Professional Documents
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2 Basic Concepts
2 Basic Concepts
2 Basic Concepts
❑Protons
❑Electrons
❑Neutrons
Charge
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
Electric Field
❑ We know that opposite charges attract each
other, and like charges repel.
❑ The presence of a charged particle creates an
electric field. +
❑ It can point in different directions and have
different strength depending on location.
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
Voltage
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
• Electrical potential is the energy per unit charge gained or lost when a charge is
moved from some reference point at which the potential is defined to be zero.
• Voltage is the difference in potential between two arbitrary points at which the
potential is not necessarily zero.
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
Ex. 1-4 Find the potential difference between two points in an electrical system
if 60 J of energy are expended by a charge of 20 C between these two points.
W 60 J
V= = = 3V
Q 20 C
W = Q V = 50 10 ( −6
) (6 V )
= 300 10 J = 300 J −6
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
Voltage Conventions
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
❑ Many times, a common point will be used as the starting (-) point
for several voltage measurements. This common point is called
common or ground.
❑ Voltages with respect to ground are often denoted using a single
subscript:
Va
❑ Notice the symbol for ground.
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
+
+
_ ~
_
Time-varying Solar Cell
Battery
source
V = “Electrical pressure”
9V
Solar Cell
1.5 V
Electric
Power Plant
Nerve A few
Cell A few millivolts Volts
11,000 V
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
Current
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
Current
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
❑ The amount of charge moving past a point per time unit is called
current.
❑ Current is measured in Coulombs per second, unit is Amperes
(abbreviated A and called Amps for short).
Q
I=
I = amperes (A)
Q = coulombs (C)
t = seconds (s)
t
❑Even though it is usually electrons that do the moving, current is
defined as the flow of positive charge.
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
electron motion
positive current direction
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
❑ This says “the current moving through the device from left to
right is 5 A”.
❑ We could also say, “the current moving through the device
from right to left is -5 A”.
❑ Drawing an arrow does not make a statement about the
direction the current is actually going. It is just a reference
frame. You can draw arrows however you want when you
need to solve for currents.
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
Ex. 1-6 The charge flowing through an imaginary surface is 0.16 C every 64
ms. Determine the current in ampere.
−3
Q 0.16 C 160 10 C
I= = −3
= −3
= 2.50 A
t 64 10 s 64 10 s
Ex. 1-7 Determine the time required for 4 × 1016 electrons to pass through the
imaginary surface of Fig. 1.12 if the current is 5 mA.
−3
Q = 4 10 electron
1C
Q 6. 41 10 C
t= =
16
6.242 1018
electrons I 5 10 −3 A
= 0.641 10 −2 C = 0.00641 C = 6.41 mC = 1.282 s
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
+++
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
+++
Current
flow
Conductors are those materials that permit a generous flow of electrons with very little
external force (voltage) applied.
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
glass
Current cannot flow through insulators rubber
oil
asphalt
Plastic material (insulators) fiberglass
porcelain
ceramic
quartz
(dry) cotton
(dry) paper
(dry) wood
+++ plastic
air
pure water
No current
flow
Insulators are those materials that have very few free electrons and require a large applied
potential (voltage) to establish a measurable current level.
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
Wire
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
Wire is a 0 Ω resistor
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
+++
Air
No current flow
DC
AC
Independent sources:
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
Dependent sources:
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
AMPERE-HOUR RATING
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
the capacity of a battery (in ampere-hours) will change with change in current demand.
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
Resistance
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
l
R =r
ρ : resistivity of the sample
l : the length of the sample
A : cross-sectional area
A
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
The mil is a unit of measurement for length and is related to the inch by
Given: l = 100 ft
d=
Therefore,
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
copper
Conductance
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
1
G = (siemens, S)
R
Indicating that increasing
A
G= the area or decreasing
r l
(S) either the length or the
resistivity will increase the
Conductance.
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
Reference
[1] Robert L. Boylestad, “Introductory Circuit Analysis”, 12th Edition, Prentice Hall Inc
Thanks
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
TYPES OF RESISTORS
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
❑ Resistors are made in many forms but all belong in either of two groups:
❑Fixed resistors – are made of metal films, high-resistance wire or
carbon composition.
TYPES OF RESISTORS
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
❑ Variable resistors can have two or three terminals. Most have three.
Color coding was developed to identify resistors that were too small for their
resistance value to be printed on them.
❑Color bands are always read from the end that has the bands closest to it.
❑1st and 2nd band represent the first two digits. 3rd band determines the power-
of-ten multiplier (the number of zeros following the second digit). 4th band is the
manufacturer’s tolerance (precision of the resistor). The fifth band is a reliability
factor, which gives the percentage of failure per 1000 hours of use.
Band 1-2 Band 3 Band 4 Band 5
0 Black 100 5% Gold 1% Brown
1 Brown 101 10% Silver 0.1% Red
2 Red 102 20% No band 0.01% Orange
3 Orange 103 0.01% Yellow
4 Yellow 104
5 Green 105
6 Blue 106
7 Violet 107
8 Gray 108
9 White 109
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE| chisty@aiub.edu
Ohmmeters
Nafiz A. Chisty| Head, Dept of EEE; Associate Professor, Dept. of EEE & CoE, FE
FIGURE 1.7 Measuring the resistance of a FIGURE 1.8 Checking the continuity of a
single element. connection.