Statistics Guide!

Dr. Hamda Qotba, B.Med.Sc,

M.D, ABCM
 Definition
Statistics is the science of collecting,
organizing, summarising, analysing,
and making inference from data

Descriptive stat. Includes Inferential stat. Includes

collecting, organizing, Making inferences,
summarising, analysing, hypothesis testing
and presenting data Determining relationship,
and making prediction

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 Variables

Quantitative Qualitative
•Discrete •Ordinal
•Continuous •Categorical

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 Parametric Vs.
non parametric tests

• Parametric: decision making method

where the distribution of the
sampling statistic is known
• Non-Parametric: decision making
method which does not require
knowledge of the distribution of the
sampling statistic
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 t-Test
• Compare the means of a continuous
variable into samples in order to
determine whether or not the
difference between the 2 expected
means exceed the difference that
would be expected by chance

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 Requirements

• The observations are independent

• Drawn from normally distributed
population
• Sample size < 30 if it’s >30 use
normal curve z test (binomial test)

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 Types of t-Test
• One sample t test: test if a sample mean
for a variable differs significantly from the
given population with a known mean

• Unpaired or independent t test: test if the

population means estimated by
independent 2 samples differ significantly
(group of male and group of female)

• Paired t test: test if the population means

estimated by dependent samples differ
significantly (mean of pre and post
treatment for sameDr.H.Qotba
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 5 – steps solution
1. Formulate 𝐻𝑜 and 𝐻𝑎
2. Set the level of significance 𝛼, then
determine the type of hypothesis test and the
tabular or p-value.
Type / 𝛼 0.01 0.025 0.05
One- tailed 2.33 1.96 1.65
Two- tailed 2.58 2.33 1.96

3. Set the criterion (when to reject 𝐻𝑜 )

4. Determine and compute for the test statistics.
Present the data. Make your decision
5. Formulate your conclusion.
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 One – sample t-test
Example:
The scores of BSAIS-2A in Statistics test
were given below:
23, 45, 33, 37, 22, 12, 43, 30, 11, 8 with the
population mean of 27. Find out whether
these 10 students perform well with the
average of the whole population. Use
significance level at 0.05 two-tailed.

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 One – sample t-test
a. 𝑯𝟎 = There is no significant difference
between the scores of 10 students from
BSAIS and the whole population.

𝑯𝒂 = There is a significant difference

between the scores of BSAIS and the
whole population.
b. 0.05 significance level, two-tailed
𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒃 = 1.96
c. Reject 𝑯𝟎 if 𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑 > 𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒃 .

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 One – sample t-test
A p value is used in hypothesis testing to
help you support or reject the null
hypothesis. The p value is the
evidence against a null hypothesis. The
smaller the p-value, the stronger the
evidence that you should reject the null
hypothesis.

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 One – sample t-test
d. Presentation/ Decision
Std. Std. p-
N Mean t-cal Decision
Deviation Error value
Sample Accept the
10 26.4 13.35 4.22 -0.14 0.89
Students Ho
From the table, the mean of the ten sample
students is 26.4 with the standard deviation of
13.35. The t-computed value is -0.14 with the
corresponding p-value of 0.89. This means that the
null hypothesis has 89% of acceptance level. Since
-0.14 < 1.96, we accept the null hypothesis (Type II
Error).

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 One – sample t-test
e. There is no significant difference between the
score of the BSAIS-2A with the score of the
population.

Therefore, there is no statistical evidence to show

that the sample perform better than the
population.

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 Independent Sample Test
Example.
The following are the scores in spelling of
10 male and 10 female BSAIS students. Test
the null hypothesis using 0.05 level of
significance two-tailed.

Male:
14, 18, 17, 16, 4, 14, 12, 10, 9, 17

Female:
12, 9, 11, 5, 10, 3, 7, 2, 6, 13

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 Independent Sample Test
a. 𝑯𝟎 = There is no significant difference
between the performance of male and
female in spelling.

𝑯𝒂 = There is a significant difference

between the performance of male and
female in spelling.
b. 0.05 significance level, two – tailed
𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒃 = 1.96

c. Reject 𝑯𝟎 if 𝒕𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 > 𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒃 .

