Department of Education

SHS
English for Academic and Professional
Purposes (EAPP)
Reading Academic Texts:
Using Knowledge of Text Structure to
Glean the Information He/She needs
First Quarter: Week 2

Rosalia J. Gaddi
Glendle L. Lunar
Writers

Glendle L. Lunar
Dr. Florante C. Marmeto
Dr. Ma. Carmen D. Solayao
Quality Assurance Team

Schools Division Office – Muntinlupa City

Student Center for Life Skills Bldg., Centennial Ave., Brgy. Tunasan,
Muntinlupa City(02) 8805-9935 / (02) 8805-994

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 This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
use your knowledge of text structure to glean the information you need. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Define “text structure”;
2. Explain the several types of text structure;
3. Identify the text structure and main ideas of a text;
4. Create an outline of ideas from a text using a graphic organizer; and
5. Write a formal essay using a specific text structure.

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. They are transition words for text structure which includes for example, for
instance, specifically, in particular, and in addition.
a. description c. sequence
b. comparison and contrast d. problem and solution
2. The following are transition words used for cause and effect text structure
except___________.
a. as a result c. leads to
b. thereby d. in addition
3. This text structure describes the differences and similarities of two or more objects,
places, events or ideas.
a. description c. sequence
b. comparison and contrast d. problem and solution
4. __________is the pattern of organization within a passage.
a. text structure c. graphic organizer
b. academic texts d. organization
5. A graphic organizer which shows the relationships between facts, terms, and or
ideas in a text.
a. advertisement c. outline
b. visual and graphic display d. summary
6. Text structures that are used in informational and nonfiction such as
chronological, description, sequence, cause and effect, compare and contrast, and
problem and solution.
a. advertisement c. outline
b. summary d. texts
7. ___________are words or phrases that relate or connect sentences and ideas in a
text.
a. outline c. transitions
b. thesis statement d. case study
8. An author might present ideas in a text structure according to the timeline of
events is called __________.
a. chronological order c. description
b. comparison and contrast d. cause and effect

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9. The transition words used by an author which can tell a lot about the overall of a
text is called _________.
a. main ideas c. outline
b. thesis statement d. text structure
10. In a text structure, the author expresses a problem and something that was, can
be, or should be done to solve this problem is identified as __________.
a. problem and solution c. chronological order
b. sequence d. cause and effect
11. Which of the following sentences has a comparison and contrast text structure?
a. Water is formed when two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom combine.
b. A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below
the surface of the earth.
c. Oranges contain more acid than apples, but both fruits are delicious.
d. The use of renewable energy to fuel your home and vehicle can reduce the
level of carbon dioxide in the air.
12. A text structure which expresses information by numbering each
instruction/step of a project or procedure so that the reader does not miss any of the
instructions.
a. description c. sequence/process
b. cause and effect d. comparison and contrast
13. Recipes and instruction manuals that present their information in text structure
is _____________.
a. Sequence/process c. compare and contrast
b. cause and effect d. description.
14. Many informational texts discussing history or other related topics that deal with
time often present information using text structure is ____________.
a. cause and effect c. description
b. chronological order d. problem and solution
15. Which of the following sentences has a cause and effect structure?
a. When two hydrogen atoms combine with one oxygen atom, the result is
water.
b. A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below
the surface of the earth.
c. Oranges contain more acid than apples, but both fruits are delicious.
d. The use of renewable energy to fuel your home and vehicle can reduce the
level of carbon dioxide in the air.

Review of the past lesson: Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Define academic writing.

2. Explain the differences between academic texts and non-academic texts.

3. Give examples of academic texts and non-academic texts.

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 Types of text structure

Types of text Signal/Transition Signal Questions

structure Words
1. Description It for example; in What is the topic?
describes an item, addition, described How is it being
event, or place. as; including; such described?
as; another; to
illustrate; in fact;
2. Cause and Because; since; Because; since;
effect this led to; due to; this led to; due to;
It shows how one as a result of; for as a result of; for
or more causes this reason; this reason;
lead to one or consequently, consequently,
more effects. then; so; therefore then; so; therefore

3.Chronological in the past; prior In what order did

Order to; soon after, in the events
It tells events in turn, originally; at happen?
order. the beginning; at What events took
the onset; previous place?
to
4.Comparison In like manner; What are the
and contrast similar to; things being
It shows how two likewise; the compared and
or more ideas or difference contrasted? What
objects are similar between; as are their
or different. opposed to; similarities
however; yet; but; and differences?
nevertheless; on
the other hand.
5. Problem and One reason for What is the
solution the; a solution; a problem?
It states a problem problem; the Why is it a
and offers one or question is; one problem? What
more possible answer is; can be done to
solutions to the recommendations solve the problem?
problem.

