Chapter 48

Standard integration
48.1 The process of integration 48.2 The general solution of
integrals of the form ax n
The process of integration reverses the process of
differentiation. In differentiation, if f (x) = 2x 2 then )
The general solution of integrals of the form ax n dx,
f  (x) = 4x. Thus the integral of 4x is 2x 2 , i.e. integration where a and n are constants is given by:
is the process of moving from f  (x) to f (x). By similar
reasoning, the integral of 2t is t 2 . (
axn+1
Integration is a process of summation or) adding parts axn dx = +c
together and an elongated S, shown as , is used to n+1
replace
) the words
) ‘the integral of’. Hence, from above,
4x = 2x 2 and 2t is t 2 . This rule is true when n is fractional, zero, or a positive
dy or negative integer, with the exception of n = −1.
In differentiation, the differential coefficient indi- Using this rule gives:
dx
cates that a function of x is being differentiated with (
respect to x, the dx indicating that it is ‘with respect to 3x 4+1 3
(i) 3x 4 dx = + c = x5 + c
x  . In integration the variable of integration is shown by 4+1 5
adding d(the variable) after the function to be integrated. ( (
( 2 2x −2+1
(ii) dx = 2x −2 dx = +c
Thus 4x dx means ‘the integral of 4x x2 −2 + 1

with respect to x  , 2x −1 −2
= +c= + c, and
( −1 x
and 2t dt means ‘the integral of 2t ( (
x 2 +1
1
√
with respect to t  (iii) x dx = x 1/2
dx = +c
1
+1
2
As stated 2
) above, the2differential coefficient of 2x is 4x,
hence 4x dx = 2x . However, the) differential coeffi- 2√ 3
3
x2
cient of 2x 2 + 7 is also 4x. Hence 4xdx is also equal = +c= x +c
3 3
to 2x 2 + 7. To allow for the possible presence of a con- 2
stant, whenever the process of integration is performed,
a constant ‘c’ is added to the result. Each of these three results may be checked by differen-
( ( tiation.
Thus 4x dx = 2x + c and
2
2t dt = t 2 + c
(a) The integral of a constant k is kx + c. For example,
(
‘c’ is called the arbitrary constant of integration.
8 dx = 8x + c
 436 Engineering Mathematics
(
(b) When a sum of several terms is integrated the result ax n+1
The standard integral, ax n dx = +c
is the sum of the integrals of the separate terms. n+1
For example, (a) When a = 5 and n = 2 then
( (
5x 2+1 5x3
(3x + 2x 2 − 5)dx 5x 2 dx = +c= +c
2+1 3
( ( (
(b) When a = 2 and n = 3 then
= 3x dx + 2x 2 dx − 5 dx (
2t 3+1 2t 4 1
2t 3 dt = +c= + c = t4 + c
3x2 2x3 3+1 4 2
= + − 5x + c
2 3
Each of these results may be checked by differentiating
them.
48.3 Standard integrals (  
3
Problem 2. Determine 4 + x − 6x 2 dx
Since integration is the reverse process of differentia- 7
tion the standard integrals listed in Table 48.1 may be (  
deduced and readily checked by differentiation. 3
4 + x − 6x 2 dx may be written as
7
( ( (
Table 48.1 Standard integrals 3
4 dx + x dx − 6x 2 dx
( 7
ax n+1 i.e. each term is integrated separately. (This splitting
(i) ax n dx = +c
n+1 up of terms only applies, however, for addition and
(except when n = −1) subtraction).
(  
( 3
1 Hence 4 + x − 6x dx 2
(ii) cos ax dx = sin ax + c 7
a   1+1
( 3 x x 2+1
1 = 4x + − (6) +c
(iii) sin ax dx =− cos ax + c 7 1+1 2+1
a   2
3 x x3
( = 4x + − (6) + c
1 7 2 3
(iv) sec2 ax dx = tan ax + c
a 3
( = 4x + x2 − 2x3 + c
1 14
(v) cosec2 ax dx = − cot ax + c Note that when an integral contains more than one term
a
( there is no need to have an arbitrary constant for each;
1 just a single constant at the end is sufficient.
(vi) cosec ax cot ax dx = − cosec ax + c
a
(
Section 9

