ELECTIVE ENGLISH  Activities will be provided in Aralinks, always check

Mr. Mark Anthony D. Elepaño during Asynchronous time.

 No special quiz or unit test for those who are
Objectives absent or excuse during the scheduled
 Demonstrate fluency in English assessment.
 Exercise creativity and analytical skills  For missed synchronous activities, only the lecture
 Effectively use language proficiency discussion will be available not the quiz or activity.
 Conduct comparative analysis and exhibit  Always provide an excuse letter with pieces of
responsible journalism evidence (i.e., screenshot, medical note) sent by
 Produce an academic paper coherent to your parents/
intellectual rights and research ethics  You should notify me a hand of time for
consultations. For conferences, ask your parents
Subject Description to set a schedule thru your adviser.
This subject introduces the different English-
focused subjects in Senior High School. Learning LIST OF TOPICS
exploration focus on speaking, listening, reading, writing,
Unit 1-2 Communication Models, Types, and Level
and viewing. Students are also engaged in reading
of usage
various forms of texts specifically in English.
Unit 3-4 Communication Strategies and Public
Class Rules Speaking
 The medium of communication is English. Unit 5-6 Business Communication
 Outputs should be submitted on or before the
given deadlines. Unit 7-8 Reading and Thinking Strategies Across
 Queries and concern should be sent via Edmodo Text Types
and/or email.
GRADING SYSTEM
 Be at the waiting room 10 minutes before the time
 Always observe proper decorum (No mukbangs) Unit Test 10%
 ‘Raise hand’ if you have a question or clarification IW, BR 5%
Written Activities/Paper 15%
 Always provide screenshot as a proof of unstable
Performance Task
connection.
 Mini Task 20%
 Always check your Edmodo for announcements.
 Final Output 30%
Exam 20%
 o The one who hears or receive the message
Final Performance Task 4. DECODING
BUSINESS PLAN o The process of the symbols or the signal into
Integration of TLE, Mathematics, and Elective English thought or interpretation
o Decoding sometimes lead to
TLE – Accessories miscommunication because of the wrong
Math– Sales Forecast/Computation decoding of the receiver
E-Eng – Business Communication o How an audience member can understand,
and interpret the message
-• ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION •-
5. MESSAGE
PROCESSING COMMUNICATION o The ideas or thoughts that are transmitted from
the sender to the receiver
Communication is a systematic process in which o The result of the interpretation of symbols
individual interact with and through symbols to create and when meaning is derived from observable
interpret meanings. signals
It is the process of giving and receiving information o The result of the interpretation, not the symbol
between a human source and a human/non0-human itself
receiver using words, symbols, or actions.
6. SYMBOLS
Elements of Communication o Representations of an event, action, etc.

1. SENDER 7. CHANNEL
o Conveys message by converting their thoughts o The medium, mean, manner, or method
into symbols or observable signals such as through which a message is sent to its
words intended receiver
o The individual who initiates the message o Can be written (hard copy, print, or digital
formats), oral or spoken, and electronic and
2. CODIFICATION multimedia.
o The process of constructing messages usually
done using language 8. NOISE
o Anything that reduces quality of signal sent by
3. RECEIVER the sender
 o Something that weakens the communication
o Can be actual background noise, hunger, poor
internet connection in online communications
9. FEEDBACK
o The message transmitted by the receiver in
response to the message of the speaker
o Example: In messenger, there are things such
as seen, unread, etc.
Forms of Communication
1. INTRAPERSONAL
o Type of communication that involves talking to
yourself
o May involve deliberation, where you think
about your decisions or possible courses of
action
2. INTERPERSONAL
o Talking to one or a limited number of people
o Process by which people exchange
information, feelings, and meaning through
verbal and nonverbal messages
3. PUBLIC
o Involves communication to a wide group of
people with very varied traits and background
4. COMPUTER-MEDIATED
o Includes all forms of communication between a
computer or any type of media
5. INTERCULTURAL
o Involves a person or group who have different
backgrounds, assumptions, values, or
allegiances
o Having division
6. MASS COMMUNICATION
o We use media as a channel or medium
o Newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and
film are the major mass media
Models of Communication
MODES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Written Communication – sending and receiving
messages through written symbols
Oral Communication – uses the word of mouth and
includes listening as well as speaking skills. If you use
the verbal language. (This includes flashcards and signs)
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICAITON
Types of communication in which sending and receiving
messaged without the use of words; instead, it uses facial
expressions and body movements.
LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
The model shows a straight path of relaying information.
The message is conveyed directly to the receiver from
the sender.
Aristotle’s model of communication (before
300b.c.)
The most important element is the speaker and If you are the sender, you are the communicator. It
audience are passive. An example is a speech. gives 5 components for us to determine whether
the communication is effective.

