ART   APPRECIATION

SEM IV
Prof. G.Karteek
DESIGN VALUE

PHYSICAL  FORM AND SPACE Solids and Voids

Exterior and Interior

PERPETUAL PERCEPTION AND TIME Approach, Movement, Functioning of 

activities within spaces, Quality of 
light color texture etc
light, color, texture etc.

CONCEPTUAL Ordered and disordered  Images, patterns, signs, symbols, 

relationships among elements  context etc.
and systems
STYLE
Represents a response to CULTURE
Fashion or Popular trend

Also referred to as “ISMS”

Also referred to as “ISMS”

Also referred to as  ISMS
GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY 
SYMMETRY

SCALE 
PROPORTION

FORM 
FUNCTION
STYLE

Appreciation of the affect of each ISM on succeeding styles is important. 

All design comes from the understanding of precedent‐ Historical, Cultural or Social

Parameters

A th ti
Aesthetic F ti
Functional
l

Appropriateness: Relates to the Contemporary Culture

Architectural concepts and Ideas have to be accommodative to changing CULTURES, USERS 
p g g ,
and FUNCTIONS.
 Art Nouveau
A style
l off decorative
d art, architecture
h and
d
Design prominent in western Europe and the
U.S. from 1890 until world war‐I and
characterized
h t i d byb intricate
i t i t linear
li d i
designs and
d
flowing curves based on natural forms.

D l
Developed
d principally
i i ll in i France
F and
d Belgium
B l i

Art Nouveau is seen primarily as the bridge

from stuffy classicism to modernism
Museum of Applied Arts, Budapest

Key Elements
Aesthetic based on natural forms
Organic and dynamic forms
C i design
Curving d i
Writhing plant forms
Strict avoidance of historical traits
 Beaux Arts
A very rich,
rich lavish and heavily ornamented
classical style taught at L'Ecole des Beaux Arts in
Paris in the 19th century. Influenced the last
phase of Neoclassicism in the United States

The style was popularized during the 1893

Columbian Exposition
p in Chicago
g in 1893.
Key Elements
Symmetrical facade
Palais Garnier is a cornerpiece of Beaux‐Arts architecture
Roofs: flat, low‐pitched
Wall surfaces with decorative garlands, floral patterns, 
or cartouches dripping with sculptural ornament
Facades with quoins, pilasters, or columns (usually paired 
with Ionic or Corinthian capitals)
Walls of masonry (usually smooth, light‐colored stone)

First story may be rusticated
Large and grandiose compositions
Exuberance of detail and variety of stone finishes
Projecting facades or pavilions
Paired colossal columns and Enriched moldings
Free‐sanding statuary, Windows: framed by freestanding 
columns, balustraded sill, and pedimented entablature on top
Pronounced cornices and enriched entablatures are topped with  San Francisco War Memorial Opera House, completed 
a tall parapet, balustrade, or attic story 1932
 Art Deco

The predominant decorative art style of the

1990’s and 1930’s characterized by smooth
swirls curves and high‐gloss
swirls, high gloss finishes,
finishes precise
and boldly delineated geometric shapes and
strong colors and used most notably in
household objects and Architecture.
Architecture

Bombay Art Deco

Key Elements
Flat roofs and smooth walls‐The
Flat roofs and smooth walls The walls of art deco homes are often made of 
walls of art deco homes are often made of
smooth stucco and have rounded corners.

Bold exterior decorations‐Buildings in the style were often decorated with 
zigzags, swans, lilies and sunrise motifs.

Experimentation with interior materials‐Art deco designers used "new" materials 
such as glass block, neon, chrome, mirrors and opaque glass panels.
such as glass block, neon, chrome, mirrors and opaque glass panels.

Chryslers Building
Modernism

Europe nurtured the seeds of the modern

movement in Architecture through a well
known sequence
q of events and manifestos that
came about to answer Beaux‐Arts attitude.

Modern Architecture
Evolved to reconcile an idealized vision of
society
i t with
ith forces
f off Industrial
I d t i l Revolution.
R l ti
It was an Attitude

Division of Labour – Design of a product is

seperated from its meaning.
An Utopian Socialism–
Socialism World can be improved
and should be made a better place for all. Seagram Building, NewYork

Standardization– Set of styles and ways of

solving problems using set of patterns.
Modern Architecture

Modernist architecture emphasizes function. It

attempts to provide for specific needs rather than
imitate nature. The roots of Modernism may be found
i the
in th workk off Berthold
B th ld Luberkin
L b ki (1901‐1990),
(1901 1990) a
Russian architect.

