Journal of Cleaner Production 249 (2020) 119357

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro

Review

A systematic review of bio-asphalt for flexible pavement applications:

Coherent taxonomy, motivations, challenges and future directions
Abdulnaser M. Al-Sabaeei*, Madzlan B. Napiah, Muslich H. Sutanto, Wesam S. Alaloul,
Aliyu Usman
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: From the perspective of highway engineering, bio-asphalt binders have economic, social and environ-
Received 9 February 2019 mental benefits and, therefore, can be partially substituted for petroleum-based asphalt binders. A
Received in revised form typical raw material for producing bio-asphalt binder used as a renewable energy source is commonly
14 November 2019
called a biomaterial. Examples of these biomaterials are swine manure and waste cooking oil, as well as
Accepted 16 November 2019
castor, sunflower, cotton, linseed and soybean oils. The aim of this review was to survey research efforts
Available online 18 November 2019
on bio-asphalt binder technology for flexible road applications, map the research view from the literature
Handling Editor: Baoshan Huang into a coherent and systematic taxonomy and determine the motivations behind using biomaterials in
road applications. Meanwhile, an extensive taxonomy was developed based on the literature reviewed
Keywords: and analysed in terms of pure bio-asphalt binder, biomaterials with warm mix asphalt, biomaterials with
Bio-asphalt binder reclaimed asphalt pavement and biomaterials with capsulation technology. Moreover, critical rheological
Warm mix asphalt bio-derived additives characteristics and their performance characteristics in bio-asphalt mixture applications were reviewed.
Reclaimed asphalt pavement bio- The current review concluded that most of the biomaterials can improve the low-temperature rheo-
rejuvenators
logical properties, but at the same time affect the high-temperature rheological properties. The ageing of
Biomaterials for capsulation technology
most bio-asphalt binders was also found to have a negative effect on the performance of bio-asphalt
based on feedback sources and the resulting by-products, which cause unstable physiochemical and
morphological behaviours. The fatigue performance of most of the bio-asphalt mixtures was positively
enhanced, whereas rutting and moisture resistance were negatively affected. Overall, the different types
of bio-asphalt binders possess properties that are either positive or negative. Future research is rec-
ommended to mitigate the ageing properties of bio-asphalt binders. The environmental impact and life-
Abstract: cycle assessment of bio-asphalt and traditional petroleum-based asphalt binders must be compared.
a. Backgroud: Determining the optimum biomaterials to be used in pavement applications without compromising
- Bio asphalt binder can be partially performance is an interesting task. This systematic review is expected to contribute to understanding of

substitute for petroleum-based asphalt

available gaps and options for other interested researchers to participate in this line of research.
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
binders.
b. Objective:
-
Contents
c. Method:
d. Results:
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

e. Conclusion
2.
and Recommendation:
Systematic review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. Review studies on bio-asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. Studies on the pure bio-asphalt binder and mixture technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
2.2.1. Studies on pure bio-asphalt binder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
2.2.2. Performance of bio-asphalt mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
2.3. Studies on biomaterials with warm mix asphalt technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2.3.1. Studies on biomaterials with warm mix asphalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2.3.2. Performance of warm mix asphalt with biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: abdulnaser_17005477@utp.edu.my (A.M. Al-Sabaeei).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119357
0959-6526/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 A.M. Al-Sabaeei et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 249 (2020) 119357

2.4. Studies on the biomaterials with reclaimed asphalt pavement technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.4.1. Studies on biomaterials with reclaimed asphalt pavement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.2. Performance of reclaimed asphalt pavement with biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5. Studies on the biomaterials with capsulation technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5.1. Studies and performance of bio-asphalt binders and mixtures with capsulation technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1. Motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2. Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5. Future directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Declaration of competing interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1. Introduction summarising the effort of researchers in this field of study is also

