 1979, I
Sophy: I guess I’d say no, that there are many
think. What made Ben and Jerry’s different
different ways of reaching your goals. The best
from many other ice cream companies was
way for one person might not be the best
their focus on charities and their opposition to
for someone else. Maybe a non-traditional road
using any chemicals. They wanted to build a
works for Marcus but a more traditional one
company that had a conscience. They received
works for someone else.
the “US Small Business Persons of the Year”
Teacher: What do you think, Felix? Marcus feels
award in 1989, and they sold their company in
it’s best to find your own unique path, and
2000 for a huge profit. They had some problems
Sophy feels that while that might work for some
along the way, though. They were involved in
people, it won’t work for everyone. What do
lawsuits with another ice cream company, and
you think?
they needed help with their business to deal
Felix: I agree with Sophy in the sense that
with the fast growth of their company.
everyone is different and everyone needs to
Professor: Right. Very good, thank you. Okay,
find their own way. But one argument for a
how about another company, Kurumi.
more traditional path to success, say studying
Kurumi: Um, let’s see. Another company that
hard, getting a degree, getting an entry-level
has succeeded because of its non-traditional
job, and working your way up, is that you gain a
approach is Lululemon. It’s a Canadian
lot of work experience along the way. If you
sportswear company. It was started in 1998 by
take a less traditional path, you might miss out
Chip Wilson in Vancouver. His idea was for the
on that valuable work experience.
store to be like a community meeting place
Teacher: OK. How about you, Yuna? Would you
where people could learn about healthy living.
say that one road to success is better than
Now the company is valued at $10 billion! But,
another?
some people think the company grew too fast.
Yuna: No. I agree that there are advantages and
Chip Wilson has disagreed with board members
disadvantages to every choice.
about the new focus on making more money.
28
Professor: Thanks for the summary, Kurumi. step at a time. In this situation, a worker would
We have time for one more. Um, okay, Ali. How start at a large company, just out of high school
about you? or college. The worker would stay with the
Ali: Well, since I love coffee, I was the most company, receiving promotion after promotion
interested in Starbucks. Okay, so it opened in and rising from the bottom of the ladder,
1971, and there has always been a focus on perhaps working in the mail room, to working in
creating a feeling of community for its an office, to managing, and so on. Are there any
customers. But, like with Lululemon, the questions? Yes?
company has grown really quickly. There are Student 1: So, these workers would just stay at
more than 21,000 stores in 65 different the same companies for their entire careers?
countries. But, in 2008, the company had some Professor: Exactly. Traditionally, workers were
financial problems. Now it seems that Starbucks usually loyal to their companies. They devoted
is interested in returning to its core values. their entire working lives to the same company.
Professor: Thanks everyone! Now, for next This is true about both office work and physical
class, please read… work, like working in a factory. The workers
stayed at the company and climbed the ladder
LISTENING 1: Changing Ways to Climb the as far as they could, at which point, they would
Ladder simply stop moving up. In return, the company
Activity A., D., Page 130, 131 was stable and protected the workers. The
Professor: How many of you are currently workers counted on the company to pay them
working? Right. Now, how many of you would during their working lives and take care of them
like to be in exactly the same jobs five or ten once they were too old to work. Yes?
years from now? None? Well, I assume that one Student 2: I think this model is similar to the
of the main reasons you are continuing your business cultures in other countries.
education is so that eventually you can get your Professor: Absolutely. Many countries in Asia
dream job. Of course, the right education or follow this business model. In fact, a popular
training is important, but take a minute to think CEO in Japan recently said in an interview
about the answer to this question. Say you want that he views his workers as his family. He feels
to be the next CEO of a giant company. What responsible for them, just as they feel a
steps, other than getting a strong education, responsibility to the company. Not surprisingly,
should you take to reach that goal? The answer this model works best in cultures that have
you give to that question today is probably more traditional family structures. Specifically,
radically different than the answer that this model works well when the father can
students sitting in those seats gave twenty-five devote a lot of time to work, and the mother is
or thirty years ago. In fact, today’s career path able to stay at home with the family. This
is very different from the one that was common traditional model is very different from the
even a few decades ago. Today, I’m going to second model that I want to talk about today.
talk about these two different models of career The second model is one that you will probably
advancement. First, let’s focus on the more be more familiar with. In contrast to the single
traditional model for advancement. A good ladder model, try to picture a person
picture of this model would be a climbing several different ladders, stepping
businessperson climbing up a single ladder, one from one step on one ladder to a step on
29
another ladder. In other words, instead of longer count on continuing to receive money
staying at one company, hoping for a from their employer after they turn sixty-five
promotion, these workers move from and retire. As a result, workers usually don’t
one company to another. Sometimes the move feel the same sense of loyalty that they used to.
is sideways. By that, I mean sometimes the Their attitude is to learn as much as they can at
person leaves one position at a company for one company before moving on to another.
a similar position in a different company, maybe Although this model might make some more
for better pay or for the promise of a quick traditional workers uncomfortable, it has
promotion. On the other hand, often the become very common in North America. In fact,
worker is able to move to a position one, two, this year approximately 87% of all workers will
or even three steps higher than their previous be engaged in the new model as they climb to
position. In fact, jumping up a few steps the top of their professions.
at a time, something that would be almost
impossible in a traditional career path, is LISTENING SKILL: Listening for contrasting ideas
actually quite common in this model, and now Activity A., B., Page 134
business leaders are getting to the top an Mr. Doshi: Bob Quintero and Susan Miyamoto
average of four years faster than in the are the final candidates for the marketing
days of the traditional model. In the new model, position at our company. Bob has a degree from
workers are starting their careers at smaller Harvard University in the U.S.A., whereas Susan
companies rather than bigger ones. They move has a degree from Keio Business School in
in and out of companies as positions open, and Japan.
they can move faster or more slowly toward Ms. Stanz: Bob and Susan both have good work
their goal, depending on their personal experience. Bob has worked for five years at a
situations. Questions? small marketing company, but Susan has