Reform of the materialist city and its replacement by a

supposedly more Humane and harmonious order enriched Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at
through contact with nature. Cornell Universityy byy I.M.Pie

Simplication of FORM
Elimination of ornament
Form follows Function
Less is more (Louis Sullivan)

Melnikov House near Arbat Street in

Moscow by Konstantin Melnikov.
 Bauhaus Style 
Fl
Flat roofs,
f smoothh facades
f d and
d cubic
bi shapes
h
characterize the Bauhaus style.
Bauhaus is a German expression meaning house for
building.

In 1919, the economy in Germany was collapsing after a

crushing war.
war Architect Walter Gropius was appointed to
head a new institution that would help rebuild the country
and form a new social order. Called the Bauhaus, the
Institution called for a new "rational" social housing for the
workers.

New Unity between ART and Technology
Bauhaus architects rejected "bourgeois"
details such as cornices,
cornices eaves,
eaves and
decorative details. They wanted to use
principles of Classical architecture in their
most pure form: without ornamentation of
any kind.
 ART 

Art earlier was referred to any skill or mastery.

Artt is
A i a SELF EXPRESSION
To make A STATEMENT of some kind
Communicating an IDEA, an EMOTION or a PURPOSE

Provides a creative platform for discussions and

creates opportunity for change in thought or
Appreciation of the expression in Art.
Art

ART and ARCHITECTURE are integral to each other 
and often the forms and meanings of one collapses 
into the other.
 AESTHETICS 

Aesthetics is the study of beauty and taste.

Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher saw

aesthetics as a unitary and self‐sufficient type of
human experience.
Architectural Aesthetics relates to History, Culture 
and Religion.
 PROPORTION SCALE 

Proportion is harmonious relation of one part  Scale is the size of something compared to a 
to another or to the whole. reference standard or to the size of something.
Scale refers to PERCEPTION or JUDGEMENT of 
• Materialistic Proportion
Materialistic Proportion th i
the size of something in relation to something 
f thi i l ti t thi
• Structural proportion else.
• Manufactured proportion
VISUAL SCALE
HUMAN SCALE

Proportioning systems go beyond functional and  
p g y g y f
technical determinants to provide aesthetic  
rationale .
Consistent set of visual relationships 
PROPORTION AND SCALE

Phi= 0.618034 Fibonacci series

Phi appears throughout 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,…………
natural world at all sizes. Each successive number is determined by
Golden rectangle 1 : 1.618 adding the two previous numbers.
i.e 1 : 1+ phi
a/b = b/a+b
b/a+b=1.618
1.618 Ironically Fibonacci series is very close to
the golden ratio.
 PROPORTION AND SCALE

The MODULOR: A Harmonious measure to the Human scale

universally applicable to Architecture and Mechanics

HUMAN SCALE

VISUAL SCALE
PROPORTION AND SCALE
 The Scream Expressionism
EXPRESSIONISM oil on canvas 1893 by
Edward Munch
The art form that distorts reality to produce a
highly emotional effect , exhibited in painting,
literature, film, architecture and music.
It focussed on Expressive character and mode of 
communication, use of distortion and exaggeration 
for emotional effect
for emotional effect.

It emerged as the avant‐garde movement in poetry 
and painting before the First World War.
and painting before the First World War

Depicts not objective reality but rather the 
subjective emotions and responses.
j p

Characterized by symbolic colours, distorted forms,

a two‐dimensional careless manner and larger‐
than‐life imagery.

Erich Mendelsohn's Einstein

Tower in Potsdam, Germany
completed in 1921
 DE STIJL ( The Style) 

Dutch Artistic movement found in 1917

Also known as NEOPLASTICISM‐ The new

plastic Art.

People who propagated the philosophy‐

philosophy

Designer, writer, and critic

Theo van Doesburg (1883
(1883–1931)
1931),

Painters
et Mondrian
Piet o d a ((1872–1944),
8 9 ),
Vilmos Huszár (1884–1960), and
Bart van der Leck (1876–1958),

Architects
Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964),
Robert van 't Hoff (1887–1979), and
J.J.P. Oud (1890–1963)
 Collective housing Design 
by Nikolai Ladovsky, 1920
CONSTRUCTIVIST  ARCHITECTURE
Emerged from the wider constructivist
art movement, which grew out of Russian Futurism
in 1919.
It was not strictly an art movement but rather a
trend in the arts that was closely linked with
industry and manufacturing, architecture and the
applied arts.

