UNIT - II

Coplanar
Non-concurrent Force System
 Coplanar Concurrent
force system
If two or more forces are acting
in a single plane and their lines
of action pass through a single
point
Coplanar non-
concurrent force system
If two or more forces are acting
in a single plane and their lines
of action do not meet at a
common point
 Moment of a Force
The turning effect produced by a force on a body is known as
the moment of the force. The magnitude of the moment is
given by the product of the magnitude of the force and the
perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force
and the point or axis of rotation
 Types of moments
(i) If the tendency of a force is to rotate the body in the clockwise
direction, it is said to be a clockwise moment and is taken positive

(ii) If the tendency of a force is to rotate the body in the anticlockwise

direction, it is said to be anticlockwise moment and is taken negative
 Linear motion Acceleration
Force
Rotatory motion Moment

A A

Anti clockwise
Clockwise (+ve) (-ve)
 F
Moment Arm
d

A Moment Centre
 F1

d1
F4 A d2 F2
d4
d3
F3
1 2
10kN

2m B
50kN
2m
A
10kN
4m A
4
3m 2m
3
B
C A B
20kN 60kN
30°
6 3m
5 3m C
A
2m
B 2kN
 Varignon’s Theorem
(Principle of Moments)
Y

F1
F2
R

A d2
Ɵ2
Ɵ1Ɵ D F2
d
d1 C
Ɵ2
Ɵ BƟ F1
O 1
X
 F1d1 + F2d2 = OA (F1x) + OA (F2x)
F1d1 + F2d2 = OA (F1x + F2x)
F1d1 + F2d2 = OA (Rx)

F1d1 + F2d2 = Rd

“The algebraic sum of moments of a

system of coplanar forces about a
moment centre is equal to the moment
of their resultant about the same
moment centre”
 Couple
“Two parallel forces equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction
F
separated by a definite distance
constitutes couple”
A

Characteristics F

o Algebraic sum of forces is zero

o Rotational effect of a couple at any point is constant and is
equal (F*d)
o -It has only rotationary motion (No translatory motion)
 F
MA = (F*d1) + (F*d2)
MA = F(d1 + d2)
A
MA = Fd
d
F
A F
MA = (-F*d3) + (F*d4)
MA = F(-d3 + d4)
MA = Fd
d
F
F

MA = -(F*d5) + (F*d6)
MA = F(-d5 + d6)
MA = Fd d A
F
 Equivalent Force – Couple System
F F
A A

d d F
B
B
F

d F
“Force at ‘A’ is replaced by
B M = Fd
a force and couple at point
‘B’”
Resultant of Non-concurrent Force System

F1 F1 F2
F2

A F1d1 A A
F2d2
F3

R
F2
F1 A
F3 ∑MA
F3
A A
∑MA
F3d3
R
d
A
 R
d
A

Y
∑MA = R*d
∑MA = (∑FY*x) + (∑FX*0)
R ∑MA = ∑FY*x

∑Fy y
d ∑MA = R*d
α
∑Fx ∑MA = (∑FY*0) + (∑FX*y)
X ∑MA = ∑FX*y
x
 Equilibrium of Coplanar
Non-Concurrent Force System
 Support Reactions
➢ The various structural members are connected to the
surroundings by various types of supports.

➢ The structural members exert forces on supports known

as action. Similarly, the supports exert forces on structural
members known as reaction.

➢ A beam is a horizontal structural member, which has one

dimension (length) considerably larger than the other two
dimensions in the cross-section and is generally placed on
supports. The beam is subjected to vertical forces known
as action.

➢ Supports exert forces, known as reaction, on the beam.

The students on the beam represent the load applied to the beam. The load is
applied transversely, or perpendicularly, to the length of the beam.

Beams are designed to carry the Shear and Bending Moment caused by the
design loads
 Types of Supports
• Simple support
Simple supports are those which exert reactions perpendicular to the

plane of support. They restrict translation of the body in one direction

only, but do not restrict rotation.

 Types of Supports
• Roller support
Roller supports are those which exert reactions perpendicular to the plane
of the support.
They restrict translation of the body along one direction only, and rotation
is allowed.
 Types of Supports
• Hinged support
Hinged supports are those which exert reactions in any direction, but from our
convenient point of view we resolve these reactions into two components.
Therefore, hinged supports restrict translation in both directions. But rotation is
possible.
 Types of Supports
• Fixed support
Fixed supports are those which restrict both translation and rotation of the body.

Fixed supports develop an internal moment known as restraint moment to

prevent the rotation of the body.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jy2lUzGO4Gg
 Types of Beams
• Simply supported beam
It is a beam which consists of simple supports. Such a beam can resist forces
normal to the axis of the beam.

• Cantilever beam
It is a beam whose one end is fixed and the other end is free

• Propped cantilever beam

It is a beam whose one end is fixed and the other end is simply supported
 Types of Beams
• Over hanging beam
C B
• Single overhanging beam

• Double overhanging beam

It is a beam which extends beyond support(s). In Figure, it is seen that the beam
extends beyond support B up to C. The overhang portion is BC.
 Types of Beams
• Fixed beam

A fixed beam has both of its ends rigidly fixed

• Continuous beam
It is a beam which consists of three or more supports

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zrc_gB
1YYS0
 Determinate and Indeterminate Structures
When all forces in a structure is determined from equilibrium equations,

the structure is known as statically determinate.

When the unknown forces in a structure are more than the available equilibrium

equations, that structure is known as statically indeterminate structure

 Types of Loads
10kN 50N 2kN

• Point load

100N

• Uniformly distributed load (UDL)

200N/m 10kN/m

L
L
25kN/m
• Uniformly varying load (UVL)
5kN/m
L L
Uniformly distributed load (UDL) Point load

1000N
200N/m
2.5m 2.5m

5m
5m

8kN/m

A C
B
4m 2m 32kN

2m 2m
A C
B
4m 2m
Uniformly varying load (UVL) Point load

10kN

5kN/m 1.33m 2.67m

4m 1/3rd 2/3rd
of 4m of 4m

25kN/m 10kN

2.67m 1.33m

2/3rd 1/3rd
4m of 4m of 4m
 400N/m
200N/m

800N 600N

A B
2m 1m

2m
RA RB