 Question no.

1
Solution:
A model for the deflection curve or shape y(x) assumed by a rotating string is given by;
d dy
dx [
T ( x)
dx ]
+ ρ ω 2 y =0

Assume a string of length L with ρ as constant linear density is stretched along the x-axis and
fixed at both ends;
x=0 , x=L
Then the string is rotated about x-axis at a constant angular speedω.
Consider a portion of the string on the interval[ x , x +∆ x ]. If T the magnitude of the tension
(acting tangential), is constant along the string length, then the desired differential equation can
be obtained by equating two different formulations of the net force F acting on the string.

Fig. 1 Forces acting on a rotating string

F=Tsin θ2−Tsin θ1

When angels are small,

sin θ2=tan θ2∧sin θ1 =tan θ1

Moreover, tanθ 1∧tan θ2 are slopes of the line containing vectorT 1∧T 2 .

tanθ 2= y ' ( x +∆ x )∧tanθ 1= y ' (x)

Then,

F ≈ T [ y ' ( x+ ∆ x )− y ' ( x ) ]

1
Secondly, according to Newton’s 2nd law,
F=ma
Where the mass of the string on the interval ism=ρ ∆ x and acceleration of a rotating body is
a=r ω2. With∆ x, we taker = y. Thus

F ≈−( ρ ∆ x ) ω2 y
Negative sign indicates that’s the acceleration is in negative y-direction.
Now equate these two formulations of F,

T [ y ' ( x+ ∆ x ) − y ' ( x ) ]=−( ρ ∆ x)ω2 y

[ y ' ( x +∆ x )− y ' ( x ) ]
T =−( ρ) ω2 y
∆x

d2 y ( ) 2
T + ρ ω y=0
d x2
Solution y(x) of the above equation satisfies the boundary equations y (0)=0 , y (L)=L.

Part (a)
d dy
[T ]+ ( ρ ) ω2 y=0
dx dx
When T ( x )=x 2 above equation takes the form;

2 d2 y dy 2
x 2
+2 x + ( ρ ) ω y =0
dx dx

Or

x 2 y , , +2 x y , + ρ ω2 y=0
According to Cauchy Euler Method, let

y=x m
Then,

y , =m . x m−1
And,

y , ,=m. ( m−1 ) . x m−2

Then solution of auxiliary equation will be;

x 2 m ( m−1 ) x m −2 +2 m x m−1 + ρ ω2 x m=0

2
x m (m2−m+2 m+ ρ ω2)=0

x m (m2 +m+ ρ ω2 )=0

x m ≠ 0 , m 2 +m+ ρ ω2=0

To find out roots, apply quadratic equation;

a=1 ,b=1∧c=ρ ω2

−1 ± √ 12−4 ρ ω2
m=
2

−1 ± √ 1−4 ρ ω2
m=
2

−1 ± √ 4 ρ ω2−1 i
m=
2

−1 √ 4 ρ ω2−1 i
m= ±
2 2

−1 √ 4 ρω 2−1 i −1 √ 4 ρ ω 2−1i
m 1= + ∧m2= −
2 2 2 2
When ρ ω2 >0.25 . Thus

y=c1 x−1/ 2 cos ( λ ln x )+ c2 x−1/ 2 sin ⁡(λ ln x)

Where,
1
λ= √ 4 ρ ω 2−1
2
Apply condition y ( 1 )=0 gives c1 =0

y=c 2 x−1/ 2 sin ⁡(λ ln x )

The condition y ( L )=0 requires y=c 2 L−1 /2 sin ( λ )=0.

We obtain nontrivial solution λ n=nπ , n=1 , 2 ,3 , . . .. .

1
λ n= √ 4 pω2−1=nπ
2
2
( nπ )2 = 1 √ 4 ρω 2n−1
( )
2

3
 1
n2 π 2= (4 ρ ω2n−1)
4

4 n2 π 2 =4 ρ ω 2n−1

4 ρ ω2n=4 n 2 π 2+ 1

24 n 2 π 2 +1
ω=n
4ρ

4 n2 π 2+ 1
ω n=
√ 4ρ

1
ω n= √ (4 n2 π 2+1)/ ρ
2

As required.

y n ( x )=c 2 x −1 /2 sin ⁡( nπ ln x )

Or
sin ⁡( nπ ln x)
y n ( x )=c 2
√x
Part (b)
Graph of deflection curves on the interval [ 1 , L ] for n=1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , .. . .
y n ( x )=c 2 x −1 /2 sin ⁡( nπ ln x )