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 Independent Sample Test
d. Tabular Presentation/ Decision
Gender n Mean SD t-cal df p Decision

Male 10 13.10 19.43 2.88 9 0.01

Reject Ho
Female 10 7.80 14.4 9

From the table, the mean of the male

and female students with standard deviation
are M(13.10: 19.43) and F(7.80: 14.4),
respectively. The t-test calculated value was
2.88 with the degrees of freedom of 9 from
both groups. P value is found to be 0.01
which means there is a 1% chance of
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 Independent Sample Test
d. Tabular Presentation/ Decision
Gender n Mean SD t-cal df p Decision

Male 10 13.10 19.43 2.88 9 0.01

Reject the
Ho
Female 10 7.80 14.4 9

accepting the null hypothesis. The t-

computed value 2.88 is greater than the
tabular value of 1.96 (2.88 > 1.96). This
means we have to reject the Ho (Type I
error).

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 Independent Sample Test
e. 𝑯𝒂 = There is a significant difference
between the performance of male and
female in spelling.

This means that the performance of male

and female students in spelling contest was
statistically significant.

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 Dependent Sample Test
Examples.
The following are the weights in pounds of
15 students before and after 6 months of
attending aerobics. Test the null hypothesis
at 0.05 significance level (two-tailed).
Before: 158, 192, 144, 243, 179, 201, 165,
183, 153, 170, 180, 212, 169, 172, 209

After: 159, 190, 140, 231, 173, 199, 162, 179,

152, 164, 177, 207, 170, 171, 196

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 Dependent Sample Test
a. 𝑯𝟎 = There is no significant difference
between the weights of the students
before and after the aerobics program.
𝑯𝒂 = There is a significant difference
between the weights of the students
before and after the aerobics program.

b. 0.05 significance level, two-tailed

𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒃 = 1.96

c. Reject 𝑯𝟎 if 𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑 > 𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒃

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 Dependent Sample Test
d. Mean
Program N SD t-cal df p Decision
Difference
Before
15 4 1.05 3.81 14 0.002 Reject Ho
After

From the table, the mean difference

between the two programs is 4 with the
standard deviation of 1.05. The calculated t-
value is 3.81 with the corresponding p-value
of 0.002. This means that there is 0.2% of
accepting the null hypothesis.
Since 3.81 > 1.65, we reject Ho (Type I Error).

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 Dependent Sample Test
e. 𝑯𝒂 = There is a significant difference
between the weights before and after the
aerobics program.

This means that the aerobics program

is statistically significant to the students.

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 ANOVA

• is used to uncover the main and

interaction effects of categorical
independent variables (called "factors")
on an interval dependent variable

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 Types of ANOVA

• One-way ANOVA tests differences in

a single interval dependent variable
among two, three, or more groups
formed by the categories of a single
categorical independent variable.

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• Two-way ANOVA analyzes one interval
dependent in terms of the categories
(groups) formed by two independents,
one of which may be conceived as a
control variable
• Multivariate or n-way ANOVA. To
generalize, n-way ANOVA deals with n
independents. It should be noted that as
the number of independents increases,
the number of potential interactions
proliferates
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 One-Way Anova (f-test)
A sari-sari store is selling 4 brands of
shampoo. The owner is interested if there is
a significant difference in the average sales
of the four brands of shampoo for one week.
The following data are recorded.
Sunsilk Pantene Rejoice Clear
7 9 2 4
3 8 3 5
5 8 4 7
6 7 5 8
9 6 6 3
4 9 4 4
3 10 2 5
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 One-Way Anova
Perform the analysis of variance and test the
hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance that
the average sales of the four brands of
shampoo are equal.
Sunsilk Pantene Rejoice Clear
7 9 2 4
3 8 3 5
5 8 4 7
6 7 5 8
9 6 6 3
4 9 4 4
3 10 2 5

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One-Way Anova

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 One-Way Anova
a. 𝑯𝟎 = There is no significant difference
among the sales of the four brands of
shampoo.
𝑯𝒂 = There is a significant difference
among the sales of the four brands of
shampoo.

b. 0.05 significance level, df = (c)(r – 1) by

(c – 1) = (4)(7 – 1) by (4 – 1) = 24 by 3
𝒕𝒕𝒂𝒃 = 3.009
c. Reject 𝑯𝟎 if 𝒇𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 > 𝒇𝒕𝒂𝒃
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One-Way Anova

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 One-Way Anova
d.

From the table, the sums of the

squares of between treatments and within
treatments are 72.29 and 72.57, respectively
with the degrees of freedom of 3 and 24. The
means squares are 24.10 and 3.02.

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 One-Way Anova
d.

The obtained f-value is 7.97 which is greater

than the f-tabular value. Since 7.97 > 3.009,
we reject Ho (Type I Error).

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 One-Way Anova
e. 𝑯𝒂 = There is a significant difference
among the sales of the four brands of
shampoo.

Therefore, the sales of the four brands

of shampoo were statistically significant.

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