Student 3: I can see why someone would want worked for eight years at our company.
to move quickly up the ladder. But why would Mr. Doshi: Susan speaks more languages. Bob
someone want to move more slowly? speaks Arabic and Spanish. However, Susan
Professor: That’s a great question, and it moves speaks French, Spanish, and Japanese.
us into the final part of this lecture. Why would Ms. Stanz: Bob has a lot of sales experience. On
someone want to slow down their career the other hand, Susan has a lot of experience at
path? Well, now that the traditional family our company.
structure has changed and women are a major Mr. Doshi: Hmmm. This is going to be a tough
part of the workforce, the needs of the workers decision!
to balance career and family have changed.
Men often want to spend more time with their LISTENING 2: Life Experience Before College
children than they were expected to spend in Activity A., D., Page 135, 136
the past. This social change is definitely a main Announcer: In many parts of the world,
reason for the change from a traditional single- students often take time off before heading to
ladder model to a many-ladder model. Another college. In Great Britain, it’s known as the “Gap
reason many companies no longer take care of Year,” and in Australia it’s called a “Walkabout.”
their workers the way they did in the past is It’s still a foreign concept for most Americans,
because of economic change. Workers can no
30
but a growing number of our young people are that’s more valuable than being at college at
daring to be different. that particular moment.
Reporter: Antonia House is about to graduate Reporter: That’s just what Trudee Goodman
from high school in Manhattan, but as her peers did. Four years ago, she was graduating from
are picking out dorm room furniture, she’s high school and was burned out on books.
preparing to go globetrotting. Trudee Goodman: I was at the same school for
Antonia House: I’m going to Madrid, where I’ll 10 years. It was really very rigorous,
take Spanish lessons. I’m going to Berlin, where academically. I was ready for a different type of
I’m going to take German lessons and then challenge.
I’m probably going to travel on my own a little Reporter: So she took a gap year and moved
bit around Central and Eastern Europe. from Houston to Boston, where she joined a
Reporter: After spending a summer in France, domestic Peace Corps, offering her services in
Antonia became interested in international troubled schools and neighborhoods.
relations. Trudee Goodman: I was in Boston, often until,
Antonia House: A lot of people in Europe take you know, 7 or 8 at night, and then, made the
time off. I’m not getting that sort of American hour-long commute back to the suburbs.
college experience, but, I figure, you know, I’m But I felt like, you know, this is much more real,
getting my own thing, and that’s really what I if you will, than what my friends are
want. experiencing.
Reporter: While few students are as brave as Reporter: Logging 1,700 hours of community
Antonia, taking a year off between high school service provided plenty of life lessons.
and college can mean a brighter future. Trudee Goodman: Well, I lived with my
According to a recent survey of 350 students, grandparents for the year. My grandmother had
55 percent of those that had taken time off say more of a social life than I did that year, so…
the experience had a positive effect on their Reporter: And after one year, Goodman was
grades. Fifty-seven percent said their job search ready to dive back into academia at Trinity
after graduation benefited from their College, in Hartford, Connecticut.
experiences away from the classroom. Trudee Goodman: I had some experiences to
Ron Lieber: Most of the deans of admissions, at share as examples in classes that I never would
most of the best colleges in the country, have had, had I not had this experience.
absolutely believe that their schools would be Reporter: Just three weeks ago, Trudee
better off if every single student took time off. graduated from Trinity. And while most of her
Reporter: Ron Lieber is the co-author of Taking peers are facing the real world for the first time,
Time Off. He says the hard part is convincing she can say she’s been there, done that.
your parents that your gap year will not be a Trudee Goodman: You’ll realize how quickly a
slack year. year goes by, if anything, that’s what I learned.
Ron Lieber: Taking time off is almost like school And just make the most of all the little
in the sense that you need to plan every day, moments, all the experiences you have within
every month. You need a lesson plan. You need that year, because it’ll serve you well into the
a syllabus. It’s not something you figure out as future.
you go along because the point of the exercise Reporter: Did it work? Trudee’s gap year
is to create a year for yourself that’s better, worked for her. She’s already taken a job as an
31
elementary school teacher, and she says her SPEAKING SKILL: Changing the topic
gap year experience really stood out on her Activity A., Page 146
resume. The author of Taking Time Off had A: I’ve had a very long day. I just came from my
some tips. He says talk to people who’ve taken job.
a gap year doing the same thing you’d like to B: That reminds me. I need to get your resume.
do. You can also ask your college if it has grants My company is hiring and you would be perfect
available to students who are traveling or doing for the position.
community service. A: Really? That’s great! You make your job
sound fun.
PRONUNCIATION: Highlighted words B: It is most of the time. We all get along well at
Examples, Page 144 work.
Colleges say a gap year doesn’t have to be A: Oh, I wanted to ask you if you have time to
costly. help me with my homework.
Colleges say a gap year doesn’t HAVE to be B: Sure I can. We’ll do it after class.
costly. A: Anyway, I’d love to give you my resume. I’ve
COLLEGES say a gap year doesn’t have to be been looking for a new job.
costly. B: I know. Speaking of which, my boss says she’s
Activity A., Page 144 interviewing people next week. Are you free in
1. I would LOVE to take a gap year to work in the morning?
India. A: I’ll make sure I’m available if she calls me.
2. If I had to pick just ONE place to go, it would B: Hold that thought. I have to get to my next
be Turkey. class. We’ll talk about this later.
3. When CARLOS was there, they didn’t have A: See you.
the volunteer program.
4. Chris and Ilona are going, too? Hassan told Unit Assignment: Consider the Ideas
me they’re NOT going. Consider the Ideas, Page 148
5. You’ll learn a LOT while you’re there, and Susan Jones: I was a housewife for most of my
you’ll have SO much fun! life, but after my divorce, I decided I wanted to
Activity B., Page 145 travel and see the world. For 11 years, I’ve
1. I would like to get a job in Africa taking care taught outside of the U.S.—in Poland, Morocco,
of wild animals. and Peru, where I’ve learned so much about
2. I change jobs often. My father’s career path other cultures. Sometimes, I think my students
was more traditional. have taught me more than I taught them!
3. I think I can build skills for this career if I take My son just had a baby, and I want to come
a year off to study. back to the U.S. so that I can be closer to my
4. The best reason to take a gap year is the family. I still want to travel, though. And I want
chance to learn about yourself. to have a job where I can help students and
5. No one ever told me that the group would inspire them to have some new experiences in
leave before school is over. other countries! I speak Spanish, Polish, and a
little Arabic.
Doug Orman: I have taught history at a
university for my entire career. I wanted a
32
promotion, but it didn’t happen, and I can see

