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LEARNING MODULE
FOR
PE113: INDIVIDUAL-DUAL SPORTS

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 COURSE OUTLINE

COURSE CODE : PE113

TITLE : INDIVIDUAL-DUAL SPORTS
TARGET POPULATION : ALL PE113
INSTRUCTOR : MR. JASON MICHAEL M. NAVAL
MR. WILLIE I. PARRENAS JR.
MR. RENE RAMOS JR, LPT
MS. NORSISA D. SADAVAO. LPT
MS. CHERISH MAE ARIOLA, LPT
MRS. IRIS ARROYO

Overview:

Physical education helps students develop physical skills and confidence it develops fitness and
fosters the desire for lifelong participation in physical activity. Physical education classes teach
the health benefits of regular exercise and healthy food choices along with the risks of inactivity
and poor diet. Students of all ages might be asked to dedicate themselves to making a few small
improvements in diet and exercise for a period of six weeks. They would be expected to journal
about how they feel during the process and reflect on how these changes affect performance
and mood. Physical education also helps students develop social skills. For example, team
sports help them learn to respect others, contribute to a team goal, and socialize as a productive
member of a team.

Objectives:

General Objective

To apply and demonstrate the basic skills, rules and regulation in individual-dual sports

The following are the topics to be discussed

Week 7 TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS

Week 8 BASIC DIAGRAM FOR SYSTEM OF TOURNAMENT
Week 9 SINGLE ELIMINATION
Week 10 DOUBLE ELIMINATION
Week 11 PROBLEM SOLVING OF SINGLE, AND DOUBLE ELIMINATION
Week 12 EXAM

Instruction to the Learners

Each chapter in this module contains a major lesson, the units are characterized by
continuity, and are arranged in such a manner that the present unit is related to the next unit.
For this reason, you are advised to read this module. After each unit, there are exercises to be
given. Submission of task given will be every Monday during your scheduled class hour.

GETTING STARTED:

Do you think that Physical education is important in your life? Do you need to be physically fit?
Is there any importance in engaging through sports?

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 WEEK 7

TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS

TOURNAMENT

A tournament is an organize competition in which many participants play each other in

individual games. After each game each participants is either dropt from the tournament, or
advises to play a new opponent in the next ―round‖. Usually, all the rounds of the tournament
lead up to the ―finals‖, in which the only remaining participants play, and the winner of the finals
is the winner of entire tournament.

A tournament is a competition involving a relatively large number of competitors, all

participating in a sport or game. More specifically, the term may be used in either of two
overlapping senses: One or more competitions held at a single venue and concentrated into a
relatively short time interval.

BYE

By looking at a single-elimination bracket, it quickly becomes clear that tournaments are

easy to run only if they have a number of players which is power of 2:i.e.8, 16, 32, 64,128, 256,
etc,. Having this exact number of players ensures that in each round, all players have
somebody to compete against. In tournaments open to the general public, it is unlikely that this
exact number of players will enrol and in any case, players may decide to voluntarily drop from
the tournament at any points, so byes are used to fill holes in the bracket.

A player gets bye when there is simply no opponent for him to play that round. Getting a bye
is considered fortunate for a player; he is guaranteed to advance to the next round. Somet imes
many byes are granted in a particular round because of holes in the bracket. The aim of the
byes is to have the number of players be equal to a power 2 in the next round, or possibly the
round after that. Bye refers to the entry (player/s or team/s) that will not play in the first round.

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Single Elimination

The greatest appeal of the single-elimination tournament is its simplicity. Losers are
eliminated, and winners advance to the next round until only one contestant remains—the
tournament champion. The single-elimination tourney is valuable when the number of entries is
large, time is short, and the number of locations is limited. Of all the tournaments, this one
requires the fewest games (or matches); however, half the participants are eliminated after one
game, and only a quarter of the participants remain after the second round. When more
extensive participation is important and more locations and time are available, a
single-elimination tournament is probably not your best choice. Yes, a single-elimination format
is the simplest, but the other tournaments described in this manual are also easy to organize, so
the simplicity of single elimination is not a significant factor in its favor.

Double Elimination

The double-elimination tournament addresses two problems inherent in the

single-elimination tournament. The first is that one of the best entries may have a bad first game
or match or have been poorly seeded in the single-elimination draw; if that occurs in a
single-elimination tournament, that entry is eliminated too soon. Having a losers' bracket gives
such an entry an opportunity to play in the finals. The second problem with the single elimination
is that half of the entries play only one game (or match). The double-elimination format ensures
that all entries play at least two games.

However, this tournament type is often overrated because of those strengths. It also has
weaknesses, and there are alternatives. The major difficulties with the double elimination are
that the second- and third-seeded entries play many games, particularly in the final rounds of the
tournament, and it takes many rounds to complete. Also, this tournament type often uses
available areas inefficiently. For example, if the tournament consists of nine entries and four
locations are available, the double-elimination tournament takes seven rounds to complete. This
is as many rounds as in a round robin double split (discussed later) but without the advantages a
round robin tournament offers.