important.
Biotechnology is essential for a wide range of technologies. Many benefits can be derived from developing a taxonomy of the
Therefore the concern about the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions literature in a specific research area. On the one hand, a taxonomy of
and global warming issues were grown up within few last decades reliable published works introduces a semblance of organisation of
(Fini et al., 2016, Mccready and Williams, 2008). It is known and mass publications. For instance, new researchers on bio-asphalt
widely accepted that biomaterials free greenhouse effect due to the binder applications for flexible road pavement can feel confused
conversion of CO2 naturally (Xue et al., 2014). Biomaterials are one with the numbers of articles published on the topic without any
of the major areas of interest within the field of pavement engi- structure and may experience difficulties in drawing a suitable scene
neering for their renewable resources, lower price since locally of the actual activities in the research area. Several articles addressed
produced, environmentally friendly, and lower energy consump- this issue from the general perspective; some examined selected
tion compared to petroleum materials resources (Mamat et al., materials whilst others contributed real validation for laboratory
2015; Azahar et al., 2016b; Sun et al., 2017b; Pouget and Loup, tests to be performed in the field. The taxonomy of relevant literature
2013; Hill et al., 2016; Gong et al., 2016; Lei et al., 2016). There is helps to categorise the studies on this topic from the different per-
a high demand for bitumen for road construction with limited re- spectives of researchers into a coherent layout that is manageable
sources of petroleum (Zhang et al., 2017c). That is due to the con- and meaningful. On the other hand, the structure introduced by the
stant demand of road networks with environmental and economic taxonomy supports and guides all interested researchers and pro-
constraints which made the development of new sustainable vides clear insights in several ways. First, the taxonomy highlights
technologies for asphalt mixture more than important and neces- the essential research directions in bio-asphalt binder technology.
sary (Porot et al., 2016). For example, the taxonomy shows researchers interested in evalu-
In recent years, interest in the use of biomaterials in pavement ating the possibility of using new biomass materials to be used as
construction has been increasing because of fluctuations in the bio-asphalt binder from different countries. Another line of research
price of petroleum. Most bio-waste materials need recycling, and is the assessment of biomaterials to be used in other applications,
increasing traffic loading every year needs sustainable design, such as under different temperatures and environmental situations,
construction and maintenance of pavement to determine an or sharing the experience of developing new applications for specific
alternative green technology for asphalt binder for use by in- biomaterials. Another issue that the taxonomy developed in this
dustries (Ramana et al., 2014; Azahar et al., 2016a; Peralta et al., article can highlight is the discovery of gaps in the available mate-
2013; Mousavi et al., 2016; Movilla-Quesada et al., 2017). Many rials and treatment methods. The strong and weak points of bio-
previous studies claimed that bio-oils have good potential for use as asphalt binder applications are highlighted by mapping the previ-
a bio-asphalt binder albeit with limitations that encourage re- ous studies into distinct categories. For example, the taxonomy in
searchers to conduct further investigation in this field (Sun et al., this review shows how pure bio-asphalt binder studies, such as
2017b). Several attempts have been made to upgrade biomaterials using waste cooking oil, are receiving important attention in terms
as an alternative for asphalt binders as modifiers, extenders or of evaluation, treatment and review. This taxonomy also outlines the
replacement. Typical biomaterial applications in flexible pave- studies on bio-asphalt binder from different perspectives, such as
ments date back to 2007, when vegetable oil-modified bio-asphalt from bio-asphalt mixtures in general, warm mix asphalt (WMA)
was used on two roads in Norway (Su et al., 2018). In 2011, Williams technology, reclaimed asphalt pavement technology and capsu-
built a bicycle road with a width of 3.048 m utilising 5% oak-based lation technology perspectives. Finally, researchers must adopt a
bio-asphalt in Des Moines, Iowa in the United States. (Williams certain taxonomy and refer to it frequently to develop a common
et al., 2015; Su et al., 2018). However, the status on the use of the language in this area for communicating and discussing new studies.
bicycle road was not reported. In 2012, Zhou used 10% vegetable oil- The main objective of this article is to highlight researchers’
based bio-asphalt and built a trial pavement in China. Linseed- and efforts in using biomaterial technology in flexible pavement ap-
rapeseed oil-based bio-asphalt have been successfully applied as plications, map the research outlook from the literature into a
pavement materials by Colas and Shell (Cao et al., 2015). All per- coherent taxonomy and determine the lines and gaps of research
formance indicators were achieved based on specified recom- required for subsequent studies. This systematic review is different
mendations and the pavement conditions were excellent. However, from the previous reviews in this area of research in its systematic
the long-term performance of the pavement must be investigated selected of the included articles and its recentness.
(Zhou et al., 2012; Su et al., 2018). Developing a taxonomy
 A.M. Al-Sabaeei et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 249 (2020) 119357
2. Systematic review
The query search resulted in 2382 articles: 455 from Web of
Science, 595 from Science Direct, 452 from Taylor & Francis, 320
from Springer, 177 from the United States Transportation Research
Board, 32 from the American Society of Civil Engineers and 351
from Scopus. The coverage of this study was from 2010 to January
2018, including some subsequent studies given that the technology
is still new and under evaluation. After scanning the titles and
abstracts and screening out the duplicates, we excluded 2001 ar-
ticles, which resulted in 381 articles. A total of 155 articles relevant
to the inclusion criteria were identified after full-text reading.
These articles were read in general to establish the full framework
of the taxonomy and map the research on the topic of bio-asphalt
binder. Review articles form the first part on this topic and
contributed only 3.23% (5 out of 155 articles), which is considered
few in such an important research area. The laboratory part forms
the second and largest portion of the articles included. The first
portion included 120 out of 155 articles (77.42%) that investigated
the applicability of different biomass materials as bio-asphalt
binder and bio-mixtures. However, the part of bio-mixture was
limited to only 27 out of 120 articles (22.5%). The second portion
included 16 out of 155 articles (10.32%) that focused on the possi-
bility of using bio-asphalt binder in reclaimed asphalt pavement
technology. The third part included 8 out of 155 articles (5.16%) that
combined bio-asphalt binder technology with WMA technology;
this figure is also considered a small body of literature in such
important technologies. The last portion included 6 out of 155 ar-
ticles (3.87%) that conducted studies on using bio-oils in self-
healing and capsulation technology for asphalt applications. Fig. 1
illustrates the distribution of the articles in this review with the
main categories identified.
Fig. 2 shows the taxonomy developed based on the patterns that
appear in the literature; it also reflects and distinguishes among the
different subcategories under the main category to avoid overlaps.
The taxonomy highlights the biomaterials used in bio-asphalt
binder technology within the limitations of this study based on
their importance, which considers the main concern in the field of
bio-asphalt binder applications.
Studies on bio-asphalt binder technology has increased over the
years, as shown in Fig. 3. This trend indicates that the demand for
further research, evolution, development and investigation of new
methods and materials is increasing.
Fig. 4 shows that different countries are interested in bio-
asphalt binder technology. The US, China and Malaysia are the
100
90
Number of articles
80
70
60
50
40
30
20 Binder only
10
0 With Mixture
Category
Fig. 1. Distribution of the included articles on four main research categories.
3
three major countries interested in this field. This interest might be
attributed to the availability of biomass in large quantities in these
countries. These biomass materials are used as bio-asphalt binders
in pavements to enhance performance, waste disposal manage-
ment and sustainable economic and environmental development.
2.1. Review studies on bio-asphalt
Surprisingly, no more review articles on the use of biomaterials
as a bio-asphalt have been found. However, this new technology
must be introduced to extend the knowledge and phenomena for
researchers and the community. Furthermore, descriptive statistics
must be introduced to explain and understand the applications and
implications of using potential materials and methods. Four review
articles (out of seven) on bio-asphalt binder in general were pub-
lished (Mamat et al., 2015; Ramana et al., 2014; Aziz et al., 2015;
Rahman et al., 2014). One article (out of seven) introduced the
use and treatment of waste cooking oil as a bio-asphalt binder
(Azahar et al., 2016a). Behnood systematically reviewed the appli-
cation of different rejuvenators to enhance the rheological and
mechanical characteristics of bitumen and asphalt mixtures
(Behnood, 2019). The author summarised the techniques and
mechanism for rejuvenating aged bitumen and discussed the
methods for obtaining the optimum rejuvenator amount to achieve
optimised durability and mechanical characteristics of bitumen and
the mixtures.
Another comprehensive review summarised the production
methods of bio-oils from different biomass sources. The physical,
rheological and chemical properties of bio-asphalt and mixture
performances were investigated. Overall results showed that waste
wood-based oil substantially improved the fatigue resistance of
asphalt mixture. The authors recommended conducting further
studies on bio-asphalt binder and mixture to enhance its high-
temperature and long-term performance (Su et al., 2018). Few re-
view articles introducing the bio-asphalt binder technology have
been published, resulting in a wide gap in knowledge of this
technology. Researchers should publish review articles based on
different perspectives: on bio-asphalt mixture performance, bio-
asphalt binder from WMA technology, bio-asphalt binder from
reclaimed asphalt pavement technology, bio-asphalt binder as
modifiers for bitumen, bio-materials as extender/replacement for
bitumen, bio-materials from capsulation/self-healing technology,
bio-asphalt binder from asphalt rubber technology and bio-asphalt
binder from non-pavement research. Fig. 5 summarises the number
of reviews already published and the gaps required for additional
reviews on bio-asphalt binder technology.
2.2. Studies on the pure bio-asphalt binder and mixture technology
2.2.1. Studies on pure bio-asphalt binder
Researchers emphasise the need to conduct further studies on
biomaterials as a bio-asphalt binder. In the present review, 120 out
of 155 (77.42%) articles evaluated the possibility of using bio-
materials as additives or replacement for petroleum-based binders.
Furthermore, 93 out of 120 (77.5%) articles investigated the appli-
cability of various types of biomaterials as a bio-asphalt binder
without conducting mixture testing and analysis to validate the
results. Only 27 out of 120 (22.5%) articles were evaluated and
tested to validate the results and effects of bio-materials on bio-
asphalt mixtures (hot mix asphalt); this is the smallest number of
studies on the level of mixture, indicating a research gap in which
the results of the utilisation of biomaterials as a bio-asphalt binder
must be validated. The main categories of bio-asphalt binder and
bio-asphalt mixtures were divided into subcategories based on the
biomaterials used in the study.
4 A.M. Al-Sabaeei et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 249 (2020) 119357

Fig. 2. Taxonomy of research literature on biomaterials for flexible pavement applications.

concluded that the optimum content of WCO was minimal and

40 recommended WCO treatment before adding to the binder (Azahar
35 et al., 2016b; Zhang et al., 2017a; Zargar et al., 2012; Sun et al.,
Number of studies

30 2016b; Setyawan et al., 2017b; Jalkh et al., 2017; Asli et al., 2012).
25 Rusbintardjo et al. (2013) and Jaya et al. (2014) used palm oil fuel
20 ash (POFA) as an additive to investigate the ageing resistance of
15 asphalt binder and reported that POFA as an additive substantially
10
decreased the ageing effects on the physical and rheological char-
5
acteristics of bitumen. Ahmad et al. (2017) used Jatropha curcas oil
0
as a rejuvenator to restore the properties of aged binder and found
2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

that the storage stability improved. Moreover, the authors reported

Years
Fig. 3. Bio-asphalt binder research trend over time.
2.2.1.1. Bio-material with original asphalt binder. Zhang et al.
(2017a) explored the use of waste cooking oil (WCO) as a rejuve-
nator and concluded that WCO quality had a substantial influence
on the properties of aged asphalt. Azahar et al. (2016b) used treated
WCO as a modifier for bitumen and concluded that Marshall sta-
bility, resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength (ITS) performance
and creep stiffness improved at 5% content of WCO in bituminous
mixtures. Several studies have been conducted on the use of WCO-
modified asphalt binder to improve the physical, chemical and
rheological properties of bio-asphalt binders. These studies
that using this oil is beneficial for the environment and people’s
health. Several authors applied swine manure (SM) either as a
modifier or a substitute material for asphalt binder; they reported
that viscosity decreased as SM content increased compared with
the base asphalt binder. However, the thermal cracking resistance
of the SM-modified asphalt binder improved compared with the
original base binder. With regard to the chemical characteristics of
the SM-modified asphalt binder, the stiffness of the binder
decreased as the SM content increased in the asphalt binder
because of the reduction of molecular carbonyl and sulphoxide
bond chains at elevated temperatures (Oldham et al., 2014, Oldham
et al., 2015; Mousavi et al., 2016; Mills-Beale et al., 2012; Hossein-
nezhad et al., 2015b; Fini et al., 2011, 2012, 2013b, 2015, 2016, 2017;
Fini and Buehler, 2012; Dhasmana et al., 2015).
Castor oil was used as a modifier of the physical, chemical and
morphological properties of asphalt binder. A small quantity of
 A.M. Al-Sabaeei et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 249 (2020) 119357 5

60

Number of articles
50
40
30
20
10
0

Countries

Fig. 4. Bio-asphalt binder research studies versus countries.