Berlo’s model of communication (1960)

Made to understand general human
communication. He introduces different factors.
According to Berlo, the sender should have the
same factors of that of the receiver. The point is to
adjust to the receiver to have an efficient
communication.

Shannon and Weaver model of communication

(1948)
There is a feedback to determine if the noise
lessens the quality of the communication.

TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNCIAITON

Laswell’s model of communication (1948)

 Barlund’s model of communication (1970)
A multi-layered feedback system. This is a
continuous process where sender and receiver
interchange their places, and both are equally
important. “Transactional”. Exchange of
communication for a specific reason between 2
people. Focuses on general communication.
An example is ordering in the cashier. BUSINESS PLAN
 A business plan is a written document that defines the
INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION goals of your business and describes how you will
Also known as convergence model. The role interchange attain those goals
because the topic changes. The communication process  Should be realistic not idealistic
takes place between humans or machines in both verbal  Worth considerable investment of time, effort, and
and non-verbal way. This is a relatively new model of energy
communication for new technologies like the web. As  Must help investors understand and gain confidence on
long as there is transaction, it is interactive. how you will meet your customers’ needs

Schramm’s model of communication (1970) COMMON PARTS

The background of the individual who is involved 1. Executive Summary
plays an important role in communication. Like o A 3-5 paragraph introduction to your Business
Berlo’s model but the difference is the roles Plan.
changes (Berlo’s is linear, and Schramm’s is o Is critical because many individuals only read
interactive). A sender passes the information to the the summary
receiver. How the role interchange from sender to o Includes:
receiver. Focuses on the individual, o First paragraph that introduces your
business

o Your business name and location

o A brief explanation of the

o The ways that the product or service

meets or exceeds the customer
 needs (Why is the product 4. Financial Data
essential?) o Most essential part of the business plan
o Shows the time timeframes you have
o An introduction of team that will scheduled to make profits for the investors
execute the Business Plan. (sino-
sino kayo?)

o Subsequent paragraph that provides

key details about your business,
including projected sales and profits, -• verbal & nonverbal •-
unit sales, profitability, and keys to
COMMUNICATION
success.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
o Articulate the vision of the company
TYPES OF NON-VERBAL
o Discusses feasibility studies that you A. KINESICS (BODY LANGUAGE)
have conducted for your products  Facial Expression
o We can show and understand the feelings
o Discusses diagnostics
of the person we’re communicating with
2. Description of Business
 Head
o Gives the overview of the product/services
o The movement of the head signifies a
being provided in the business
message
o Includes the description of the product/services
a business will provide
 Head
o The movement of the head signifies a
3. Production Process
message
o The detailed description of how the product is
produced
 Eye Gaze
o In your case you need to give a detailed
o You can indicate a range of person’s
description with photo evidence in creating
emotions when you look into their eyes
your products (for FPT)
  Gestures H. COLORS
o The gestures of hands give off message Colors have certain meanings based on the
and can communicate information dictates of culture and gender.