that my career is going nowhere. So now I am
ready for a complete change.
I’ve spent most of my summers traveling
around the world, visiting historical sites and
museums. I have studied Russian and French,
but I don’t speak either very fluently.
Narayan Tej: I just finished college, and I’m
ready to start my career. I’m from India
originally, so I would bring a multi-cultural
element to your team. In addition, I love to
travel. I went to Europe, Brazil, and Ecuador
when I was in school, and I traveled all over Asia
with my family when I was a child. I speak
English and Hindi, and a little Spanish and
French.
Teresa Lopez: I took a gap year when I finished
high school, and I think it really helped shape
who I am. It broadened my world, and made me
aware of so many things. I’d like to help
students have the same experience. Encourage
them to stretch themselves a little. I don’t
speak any other languages, but I would love to
learn!
33
Unit 7: Anthropology Teacher: How would you answer the question,

Marcus? How can accidental discoveries affect
The Q Classroom
our lives?
Marcus: I think it’s clear they can affect just
Teacher: The question is: “How can accidental
about everything in your life. That’s why it’s
discoveries affect our lives?” Yuna, what do you
important to keep learning and having new
think? Has an accidental discovery ever affected
experiences.
your life?
Yuna: Yes. I learned about this school by
LISTENING 1: The Power of Serendipity
accident. I was at a cafe back home, and I ran
Activity A., C., Page 155, 156
into an old acquaintance from high school. She
Mary Tanner: Nothing like starting off with a
told me about this school, so I went home and
bang. In 1867 Alfred Nobel accidentally
looked it up on the Internet.
discovered dynamite after putting a popular but
Teacher: So if you hadn’t run into your friend,
flammable salve on a cut finger. Call it
you might not be in this class today.
serendipity.
Yuna: That’s right.
Rubber, indispensable today. Before Charles
Teacher: Well, I’m glad you made that
Goodyear mixed it with sulfur and accidentally
discovery! So an accidental discovery can affect
dropped it on a hot stove, it was a smelly,
where you go to school. How else can these
unreliable mess. Again, serendipity.
discoveries affect our lives? Sophy?
The list of serendipity stories is as long as the
Sophy: They can also affect your career. My
history of discovery.
brother happened to sit next to a man on an
Dr. Martin Mays: Serendipity refers to looking
airplane who owned an import/export
for one thing and stumbling over something
company.
else that proves to be of greater value.
The man and my brother got along really well—
Tanner: Radiologist Dr. Martin Mays
they spent the whole flight talking and getting
accidentally figured out how stomach cancer
to know each other. Now my brother works at
metastasizes by watching where dye he injected
the man’s company.
for X-rays would spread and then collect. He has
Teacher: Another accidental chance meeting!
written Happy Accidents about serendipity in
Felix, do you have any other examples of how
medicine.
an accidental discovery can affect our lives?
Dr. Mays: What serendipity means is
Maybe a discovery that doesn’t involve meeting
misadventure, an inadvertent observation that
someone?
a sharp, open mind can exploit to find its true
Felix: Well, I discovered soccer by accident. I
benefit.
was in this shopping mall with my parents when
Mr. Adrian jones: So, the story goes that Caldi,
I was a kid, and I wandered off into a sports
who happened to be a goat-herder, stood back
store. They were looking all over for me, and
and watched his goats eating coffee in—coffee
when they found me I was playing with a soccer
beans in Ethiopia. Wild coffee beans. And he
ball. Pretty soon after I joined the local soccer
team. It’s been a big part of my life ever since. sound—saw that they really engaged in some
strange behavior afterwards, because of the
caffeine.
34
Tanner: Animals, according to food historian Professor: Many people use a microwave oven
Adrian Jones, played an important role in early every day. How many of you know that the
food serendipity. You like cheese? Think dead microwave oven was the result of an accident?
camel stomachs. Nomads filled them with milk During World War II, scientists invented the
and hung them like sacks from live camels’ magnetron, which is a kind of electronic tube
saddles. that produces microwaves. We’re all familiar
Mr. Jones: …so you got the shaking motion of with microwave ovens, but what is a
the camels…you got the rennet of the stomach, microwave? Well, it’s a very short
you got the milk in the stomach, and that really electromagnetic wave.
is the beginning of cheese. Anyway, in 1946, an engineer named Dr. Percy
Tanner: My favorite serendipity story, for Spencer was standing close to a magnetron he
obvious reasons? Post-It Notes. In 1968, a was testing. He suddenly noticed something
scientist at 3M made an adhesive that wasn’t unusual. He felt something warm in his shirt
sticky enough. A thousand Post-It products pocket. He reached in and discovered that the
later, a world without them seems candy bar in his pocket was a hot, chocolaty
inconceivable. After the fact, serendipity seems mess. In other words, the candy bar had
so obvious. If there ever was a place literally in melted. Dr. Spencer was so excited because he
the serendipity business, the MIT Media Lab is realized that microwaves could raise the
it. internal temperature of food. In other words,
Mr. Steven Wells: The whole idea is to bring microwaves were able to cook food from the
together people with vastly different inside out! And do it very quickly. Dr. Spencer
backgrounds—scientists, engineers, designers, saw the possibilities here. His next step was to
biologists—and have them interact in open, build a metal box into which he fed microwave
play-like environments, to experiment, not to power that couldn’t escape. He put various
be afraid of failure, and to build. foods inside the metal box and tested cooking
Mr. Wells: I think serendipity is mandatory. It’s them. In time, he invented something that
not—it’s not a luxury. would revolutionize cooking—the ubiquitous
Tanner: But it can be fun. During World War II, microwave oven. By that I mean that we see
GE tried to make synthetic rubber. It failed. microwave ovens just about everywhere.
Nobody could figure out what to do with
it until a marketing genius put it in a little plastic NOTE-TAKING SKILL
egg and sold it as a novelty toy. More than 300 Activity A., Page 161
million little eggs have been sold. Here’s the M: A Walk to Remember