6
Number of articles

5
4
3
2
1
0

Review
Fig. 5. Review articles on bio-asphalt technology.

castor oil enhanced the physical and viscoelastic properties of
asphalt binders in terms of softening point, penetration index and
viscosity, among others. However, large amounts of castor oil
negatively affected the physical and rheological characteristics of
the asphalt binder. Atomic force microscopy further confirmed that
the rheological and thermal susceptibility were improved (Zeng
et al., 2016; Xia et al., 2016; Nayak and Sahoo, 2015, Nayak and
Sahoo, 2017; Cuadri et al., 2014, Cuadri et al., 2015). Sun et al.
(2016a) and Babadagli and Ozum (2012) used canola oil as a
modifier to asphalt binder and revealed that the mixing and
compaction temperatures decreased due to the reduction of rota-
tional viscosity of the asphalt binder; furthermore, the perfor-
mance at high temperatures decreased with the increase in the
amount of oil, whereas the performance at low temperatures
improved with the increase in oil content. Pyrolysis of oil from
empty palm fruit bunch was utilised as a modifier by Ramana et al.
(2015). The authors reported that the bio-modified asphalt char-
acteristics were softer than those of the virgin asphalt with
increasing bio-oil amounts. Moreover, small amounts of the bio-oil
as a modifier caused a remarkable decline in asphalt grade.
Zhao et al. (2014a) and Wen et al. (2015) found that when bio-
char from switchgrass was used as a modifier, the rutting resis-
tance of the asphalt binder was enhanced, whereas it had a mini-
mal effect on the fatigue and low-temperature cracking resistances.
The storage stability and rutting resistance of asphalt binder
modified with rice husk ash and sawdust ash were reported to
improve with less than 20% of the ashes used as extenders (Caro
et al., 2016; Xue et al., 2014), whereas the low-temperature resis-
tance was affected as reported by (Han et al., 2017). Waste cooking
oil and cottonseed oil slightly reduced the viscosity of aged asphalt
binder, which in turn reduced the mixing and compaction tem-
peratures; the rutting resistance parameter and complex modulus
of the rejuvenated binder were reduced and the phase angle was
increased (Chen et al., 2014b). As an alternative to petroleum
asphalt binder, oak wood oil was used to replace bitumen, and the
outcome revealed that the rheological properties were similar and
comparable with those of virgin bitumen binders (Raouf and
Williams, 2010).
When sunflower oil combined with soybean oil was applied as a
modifier, the modified asphalt binder became softer than the virgin
asphalt, and the low-temperature cracking resistance was reported
to have improved (Some
et al., 2016; Kro

l et al., 2016). When linseed
6 A.M. Al-Sabaeei et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 249 (2020) 119357
oil was used as a rejuvenator to the asphalt binder, the ageing
properties of the reclaimed asphalt binder was restored; re-
searchers reported that linseed oil can be used as a fresh binder
(Podolsky et al., 2016c, Podolsky et al., 2017c; Kro
l et al., 2016; Barco
Carrio
n et al., 2017). The use of pine wood oil and resin showed that
the low temperature of rejuvenated binder improved the binder
and asphalt (Zaumanis et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2017; Porot et al.,
2017; He et al., 2017; Mohammad et al., 2013). The rheological
properties of bio-asphalt modified with corn stover were nega-
tively affected after ageing, although these properties were
reportedly not affected prior to ageing (Fini et al., 2015, Fini et al.,
2017). Hosseinnezhad et al. (2015b), Fini et al. (2015) and Fini
et al. (2016) reported that biomass from wood have a higher con-
tent of alcoholic compounds as revealed by Fourier-transform
infrared (FTIR) spectra. A minimal amount of soybean oil used as
a modifier was found to considerably affect the fatigue and low-
temperature characteristics of bitumen (Kro
l et al., 2016; Elkashef
et al., 2017). A study using Pongamia (Milletia) oil as a rejuvenator
was conducted to evaluate the performance of aged asphalt binder
in terms of chemical, rheological and thermal properties. The study
revealed that 5% content of the oil showed desirable rutting and
fatigue behaviours that were better than those of virgin binder.
However, the authors emphasised that this result would be
confirmed after mix performance studies (Nayak and Sahoo, 2017).
Soap stock oil was added to improve the adhesive properties of the
bio-asphalt binder derived from vegetable oil, and the result
showed an improvement in the adhesive properties of bitumen
with 0.9%e1.1% oil content (Pivsaev et al., 2015).
Under the pure bio-asphalt binder category, a study (1 out of 93
articles) investigated the viscosity and ageing performance of the
asphalt binder modified with bio-oil derived from household
wastes in Malaysia using domestic waste bio-asphalt binder
(DWBB) as modifier. DWBB reportedly reduced the ageing resis-
tance; results suggested that DWBB is a promising material for use
as a modifier (Tayh et al., 2017). Another study (1 out of 93 articles)
used fish oil and rapeseed oil to evaluate the possibility of their
application as a bio-asphalt binder; the study revealed that fish oil
was better than rapeseed oil as a binder modifier (Guarin et al.,
2016). In another study (1 out of 93 articles), pilot plant oil was
utilised to investigate the performance of asphalt binder modified
with the pyrolysis of oil from the plant (Zabelkin et al., 2016). A
study (1 out of 93 articles) developed a new method for improving
the rutting and ageing resistances of bio-asphalt binder with bio-oil
(sawdust combined with distilled water); the results showed that
distilled water is a reliable way to optimise the behaviour of bio-
asphalt at elevated temperatures and enhance the ageing resis-
tance of bio-asphalt (Zhang et al., 2017c).
Other studies on pure bio-asphalt binder have been elaborated,
which have summarised the use of biomaterials as a modifier, an
extender or an alternative to bitumen. Bühler et al. (2016) evaluated
the extent to which straw oil could be applied as a bio-asphalt
binder for sustainable bio-asphalt pavement. They reported that
straw oil can be economical and feasible for use as bio-oil in the
asphalt binder. Wood sawdust ash (WSA) was utilised as an addi-
tive to examine its effects on the properties of the asphalt binder;
the results demonstrated that WSA can be utilised as asphalt
modifier to enhance rutting resistance (Xue et al., 2014). Waste
engine oil (WEO) (in 1 out of 93 articles) was added as a rejuvenator
to investigate its effects on the ageing properties of the asphalt
binder. The study achieved excellent results and showed that WEO
is a useful bio-oil material that aids in reducing the ageing sus-
ceptibility of specific polymers in WEO and polymer combinations
(Li et al., 2016). Shu et al. (2010) used vegetable oil (cotton seed oil)
as a modifier to determine the density, stability and catalytic ac-
tivity of the bio-asphalt binder based on cotton seed oil. In 2 out of
93 studies, spent coffee ground (SCG) was used as a rejuvenator to
study the rheological performance of the asphalt binder (Jalkh
et al., 2016). Japanese cedar chip oil was incorporated into the
asphalt binder to investigate the physical and rheological proper-
ties of the aged and original oil-modified mixture as a modifier and
extender for the asphalt binder (Yang and Suciptan, 2016). Based on
these studies, vegetable oil-based asphalt showed the highest
catalytic activity; this finding was attributed to the high density of
the acid sites in vegetable oil. Moreover, Jalkh et al. (2016) found
that SCG can restore the rheological properties of aged binder. Yang
and Suciptan claimed that the rheological properties before and
after ageing were not remarkably altered at low concentrations of
the bio-binder.
In 4 out of 27 articles under the bio-asphalt mixture category,
WCO was used to evaluate the rutting, fatigue, thermal cracking
and moisture performances of the bio-asphalt mixture. WCO was
found to improve the Marshall stability, rutting resistance and
resilient modulus at lower amounts of treated WCO (less than 5%)
(Wen et al., 2012; Eriskin et al., 2017; Azahar et al., 2017; Setyawan