6. Sequence/ finally; first; last What are the steps

process - It second; third; or phases of the
presents steps or until; before; process? Do they
phases of always happen in
a process or project this order?

Text structure refers to an internal organization of a text. It is used in

informational and nonfiction texts such as chronological order, description,
sequence/process, cause and effect, compare and contrast and problem and
solution. The transition words used by an author can tell a lot about the overall text
structure of a text. These words or phrases relate or connect sentences and ideas in

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a text. Graphic organizer is a graphic and visual display that shows the
relationships between facts, terms, and or ideas in a text.
Reference: Text Structure (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.ereadingworksheets.com/text-structure/
Tibar, Clarissa P. (2018, June 20) Structure of Text. Retrieved from
https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/detail/13051

ACTIVITY I.
Individual Performance Task
Directions:
1. Read the paragraphs below.
2. Determine the text structure and main idea of each paragraph.
3.Create an appropriate graphic organizer for each paragraph.
4. Then, put information from the paragraph into the graphic organizer.
5. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer sheet.
Sample Activity
There is an increase in teenage pregnancy nowadays. Teenage pregnancy
makes it very difficult for young mothers to pursue their dreams and meet the
demands of caring for an infant. Fortunately, most teenage pregnancies can be easily
prevented by using birth control, however, even birth control is not 100% effective.
The most effective way to prevent teenage pregnancy is abstinence, which is 100%
effective.
How is the text structured? Problem and Solution
What is the main idea of the paragraph? The paragraph discusses the increase in
teenage pregnancy and the solutions to this problem.
Put information from the passage into the appropriate graphic organizer.
PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
Paragraph 1. The surface of the Earth is divided into pieces called tectonic plates.
These plates move. When the plates rub against each other, they do not move
smoothly. When the plates do not move smoothly, earthquakes result. Some parts
of the world get more earthquakes than other parts. The parts of the earth that get
most earthquakes are near the edges of these plates.
How is the text structured?
What is the main idea of the paragraph?
Put the information taken from the paragraph into the appropriate graphic
organizer.
PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
BIRTH CONTROL
TEENAGE PREGNANCY ABSTINENCE

Reference: Problem and Solution (n.d) Retrieved from https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/text-

structure/patterns-of- organization/problem-and-solution/
Paragraph 1. The surface of the Earth is divided into pieces called tectonic plates.
These plates move. When the plates rub against each other, they do not move
smoothly. When the plates do not move smoothly, earthquakes result. Some parts
of the world get more earthquakes than other parts. The parts of the earth that get
most earthquakes are near the edges of these plates.
How is the text structured? ____________________________
What is the main idea of the paragraph? __________________________.
Put the information taken from the paragraph into the appropriate graphic
organizer.

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Passage 2. Some countries, such as Japan, or parts of a country, like California in
the United States, have a lot of earthquakes. In these places it is a good practice to
build houses and other buildings so they will not collapse when there is an
earthquake. This is called seismic design or earthquake-proofing.
How is the text structured? _______________________________________
What is the main idea of the paragraph? ___________________________
Put the information taken from the paragraph into the appropriate graphic organizer.
What is the main idea of the paragraph? ________________________
Put the information taken from the paragraph into the appropriate graphic organizer.
3. The ability of a building to withstand the stress of an earthquake depends upon
its type of construction, shape, mass distribution, and rigidity. Different
combinations are used. To reduce stress, first, the building's ground floor must be
flexible. One method is to support the ground floor with extremely rigid, hollow
columns, while the rest of the building is supported by flexible columns located inside
the hollow columns. A different method is to use rollers or rubber pads to separate
the base columns from the ground, allowing the columns to shake parallel during an
earthquake. Next, the outdoor walls should be made with stronger and more
reinforced materials such as steel or reinforced concrete. Then, to help prevent
collapsing, the roof should be made out of light-weight materials.
How is the text structured? ____________________________________________
What is the main idea of the paragraph? ________________________________
Put the information taken from the paragraph into the appropriate graphic organizer.
4. A hurricane is a large storm with heavy winds and rain that begins in the ocean
and builds up strength as it moves across the water. While some of the damage
caused by hurricanes is from high winds, most of it is usually from tidal surge,
flooding entire cities, and killing large numbers of people. A tornado is a storm that
develops on land, with no warning, and moves in a circular motion with heavy winds
with a funnel shape, picking up and carrying dirt, dust, and even objects. The
damage caused by tornadoes is from the high velocity winds, which are extremely
destructive and deadly. They can demolish entire neighborhoods in a matter of a few
seconds to a few minutes. Tornadoes can form when hurricanes make landfall, as
their winds at ground level slow down, while the winds near the top keep their
momentum, but a hurricane cannot be created by a tornado.
How is the text structured? _____________________________________________
What is the main idea of the paragraph? ________________________________
Put the information taken from the paragraph into the appropriate graphic organizer.
5. Hurricane Katrina began as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern
Bahamas on August 23, 2005. The depression later strengthened into a tropical
storm on the morning of August 24 where the storm was also named Katrina. Katrina
continued to move into Florida, and became a Category 1 hurricane only two hours
before it made landfall around Hallandale Beach on the morning of August 25. The
storm weakened over land, but became a hurricane again while entering the Gulf of
Mexico.
How is the text structured? ___________________________________________
What is the main idea of the paragraph? ______________________________
Put the information taken from the paragraph into the appropriate graphic organizer.
6. Have you ever wondered what the inside of a volcano looks like? Deep underground
is a magma chamber. The magma chamber is under the bedrock of the earth’s crust.
The conduit or pipe runs from the magma chamber to the top of the volcano. The
conduit connects the magma chamber to the surface. Most volcanoes also have a
crater at the top. Volcanoes are quite a sight, and you can enjoy this site all over the
universe. Volcanoes are found on planets other than Earth, like the Olympus Mons
on Mars.