1 Problem 3. Determine
(vii) sec ax tan ax dx = sec ax + c ( (
a 2x 3 − 3x
( (a) dx (b) (1 − t)2 dt
1 4x
(viii) eax dx = eax + c
a
( (a) Rearranging into standard integral form gives:
1
(ix) dx = ln x + c ( (
x 2x 3 − 3x 2x 3 3x
dx = − dx
4x 4x 4x
( 2   2+1
x 3 1 x 3
Problem 1. Determine: = − dx = − x+c
( ( 2 4 2 2+1 4
  3
(a) 5x 2 dx (b) 2t 3 dt 1 x 3 1 3
= − x + c = x3 − x + c
2 3 4 6 4
 Standard integration 437
)   1   
(b) Rearranging (1 − t)2 dt gives: 5 t4 5 4 1/4
( = − +c= − t +c
2t 1+1 t 2+1 9 41 9 1
(1 − 2t + t 2 )dt = t − + +c
1+1 2+1 20 √
=− t+c
4

2t 2 t3 9
=t− + +c
2 3 (
1 (1 + θ)2
= t − t + t3 + c2 Problem 7. Determine √ dθ
3 θ
This problem shows that functions often
) have to be rear-
ranged into the standard form of ax n dx before it is ( (
possible to integrate them. (1 + θ)2 (1 + 2θ + θ 2 )
√ dθ = √ dθ
θ θ
( (  
3 1 2θ θ2
Problem 4. Determine
x2
dx = 1
+ 1 + 1 dθ
θ2 θ2 θ2
(  !  ! 1 
( (
θ − 2 + 2θ 1− 2 + θ 2− 2 dθ
1 1
3 =
2
dx = 3x −2 . Using the standard integral,
x
) n (  
ax dx when a = 3 and n = −2 gives: = θ − 2 + 2θ 2 + θ 2 dθ
1 1 3

(
3x −2+1 3x −1
3x −2 dx = +c= +c ! 
− 21 +1
!1
+1
!3
+1
−2 + 1 −1 θ 2θ 2 θ 2
= + + +c
−3 − 21 +1 1
+1 3
+1
= −3x −1 + c = +c 2 2
x 1 3 5
θ2 2θ 2 θ2
= 1
+ 3
+ 5
+c
( 2 2 2
√
Problem 5. Determine 3 xdx 1 4 3 2 5
= 2θ 2 + θ 2 + θ 2 + c
3 5
√ 
4 3 2 5
=2 θ+ θ + θ +c
√ For fractional powers it is necessary to appreciate 3 5
m
a =an
n m

( (
3x 2 +1
1
√ Problem 8. Determine
3 xdx = 3x 1/2 dx = +c ( (
1
+1 (a) 4 cos 3x dx (b) 5 sin 2θ dθ
2
3x 2
3
3

= + c = 2x 2 + c = 2 x3 + c
3
Section 9
(a) From Table 48.1 (ii),
2 (  
1
4 cos 3x dx = (4) sin 3x + c
( 3
−5 4
Problem 6. Determine √
4
dt = sin 3x + c
9 t3 3
(b) From Table 48.1(iii),
( ( (   (  
−5 −5 5 −3 1
√
4
dt = 3
dt = − t 4 dt 5 sin 2θ dθ = (5) − cos 2θ + c
9 t3 9t 4 9 2
 
t − 4 +1
3
5 5
= − +c = − cos 2θ + c
9 3 2
− +1
4
 438 Engineering Mathematics

( Now try the following exercise

Problem 9. Determine (a) 7 sec2 4t dt
(
(b) 3 cosec2 2θ dθ Exercise 172 Further problems on standard
integrals
Determine the following integrals:
(a) From Table 48.1(iv), ( (
(  
1 1. (a) 4 dx (b) 7x dx
7 sec2 4t dt = (7) tan 4t + c  
4 7x 2
7 (a) 4x + c (b) +c
= tan 4t + c 2
4 ( (
(b) From Table 48.1(v), 2 2 5 3
(   2. (a) x dx (b) x dx
1 5 6
3 cosec 2θ dθ = (3) −
2
cot 2θ + c  
2 2 3 5 4
(a) x + c (b) x + c
3 15 24
= − cot 2θ + c
2 (   (
( 3x 2 − 5x
3. (a) dx (b) (2 + θ)2 dθ
Problem 10. Determine (a) 5e3x dx x
( ⎡ ⎤
2 3x 2
(b) dt ⎢ (a) − 5x + c ⎥
3e4t ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎣ θ 3 ⎦
(b) 4θ + 2θ + + c
2
3
(a) From Table 48.1(viii),
(   ( (
1 3x 5 4 3
5e dx = (5)
3x
e + c = e3x + c 4. (a)
3x 2
dx (b)
4x 4
dx
3 3  
( ( −4 −1
2 2 −4t (a) + c (b) 3 + c
(b) dt = e dt 3x 4x
3e4t  3  
2 1 −4t ( √ ( 
= − e +c 14 5
3 4 5. (a) 2 x 3 dx (b) x dx
4
 