n et al. (2017)
et al., 2017a). In a study, rice husk ash del Barco Carrio
was used as an alternative to conventional fillers to evaluate the
performance of the asphalt mixture. In contrast to the control
asphalt mixture, rice husk ash utilised as filler considerably
improved the fatigue performance of bio-asphalt mixture (Arabani
et al., 2017). In another study, pilot plant oil was used to investigate
the properties of asphalt mixture with water-insoluble fraction of
wood pyrolysis oil (WiPO). The findings revealed that the strength
decreased as the WiPO content increased, and the optimal strength
was achieved between 10% and 20% of WiPO (Zabelkin et al., 2016).
Tall oil pitch was used to examine the adhesion properties of
asphalt mixtures (Bearsley and Haverkamp, 2007). Biodiesel
(canola oil) was also used to study the effects of biodiesel derived
from canola oil, especially fatty acid methyl ester, on the perfor-
mance of asphalt binder and mixture (Babadagli and Ozum, 2012).
These findings emphasised the need to conduct further research on
the effects of bio-diesel on asphalt binder recovery to determine
the accurate injection condition. However, the same authors
claimed that 40% of bitumen recovery was enhanced due to the use
of bio-diesel.
In 3 out of 27 studies (11.11%), swine manure was used to
examine the performance of bio-asphalt mixture in terms of low
temperature cracks. These investigations reported a substantial
physical performance in terms of creep and fracture resistance
(Oldham et al., 2014; Hill et al., 2013, Hill et al., 2016). Rodrigues
et al. (2017) conducted a study to analyse the rheological and me-
chanical performances of stone mastic asphalt with Moringa oil.
Two studies out of 27 (7.41%) added switch grass bio-char (2/27) to
evaluate the performance of asphalt mixtures (Zhao et al., 2014a,
Zhao et al., 2014b). In 3 out of 27 studies (11.11%), wood plant
liquid was used in the asphalt binder and mixture to study the low-
temperature and adhesion performances of the asphalt mixture
(Lei et al., 2015; Fayzrakhmanova et al., 2016; Yang, 2013). In a
study, pine wood oil was used to partially replace bitumen to
evaluate the comprehensive performance of asphalt mixtures for
green technology (Mohammad et al., 2013). Bio-oil (high polymer-
modified bio-binder [HiPMBB]) was also used to develop an
approach for assessing the viscoelastic and thermal ageing perfor-
mance of asphalt mixtures incorporating HiPMBB (Pouget and
Loup, 2013).
In a study, a certain part of the conventional mineral filler was
replaced with oil shale to produce the bio-asphalt mixture (Azzam
and Al-Ghazawi, 2015). Bio-oils derived from corn and castor were
evaluated as extenders to compare the performance of the two bio-
asphalts in terms of rheological and ageing properties in pavement
applications. The bio-asphalt binder with castor oil exhibited
 A.M. Al-Sabaeei et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 249 (2020) 119357
excellent thermal stability and low-temperature performance,
whereas the bio-asphalt containing corn oil showed better rutting
resistance. Both bio-asphalt binders possess elevated oxygen con-
tent, which in turn results in poor ageing resistance especially
when corn oil is used (Dong et al., 2018). WCO-based bio-oil was
utilised as a modifier in petroleum asphalt binder to evaluate the
performance of the bio-asphalt binder from macro and micro per-
spectives. The evaluation revealed that the cohesion energy density
of the bio-asphalt binder reduced with increasing bio-oil content,
which was attributed to the decline in dynamic modulus (Qu et al.,
2018).
The laboratory performance of selected biomaterials with
original asphalt binder, such as WCO are summarised in this sec-
tion. The viscosity of the original asphalt binder decreased with an
increase in the WCO content, resulting in reduction of the complex
modulus and an increase in phase angle of the asphalt binder (Chen
et al., 2014b). This decrease in complex modulus and increase in the
phase angle negatively affected the rutting resistant of the bio-
asphalt binder, thereby enhancing the fatigue resistance. Another
study using WCO as a bio-material in asphalt binder found that the
chemical characteristics of the material considerably affected the
physical and rheological properties of the bio-asphalt binder. The
acid value of WCO decreased, which improved the penetration
grade, softening point and rheological performance of the asphalt
binder. In turn, this effect improved the rutting resistance of the
bio-asphalt binder and reduced the temperature susceptibility
(Azahar et al., 2016b).
2.2.1.2. Bio-material with modified asphalt binder. This section
deals with the application of biomaterials with modified asphalt
binder. The first part describes some important objectives of related
research. The subsequent parts summarise the arguments from the
studies reviewed.
Two out of 93 studies (2.15%) used WCO combined with styrene
butadiene styrene (SBS) to enhance WCO as partial alternative to
bitumen in terms of the chemical and rheological properties of
WCO (Chen et al., 2014a; Gong et al., 2016). A study used WCO
combined with crumb rubber and POFA to establish the asphalt
content needed for asphalt mixtures in the presence of POFA
(Rahman et al., 2017). In four studies (4.3%), SM combined with CR
was applied to enhance the properties of the bio-oil derived from
SM as an alternative to petroleum-based binder (Fini et al., 2013a,
Fini et al., 2013b; Aflaki et al., 2014; Hosseinnezhad et al., 2015a).
Castor oil combined with SBS was used to evaluate the rutting
resistance of the bio-asphalt binder (Cuadri et al., 2013). Natural
rubber latex was used to characterise the rubberised asphalt binder
under different temperatures and loading situations (Wen et al.,
2015). Cotton oil combined with SBS was used to evaluate its
long-term effect as a rejuvenator for aged asphalt (Zhu et al., 2017).
In three studies (3.23%), red oak combined with CR was used as a
bio-asphalt binder to assess the asphalt rubber technology as a bio-
asphalt binder (Peralta et al., 2013, Peralta et al., 2014; Raouf and
Williams, 2010). In two studies (2.15%), epoxidised soybean oil
(ESO) was used with CR and/or SBS and tire pyrolysis oil to evaluate
the ageing performance of the asphalt binder in the presence of
ESO and rubber (Yin et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2011). SM combined
with nano-clay was also added to investigate the effects of a
combination of nanomaterials with biomaterials on enhancing the
ageing properties of the asphalt binder (Walters et al., 2014,
Walters et al., 2015).
Two studies (2.15%) used bio-oil (unknown biomass resources)
combined with SBS to explore the conventional properties, such as
penetration and softening point, of rubberised bio-asphalt binder
(Zhang et al., 2017b; He et al., 2015). The rheological properties of
the bio-rubberised binder prepared with maize oil was also
7
investigated (Portugal et al., 2017). In another study, welan gum
combined with nano-clay was also utilised in the asphalt binder to
examine its effects on the rheological and storage properties of the
asphalt binder (Tu et al., 2016). Mixtures of a combination of WCO,
SBS, low-density polyethylene and hard asphalt particles were
prepared for the bio-asphalt mixture with a high percentage of
WCO (Sun et al., 2017b). In one out of 27 studies (3.70%), oak oil
combined with ground tire rubber (1/27) was used as a modifier to
conventional bitumen to examine its behaviour on the asphalt
binder (Peralta et al., 2014). In two out of 27 articles (7.41%), fly ash,
WCO and latex were used as a substitute for base binder to design
and characterise a new bio-asphalt mixture composed of dammar
resin (Yami et al., 2017; Setyawan et al., 2017a). Two studies (7.41%)
determined the performance of asphalt mixture with the inclusion
of dewatered bio-oil (DWB) combined with polymer as additives
(Yang et al., 2014; Yang, 2013). The performance of some selected
studies is summarised in the following.
A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of rub-
berised asphalt binder incorporating SM bio-oil; results showed
that bio-modified rubber had comparable properties with rub-
berised asphalt binder (Fini et al., 2013a). Moreover, the bio-
rubberised asphalt was found to be beneficial in terms of
improving the low-temperature properties of the rubberised
binder; however, the overall viscosity of the rubberised asphalt
binder was reduced. Walters et al. (2014) investigated the effects of
nano-clay on the properties of bio-asphalt binder with bio-char
derived from SM. They found that the addition of nano-clay could
enhance the bio-asphalt ageing resistance because adequate
dispersion was achieved. Moreover, the viscosity of the bio-asphalt
increased with increasing nano-clay content.
The possibility of totally replacing bitumen with bio-asphalt
binder in the presence of high content of RAP in addition to pine
resin combined with SBS was investigated (Del Barco-Carrio
n et al.,
2017). Figs. 6 and 7 summarise the biomaterials used for bio-
asphalt binder and bio-asphalt mixture, respectively, under this
main category to highlight the gaps that must be filled by future
research. Chen et al. (2018) evaluated the effect of crumb rubber as
a modifier and short-term ageing on the rutting resistance of bio-
asphalt; they reported considerable improvement in rutting fac-
tor and reduction in unrecovered creep compliance, and a sub-
stantial increase in percentage recovery. Another study evaluated
the rheological characteristics of bio-asphalt binders derived from
different sources and modified with 2% SBS and 10% waste rubber.
The bio-asphalt from wood waste showed the best rutting resis-
tance, storage stability and durability compared with bio-asphalt
from corn. Moreover, the stiffness of bio-asphalt from wood
waste decreased as the content of bio-oil increased up to 15%, and
then the stiffness increased beyond 15% content of the wood waste
(Bao et al., 2019). Dong et al. (2019) examined the rheological
properties of bio-asphalt binder containing castor oil and modified
with SBS and crumb rubber. Results showed that composite
modification could improve both the low- and high-temperature
performances of bio-asphalt binder. Furthermore, the compati-
bility between the base asphalt binder and polymers was enhanced
due to bio-asphalt addition.
Fernandes et al. (2018) developed an SBS-modified bio-asphalt
binder containing WEO. Based on the physical and rheological
properties, the thermal susceptibility, high-temperature perfor-
mance grade and non-recoverable creep compliance were
improved. These enhancements promote the application of WEO as
a partial replacement for asphalt binder in the future. Another study
applied the bio-oil extracted from sawdust as an extender to develop
a bio-asphalt binder modified with 1% SBS. The rheological proper-
ties of the modified bio-asphalt binder were evaluated at various
temperatures and frequencies of the load. Results showed a
8 A.M. Al-Sabaeei et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 249 (2020) 119357