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How is the text structured? _________________________________________________
What is the main idea of the paragraph? ______________________________________
Put the information taken from the paragraph into the appropriate graphic
organizer.
HOLISTIC RUBRIC FOR THE ACTIVITY (to be used by the teacher in rating
the student’s answer for every passage.)
4- The student identified the main idea and text structure of the paragraph and
included all the necessary information in the appropriate graphic organizer.

3-The student identified the main idea and text structure of the paragraph but
missed to include one main idea in the appropriate graphic organizer.

2-The student identified the main ideas and text structure of the paragraph but
did not include some important main ideas in the corresponding graphic
organizer.

1-The student demonstrated little understanding of the task assigned.

Legend:
4– Excellent 3-Proficient 2-Fair 1-Needs Improvement

Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.

1. Define and give the types of text structure
Text structure ______________________________________________________________.
2. The types of text structure are ________________, ________________ ,
_______________, ________________ , ________________ , ________________.
3. Give three examples of transition words used for each type of text structure.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Write a 250-word formal essay about the COVID-19 pandemic. Use a specific text
structure for your essay. (Choices: compare and contrast, cause and effect,
description, chronological sequential, problem and solution).
ESSAY RUBRIC

Content: 50% Legend

Language and style: 20% 95-100% Excellent
Structure: 20% 85-94% Proficient
Mechanics: 10% 75-84% Fair
Total = 100% 60-74% Needs Improvement

Test I. Read each passage below. Decide which text structure the author has used
to present the information. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

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1. Auditions for the Fame Show were held Saturday from 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M.
in the auditorium. Sally woke up early that morning to finish reading the play. At
8:30 A.M. her mother drove her to school for the audition. As she walked into the
auditorium, she grew nervous, but once she saw her friends, she relaxed a bit.
During auditions, Sally read a few scenes and did a monologue. At the end of
auditions, Mrs. Chavez announced that callbacks would be posted outside her
door on Tuesday.
a. Compare and Contrast b. Description
c. Chronological Order d. Cause and Effect

2. Thousands of software patents are granted every year, and while some of these
patents protect good ideas, others just hurt consumers. For example, Amazon
was granted a patent giving them the exclusive rights to any process that allows
customers to buy a product with a single click. Amazon sued Barnes and Noble
when they tried to implement a similar button. Because of the patent that
Amazon was granted, Barnes and Noble customers have to navigate through
multiple checkout pages to purchase an item. Imagine if McDonald's were
allowed to patent the drive-thru window and sued Burger King for having one.
Sometimes patents affect consumers negatively.

a. Cause and Effect c. Compare and Contrast

b. Problem and Solution d. Sequence
Reference: Text Structure (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.ereadingworksheets.com/text-structure/