best part: When Silly Putty turned 50 in the year The year was 1940, and Marcel Ravidat was a
2000, it got the white glove treatment as it was French 18-year-old. One day he did what he
solemnly installed in the Smithsonian often liked to do. He went for a walk in the
Institution. woods near his home. He was with two friends
and his dog, Robot. They had strolled along
LISTENING SKILL: Listen for signal words and those same trails many times, but this day
phrases would be different. Marcel would stumble upon
Activity A., Page 168 something amazing.
35
Actually, you could say that Robot literally Emma Smith: She was crying so hard she was
stumbled upon it. Some say that as the group turned all red. She was very scared. She’d never
was walking through the woods, the little dog seen anyone who looked like us.
ran off. Marcel and his friends ran after it, trying Stern: Emma and her husband, Dan, brought
to keep up. When they finally caught up to Ruby back to their home in Florida to shower
Robot, they found him digging down into a hole her with love, but they could tell her heart
that had been left by a collapsed tree. And for still ached.
some reason Marcel began to help Robot dig. Emma Smith: Her sense of loss was just so big,
He didn’t realize that he was about to make a and she was just so afraid to be alone. And at
huge archaeological discovery. first I thought it was because in the orphanage
The hole he was digging turned out to lead to a she wasn’t alone, but it—it seemed bigger than
system of caves. Marcel climbed down into the that.
cave through the widened whole, and there he Stern: Meanwhile, just outside Philadelphia,
found a series of pre-historic wall paintings. Kate Bern, also eight, loves her new home a
There were many of them, and they depicted world away from the orphanage in China. Her
animals—bulls, horses, and deer—in bright parents, Amy and Carl, remember their
colors. daughter as a bright little girl.
The discovery became a major news event. Amy White: She was very alert and bright. She
Researchers were amazed by it, and tourists was very aware—she was looking around, and
flocked to the site from around the world. In she was very aware of what was going on.
fact, so many people visited the cave that in Stern: But Kate also seemed very deprived,
1963 it had to be closed off again to protect the because they noticed she ate as if she’d never
paintings. eat again.
Marcel’s discovery was as historic as it was Amy White: She wouldn’t want to leave the
unexpected. When he headed out into those table. All the other kids seemed to eat and be
familiar woods that morning, he had no idea satisfied, but all this food was around her and
that he would find a passage way to another she wasn’t stopping.
time, to another world. Stern: Amy sought help from a support group
on the Internet, and one of the many who
LISTENING 2: Against All Odds, Twin Girls responded was a mom named Emma.
Reunited Amy White: Her answer was the best answer,
Activity A., C., Page 163, 164 which was to try sharing a plate in the middle of
Harriet Stern: Over the past 14 years, 45,000 the table, and we’d both eat from the same
Chinese children have been adopted by plate. It was incredible. It was—stopped it
American families. So what are the odds that immediately.
sisters, separated at a very early age, could Stern: These two moms, who lived 1,000 miles
actually find each other again half a world apart, noticed their daughters were from the
away? To see Ruby Smith now, a happy eight- same orphanage and decided to exchange
year-old who loves gymnastics, you would pictures.
never know she was once a sad and scared So, when you opened up her email, do you
orphan in China. remember that moment of
36
what that was like when you saw her daughter’s Stern: Do you wish you guys lived closer
picture? together?
Amy White: I—I—I—I was shocked. Kate Bern: Yeah. I would like to live next door
Stern: The girls had the same hairline, same to—to—to play together, like—or have play dates,
nose, same chin, same mouth. After exchanging like, right after school.
more pictures, they just had to bring their two- Stern: Four months ago the families tested their
year-olds face to face. daughters’ DNA.
Emma Smith: It was… it was… Amy White: They were really beginning to
Dan Smith: Amazing! consider themselves to be sisters, and I didn’t
Emma Smith: Amazing. That’s the word, yeah. want them to have false hopes that this was,
Stern: What did you think? you know, a relationship that had a biological
Emma Smith: I thought they were twins. Yeah. root and it didn’t.
Stern: Amy didn’t believe it, but she did notice Stern: The DNA results: the girls are almost
the girls seemed to have a special connection. certainly sisters, which means, because they’re
Amy White: We have pictures where Ruby has the same age, Ruby and Kate, in all probability,
her hand on Kate’s stroller, and Kate would are fraternal twins.
never let even us, like tou—touch the rim of Emma Smith: Ruby, she just started jumping up
her stroller, but she seemed like there was and down and squealing, “Yes, we’re sisters,
some kind of comfort level there. we’re sisters. Yeah, we’re sisters!”
Stern: But it would be four more years before Stern: Finally, Emma and Dan understood why
Ruby and Kate saw each other again, in July their daughter Ruby never liked to be alone.
2004, at a reunion of families who had adopted Emma Smith: She was never alone, not even in
children from the same orphanage. the womb. So for her, she needed Kate.
Dan Smith: And they never left each other the Carl Bern: Since it’s important to Kate, I think
whole time. it’s important to all of us.
Emma Smith: When Ruby came back to the Stern: OK, you tell me why—why you love Ruby.
room she would say things like, “Please don’t Kate Bern: Because we hardly ever fight and we
tell my best friend at home, but Kate’s my best agree on a lot of things.
friend.” Stern: And why do you love Kate?
Kate Bern: Best, best friends. Ruby Smith: Because she’s my sister, and I just
Ruby Smith: Sisters! love her.
Stern: Since the reunion, the families have met Emma Smith: My daughter has—has not asked
three more times. We brought them together me a single question about her birth family or
again for another visit. searching for them since she’s got Kate in her
Ruby Smith: Sometimes me and Kate trade life.
places.
Stern: What? You play tricks on people? VOCABULARY SKILL: Collocations with
Kate Bern: Yeah. prepositions
Ruby Smith: Sometimes I say I’m An—I’m Kate, Activity A., Page 168
and sometimes Kate says I’m Ruby. 1. She was looking around and she was very
aware of what was
37
going on. 2. After the fact, serendipity always seems so