The double elimination is a good option when the number of locations is limited, time is at a
premium, final standings are important, and all entries are to be awarded a minimum of two
games

Multilevel

The multilevel tournament is similar to a single-elimination tournament; in fact, at the top

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level they are the same. However, in a multilevel tournament, a player is not eliminated following
a loss but simply moves down one or more levels of play into the consolation rounds. This
downward movement continues until no other challengers remain. One result of this approach is
that all entries play about the same number of games. Another benefit is that in each round the
players are more likely to encounter other players of their caliber.

In the final rounds of play in single- and double-elimination tournaments, only one or two
locations are in use. This is not the case in the multilevel tournament. As a result, when sufficient
locations are available, the multilevel tournament takes the same amount of time to complete as
a single-elimination tournament and half the time of a double-elimination tournament. For
example, if six locations are available, and the tournament contains 13 entries, it takes four
rounds to complete the tournament using either the single elimination or the multilevel and eight
rounds to complete a double elimination. The multilevel tournament is an excellent choice when
equality in number of games played and closely contested matches are important, when time is
limited, and when knowledge of third and subsequent final placements is not crucial.

Straight Round Robin

The round robin tournament and league schedules consist of all individuals or teams playing
each entry an equal number of times. The round robin and round robin split tournaments all use
fixed schedules; all entries know exactly who they play and what time they play them, which
offers advantage to entries in preparing for the tournament and upcoming games. Seeding does
not affect the outcome because the cumulative results of all games played determine final
standings. When the number of entries is small and games are played quickly (as in table tennis,
badminton, or volleyball), this type of format is effective for a one-day tournament. When there
are more entries and the games take longer to complete (as in hockey, football, or basketball),
then a round robin schedule is best suited for league play. In this case, one time through a round
robin provides the league schedule, and, if time permits, you could provide a home and away
schedule simply by going through the round robin schedule twice.

The round robin format is not suitable for all situations. Because all entries play each other, a
round robin format is problematic when the number of entries is high. For example, a tournament
with 32 entries would take 496 games to complete using a round robin. This compares with 62
games in a double elimination and 31 in single elimination. Also, when there is considerable
discrepancy in the caliber of play, many games or matches will prove unsatisfactory to all
involved in these noncontests.

Round Robin Double Split

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 When a round robin format is desirable but the number of entries is too large, splitting the
entries into two divisions is a practical solution. Following the play within the divisions, only the
top two entries from each division participate in play-offs to determine the final top standings.
The obvious benefit is that the number of games is halved. The drawback is that accurate
seeding becomes important. For example, if the top three seeds are placed in one division and
only the top two from each division advance to the play-offs, then (if entries perform consistent
with their seedings) the third seed cannot play in the play-offs.

The round robin double split is commonly used for league play. You could split the league into
two or more divisions, with the play-offs bringing together the top two teams from each division to
decide the final standings.

Round Robin Triple Split

The round robin triple split is similar to the double split. However, because it would be
awkward to have a single-elimination play-off with three or six finalists, a round robin format for
the finalists is the most suitable. This requires more games in the play-offs and is a satisfactory
alternative to the double split only when there are a very large number of entries.

Round Robin Quadruple Split

This type of tournament or league is intended to solve the same problems addressed by the
double split, but instead of dividing the entries into two groups, they are divided into four groups.
This is useful only when the number of entries exceeds 11. You could use this format in a one- or
two-day tournament or in a league over a longer time. The major disadvantage of this approach
is that when there are only 12 to 15 entries, the weaker players (or teams) might participate in
only two games.

Semi-Round Robins

The semi-round robin is essentially a round robin tournament that solves the problem of
uneven divisions. For example, in a baseball tournament with seven entries divided into two
divisions, one division would have three entries, and the other would have four. This means that
the division with four entries requires each team to compete in one more game than in the
division with three entries. The semi-round robin corrects for this.

Extended

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 Ladders and pyramids are two common examples of extended tournaments or leagues.
Extended tournaments can be ongoing for an indefinite time or can be abbreviated to a week, a
month, or another set period. For drop-in programs, such as intramurals or racket clubs, this
tournament type can be most useful. Its major weaknesses are, first, that players challenge each
other, which means that some players might not play as much, and, second, because of the
challenge system, the ranking at the end of the tournament might not be accurate because some
players may have played very few if any games.

ACTIVITY NO. 1
Name: Date submitted:
Course: Score:

Instructions: Answer the following questions. Write your answers neat and clean.
Avoid erasures. (At least 5-10 sentences for each question)
1. What are the types of tournaments? Define their meanings.