16

14

12
Number of ar cles
10

Corn stover / wood pellet / miscanthus…

WCO

POFA
WCO + SBS

Pyrolysis palm empty fruit

Rice husk ash (RHA)

Vegetable oil
Switch grass biochar

Strow oil
Jatropha curcas oil
Swine manure
SM + CR
Castor oil

SM + Nanoclay
Lignin containing products

Bio-oil (unknown) + SBS

WCO + CR + POFA

Castor oil + SBS

BioDiesel [Cnola oil]
NR latex

Corn stover

Soap stock

Welan gum + Nanoclay

Oak oil

Pilot plant oil

Dis ed water

Wood sawdust ash (WSA)

Waste engine oil (WEO)
Maizeo oil + SBS
Domas c waste (DW)
Red oak + CR (mesh)

Pine wood / willow / Poplar wood

Sunflower oil / Soybean oil
Epoxidized soybean oil + CR/SBS
n seed oil
n oil
n oil + SBS

Spent coffe ground (SCG)

Fish + rapseed oil
Linsead oil

Soybean oil

Japanese ceder chip oil

Pongamia oil
C
WCO / C

Biomaterial

Fig. 6. Number of included articles on pure bio-asphalt technology.

4
Number of articles

0
Dewatered bio-oil (DWB) +…
WCO

WCO + SBS

Oak oil + GTR

Rice husk ash (RHA)

Pilot plant oil

Pine resin + linseed + SBS

Damar resin

Moringa oil
Tall oil pitch (TOP)

Pine wood oil

Switch grass bio-char
BioDIiesel [canola oil]

Swine manure

Oil shale
Wood plant liquid

Biomaterial
Fig. 7. Number of included articles on pure bio-asphalt mixture technology.