 Appearance -• TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT •-

o Indicates your profession and shows your
nature, interests, and taste. Point out 1. INTRAPERSONAL
religious and cultural values - Refers to communication that on one person
where the speaker acts both as the sender and
the receiver of message
B. HAPTICS
Touching in a certain ay connotes a message 2. INTERPERSONAL
- Refers to communication between and among
C. PROXEMICS people
The use of space as a special elaboration of
culture. A. Dyad Communication
Communications
D. CHRONEMIX
The study of the role of time in communication. B. Group Communication
Refers to communication that involves at least
E. PROXEMICS three but no more than twelve. A conversation
The use of space as a special elaboration of happening in a group.
culture.
3. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
F. SILENCE - Requires you to deliver or send the message
Silence even without actions or words can before or in front of a group
communicate a message.
4. MASS COMMUNICATION
G. FLOWERS - Refers to communication that involves media
Flowers say for many of us what people cannot
say for themselves. These can also be affected by 5. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
culture or gender.
 - Exchange of concepts, traditions, values, and
practices between and among people of
different nationalities and ways of life.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. REGULATE/CONTROL
Formal and informal communications act to control
individuals’ behaviors in organizations. Uses
communication to regulate or control human
behavior ranging from simple rules to laws.
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION
Most primary reason why people communicate.
Humans talk for the sole purpose of coming
together as a society. Allows people to relate to
each other.
3. MOTIVATION
When the speaker’s purpose is to persuade or
they to persuade another person to change his/her
opinion, attitude, or behavior. Persuading
someone indirectly.
4. INFORMATION
The most useful function of communication. When
the speaker wants to make others aware of data,
concepts, and processes – knowledge that may be
useful to them.
5. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
Appeals to the listener’s feelings and emotions to
encourage him/her to act in a particular direction.
An example is opening and venting one’s feelings.
-• 7Cs OF EFFECTIVE •-
COMMUNICATION
COMPLETENESS
Communication should include everything that the
receiver needs to hear for him/her to respond, react, or
evaluate properly.
CONCISENESS
Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short
but making it direct or straight to the point. Insignificant or
redundant information should be eliminated from the
communication that will be sent to the recipient.
CONSIDERATION
To be effective, the speaker should always consider
relevant information about his/her receiver such as mood,
background, race, preference, education, status, and
needs, among others. By doing so, he/she can easily
build rapport with the audience.
CONCRETENESS
Effective communication happens when the message is
concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life
examples and situations. In this case, the receiver is
more connected to the message conveyed.
COURTESY
The speaker shows courtesy in communication by
respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of his/her
receivers. Being courteous at all times creates a positive
impact on the audience.
CLARITY
The use of simple and specific words to express ideas. It
is also achieved when the speaker focuses only on a
single objective in his/her speech so as not to confuse
the audience.
CORRECTNESS
Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on
the audience and increases the credibility and
effectiveness of the message/
-• COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES •-
SPEECH STYLE
The context dictates and affects the way people
communicate
According to Joos (1968), there are five speech styles:
1. Intimate
- This is a private, which occurs between or
among close family members or individuals.
This is non-public speech style that uses
vocabulary and include nonverbal messages.
2. Casual
- This style is among peers and friends. Jargon,
slang, or the vernacular language are used.
3. Consultative
- This is the standard one. Professional or
mutually acceptable language is a must in this
style. This is the opposite of the intimate style
because this style is used precisely among
people who do not share common experiences
or meaning.
4. Formal
- This is the style used in formal settings. Unlike
the consultative style, this is one-way.
Technical vocabulary and exact definitions are
important, such as presentation. (Mostly
speeches)
5. Frozen
- This is the style whose quality is static,
ritualistic, and may even be archaic. Frozen
style is exemplified by prayers that been
recited in the same way for years.
SPEECH ACTS
An utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an
intended effect. An act of speaking. It can be an action, a
notion, a declaration, or an order.
1. LOCUTIONARY
Happens with the utterance of a sound, a word, or
even a phrase as a natural unit of speech.
 What is required for the utterance to be a
