REVIEWER IN UTS
belief to the evidence”
LESSON 1
 SOCRATES – “As for me, all I know is that I
know nothing”
- The self emerges when humans possess
certain virtues and leads a virtuous life and
such life is spent in the search of goodness
to be better and happier
 PLATO – “There’s the body, which is material,
mortal and “moved”. Then there’s the soul,
which is ideal, immortal, and “unmoved”
- The self emerges as one utilizes ideas that
are well thought of and utilizes ones senses
to recognize the truth
 ST. AUGUSTINE – “The way to God was to look
into oneself”
- The Self emerges as one utilizes his faculty
of free will to not deviate from the right
order or oppose himself to the will of God,
but become submissive to it.
- His adage said “My heart is restless until it
finds its rest in you Lord”
 RENE DECARTES – “The human mind has
principles or a priori knowledge, independent
of experience”
- The self emerges due to the human mind’s
principles or a priori knowledge which is
independent from experience. A human
person does not only possess a good mind,
but uses it well too. Enhancements of one’s
self can be done by reading good books to
carry conversations with the finest minds of
past centuries. The SELF is a real seeker
after truth, as it is necessary that at least
once in our life we have doubts
 JOHN LOCKE – “All knowledge comes from
experience”
- The self emerges with experiences. The self
is crystalized when an exercises the
principle of freedom., with the aid of the
state in protecting individual liberty
 DAVID HUME – “ A wise man proportions his
- The self emerges as one accumulates
recurring experiences that had been
internalized and had become part of one’s
person hood
 IMMANUEL KANT – “Science is organized
knowledge. Wisdom is organized life”
- The self emerges as one’s crystalized
knowledge of himself and others appear
before him based on one’s recurring
observations.
 SIGMUND FREUD – “One day, in retrospect,
the years of struggle will strike you as the
most beautiful”
- The Self therefore emerges as one strives to
address unmet needs and find pleasurable
experiences to gratify needs that are
determined by aspirations and instincts as
one goes through the different stages of
growth and development
 GILBERT REYLE – “A person can see things,
only when his eyes are open, and when his
surroundings are illuminated: but he can have
pictures in his mind’s eye, when his eyes are
shut and when the world is dark”
- Anything perceived by the human senses
can be explained through the behavior from
which they were observed.
 PAUL CHURCHLAND – “The brain is the engine
of reason and the seat for the soul”
- Folklores and mythical beliefs are fallacious
for they are not anchored on scientific and
neurological explanations.
 MAURICE MERLEAU PONTY – “We know not
through our intellect but through our
experience”
- Anything in this world has a rigorous,
methodic, and unrelenting feature of a
phenomenon under scrutiny.
LESSON 2
 THE SELF – emerges in our interactions with
others
 SELFHOOD – Is inevitably inter subjective
 SOCIAL SELF – is the aspect where the human  Postmodern consciousness – means we no
person is being looked into in this lesson longer experience a secure sense of self, and
 SOCIOLOGY – is the study of society and how doubt is increasingly placed on the very
this affects a person in a variety of context assumption of a bounded identity with tangible
 There are only two populations in this world: attributes
YOU AND OTHERS.
- The Self – is a product of the interaction
with society among other constructions
 SOCIETY expect us to value our lives for it is a
God-given gift. This way, the family and in turn,
the society, helps shape behaviors of the child.
 PEOPLE WITH THE INDEPENDENT SELF
CONSTRUAL – defines themselves in terms of
internal attributes such as traits, abilities,
values and preferences.
 PEOPLE WITH THE INDEPENDENT SELF
CONSTRUAL – define themselves in terms of
their relationships with other
 CONSTRUAL – means the act of construing,
interpreting, or interpretation
 The INDEPENDENT SELF – describes themself in
psychological terms and activities that are
geared towards attaining personal goals and
individualization of The self
 CONNECTED/INTERDEPENDENT-SELF –
describes themselves in social term which are
embedded in a network of social relations
geared towards living in harmony in the social
and environmental context and enhancing the
collective life of the community
 INDIVIDUALIST CULTURES –see The Self as fully
autonomous and believes that equality
between individuals is ideal
 CULTURE CHANGE AND NEW IDENTITIES –
meet and mergein different cultures, and
identity of The Self in the social perspective is
now a process of becoming
 With modernity, The Self is coerced into
existence; new communication technologies
lead to new ‘global selves’ where the
differences of culture fall away that collectivist
value and practices are declining in the East
while the leadership models in the West
recognize the importance of shared values and
identities