substantial improvement in the complex modulus that positively asphalt binder with WCO that was applied as a bio-oil and bio-
affected rutting resistance. However, the bio-asphalt binder was asphalt binder modified with 4% SBS. The rutting resistance of the
found to be more sensitive for rolling thin film oven (RTFO) ageing bio-asphalt binders reduced as the WCO content increased
compared with virgin bitumen (Gao et al., 2018a). Li et al. (2019) also compared with virgin bitumen, whereas the resistance against fa-
evaluated the physical and rheological properties of soybean bio- tigue markedly improved as the bio-oil content increased. FTIR
asphalt binder modified with 4% SBS. Results revealed an upgrade analysis showed that the carbonyl index increased with increasing
in low- and high-temperature resistance of the asphalt binder. FTIR bio-oil content.
analysis also indicated more light components that formed a
network structure, thereby enhancing the mechanical characteris- 2.2.2. Performance of bio-asphalt mixtures
tics of the bio-asphalt binder modified with SBS. Wang et al. (2018a) Crumb rubber, SBS, gilsonite and polyphosphoric acid were used
evaluated the chemical and rheological characteristics of the bio- as modifiers for bio-binder (swine binder) (Aflaki et al., 2014);
 A.M. Al-Sabaeei et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 249 (2020) 119357
results showed that CR had better low-temperature performance in
pavement applications compared with the other modifiers. Sun
et al. (2017a) developed a new pavement material called optimal
bio asphalt (OBA), which was found to have the highest viscosity
and rutting resistance compared with conventional asphalt binder
(PEN 70); furthermore, the low-temperature resistance was the
best among the base and SBS-modified asphalt binders. OBA
reportedly had a lower value than the conventional asphalt binder.
However, the base asphalt binder utilised in the study with OBA
was a hard asphalt particle that was not commonly used in road
construction.
Waste rapeseed and sunflower oils were evaluated as modifiers
in asphalt binder (Some
et al., 2016); results showed that the low-
temperature performance, such as thermal cracking, of the asphalt
mixture was improved. WCO after chemical treatment was utilised
in hot mix asphalt (HMA) to evaluate the performance; results
showed that the Marshall stability, resilient modulus and indirect
tensile strength were enhanced with 5% of the treated WCO. At the
same content of the treated WCO microstructure and adhesion
properties, resistance to permanent deformation and creep defor-
mation was positively enhanced (Azahar et al., 2017). DWB was
used as a modifier in asphalt binder to evaluate the performance of
bio-asphalt mixtures (Yang et al., 2014); results indicated an
improved fatigue resistance and no considerable effect on the dy-
namic modulus and rutting performance was observed. However, a
slight effect on the strength due to tensile forces was noted.
Different percentages by weight of the asphalt binder of bio-asphalt
derived from wood chips and 1% of SBS were used to modify the
asphalt binder and investigate the high-temperature performance
of asphalt and asphalt mixtures; results showed that prior to RTFO,
the incorporation of bio-oil resulted in a decrease in high-
temperature performance of the bio-asphalt binder. The dynamic
stability and bio-oil content in the bio-asphalt binder exhibit an
inverse relationship (Gao et al., 2018b).
2.3. Studies on biomaterials with warm mix asphalt technology
Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology is a practical option in the
asphalt pavement sector for decreasing energy consumption and
emissions. This objective is realised by decreasing asphalt mixture
mixing and compaction temperatures (e.g. by decreasing asphalt
binder viscosity). It also considerably decreases asphalt emissions
and fumes and improves operating circumstances for building
crews and plant operators (Hasan et al., 2017). Drastic temperature
reductions have apparent advantages, including reducing fuel
consumption in asphalt pavement production. Additionally, pro-
spective engineering advantages include improved road compac-
tion, the capacity to transport paving mix for longer distances and
reduced temperature of paving (Wang et al., 2018b; Hasan et al.,
2017).
2.3.1. Studies on biomaterials with warm mix asphalt
Few studies on combining WMA technology and biomaterials
have been conducted to reduce the mixing and compaction tem-
peratures of the asphalt mixture and consequently reduce the en-
ergy and gas emissions from the asphalt mix. Biomaterials have
been introduced as an alternative for chemical WMA additives for
the same targets. This main category includes only 8 out of 155
articles (5.16%) that were included in this systematic review. The
main objectives of these studies are discussed in this sub-section. A
comprehensive summary of the studies in this part is provided in
subsequent paragraphs. Based on the biomaterials used, the clas-
sification of the studies under this category is presented as follows.
Isosorbide distillation bottoms (IDBs) (one out of eight articles)
were used to evaluate the potential effects of IDBs as a WMA
9
additive (Buss et al., 2015). IDBs combined with FP1 and FP2 (from
tall oil) were added to examine their effect on the performance as a
WMA additive and compare them with chemical-based WMA ad-
ditives (Podolsky et al., 2016a). In two out of eight studies (25%),
IDBs combined with FP1, FP2 and SBS were used as additives to
evaluate the high-temperature performance grade of WMA and the
dynamic modulus performance with and without the presence of
bio-derived WMA additives (Podolsky et al., 2017a; Podolsky and
Williams, 2014).
In a study, a product derived from Sasol wax called Sasobit as a
warm mix asphalt additive was combined with SM and RAP to
evaluate the low-temperature performance of WMA in the pres-
ence of RAP (You et al., 2011). In three out of eight studies (37.5%),
IDBs combined with SBS, epoxidised soybean fatty acid, FP1 and
FP2 were utilised to examine the effects of compaction of the newly
developed bio-derived WMA additive on the performance of WMA
in terms of rutting, low-temperature cracking and stripping resis-
tance (Podolsky et al., 2015, 2016b, 2017b). Notably, most of the
biomaterials used with WMA to investigate and evaluate their
applicability as a bio-derived WMA additive were IDBs. Fig. 8 shows
the classification of the articles included in this systematic review
under this category.
However, the aforementioned studies used biomaterials in the
WMA technology as additives. Further research on the use of the
WMA technology must be conducted to address issues, such as
reducing the thermal ageing problem in bio-asphalt binders, a
problem encountered in using biomaterials as an alternative
(extender) for petroleum-based asphalt binder.
Utilisation of bio-materials, such as IDBs in the WMA technol-
ogy, showed a promising outcome especially in reducing the mix-
ing and compaction temperatures; the reduction did not affect the
low-temperature properties of WMA (Podolsky et al., 2016a). This
observation is in agreement with the findings of a previous study
(Podolsky et al., 2017b).
2.3.2. Performance of warm mix asphalt with biomaterials
The rheological properties of the asphalt binder with soybean
oil were evaluated (Portugal et al., 2018); results showed that the
addition of a small amount of 1% soybean oil (new and waste)
improved the physical and rheological properties of asphalt
5
4
Number of articles
3
2
1
0
Biomaterial
Fig. 8. Number of included articles on bio-asphalt with WMA technology.
10 A.M. Al-Sabaeei et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 249 (2020) 119357
binders. Furthermore, the mixing and compaction temperatures
decreased for mixtures with new and waste soybean by 3.4  C and
2.7  C, respectively. Similarly, the mixing and compaction temper-
atures were evaluated by using 0.5% IDBs, which substantially
reduced the mixing and compaction temperatures, and the low-
temperature fracture properties were not negatively affected
(Podolsky et al., 2016a).
The performance of WMA exhibited behaviour similar to that of
conventional HMA with the reduced mixing and compaction
temperatures for mixtures with IDBs (Podolsky et al., 2017a).
Another study reported a statistical improvement in the stripping
and rutting resistance of WMA with bio-modified asphalt binder
incorporating IDBs and SBS (Podolsky et al., 2016b). Two studies
(Buss et al., 2015; Podolsky et al., 2017b) evaluated the performance
and potential of IDBs as a bio-based WMA additive; results indi-
cated that 0.5% by weight of the base binder was the optimum
dosage that resulted in a substantial decrease in the mixing and
compaction temperatures. The mixture was tested for compatibility
and moisture susceptibility and found to have a favourable and
promising outcome.
2.4. Studies on the biomaterials with reclaimed asphalt pavement
technology
The utilisation of recycled materials, such as RAP and recycled
asphalt shingles (RAS), in asphalt pavements is a way to build
sustainable pavements and preserve natural resources and energy.
However, the use of elevated quantities of RAP and RAS may trigger
durability-related distress, such as cracking and ravelling, due to
the existence of heavily aged asphalt binders. Rejuvenators have
been used to address this problem and mitigate the issues of using
old binders. Rejuvenators can enhance the viscoelastic and rheo-
logical characteristics of RAP and RAS asphalt mixtures. Much has
been learned about the various types of rejuvenating agents,
methods for applying these agents and difficulties related to their
applications (Behnood, 2019; Moghaddam and Baaj, 2016).
2.4.1. Studies on biomaterials with reclaimed asphalt pavement
The body of literature in this category is limited, with only 16 out
of 155 articles (10.32%) included in this systematic review. The
studies under this category were conducted mainly for using bio-
materials, especially bio-oils, as a rejuvenator to restore the ageing
properties of the recycled materials. The studies are divided into
two subcategories: using a bio-asphalt binder with recycled
bitumen only and a bio-asphalt binder with recycled asphalt
mixture. A summary of the findings from the studies concerning
biomaterials with RAP was discussed in the previous section.
Seven out of 16 articles (43.75%) dealt with the use of a bio-
asphalt binder with recycled asphalt binder only. Soybean oil was
used to enhance the fatigue and low-temperature performances of
100% RAP binder (Elkashef and Williams, 2017). Pongamia (Milletia)
oil combined with castor oil was applied to investigate the rheo-
logical performance of aged bitumen (Nayak and Sahoo, 2015). The
rheological performance of a virgin binder was compared with that
of an aged binder that contained castor oil as a rejuvenator. WCO
was proposed as a rejuvenator to restore the aged properties of RAP
materials (Ji et al., 2016). In two out of seven studies (28.57%), pine
resin oil combined with linseed oil was used to evaluate the linear
