Names: Virginia M.

Songcal Score: _______

Class Schedule: Sunday (1:30 pm -4:30 pm) Friday (1:00 pm – 4:00 pm) Date: September 16, 2021

ASSIGNMENT FOR MICROSCOPY, STAINING, AND CLASSIFICATION

QUESTIONS FOR RE VIEW

Multiple Choice
Select the letter that answers each statement. Write the letter before each number.

c. 1. Which of the following is smallest?

a. decimeter b. millimeter c. nanometer d. micrometer
d. 2. A nanometer is __________________ than a micrometer.
a. 10 times larger b. 10 times smaller c. 1000 times larger d. 1000 times smaller
c. 3. Resolution is best described as the __________________.
a. ability to view something that is small b. ability to magnify a specimen
c. ability to distinguish between two adjacent objects d. difference between two waves of
electromagnetic radiation
d. 4. Curved glass lenses __________________ light.
a. refract b. bend c. magnify d. both a and b
d. 5. Which of the following factors is important in making an image appear larger?
a. thickness of the lens b. curvature of the lens
c. speed of the light passing through the lens d. all of the above
d. 6. Which of the following is different between light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy?
a. magnification b. resolution c. wavelengths d. all of the above
b. 7. Which of the following types of microscopes produces a three dimensional image with a shadowed appearance?
a. simple microscope b. differential interference contrast microscope
c. fluorescence microscope d. transmission electron microscope
a. 8. Which of the following microscopes combines the greatest magnification with the best resolution?
a. confocal microscope b. phase-contrast microscope c. dark-field microscope
d. bright-field microscope
a. 9. Negative stains such as eosin are also called __________________
a. capsule stains b. endospore stains c. simple stains d. acid-fast stains
d. 10. In the binomial system of nomenclature, which term is always written in lowercase letters?
a. kingdom b. domain c. genus d. specific epithet

Fill in the Blanks. Complete the statement. Write the answer on the blank.

1. If an objective magnifies 40* and each binocular lens magnifies 15*, the total magnification of the object being
viewed is 600*.
2. The type of fixation developed by Koch for bacteria is heat fixation.
3. Immersion oil _increases_ (increases/decreases) the numerical aperture, which _increases__ (increases/
decreases) resolution because __more_ (more/fewer) light rays are involved.
4. __Contrast_ refers to differences in intensity between two objects.
5. Cationic chromophores such as methylene blue ionically bond to_negatively_ (positively/negatively) charged
chemicals such as DNA and proteins.
VISUALIZE IT!

1. Label each photograph below with the type of microscope used to acquire the image.

Scanning Electron Microscope Phase contrast microscope

Bright field microscope

Fluorescent light microscope Transmission electron Microscope Differential interference contrast

2. Label the microscope.

Ocular lens

Body

Arm

Objective lenses

Stage

Condenser

Diaphragm

Illuminator

Coarse focusing knob

Fine focusing knob

Base
Short Answer

1. Explain how the principle “electrons travel as waves” applies to microscopy.

> Electrons are particles but also move as waves; this is relevant to electron microscopes. While Light
microscopes use visible light wavelengths to view specimens, Electron microscopes use the same principles
to direct waves of electrons through lenses that allow scientists to view specimens using wavelengths
between 0.01nm and 0.001 nm.

2. Critique the following definition of magnification given by a student on a microbiology test:

“Magnification makes things bigger.”
> This is false. The definition of magnification is the apparent increase in size of an object. It is the result of
when a beam of radiation refracts. Therefore the other is not physically changing to a bigger size, just
appearing to.

3. Why can electron microscopes magnify only dead organisms?

>It must be viewed in a vacuum wherein no oxygen is present.

4. Put the following substances in the order they are used in a Gramstain: counterstain, decolorizing
agent, mordant, primary stain.
1. Primary Stain
2. Mordant
3. decolorizing agent
4. primary stain

5. Why is Latin used in taxonomic nomenclature?

> No country uses Latin as it's language so it is used as a universal language for science. (It was also used as
the language of science in Linnaeus' time.)

6. Give three characteristics of a “specific epithet.”

> must be expressed in lower case
>usually an adjective
>species specific

7. How does the study of the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal RNA fit into a discussion of taxonomy?
> Modern taxonomy uses nucleotide sequencing to look for relationships or shared DNA with ancestral
species rather than relying on other characteristics for classification.

8. An atomic force microscope can magnify a living cell, whereas electron microscopes and scanning
tunneling microscopes cannot. What requirement of scanning tunneling microscopes precludes the
imaging of living specimens?
>Specimens must either be sliced up thin in viewing media and viewed in a vacuum or requires the use of a
direct electron beam.