2. Since it’s important to Kate, I think it’s obvious.
important to all of us. 3. Because we hardly ever fight, we agree on a
3. Because we hardly ever fight, and we agree lot of things.
on a lot of things. 4. Try and spot the next big thing.
4. My daughter has not asked me a single 5. So after you opened the file, can you recall
question about her birth how it felt?
family or searching for them since she’s got
Kate in her life. SPEAKING SKILL: Using questions to maintain
GRAMMAR: Indirect speech 1. And in 1879, Thomas Edison finally created a
Activity A., Page 171 working lightbulb.
1. Ellen said she was excited about the reunion. What’s the main reason this invention is so
2. She said, “I can’t wait to get there.” important? It changed the way we live today.
3. Tonya shouted, “I haven’t seen you in so 2. Why did Henri Becquerel leave dangerous
long!” chemicals in his desk drawer? Well, he didn’t
4. She told me she was glad I could come. know they were dangerous. But that helped
5. Ray called to tell me he would be late. him to discover what we call radioactivity.
6. He said he had missed his bus. 3. Teacher: Does anyone know who invented
7. I told Teresa I was bringing dessert. the first plastic? Over there, in the front.
8. She said, “I hope it has chocolate in it.” Student: Leo Baekeland, right?
Teacher: That’s right. Mr. Baekeland was
PRONUNCIATION: Linked words with vowels looking for a new kind of material to use on
Examples 1, 2, Page 172 wires and he accidentally created the first
She always wants to say it. plastic.
Tell me why it’s important to be early 4. Teacher: William Perkin accidentally created
Can she go out with us? the first artificial color for clothing. What was
Please show us your new invention. he really trying to make? Yes, Colin?
Activity A., Page 172 Student: I think it was a medicine.
1. early age Teacher: Correct. Mr. Perkin was trying to
2. very alert create an artificial medicine that people
3. stay awake needed.
4. fly out Activity B., Page 174
5. you opened Speaker: The PopsicleTM is a popular
6. know about summertime treat in the United States. Kids
7. go over have been enjoying them for decades. But most
8. how interesting people don’t know that the PopsicleTM was
Activity B., Page 172 invented by an 11-year-old.
1. Kate also seemed very deprived, because In 1905, Frank Epperson filled a cup with water
they noticed she ate as if and fruit-flavored “soda powder,” a mix that
she’d never eat again. was used to make a popular drink. Frank left
38
his drink outside on his porch with a stir stick in