locutionary act is that is has senses, and hast the
same meaning to both the speaker and the
listener.
Example: What? (When someone is surprised)
2. ILOCUTIONARY
When saying something with a specific intention.
It is not just saying something itself, but the act of
saying with the intention of:
- Stating an opinion, confirming, or denying
something; making a prediction, a promise, a
request; issuing an order a decision; giving an
advice or permission
Examples:
“There’s too much homework in this subject”
(opinion)
3. PERLOCUTIONARY
When what the speaker says has an effect to the
listener. The utterance of the receive, is the effect
of the sender.
Th response may not necessarily be physical or
verbal an elicited by:
- Inspiring or insulting
- Persuading or convincing
- Deterring or scaring
SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATIONS OF SPEECH ACT
As a response to Austin, John Searle, classified
illocutionary acts into five distinct categories.
1. ASSERTIVE
A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker
expresses belief about the truth of a proposition.
Some examples of an assertive act are
suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting,
and concluding. (Expresses opinion)
2. DIRECTIVE
A type of act in which the speaker tries to make
the addressee perform an action. Some examples
of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting,
inviting, advising, and begging. (Give direction)
3. COMMISSIVE
An act which commits the speaker to doing
something in the future. Examples of a
commissive act are promising, planning, vowing,
and betting. (Promise)
4. EXPRESSIVE
The speaker expresses his/her feelings or
emotional reactions. Some examples of an
expressive act are thanking, apologizing,
welcoming, and deploring. (Expressing emotion)
5. DECLARATION
Brings a change in the external situation. Some
examples of declarations are blessing, firing,
baptizing, bidding, passing sentence, and
excommunicating.
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
1. NOMINATION
A speaker carries out nomination to establish a
topic collaboratively and productively. Basically,
when you employ this strategy, you try to open a
topic with the people you are talking to. (Example:
Strategy to start a question)
2. RESTRICTION
Restriction in communication refers to any
limitation you may have as a speaker. These
instructions confine you as a speaker and limit
what you say. (Example: You are given an
example to follow, a topic to stay on. The speaker
restricts what he/she will talk about)
3. TURN-TAKING
Sometimes people are given unequal opportunities
to talk because other take much time during the
conversation. Turn-taking pertains to the process
by which people decide who takes the
conversational floor.
4. TOPIC CONTROL
Topic control covers how procedural formality or
informality affects the development of topic in
conversations. (Example: In meetings, you may
only have a turn to speak after the chairperson
directs you to do so. The speaker limits what the
responders would respond.)
5. TOPIC SHIFTING
Involves moving from one topic to another. In other
words, it is where one part of a conversation ends
and where another begins. Make sure that each
topic was given enough importance.
6. REPAIR
Refers to how speakers address the problems in
speaking, listening, and comprehending that they
may encounter in a conversation. (Example: If
everybody in the conversation seems to talk at the
same time, give away and appreciate other’s
initiative to set the conversation back to its topic.)
7. TERMINATION
Refers to the conversation participants’ close-
initiating expression that end a topic in a
conversation. Most of the time, the topic initiator
takes responsibility to signal the end of the
discussion.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
PURPOSE:
1. TO INFORM
An informative speech provides the audience
with a clear understanding of a concept or ide.
(Ex: The lectures of your teacher). Primary
purpose is to present facts, details, and
information.
2. TO PERSUADE
 Seeks to provide the audience with favorable
or acceptable ideas that can be influence their
ideas and decisions. To persuade your
audience.
3. TO ENTERTAIN
Amuses the audience. The humorous
speeches of comedians and performers are the
best examples of this type. The most difficult of
all presentations because it requires great ease
and elegance and depends to a large degree
on the charisma of the speaker. The goal is to
warm audience up.
There are speeches where these three would
be evident in the speech, but the purpose will
be seen in the end or when analyzed.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
DELIVERY:
1. READ/MANUSCRIPT
When the speaker reads every word.
2. MEMORIZED
When the speaker memorizes the whole
speech.
3. EXTEMPORANEOUS
Wherein you are given a topic, and you are
given a short period of time before giving it.
4. IMPROMPTU
You will be given a question which you will be
needing to answer immediately.
-• SPEECH •-
(Public speaking)
The way we deliver a speech.
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH
1. ARTICULATION
An “act, process, or means of putting something
into words” or the “clear and accurate
pronunciation of words, especially in public
speaking.”
The key term that relates to articulation is