1 1
= − e−4t + c = − 4t + c 4√ 5 1√4 9
6 6e (a) x + c (b) x +c
5 9
( (
Problem 11. Determine
( (  2  −5 3
3 2m + 1 6. (a) √ dt (b) √5
dx
(a) dx (b) dm t3 7 x4
5x m  
10 15 √
(a) √ + c (b) 5
x+c
Section 9

( (    t 7
3 3 1 3
(a) dx = dx = ln x + c ( (
5x 5 x 5
7. (a) 3 cos 2x dx (b) 7 sin 3θdθ
(from Table 48.1(ix)) ⎡ ⎤
(  2  (  2  3
(a) sin 2x + c
2m + 1 2m 1 ⎢ 2 ⎥
(b) dm = + dm ⎣ ⎦
m m m 7
(   (b) − cos 3θ + c
1 3
= 2m + dm ( (
m 3
8. (a) sec2 3x dx (b) 2 cosec2 4θ dθ
2m2 4
= + ln m + c  
2 1 1
(a) tan 3x + c (b) − cot 4θ + c
= m2 + ln m + c 4 2
 Standard integration 439

( ( 2
9. (a) 5 cot 2t cosec 2t dt Problem 12. Evaluate (a) 3x dx
( 3 1
( (b) (4 − x 2 )dx
4
(b) sec 4t tan 4t dt −2
3
 
5 1  2    
(a) − cosec 2t + c (b) sec 4t + c ( 2
2 3 3x 2 3 2 3 2
(a) 3x dx = = (2) − (1)
2 2 2
( ( 1 1
3 2x 2 dx 1 1
10. (a) e dx (b) =6−1 =4
4 3 e5x
  2 2
3 2x −2 ( 3  3
(a) e + c (b) +c x 3
8 15e5x (b) (4 − x 2 )dx = 4x −
−2 3 −2
( (  2     
2 u −1 (3)3 (−2)3
11. (a) dx (b) du = 4(3) − − 4(−2) −
3x u 3 3
   
2 u2 −8
(a) ln x + c (b) − ln u + c = {12 − 9} − −8 −
3 2 3
 
( (  2 1 1
(2 + 3x)2 1 = {3} − −5 =8
12. (a) √ dx (b) + 2t dt 3 3
x t
⎡ √ √ 18 √ 5 ⎤
(a) 8 x + 8 x 3 + x +c ( 4 θ + 2
⎢ 5 ⎥ √
⎣ 1 4t 3 ⎦ Problem 13. Evaluate dθ, taking
1 θ
(b) − + 4t + +c positive square roots only
t 3

( 4 θ
+2
 ( 4
θ 2

48.4 Definite integrals √ dθ = 1
+ 1
dθ
1 θ 1 θ2 θ2
( 4 
Integrals containing an arbitrary constant c in their = θ 2 + 2θ − 2 dθ
1 1

results are called indefinite integrals since their precise 1

value cannot be determined without further information. ⎡ ⎤4
!1 ! 
Definite integrals are those in which limits are applied. +1 − 21 +1
⎢θ 2 2θ ⎥
If an expression is written as [x]ba , ‘b’ is called the upper =⎣ + ⎦
1 1
limit and ‘a’ the lower limit. +1 − +1
2 2 1 Section 9
The operation of applying the limits is defined as:
⎡ ⎤4
[x]ba = (b) − (a)  √ 
The increase in the value of the integral x 2 as x increases ⎢θ 2
3 1
2θ 2 ⎥ 2 3 √ 4
)3 =⎣ + = θ +4 θ
from 1 to 3 is written as 1 x 2 dx 3 1 ⎦ 3 1
Applying the limits gives: 2 2 1
     