3.If you ever get a really good idea, one that could change the world, you should
get a patent to protect it. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)
issues two types of patents: design patents and utility patents. These patents
have similar purposes but function in different ways. Design patents cover
appearances. Let’s say that you developed a new and original design for an
iPhone case. To protect your work, you would want to get a design patent, which
would help you win lawsuits against people who sell iPhone cases that look like
yours. However, if you created a whole new product, like an iPhone case that
recharges your phone using solar energy, then you would want to file for a utility
patent. Utility patents are harder to get, but they allow you to sue those that
copy the function of your product, giving you even greater protection.
a. Cause and Effect b. Chronological Order
c. Compare and Contrast d. Sequence/Process

4. Before applying the screen protector, clean the surface of your phone's screen
with a soft cloth. Once the surface of your screen is clean, remove the paper
backing on the screen protector. Evenly apply the sticky side of the screen
protector to your phone's screen. Smooth out any air bubble trapped on between
the protector and the phone screen. Enjoy the added protection.
a. Description b. Cause and Effect
c. Problem and Solution d. Sequence/Process
Reference: Text Structure (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.ereadingworksheets.com/text-structure/

5. Dogs make good pets, but you have to take them outside all of the time. Cats
take care of themselves, but who wants a stinky litter box in their house? Owning
a pet is not for everybody. Some people just want the companionship of a pet

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 without all the responsibility. Recognizing this situation, an advertising executive
named Gary Dahl created the Pet Rock. The Pet Rock is just a regular rock, but it
comes in a custom box with breathing holes and has a 32-page training manual.
Millions of people around the world, but mainly in America, have satisfied their
desire for a pet without yielding to responsibilities of pet ownership by getting a
Pet Rock. You can too.
a. Cause and Effect b. Problem and Solution
c. Compare and Contrast d. Sequence
Reference: Text Structure (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/text-structure/

6. Mind mapping refers to a powerful thinking tool. It is a biographical technique

that mirrors the way brain works, and was invented by Tony Buzan. In addition,
mind mapping helps to make thinking visible. Creating the mind map involves
the use of the left and right brain, remembering the information become easier.
a. Description b. Cause and Effect
c. Problem and Solution d. Sequence
Que-Legaspi, Estesa Xaris, Quiba, Carolyn C., Rafanan, Mae R., Velasquez- Garcia, Zisa, Wong-
Fernandez, Barbara, (2016). Personal Development Reader. Quezon City: Department of Education

7. Philosophy can be also thought as an examination of a particular area of

knowledge. Examination and questioning is the central principle in philosophy
which is applied in the analysis of the frameworks of other areas or sciences.
Philosophy is an area of knowledge with its own goals, concerns and ways of
doing things.
a. Description b. Cause and Effect
c. Problem and Solution d. Sequence
Source: Abella, Roberto D. (2016) Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City: C & E Publishing,
Inc.

Test II. Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
8. Text structure refers to the of a text.
a. internal organization c. thesis statement
b. paragraph d. conclusion
9. is a visual and graphic display that show the relationships between facts, terms,
and or ideas in a text.
a. advertisement c. outline
b. graphic organizer d. summary
10. It is a type of text structure that presents a problem and offers one or more
possible solutions to the problem.
a. cause and effect c. description
b. problem and solution d. sequence
11. It shows how one or more causes lead to one or more effects.
a. cause and effect c. description
b. problem and solution d. sequence
12. It presents steps or phases of a process or project.
a. cause and effect c. description
b. problem and solution d. sequence/process
13. shows how two or more ideas or objects are similar or different.
a. compare and contrast c. description
b. chronological order d. sequence

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14. describes an item, event, or place.
a. compare and contrast c. description
b. chronological d. sequence
15. words or phrases relate or connect sentences and ideas in a text.
a. transition c. topic
b. conjunction d. subordinating clause

References
Abella, Roberto D. (2016) Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person.
Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Que-Legaspi, Estesa Xaris, Quiba, Carolyn C., Rafanan, Mae R., Velasquez- Garcia,
Zisa, Wong-Fernandez, Barbara, (2016). Personal Development Reader. Quezon
City: Department of Education

Tibar, Clarissa P. (2018, June 20) Structure of Text: Retrieved from

https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/detail/13051
Problem and Solution (n.d.) Retrieved from
https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/text-structure/patterns-of-
organization/problem-and-solution/

Text Structure (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/text-

structure/
Answer Key

15. A 15. A
14. B 14. C
13. A 13. A
12. C 12. D
11. C 11. A
10. A 10. B
9. D 9. B
8. A 8. A
7. C 7. A
6. D 6. A
5. B 5. B
4. A 4. D
3. B 3. C
2. D 2. A
1. A Answer may vary 1. C
Pre-Test Looking back Post Test

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