2. What is the purpose of single and double elimination?

3. What is the significance of tournament?

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 WEEK 8

BASIC DIAGRAM FOR SYSTEM OF TOURNAMENT

1. SINGLE ROUND ROBIN (S.R.R). All teams entered in the competition shall play against
each other.

Advantages of S.R.R.
a. Player will gain a lot of exposure
b. Experiences on the management officials’ side
c. Get revenues will increase
d. Host city will attract more tourists

Disadvantages of S.R.R.
a. More effort, money and time
b. Many personnel are needed
c. Substantial suspension of classes and absences of all concerns

Procedure: For Even numbers (4, 6, 8…)

a. All numbers one’s are constant
b. Other numbers shall rotate in counter clockwise

Formula:

N= No. of games
n= No. of entries

Examples:
 Four (4) Teams

N = 6 games R= Round
R1 R2 R3
1 vs. 4 1 vs. 3 1 vs. 2
2 vs. 3 4 vs. 2 3 vs. 4

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  Six (6) Teams

N = 15 games R= Round

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
1 vs. 6 1 vs. 5 1 vs. 4 1 vs. 3 1 vs. 2
2 vs. 5 6 vs. 4 5 vs. 3 4 vs. 2 3 vs. 6
3 vs.4 2 vs. 3 5 vs. 2 5 vs. 3 4 vs. 5

Procedure: For add numbers (5, 7, 9…)

a. Rotation in counter clockwise
b. Numbers will be arranged from highest to lowest.

Formula:
N= No. of games
n= No. of entries

Examples:

 Five (5) Teams

N= 10 games R= Round
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
5 4 3 2 1
1 vs. 4 5 vs. 3 4 vs. 3 3 vs. 1 2 vs. 5
2 vs. 3 1 vs. 2 5 vs. 1 4 vs. 5 3 vs. 4

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  Seven (7) Teams

N= 10 games R= Round
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 vs. 6 7 vs. 5 6 vs. 4 5 vs. 3 4 vs. 2 3 vs. 1 2 vs. 7
2 vs. 5 1 vs. 4 7 vs. 3 6 vs. 2 5 vs. 1 4 vs. 7 3 vs. 6
3 vs. 4 2 vs. 3 1 vs. 2 7 vs. 1 6 vs. 7 5 vs. 6 4 vs. 5

Note:
a. In S.R.R a tie or triple tie may occur. In the event of a tie, the win over the other
principle may apply.
b. In case of triple tie it will be resolve by point system or quotient system.
c. A bye refers to the entry that will not play in the first round.

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 ACTIVITY NO. 2
Name: Date submitted:
Course: Score:

I. Do the following. Compute the number of games, determine the number/s of bye, and
bracket each type of tournament (n = no. of entries).

1. Single Round Robin ( n = 7 )

2. Single Round Robin ( n = 5 )

WEEK 9

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 SINGLE ELIMINATION (S.E.)

Single Elimination. A team has to be defeated once in order to be eliminated.

Formula:
N=n-1 N = No. of games
n = No. of entries

Advantages and Disadvantages

a. Less money, time and effort
b. Champion will not be the best team
c. Cruel system

Procedure:
a. Look for the powers of two (4, 8, and 16)
b. Determine the bye by subtracting the number of entries from the powers of two
higher than the number of entries. If the number of teams is the same as the
power of two, no bye will appear.
c. Divide the powers of two to determine the number of rectangles

Examples:

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 N=5–1
N = 4 games
Bye = 8 (powers of 2) – 5 (No. of teams)
= 3 byes

Note: Third place – L2 vs. L3

 Six (6) Teams

N=6–1
N = 5 games
= 8 (powers of 2) – 6 (No. of teams)
Bye = 2 byes

Note: Third place – L3 vs. L4

 Seven (7) teams

=7–1

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 = 6 games
= 8 (powers of 2) – 7 (No. of teams)
= 1 bye

Note: Third place – L4 vs. L5

 Eight (8) Teams

N=8–1
N = 7 games
Bye = 8 (powers of 2) – 8 (No. of teams)
= 0 bye

Note: Third place – L5 vs. L6

ACTIVITY NO. 3
Name: Date submitted:
Course: Score:

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 I. Do the following. Compute the number of games, determine the number/s of bye, and
bracket each type of tournament (n = no. of entries).

1. Single Elimination ( n = 4 )

2. Single Elimination ( n = 9 )

WEEK 10

Double Elimination (D.E.)

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 Double Elimination. A team has to be beaten twice in order to be eliminated.

Formula:
N = 2 (N – 1) N = No. of games
n = No. of entries
Advantage and Disadvantages:
a. The champion is the best team
b. Easy to select the good players
c. All the rest are moderate

Procedures:
a. Know the powers of two (4, 8, and 16)
b. Determine the bye subtracting the number of teams from the powers of two,
same as in SE.
c. Divide the powers of two to get the number of rectangles.
d. In double elimination, a play off may be used if the team from the loser bracket
wins over the waiting of winners bracket.

 Five (5) Teams

N=5–1
=4 x 2
N = 8 games
= 8 (powers of two) – 5 (No. of teams)
Bye = 3 byes

Note: W5 is twice to beat.

L7 is a third placer

 Six (6) Teams

N=6–1

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 =5x2
N = 10 games
Bye = 8 (powers of 2) – 6 (No. of teams)
= 2 byes

Note: W10 is twice to beat

L9 is a third placer

 Eight (8) Teams

N=8–1
=7x2
N = 14 games

Note: W9 is twice to beat

L3 is a third placer

ACTIVITY NO. 4

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Name: Date submitted:
Course: Score:

I. Do the following. Compute the number of games, determine the number/s of bye, and
bracket each type of tournament (n = no. of entries).

1. Double Elimination ( n = 7 )

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