it. He forgot all about it, and went to bed. That
night, the temperature dropped to below
freezing in San Francisco, where Frank lived.
When he woke up the next morning, he
discovered that his fruit drink had frozen to the
stir stick. He pulled the frozen mixture out of
the cup by the stick, creating a fruit-flavored ice
treat.
In 1923, Frank Epperson began making and
selling his ice treats in different flavors. By
1928, Frank had sold over 60 million
PopsiclesTM, and his business had made him
very wealthy. Nowadays, over three million
PopsiclesTM are sold each year.
PopsiclesTM aren’t the only invention made by
accident. But they might be the tastiest.
39
Unit 8: Social Psychology LISTENING 1: Training Chinese Athletes

Activity A., D., Page 182, 183
The Q Classroom
Host: Good morning. Welcome back to Topic
Talk. I’m Ben Irwin and my guest today is Jacinta
Teacher: The Unit Question is: “Is athletic
Munoz, a writer currently working on a
competition good for children?” What do you
book about youth sports. She’s just returned
think, Marcus?
from several months in China, investigating
Marcus: Of course it is. Kids need to exercise.
what made the athletes on the Chinese Olympic
Childhood obesity is a growing problem, and
team so good so quickly. Is there something
exercise helps with that. It gets kids off the sofa
American athletes could learn from their
and away from their computers and TVs.
example? If you’ve competed in a sport, if you
Teacher: That’s true. But why athletic
are the parent of an athlete, or if you are just
competition and not just exercise?
interested in this topic, we’d love to take your
Marcus: Because competition is motivating.
calls later in the show.
Kids are more likely to play if they’re trying to
So, Jacinta, why did you decide to learn more
win at something.
about the Chinese training system?
Teacher: What do you think, Felix? Do you
Jacinta Muñoz: A couple of reasons. First, I
agree? Is athletic competition good for
think we’ve all seen how the Chinese athletes
children?
have come out of nowhere in the last twenty
Felix: Not necessarily. I agree that some kids
years or so and have started to dominate in a
find it motivating, but for other kids it’s too
number of sports. Just look at the 2008
much pressure. They’re so focused on winning
Olympics, where their gymnasts won so many
that it takes all the fun out of the sport. They do
medals. But I have a personal interest as well.
need exercise, but if they’re under too much
When I was younger, I was a pretty good
pressure, it’s just adding stress to their life
gymnast myself, and I wanted to see how the
instead of helping them.
Chinese training methods differed from the
Teacher: Sophy, what’s your opinion about
ones I used.
this? Is athletic competition good for children?
Host: “Pretty good?” You’re much too modest.
Sophy: I think Felix and Marcus both made good
You made the Olympic team in 1996, didn’t
points. But there’s something else in favor of
you?
competition besides exercise. Kids in
Muñoz: I did, but unfortunately, I was badly
competitive sports learn sportsmanship, they
injured the month before the Games began, so I
learn how to work together toward a goal, and
never actually competed in them.
they learn self-discipline. I think there are
Host: It was a knee injury, wasn’t it?
a lot of benefits.
Muñoz: Yes, I was coming off the balance beam,
Teacher: How about you, Yuna? Do you think
and I injured my knee. I just collapsed. The
athletic competition is good for children?
doctors couldn’t fix it well enough to compete
Yuna: Mostly yes. Some adults get too extreme
again, so I had to retire from gymnastics
and push their kids too hard. But if you don’t
altogether.
put too much pressure on the kids, I think
Host: Hmm. That must have been so
it’s good for them.
disappointing, to really be at the apex of your
athletic career and have to retire.
40
Muñoz: It really was. I had trained for years In the United States, young athletes and their
with that one goal in mind—making the Olympic families have to foot the bill. Sometimes, if
team—and I gave up a regular childhood, they’re very good, the athletes can get funding
so it was a crushing blow at the time. from other sources, such as companies or
Host: It seems to me that training for any sport individuals that want to invest in their athletic
at the highest level is pretty tough, but careers. In general, though, it’s up to the
gymnastics is particularly brutal. parents to pay for everything. But in China,
Muñoz: Well, I think at that level of competition there’s no need for private investment.
in any sport it’s probably the same: long hours, Government funding is integral to the whole
the intensity of the schedule, and many system.
sacrifices. For example, I think I missed out on a Host: Why is training athletes so important to
lot of the fun activities most high school the government?
students participate in. But I think Muñoz: Susan Brownell, an anthropologist who
gymnastics is a little different because has lived and studied in China off and on for
competitors are so young. several decades, has concluded that
Host: So gymnastics is probably similar around for the Chinese, sports have been a way to open
the world in that the athletes start very young. up. Sports are the first areas in which the
But in China, you found out athletes in many Chinese provided incentives, or rewards, for
other sports are also starting their training at a performance. They are proud of their athletes
young age, didn’t you? and want their athletes to represent the
Muñoz: Yes. What’s interesting about the country on the world stage. They want to their
Chinese system is it’s a bit like the old Soviet athletes to excel.
system in that talented athletes are identified Susan Brownell says that in the U.S. we raise
when they are small children, and they are our children to excel—to try to be number 1—and
usually sent to train at a special school provided we teach them to share. So in our sports
by the government. As a result, they often training, athletes need to learn how to work
don’t see their parents for months or even together. Picture a child in the U.S. playing with
years. Their counterparts in the United States, a ball in the schoolyard. We often have to teach
on the other hand, are often encouraged by the child that it’s important to share the ball.
their parents to stick with a sport. The parents On the other hand, in China, they raise their
are usually the ones making it happen, by taking children to share, and so they train them to
their kids to practice, paying a lot of money for excel. Humility is very important in Chinese
special trainers, and so on. culture. It’s not good to stand out. But when
Host: Living away from home and family at such athletes compete, they need to be better than
a young age must be very hard on the athletes. others. They need self-confidence. So much of
Why do they do it? their training is focused on building self-
Muñoz: There are many benefits of this system. confidence and on becoming faster, stronger,
The Chinese children have all of their physical and better.
needs met, from housing to food and clothing As part of this process, individual provinces
to training costs to medical care—it’s all paid for start selecting potential athletes from the
by the government. elementary schools, and they train them to
compete.
41
Only about 80,000 of the hundreds of The kids live far from home and practice very
thousands of children selected will make it to hard. Therefore, they only see their parents
the national training center. And that will take every few months.
them years. Some kids start playing some sports too young.
Host: How are the children selected? Is it on the The result is they often get injured before they
basis of their performance in the sport so far? even reach high school.
Muñoz: Not really. The recruiters are usually Activity A., Page 187
looking for body types. For example, children 1. Our team won the tournament as a result of
with small hips and flexibility are chosen for that goal.
gymnastics and diving, whereas tall children are 2. Andy trained too hard and didn’t get enough
selected for basketball and volleyball. Some sleep. Because of this, he didn’t compete well
children are sent for training before they’ve on the day of the race.
ever even played the sport. But once they get 3. Due to the snow, our game had to be
there, they train for six hours a day, six days a canceled.