viscosity, ageing and rheological properties of aged binder as re-
juvenators. Aged binder tall oil and paraffinic oil were applied to
evaluate the ability to restore the low- and high-temperature
properties (Ali et al., 2016).
With regard to the subcategory of studies that used a bio-
asphalt binder with recycled asphalt mixture, 9 out of 16 (56.25%)
articles studied the application of vegetable oil, WEO and distilled
oil; in 2 out of 9 articles, the main objective was to determine the
ability of the bio-rejuvenators to restore the properties of the aged
asphalt mixture (Zaumanis et al., 2014, Zaumanis et al., 2015). One
study (11.11%) used BituTech agent, which was primarily applied to
enhance moisture and thermal cracking resistance of the aged
asphalt mixture (Hajj et al., 2013). Another study investigated the
effects of long-term ageing on the fatigue performance of high RAP
asphalt mixture organic, paraffinic and aromatic oils (Mogawer
et al., 2015). In two studies (22.22%), the performance of an
asphalt mixture containing 70% RAP was compared with that of
control pine-based oil (Porot et al., 2016; Porot et al., 2017). Rape-
seed oil was used to evaluate the effects of asphalt mixture with
30% of RAP as rejuvenators on the fatigue and thermal performance
(Kowalski et al., 2017). A study used WCO combined with rapeseed
to investigate cold asphalt recycling with 100% RAP (Hugener et al.,
2014). A study focused on using SM as a rejuvenator to observe the
response of the asphalt mixture with 40% RAP on the performance
and workability (Mogawer et al., 2016). Figs. 9 and 10 summarise
the number of articles included under the bio-asphalt and bio-
mixture with RAP technology categories, respectively.
In summary, the effect of biomaterials on the RAP performance
had a positive effect on fatigue resistance. Bio-rejuvenators derived
from pine trees were used to recover the ageing properties of
recovered asphalt. Results showed that the physical and rheological
properties can be restored; by contrast, the chemical properties
were not substantially altered. This finding will require further
investigation. In addition, rejuvenated asphalt binders showed
excellent long-term performance at low and high temperatures,
which led to considerable fatigue resistance (Borghi et al., 2017).
2.4.2. Performance of reclaimed asphalt pavement with
biomaterials
A study using soybean-derived rejuvenator was conducted to
improve the fatigue and low-temperature performance of RAP
binders (Elkashef and Williams, 2017); the fatigue life was
improved substantially, including the rutting and low-temperature
cracking. Moreover, the ageing showed a sustained durability with
the soybean-derived rejuvenator. However, the study also revealed
that the dynamic modulus of the soybean-derived rejuvenator
binder mixture had no considerable difference compared with
several mixtures. Pongamia (Milletia) oil and composite castor were
used as rejuvenators for the RAP binder to investigate the
3
Number of articles
2
1
0
Soybean oil
WCO
Castor oil
Pine wood oil +
Pongamia oil
Tall oil
linsead oil
Biomaterial
Fig. 9. Number of included articles on bio-asphalt with RAP technology.
 A.M. Al-Sabaeei et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 249 (2020) 119357
3 category are divided into two subcategories: capsules with a bio-
Number of articles
2 technology in asphalt mixtures (4 out of 6 articles, 66.67%).
1 (Su et al., 2015). The results proved that the physical properties of
0 investigated the application of oil-in-water emulsion with
Biomaterial
Fig. 10. Number of included articles on bio-asphalt mixture with RAP technology.
rheological properties of the aged binder; results showed that 5% of
both oils exhibited improved fatigue and rutting characteristics
compared with virgin binders. However, the increase in the amount
of rejuvenator resulted in improved fatigue resistance but a nega-
tive effect on rutting resistance (Nayak and Sahoo, 2015). A study
used a bio-rejuvenator derived from pine trees in RAP and found
that the rheological properties could be recovered when an
appropriate content of the rejuvenator was incorporated (Presti
et al., 2016). The rejuvenated binders also showed a promising
long-term performance at low and high temperature.
BituTech RAP additive positively influences the moisture sus-
ceptibility and thermal cracking properties of RAP asphalt mixtures.
BituTech RAP can be used without soft binders and yields a cost-
saving mixture without an effect on the performance characteris-
tics (Hajj et al., 2013). The application of recycling waste agents in
the RAP mixtures was performed to evaluate the low- and high-
temperature performances (Zaumanis et al., 2015); results
showed that the rejuvenated mixtures exhibited the same or better
rut and low-temperature resistances compared with the mixtures
without RAP. The effect of bio-oil derived from pine trees on the
RAP asphalt mixture performance was evaluated (Porot et al.,
2017); results showed that the low-temperature performance
considerably improved, and this effect on the temperature was
consistent in the binder and RAP asphalt mixtures.
2.5. Studies on the biomaterials with capsulation technology
Micro-encapsulation of rejuvenators was introduced as a new
approach for enhancing the efficiency of rejuvenators to improve
the pavement self-healing rate (Shirzad et al., 2017). Asphalt has an
inherent characteristic of self-healing. The rate of formation of
damage, however, is considerably greater than the rate of healing.
Micro-encapsulation technique can potentially encourage the self-
healing capacity of asphalt products (Sun et al., 2018).
2.5.1. Studies and performance of bio-asphalt binders and mixtures
with capsulation technology
The final category in the taxonomy of this systematic review
includes studies on capsulation technology in pavement materials
with biomaterials. This category has the lowest number of labora-
tory studies, accounting for only 6 out of 155 articles (3.87%). The
main objective of the studies was to increase the self-healing ca-
pacity of asphalt products and defer the fatigue distress, especially
11
for aged binders, in flexible pavements. The articles under this
asphalt binder only (2 out of 6 articles, 33.33%) and capsulation
With regard to the first subcategory, a study used microcapsule
technology with WCO in bitumen instead of normal rejuvenators
the aged binder were recovered. The other study (Sun et al., 2015)
melamine-formaldehyde resin to investigate the self-healing
behaviour of the microcapsules in bitumen. The findings showed
that a high shear rate of 800 rpm with 1:1 core/shell ratio thickness
would enhance the self-healing characteristics of the asphalt.
The second subcategory is about the capsulation technology in
asphalt mixtures. Sunflower oil was manufactured into capsules to
evaluate its breaking characteristics under different simulated
traffic loadings in the laboratory. Most of the capsules resisted the
mixing and compaction procedures. However, the capsules
decreased the ITS and ITSM; this result was attributed to the low
strength of the capsules. The fatigue resistance was not influenced
(Garcia et al., 2015). Sunflower oil combined with SBS was used to
evaluate the ability of the capsules to enhance the stability and self-
healing of the asphalt mixture. Results showed that the low tem-
perature rigidity of the asphalt binder was improved; in addition, in
terms of mixing, an improvement in self-healing performance was
observed in contrast to the neat asphalt blend (Shirzad et al., 2017).
Sunflower combined with epoxy resin and calcium chloride was
used to investigate the ability of a new type of capsule for self-
healing of the asphalt mixtures. The mixture did not affect the
compaction of the asphalt, but its resistance due to rutting was
affected (Micaelo et al., 2016). Porous sand combined with sun-
flower oil was proposed to determine the optimum diameter of the
capsules for acceptable strength and stability of the asphalt mix-
tures with a minimum number of broken capsules under traffic
loading (Garcia et al., 2016). Fig. 11a and b shows the classification
of the articles under this category. The findings of this study are in
agreement with those reported in the literature (Garcia et al., 2015).
3. Discussion
Based on the articles reviewed in this systematic review, the
following section provides three aspects of the literature content:
the motivations behind involving bio-asphalt binder technology in
flexible pavement applications, the challenges encountered in uti-
lising this technology successfully and recommendations to miti-
gate such difficulties.
3.1. Motivations
The advantages of using biomaterials in flexible pavement ap-
plications are obvious and satisfactory. Some of these benefits that
are reported in the literature are listed in this section.
Biomaterials are renewable resources and have low costs
because they are locally produced; they are environmentally
friendly and have lower energy consumption compared with
petroleum-based materials (Sun et al., 2017a; Pouget and Loup,
2013; Mamat et al., 2015; Lei et al., 2016; Hill et al., 2016; Gong
et al., 2016; Azahar et al., 2016b). The high demand for bitumen
for road construction, fluctuating petroleum costs and the need to
improve green technologies necessitate the development of alter-
native binders; therefore, using bio-asphalt binders can make road
construction cost effective (Zargar et al., 2012; Ramana et al., 2014;
Peralta et al., 2013; Azahar et al., 2016a). Biomaterials free green-
house gases due to the natural conversion of CO2 (Xue et al., 2014).
Moreover, using bio-asphalt binders from either bio-wastes or
12 A.M. Al-Sabaeei et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 249 (2020) 119357
Number of ar cles
2 4
1 3
0 2
WCO
formaldehyde
a Biomaterial
Fig. 11. Number of included articles on bio-asphalt binder and mixture with Capsulation technology.
biomass products can reduce the need for landfill area, which can
help reduce greenhouse gas emissions (Sun et al., 2016a).
Furthermore, using WMA-based bio-derived technology to reduce
the mixing and compaction temperatures of the asphalt mixtures is
the most promising alternative to chemical-based WMA technol-
ogy; thus, adopting this technology will reduce energy consump-
tion and greenhouse gas emissions (Kro
l et al., 2016). Biomaterials
are one of the best alternatives as rejuvenators to increase the
percentage of RAP materials that can be used in asphalt mixtures.
The cost of biomaterials is lower than that of other rejuvenators,
and they have the ability to restore the aged properties of binders
(Asli et al., 2012). Biomaterials are also promising materials to be
used in novel, sustainable and innovative self-healing technologies,
such as capsulation, to mitigate the negative effects of the con-
struction of asphalt pavements (Shirzad et al., 2017).
A combination of more than one technology, such as a bio-
asphalt binder with green asphalt rubber, WMA, RAP and capsu-
lation technologies, promises new research trends for more sus-
tainable and greener flexible pavement applications.