For different values of x, we got corresponding values of y at n=1, 2, 3

y1 y2 y3
x n=1 n=2 n=3
1 0 0 0
1.1 0.281236 0.537447 0.745835
1.2 0.494736 0.831559 0.90296
1.3 0.643775 0.874416 0.543912
1.4 0.736044 0.723476 -0.02492
1.5 0.780743 0.457015 -0.51323
1.6 0.787058 0.148188 -0.75916
1.7 0.763421 -0.14661 -0.73526
1.8 0.7172 -0.39052 -0.50456

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 1.9 0.654639 -0.56428 -0.16824
2 0.580902 -0.66244 0.174516
2.1 0.500184 -0.68918 0.449391
2.2 0.415838 -0.65464 0.614731
2.3 0.330495 -0.57197 0.659375
2.4 0.246191 -0.45516 0.595325
2.5 0.164465 -0.31761 0.448909
2.6 0.086451 -0.17121 0.252633
2.7 0.012957 -0.02591 0.038848

y1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25

y2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

5
 y3
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

 Question no.2
2nd order nonhomogeneous differential equation of Damped mass-spring system and RLC-Circuit
is;

1
my ,, + cy , + ky=F 0 cosωt , LI ,, + RI , + =E0 ωcosωt
C

Electric system Mechanical System

L-Inductance m-Mass

R-Resistance c-damping constant

C-Capacitance k-spring constant

E0 ωcosωt -EMF F 0 cosωt -Driving Force

Practical Significance:
The practical importance and application of this analogy is obvious, but following 2 factors help
to understand the significance of the analogy.

 High realism and accuracy

 Less Time Consumption
Electric circuits yield more precise measurements and accurate results than mechanical system
and they consume less time and give results in seconds. Electric systems reduces the chance of

6
error by minimizing human effort. Electrical circuits can be monitored by using computers so
multiple systems can operate at a same time.

Associated homogeneous equations of both systems are;

1
my ,, + cy , + ky=0 , LI ,, + RI , + =0
C

Auxiliary equations are;

1
m λ2 +c λ+k =0 , L λ2 + R λ+ =0
C

Part (a)
We are given with,

m = 5kg

c = 10kg/sec

k = 60kg/sec

L = 1H

From above given data, auxiliary equation of mass spring system would take the form

5 λ2 +10 λ+60=0 Eq. 1

And Aux. eq. of RLC-Circuit,

1
λ 2+ R λ+ =0 Eq. 2
C

Comparing eq. 1 and 2,

m≤¿ L

5≤¿ 1

m
L=
5

Dividing eq. 1 by 2, we get

L = 1H

R = 2Ω

7
 1
C= F
12

Mass-spring Element of system LRC-Circuit Element of system

y I
m=5kg L=1H
c=10kg/s R = 2Ω
k=60kg/s2 C=1/12 F

As we know

my ,, + cy , + ky=F 0 cosωt

5 y ,, +10 y , +60 y=220cos 10t

y , , +2 y , +12 y=44 cos 10 t (Divided by 5)

As,

FO
EO =
w

44
EO =
10

EO =4.4 V

From,

1
LI ,, + RI , + =E0 ωcosωt
C

y , , +2 y , +12 y=4.4 ×10 cos 10 t

E = EO sin ωt

E = 4.4sin10t

Part (b):
Let mass be the 2 kg and assume the RLC circuit has 8 H inductance, resistance of 24 Ω,
capacitance of 40F, and emf with derivative 480cos4t.

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Differential equation of Damped mass-spring system and RLC-Circuit is;

1
my ,, + cy , + ky=F 0 cosωt , LI ,, + RI , + =E0 ωcosωt
C

Again, associated homogeneous equations of both systems are;

1
my ,, + cy , + ky=0 , LI ,, + RI , + =0
C

Auxiliary equations are;

1
2 λ2 +c λ+k =0 , 8 λ 2+24 λ+ =0
12

Mass-spring Element of system LRC-Circuit Element of system

y I
m=2kg L=8H
c=3kg/s R = 24Ω
k=5kg/s2 C=1/40 F

Thus the equation for RLC-Circuit and mass-spring system becomes;

1
8 I ,, + 24 I , + =480 cos 4 t
40

Where,

480
E0 = =120 V
4

E0 120
F 0= = =30
ω 4

2 y ,, + 3 y , +5 y=30 cos 4 t Ans.