week. As a result, they can get very good, very 4. Olympic athletes in China receive
fast. government payment and do not
Host: Is it worth it? have to support themselves financially. The
Muñoz: Many athletes think so, since they get a result is that they can concentrate fully on their
chance to go to school, travel, and compete. training.
Remember, often these children come from 5. Coach Zheng has won several gold medals.
rural communities where they don’t have as Therefore he is respected around the world.
many options as those in larger cities. But the 6. I can practice more often since we live closer
real beneficiary of the system may be China to the gym.
itself. In just 20 short years, China has gone
from winning five medals in 1988 to one NOTE-TAKING SKILL
hundred in 2008, the second highest total. It’s Activity A., Page 188
really the beginning of a new era for Chinese M: Most small children love to run and play. But
sports. what they don’t know is that by playing, they
Host: Now we’ll open the phones to take some are actually getting smarter. In fact, when kids
of your calls. We’ve got James from Madison on engage in sports, the results can be long-lasting
the line. Hi, James. What’s your question? improvements to their young, developing
brains. For instance, a study conducted in 2007
LISTENING SKILL: Listening for causes and found that vigorous exercise increases the flow
effects of blood to the brain. As a result of this
Example 1., 2., Page 186 increased blood flow, children who exercise
Many athletes are driven by the hope of may find it easier to stay alert, focus, and learn.
winning medals at the Olympics. More recent research has also shown that
The athlete won two gold medals as a result of vigorous physical activity helps create new brain
years of hard work. cells, therefore causing improved short-term
Due to bad weather, the baseball tournament memory and more creativity. In other words,
was canceled. children can become better, more creative
students by simply playing hard. School-aged
42
children are often under a great deal of Parents wanted to see their kids do as well as
pressure. Some studies have shown that possible at a sport, and so some big changes
running outdoors actually reduces stress and happened in the way children play sports. One
helps kids deal with many of the pressures they change is that children started to play
are facing. competitive sports at very young ages, when
they’re more vulnerable to certain kinds of
LISTENING 2: Until it Hurts Discusses Youth injuries, like bone fractures. Mark Hyman says
Sports Obsession that kids now commonly start playing organized
Activity A., C., Page 189, 191 sports at four or five years old.
Host: It’s now 8:45 on Monday morning—which Another change is that instead of playing a
is the time we turn to sports writer Jim Butler variety of different games, many children now
for his take on the sporting world. concentrate on only one, which they play year-
Jim Butler: Maybe you heard the story last round. Again, injuries and burnout are more
week: Yet another parent jumped onto the field likely, because they’re doing the same thing
at his kid’s soccer game to yell at the referee. over and over again, straining the same
And just like too many other times, the yelling muscles.
escalated, ending up with the father fighting Mark Hyman knows more than most about this
with the referee. What a sad reflection on problem. In 2004, he wrote an article about
youth sports today, and the role of adults in how overuse of the pitching arm in baseball can
them. result in an injury so crippling that you need a
Which brings me to a book I read recently, major surgery to repair it. In the article, he
about our obsession with youth sports, called criticized the parents and coaches who failed to
Until It Hurts. The author, Mark Hyman, is a keep the young players safe.
sports journalist who has written for Sports Then at age 18, Mr. Hyman’s son Ben, a
Illustrated and The New York Times. He’s also a baseball player, found that he needed the very
dad, a coach, and a former athlete. same surgery because of overuse of his pitching
Mr. Hyman’s book is about many things—how arm. This encouraged Mr. Hyman to think about
youth sports have changed over time, and how his own role in his son’s athletic career. He
they should change in the future—but it’s recalled an incident when Ben was 14. Ben
also a personal story about what he’s proud of— complained that his shoulder was tired and
and what he regrets— about his decisions as a sore, but Mark encouraged him to play again a
father and a youth sports coach. few days later. Ultimately, the decision to play
When we first began organizing youth sports, was Ben’s. He played because he wanted to,
say, oh, 150 years ago, the teams were guided and he enjoyed it. But Mr. Hyman still
by schools and educators. They were designed wondered if he had made the right decision in
to be fun, teach skills, maybe build a little encouraging Ben to play. Mark Hyman suggests
character. But sometime in the middle of the we take some fundamental steps to get youth
last century, educators bowed out, and the sports back to where they used to be. We
parents took over, sometimes as coaches, but should listen to doctors, which will mean
most often as very active spectators. And their educating coaches about overuse injuries. We
ambitions often got the best of them. should also discourage kids from playing just
one sport year-round. We should listen to
43
children and help them decide if and when they PRONUNCIATION: Thought groups
want to play. And most of all, we need to Examples, Page 197
restore perspective—encourage parents to be Blake loves basketball.
the reasonable people they are off the field. In He plays every day and watches every game.
some communities, parents sign contracts Steve and Debbie, on the other hand, will not
about their behavior. In the contract, they agree be going.
to follow rules about fighting with one another Do you agree or not?
and arguing with the referee. One such rule We’re going out. Do you want to come with us?
introduced Silent Sunday, a day when parents Activity A., Page 198
are banned from yelling or even talking at the 1. In my opinion, that’s a bad idea.
game. If only that father at the game last week 2. Are they coming or not?
had signed such a contract. He might not have 3. If I get home early, I’ll go running. Want to
made such a fool of himself, and maybe, join me?
just maybe, the kids playing the game would 4. Keep your head up as you kick the ball. It’s
have had more fun. important.
5. All week long these kids are so busy they
VOCABULARY SKILL: Idioms have no time for fun.
Activity A., Page 194 6. If he wins this match, Mr. Williams will be in
1. First, I think we’ve all seen how the Chinese first place.
athletes have come out of nowhere in the last 7. If you’d like to talk, call me at (555) 233-1157.
twenty years or so and have started to 8. Here’s my e-mail address:
dominate in a number of sports. goalkeeper100@global.us.
2. In the United States, young athletes and their
families have to foot the bill. Sometimes, if SPEAKING SKILL: Adding to another speaker’s
they’re very good, the athletes can get funding comments.
from other sources, such as companies or Examples, Page 198
individuals that want to invest in their athletic Sung-ju: I believe that organized sports are
careers. beneficial to kids. Sports are good exercise, and
3. They are proud of their athletes and want they give kids the chance to meet people they
their athletes to represent the country on the would never meet otherwise.
world stage. David: That’s true. And I would add that sports
4. But sometime in the middle of the last help them learn to work as part of a team.
century, educators bowed out, and the parents Activity A., Page 199
took over, sometimes as coaches, but most John: In my opinion, college athletes should be
often as very active spectators. paid a salary for playing. Here’s why: We all
5. And their ambitions often got the best of know that college sports are a big business.
them. Universities make a lot of money when their
teams perform well. And I think the athletes
GRAMMAR: Uses of real conditionals should receive a part of that profit. That would
Examples, Page 195 be fair.
I will put on my uniform when I get there.
When I get there, I will put on my uniform.
44
Lisa: Another important point is that these