2 √ 2 √
( 3  3   3
  = (4)3 + 4 4 − (1)3 + 4 1
x3 33 1 3 3
x 2 dx = +c =+c − +c
1 3 1 3 3    
  16 2
1 2 = +8 − +4
= (9 + c) − +c =8 3 3
3 3
1 2 2
=5 +8− −4=8
Note that the ‘c’term always cancels out when limits are 3 3 3
applied and it need not be shown with definite integrals.
 440 Engineering Mathematics
( 4  4
( 3 3 3
π/2 (b) du = ln u = [ ln 4 − ln 1]
Problem 14. Evaluate: 3 sin 2x dx 1 4u 4 1 4
0
3
= [1.3863 − 0] = 1.040
( π
4
2
3 sin 2x dx
0
   π  π Now try the following exercise
1 2 3 2
= (3) − cos 2x = − cos 2x
2 0 2 0
      Exercise 173 Further problems on definite
3 π 3
= − cos 2 − − cos 2(0) integrals
2 2 2
    In Problems 1 to 8, evaluate the definite integrals
3 3
= − cos π − − cos 0 (where necessary, correct to 4 significant figures).
2 2
    ( 4 ( 1
3 3 3 3 3
= − (−1) − − (1) = + = 3 1. (a) 2
5x dx (b) − t 2 dt
2 2 2 2 1 −1 4
 
1
(a) 105 (b) −
( 2
2
Problem 15. Evaluate 4 cos 3t dt ( 2 ( 3
1 2. (a) (3 − x 2 )dx (b) (x 2 − 4x + 3)dx
−1 1  
1
( 2    2  2 (a) 6 (b) −1
1 4 3
4 cos 3t dt = (4) sin 3t = sin 3t
1 3 1 3 1 ( (
   
π
π 3 2
4 4 3. (a) cos θ dθ (b) 4 cos θ dθ
= sin 6 − sin 3 0 2 0
3 3 [(a) 0 (b) 4]
Note that limits of trigonometric functions are always ( π ( 2
3
expressed in radians—thus, for example, sin 6 means 4. (a) 2 sin 2θ dθ (b) 3 sin t dt
the sine of 6 radians = −0.279415 . . . π
6 0
( 2   [(a) 1 (b) 4.248]
4
Hence 4 cos 3t dt = (−0.279415 . . . ) ( 1 ( π
1 3 6
  5. (a) 5 cos 3x dx (b) 3 sec2 2x dx
4 0 0
− (−0.141120 . . . )
3 [(a) 0.2352 (b) 2.598]
= (−0.37255) − (0.18816) = −0.5607 ( 2
6. (a) cosec2 4t dt
Section 9

1
Problem 16. Evaluate ( π
( 2 ( 4 (b)
2
(3 sin 2x − 2 cos 3x)dx
3
(a) 4e2x dx (b) du, π
4
1 1 4u [(a) 0.2572 (b) 2.638]
each correct to 4 significant figures ( 1 ( 22
7. (a) 3e3t dt (b) 2x
dx
0 −1 3e
( 2  2 [(a) 19.09 (b) 2.457]
4 2x
(a) 4e dx =
2x
e ( (
1 2 1
3 2 32x 2 + 1
8. (a) dx (b) dx
= 2[e2x ]21 = 2[e4 − e2 ] 2 3x 1 x
[(a) 0.2703 (b) 9.099]
= 2[54.5982 − 7.3891] = 94.42
 Standard integration 441

9. The entropy change S, for an ideal gas is 10. The p.d. between boundaries a and b of an
( b
given by: Q
electric field is given by: V = dr
( ( a 2πrε0 εr
T2 dT V2 dV If a = 10, b = 20, Q = 2 × 10−6 coulombs,
S = Cv −R
T1 T V1 V ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 and εr = 2.77, show that
V = 9 kV.
where T is the thermodynamic temperature,
11. The average value of a complex voltage
V is the volume and R = 8.314. Determine the
waveform is given by:
entropy change when a gas expands from 1 litre (
to 3 litres for a temperature rise from 100 K to 1 π
VAV = (10 sin ωt + 3 sin 3ωt
400 K given that: π 0
+ 2 sin 5ωt)d(ωt)
Cv = 45 + 6 × 10−3 T + 8 × 10−6 T 2
Evaluate VAV correct to 2 decimal places.
[55.65] [7.26]

Section 9