coherence, which comes from the Latin word
means “stick together”. It refers to the logical order
of ideas expressed. This means that articulation
also refers to the use of words
2. MODULATION
To “change” the sound by making it quieter, higher
or lower.” It also means to change or adjust so that
it exists in a balanced or proper amount.
Modulation is, therefore, achieved by changing the
pitch of your voice to convey various meanings
when you speak.
3. STAGE PRESENCE
The ability to command an audience with an
impressive style or manner. You can develop an
 impressive speaking style of speaking so that your
audience cannot help but listen to you. Comes
with dignity and confidence.
Your voice sounds good, and your command of
the language must be excellent. Your knowledge
of the topic should be credible and extensive.
These are the few things you can enhance to have
a strong stage presence.
4. FACIAL EXPRESSION
This is a gesture with the facial muscles. Your face
reveals a lot about what you think or how you feel.
Without words, you can still convey your gladness
or regret in delivering a speech.
5. GESTURE
It refers to the movement or positions of the3
hand, arm body, head, or face that is expressive of
an idea, opinion, emotion.
Using gestures and body movements call the
attention to ideas, to emphasize words, and to
drive home a point, among others.
6. RAPPORT WITH THE AUDIENCE
It refers to a speaker’s connection with the
audience. This connection is characterized by
harmony, conformity, accord or affinity.
7. AUDIOVISUAL AIDS
It refers to the device, models, and props that
speaker use in delivering the speech.
-• principle of speech writing •-
CHOOSING A TOPIC
If you are given the choice of topic for your speech, start
with what you know or are interested to know. Then if you
have something in mind already, ask yourself the
following questions:
1. Is the topic interesting to my audience?
2. Is it timely and relevant?
3. Are there available sources of information on it?
AUDIENCE PROFILE
It pertains to the important details about your audience
that will help you plan your speech.
SOURCING INFORMATION
When you have decided on a topic and are set to start
compiling information about it, think of the possible
sources you can consult.
With your topic in mind, list as much information as you
can to support.
Make sure, though, that you take note of each source
and that you cite all your sources when you deliver the
speech. Failure to properly cite your sources is
tantamount to plagiarism and that will compromise your
credibility.
OUTLINING AND ORGANIZING SPEECH CONTENT
There is a common and effective practice of outlining and
organizing a speech, and this practice referred to as the
Rule of Three.
Many great speakers can keep the focus of their
speeches by limiting the ideas to expound on to three.
Limiting your main point to three allows you to better
organize your speech.
LOGICAL ORGANIZATION
Your speech must follow a certain flow if you intend to
communicate your ideas clearly. Each of the patterns is
useful for a specific purpose or goal only; conversely, not
all organizational pattern work for all speeches. The
challenge then is t identify the goal or purpose of your
speech. Here are patterns to follow:
1. BIOGRAPHICAL
2. CATEGORICAL/TOPICAL
- Most common patter in organizing speech
- Help the speaker organize the message in a
consistent manner.
- The goal is to create categories of information
that go together to help support the main idea
3. CAUSAL
- To explain cause-and-effect relationships.
When you use a casual speech pattern,
speech will have two main points; cause and
effect
- First main point: talk about causes of a
phenomenon
- Second main point: you show how the cause
led to either a specific effect or a small set of
effects
4. CHRONOLOGICAL
- Places the main idea in the time order in which
terms appear
- You present information in the order in which
they happened
5. PROBLEM-CAUSE SOLUTION
- This pattern describes a problem, identifies
what you believe is causing the problem, and
then recommends a solution to correct the
problem.
6. COMPARISON/CONTRAST
- To compare and contrast subjects or ideas.
o Comparison – the act of suggesting
that two or more things are similar or in
the same category
o Contrast – to compare ideas to show
how they are different
DURATION
A speech must be just long enough to fulfill your speech
goals but short enough to hold your audience’s attention.

WORD CHOICE
As discuss already, your choice of words will depend
primarily on the type of audience. You should always
keep in mind that there is appropriate word for a specific
style of speech.

GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS
As a second language speaker of English, you are not
expected to be perfectly proficient in it. Nevertheless, you
should strive to learn and master the language so you
can avoid grammatical lapses, especially the obvious
ones.

Repetitive lapses that are obvious may make it difficult for

your listeners to completely grasp the message you want
to convey.

If you are to deliver a prepared speech, make time to edit

it or have it edited for grammatical correctness. Whatever
the situation, keep in mind that learning and practicing
the use of the English language will help you become a
better speaker.