athletes have to work really hard. They practice
every day. They travel around the country.
And they have to attend classes just like
everyone else. Basically, they work like
employees of the university. And if they are
employees, they should be paid a salary.
David: That’s a good point. And to build on
what John said earlier, if universities really want
to succeed in sports, they should be happy to
pay their athletes. If they do agree to pay them
a salary, these athletes will play better, and
they’ll be more likely to stay in school longer,
instead of leaving school to become
professionals before they graduate.
Sung-ju: John and Lisa are both right. And I
would add that, as a college athlete, I could
definitely use the money!
45

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Q2e Listening & Speaking 4: Audio Script Unit 1

Unit 1: Business Felix: Well, sometimes leaders are kind of

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SPEAKING SKILL: Checking for understanding

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Unit 2: Behavioral Science LISTENING 1: A Perfect Mess

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Unit 3: Developmental Psychology NOTE-TAKING SKILL

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UNIT ASSIGNMENT: Consider the Ideas

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moment in my life when I really left childhood

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Unit 4: Fine Arts Teacher: What’s your opinion, Felix? Why do

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8. A: How much did you pay for that car?

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Dr. Sue Baic says that the study is well-designed Excerpt 2:

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Marc: Yeah, and the cheese is amazing! It tastes

SPEAKING SKILL: Expressing interest during a

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Unit 6: Education NOTE-TAKING SKILL

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promotion, but it didn’t happen, and I can see

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Unit 7: Anthropology Teacher: How would you answer the question,

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going on. 2. After the fact, serendipity always seems so

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his drink outside on his porch with a stir stick in

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Unit 8: Social Psychology LISTENING 1: Training Chinese Athletes

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