The term constructivism was first coined by the

movements leading artists Naum Gabo and
Antoine Pevsner. Tatlin tower by Russian 
artist and architect Vladimir 
Constructivist architecture was a form of modern Tatlin
architecture which involved advance technology
and engineering with a Communist Social
Purpose.
Main features
• Acceptance of modernity
• Abstract art
• Emphasis on geometric shapes and
experimentation
• Optimistic and Objective
METABOLIST MOVEMENT
Future vision for Cities inhabited by a Mass society
were characterized by
Large scale
Fl ibl and
Flexible d
Expandable structures that facilitate an organic
growth process
Kisho Kurokawa is one of the founders of the Metabolism
and others who demonstrated the philosophy were Kenzo
Tango, Kisho Kikutake, Takashi Asada, Noboru Kawazoe,
Fumihiko Maki,
Maki Peter Cookand Moshe Safdie.
Safdie Capsule tower by Kisho Kurokawa
Capsule tower by Kisho
Often called Technocratic also.

Clusters in the Air in 1960‐62 for Tokyo by Arata Isozaki. Graphic Arts Centre by Paul Rudolph

POP ART
Pop art was a visual artistic movement that emerged
towards the end of the 1950's in England and the
United States. Artistic techniques and themes are
drawn from mass culture,
culture such as advertising and
comic books and mundane cultural objects . Pop Art
employs images of popular culture in art.
Pop removes the
P th material
t i l from
f it context
its t t and
d isolates
i l t
the object.
Origin
g in North America and Great Britain

Eduardo Paolozzi. I was a Rich Man's Plaything (1947) is

considered the initial standard bearer of "pop art" and first
to display the word "pop“.

Two important painters in the establishment of 
Two important painters in the establishment of
America's pop art vocabulary were Jasper 
Johns and Robert Rauschenberg.
Drowning Girl by Roy Lichtenstein, 1963
SURREALISM

Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in

the early 1920s.
Surrealism "emphasizes
emphasizes the imaginative faculties of the
unconscious mind". It attempts to "liberate" the mind
from every day reality, to simulate a "dream‐like" state
that is truer than our own reality element of surprise and
unexpected juxtapositions.

The Persistence of Memory (1931) by Salvador Dali

The Persistence of Memory (1931) by Salvador Dali

Many significant literary movements in the later half of the 
Many significant literary movements in the later half of the
20th century were directly or indirectly influenced by 
Surrealism.

Dali and Magritte created the most widely recognized

images of the movement.

Magritte's Voice of Space (La Voix des airs)

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

Abstract expressionism was an American post‐

World War II art movement.

The movement gets its name because it is seen as

combining the emotional intensity and self‐
expression of the German Expressionists with the
anti‐figurative aesthetic of the European abstract
schools such as Futurism, the Bauhaus and
Synthetic Cubism. Jane Frank (1918‐1986): Crags and Crevices, 1961

Additionally, it has an image of being rebellious and

anarchic.
anarchic

An important predecessor is surrealism, with its

emphasis on spontaneous,
spontaneous automatic or
subconscious creation

Mark di Suvero, Aurora, 1992‐1993

CUBISM

Cubism was a 20th century avant‐garde art

movement, pioneered by Pablo
Picasso and Georges Braque.

In "cubist" artworks, objects are broken up,

analyzed, and re
re‐assembled
assembled in an abstracted form.

Often there is no coherent sense of depth in these

works,, as the surfaces often intersect at seemingly
gy
random angles.

A "cubist" work usually has the background and

object planes "interpenetrate" one another,
creating the ambiguous shallow space that is
characteristic of cubism.
Pablo Picasso, Le guitariste, 1910, oil on canvas,
Centre Georges Pompidou,Paris. An example
of Analytic Cubism
CUBISM

Le Corbusier created Purism, an extension of

Cubism, which emphasized the beauty of mass‐
produced objects

The Pavillion of the New Spirit p at the Paris

Exhibition of 1925 offered Le Corbusier a change to
introduce his ideas to the general public.

Corbusier’s white, cubist dwelling unit consisted of

standardized elements, except that a tree grew
inside it and painting of Braque, Juan Gris, Picasso,
and others hang from the walls.
LE CORBUSIERS –five points of architecture

Herzog and Meuron

Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier

David Chipperfield
pp f

MVRDV