3.2. Challenges
Many challenges are encountered by researchers in terms of the
availability of resources and behaviour of the biomaterials to be
used as an alternative for petroleum-based asphalt binders. The
main challenges preventing the adoption of biomaterials have been
discussed in general. These challenges are discussed in greater
detail in the following.
One of the main challenges in this research area is looking for a
sustainable, renewable, low-cost and environmentally friendly
alternative to petroleum asphalt. This requirement is needed to
fulfil a necessary and urgent demand as fossil fuel reserves decrease
and the price fluctuates. Moreover, workers involved in con-
structing pavements are exposed to toxic fumes from asphalt
mixtures during the mixing and asphalt laying (Zhang et al., 2017b;
Yang et al., 2013, Yang et al., 2014; Rahman et al., 2017; Mills-Beale
et al., 2012; Guarin et al., 2016; Fini et al., 2013b; Ahmad et al.,
2017). Another challenge is to find an alternative binder that can
withstand different loadings and environmental situations of the
road pavement (Babadagli and Ozum, 2012). Unfortunately, even
the best designed and constructed road pavement deteriorates over
time due to the effects of weathering and traffic loading (Cuadri
et al., 2013). The management of waste materials, such as bio-
wastes and RAP materials, presents an opportunity for successful
use in pavement construction (Porot et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2014b).
Another challenge is how to exhaust as much of the waste materials
as possible in different applications, such as in bio-asphalt binders,
to reduce water pollution due to waste materials (Azahar et al.,
Number of ar cles
Oil- in water
emulsion + 1
melamine
0
resin Sunflower oil Sunflower oil + SBS
b Biomaterial
2016a; Chen et al., 2014b; Asli et al., 2012) and towards
completely replacing petroleum binders and improving the binder
and mixture performance at the same time (Sun et al., 2017b;
Zhang et al., 2017c).
Aging of asphalt binder is one of the serious problems that cause
pavement distresses and reduce service life (Walters et al., 2014).
The high variation in bio-asphalt binders in terms of feedback
sources and the resulting by-products causes unstable physico-
chemical and morphological behaviours. These behaviours, in turn,
make bio-asphalt binders highly different in terms of performance
and cause an increase in their susceptibility to oxidative and ther-
mal ageing (Hill et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2016b). The lack in under-
standing of the elemental composition, ageing, chemical
compounds and compatibility of bio-asphalt binders from different
natural sources with various types of petroleum-based binders is a
research issue that must be investigated (Yang et al., 2017; Gong
et al., 2016). Another issue in the use of bio-oils as a bio-asphalt
binder is the decrease in their viscosity compared with that of
the base binder; this phenomenon affects the performance of bio-
oils, thereby hampering the use of bio-asphalt binders in high
percentages (Hill et al., 2013). The rutting resistance performance of
bio-asphalt mixtures is an issue that remains unresolved (Azahar
et al., 2017).
Many road pavements fail due to moisture problems and less
adhesion between the asphalt binder and aggregates (Bearsley and
Haverkamp, 2007). Although the rheological and ageing perfor-
mances of bio-asphalt binders are widely studied, only a few
studies have investigated the adhesion behaviour of bio-asphalt
binders. This research gap limits the extensive use of bio-asphalt
binders in pavement applications (Gong et al., 2017). The pres-
ence of water and volatile compounds mainly depends on the
source of biomaterials; this characteristic of biomaterials is one of
the obstacles to replacing asphalt with a high amount of bio-
asphalt binders (Mamat et al., 2015; Ramana et al., 2014). Failure
caused by moisture in pavements is another common issue because
of the adoption of unreliable conventional laboratory methods for
evaluation, which do not represent the actual moisture resistance;
thus, novel reliable techniques, such as surface free energy, should
be used (Cuadri et al., 2015).
To sum up, the barriers that prevent the replacement of petro-
leum asphalt with bio-asphalt binders are the high susceptibility of
biomaterials to ageing, decrease in viscosity especially at high
temperatures and low adhesion and moisture resistance. Therefore,
the main challenge is to develop a bio-asphalt binder with suitable
workability, stiff enough to withstand different traffic loading and
environmental situations and resistant to moisture damage, espe-
cially for high-temperature applications. The binder should not
crack at a relatively low temperature and should require less energy
 A.M. Al-Sabaeei et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 249 (2020) 119357
for mixing and compaction temperatures.
3.3. Recommendations
The most important recommendations to address the afore-
mentioned challenges and develop a durable, environmentally
friendly, safe and cost-effective bio-asphalt binder are summarised
in this systematic review. These recommendations may provide a
complete reference for other researchers and industries interested
in developing bio-asphalt binders as an alternative to petroleum-
based asphalt binders.
The ageing index for bio-asphalt binders must be determined
instead of RTFO and pressure ageing vessels (Some
et al.) because
they may not adequately represent bio-material and field ageing
(Aziz et al., 2015). Moreover, the ageing mechanism of bio-asphalt
binders must be interpreted (Tabatabaee and Kurth, 2017). The
long-term ageing performance of bio-asphalt binders under
different conditions must be investigated (Hill et al., 2016; Sun
et al., 2017b; Some
et al., 2016; Zabelkin et al., 2016). Further
research on reducing the ageing of bio-asphalt binders must be
conducted to determine the critical amount of bio-oil that causes
incompatibility in the blend; the polymerisation mass loss during
the ageing of bio-asphalt binders must be quantified (Yang et al.,
2017). The viscoelastic properties of bio-asphalt binders, such as
thermochemical properties, produced by different methods must
be compared to develop a better method that can produce bio-
asphalt binders with suitable viscoelastic properties (Mills-Beale
et al., 2012). Furthermore, the optimum amount of bio-asphalt
binder for hybrid asphalt binder must be determined to improve
the rheological properties (Mills-Beale et al., 2012). The adhesion
properties must also be examined to improve our understanding of
the relationships between bio-asphalt binders and traditional
asphalt (Mills-Beale et al., 2012).
4. Conclusions
Biomaterial technology is one of the most active research areas,
especially in developing bio-asphalt binders. The use of bio-
materials in pavement construction is still being evaluated, and a
highlight of the current situation is required. The main objective of
this review is to highlight the developments in this field by
surveying and providing a taxonomy of the literature. Five main
categories can be drawn from the literature on bio-asphalt binder
applications for road construction: reviews, studies on pure bio-
asphalt binders, bio-asphalt binder from the WMA technology
perspective, bio-asphalt binder from the RAP technology perspec-
tive and bio-asphalt binder from the capsulation technology
perspective. Some categories, such as the pure bio-asphalt binder
technology, have received considerable attention from researchers,
but the other main categories in this article have not been as
popular. This attention obviously reflects the types of available
biomaterials commonly used as bio-asphalt binders. In the same
vein, this condition indicates the research gaps in biomaterials and
their evaluation for use in flexible road construction applications.
Researchers have stated their interests in the literature, and the
majority provided recommendations to address these challenges.
These recommendations open opportunities for further research on
developing bio-asphalt binders that are cheaper, more environ-
mentally friendly and have lower energy consumption than
petroleum-based asphalt binders. Specific comments and sugges-
tions are stated in the following:
 Most of the bio-oils improved the fatigue resistance but nega-
tively affected the high-temperature performance of bio-asphalt
binders and mixtures.
13
 Bio-asphalt incorporating SM bio-oil showed the best high-
temperature performance among the bio-oils thus far utilised.
For example, the bio-asphalt with WCO failed to fulfil the rutting
resistance requirement. This failure must be investigated to
address this deficiency in rutting resistance.
 The modified bio-asphalt binder incorporating SBS and CR
substantially enhanced the high- and low-temperature perfor-
mances. However, further studies on the usage of different bio-
oils from several sources are needed to improve resistance
against rutting and fatigue.
 The chemical analysis of the bio-asphalt binders showed the
ageing sensitivity of bio-asphalt binders with a direct effect on
the performance of bio-asphalt mixtures. Therefore, micro-
structure analysis of the bio-asphalt binders with bio-oils from
various biomass sources requires further investigation.
 Most of the bio-oils used in bio-asphalt technology had high
water content, especially those derived from plants. The high
water content has a direct effect on the adhesion and cohesion
properties of bio-asphalt binders and mixtures; it increases
moisture susceptibility. Further research is encouraged to
develop a sustainable technique to effectively reduce the water
content in bio-oils used in bio-asphalt technology.
5. Future directions
Future studies must investigate the mechanism of interaction
between biomaterials from various sources and petroleum-based
asphalt binder at the microscopic level. Researchers should
continue adopting new materials, methods and combinations of
various techniques to develop biomaterials that are highly sus-
tainable, can withstand different traffic loads, are environmentally
friendly and cost effective. The following points are also highlighted
for future studies on biomaterials in asphalt pavement
applications:
 The effect of domestic biomaterials on the properties and per-
formance of asphalt binders and mixtures, respectively, must be
evaluated to incorporate as much of the bio-waste materials as
possible in the pavement.
 Further research is also necessary to mitigate the ageing prob-
lems associated with existing bio-asphalt binders.
 A combination of two or more biomaterials in asphalt pavement
applications must be adopted.
 The environmental impacts and life cycle assessment of bio-
asphalt binders and traditional petroleum-based asphalt
binders must be compared.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment
The authors like to express their gratitude to Universiti Tekno-
logi PETRONAS (UTP) for providing all necessary facilities to come
up with this work.
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