LINEAR ALGEBRA, MATRICES

𝑎 −2
1. If A= [ ] has given values 2,3, then the a, b are
3 𝑏
A. 2,3 (APSET 2012)
B. 4,1
C. 6,-1
D. 5,0
𝑎 −2
Solution: If A= [ ] has given values 2,3
3 𝑏
Note: 1) Trace of matrix is sum of eigen values

2) Det of matrix is multiplication of eigen values

Checking options, (D) ⇒ 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 0

5 −2
| |=2×3
3 0
0+6=6
6=6
Ans: D
1 −2
2. If 𝐴 = [ ], A=B+C where B is symmetric, C is skew symmetric,
0 4
then B =
1 1
A.[ ] (APSET 2012)
1 2
1 −1
B.[ ]
−1 4
1/2 −1
C.[ ]
−1 2
2 −1
D.[ ]
−1 1
1 −2
Solution: If 𝐴 = ( ), A=B+C
0 4
1 1
𝐴 = (𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 ) + (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 )
2 2
Page 1 of 42
 Square matrix = Symmetric + Skew symmetric
1 1 1 −2 1 0
𝐵 = (𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 ) = [( )+( )]
2 2 0 4 −2 4
1 2 −2
= [ ]
2 −2 8
1 −1
𝐵=[ ]
−1 4
Ans: B
3. If det A≠ 0 , which of the following is NOT true ? AP & TS SET – 2013

(A) A is singular
(B) Ax = b will have unique solution
(C) A has non zero eigen values
(D) All columns of A are independent
Solution:
If det A≠ 0,
A is singular ⟹ |𝐴| = 0
So, option “A” is Not true
Ans: A
5 3
4. The Eigen values of the matrix [ ] are AP & TS SET – 2014
3 −3
(A) 6, 4 (B) – 6, – 4
(C) 6, – 4 (D) – 6, 4
Solution:
5 3 |𝐴
Matrix [ ]; − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
3 −3
5 3 1 0
|[ ]−𝜆[ ]| = 0
3 −3 0 1
5−𝜆 3
| |=0
3 −3 − 𝜆
−(5 − 𝜆)(3 + 𝜆) − 9 = 0
𝜆 = 6, −4
Ans: C
Page 2 of 42
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
5. The eigen values of matrix [ ] are given as
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
[APSET 2016]
A. e±𝜃
B. ±ei𝜃
C. ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
D. ± 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Matrix [ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Det of matrix = multiplication of eigen values
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑒 𝜃 × 𝑒 𝜃
1 = 1; So, option is “A”
Ans: A
2 1 5
6. Assertion A: the matrix [3 5 7] is a singular matrix.
2 1 5
Reason R: in a square matrix, the number of rows are equal to the number
of columns [APSET 2016]
A. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation
B. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation
C. A is false and R is correct
D. A is true and R is false
Solution:
Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation.
Because singular matrix rule, det is zero.
Ans: B
1 𝑖
7. The Eigen values of [ ] are AP-SET-2017
−𝑖 1
(A) + 2 and -1 (B) 0 and 1
(C) 1 and 1 (D) 0 and 2

Page 3 of 42
 Solution
1 𝑖
Matrix [ ]; |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
−𝑖 1
1−𝜆 𝑖
| |=0
−𝑖 1−𝜆
A = 0, 2
Ans: D
1 𝑖
8. Eigen values of [ ] are TS SET 2019 S1
−𝑖 1
(A) 0 and 1 (B) 1 and 1 (C) +1 and -1 (D) 0 and 2
Solution
1 𝑖
Matrix [ ]; |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
−𝑖 1
1−𝜆 𝑖
| |=0
−𝑖 1−𝜆
A = 0, 2
Ans: D
9. Match the following: TSSET-2017
a) Singular matrix i. Sum of the diagonal elements of a
square matrix
b) Adjoint of a matrix ii. Transpose of the matrix formed by
the cofactors of the elements of its
determinant
c) Trace of a matrix iii. Largest of any non-vanishing
minor of the matrix
d) Rank of a matrix iv. Square matrix with determinant
zero
a b c d
(A) ii iii iv i
(B) iv ii i iii
(C) iv iii ii i
(D) i ii iii iv
Page 4 of 42
 Solution:
a) Singular matrix i. Square matrix with determinant
b) Adjoint of a matrix ii. Transpose of the matrix formed by
the cofactors of the elements of its
determinant
c) Trace of a matrix iii. Sum of the diagonal elements of a
square matrix
d) Rank of a matrix iv. Largest of any non-vanishing
minor of the matrix
Ans: B
1 0 0
10. The eigen values of the matrix (0 1 1) are TSSET-2017
0 1 1
(A) 0,1,2 (B) 0,-1,-2 (C) 0,1,-2 (D) 0,-1,2
Solution:
1 0 0
Matrix (0 1 1); |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
0 1 1
1−𝜆 0 0
| 0 1−𝜆 1 |=0
0 1 1−𝜆
(1 − 𝜆)[(1 − 𝜆)2 − 1] = 6
1−𝜆 =0 1 + 𝜆2 = −2𝜆 − 1 = 0
𝜆=1 𝜆(𝜆 − 2) = 0
𝜆 = 0; 𝜆 = 2
Ans: A
5 2 + 3i −i
11. The matrix A = [2 − 3i 3 −3 − 4i ] is a ______ matrix.
i −3 + 4i 0
(A) Abelian (B) Cyclic (APSET-2020)
(C) Hermition (D) Skew-symmetric

Page 5 of 42
 Solution:
Symmetric matrix ⟹ 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇
Skew- Symmetric matrix ⟹ 𝐴 = −𝐴𝑇 [Transpose of A]
Hermitian matrix ⟹ 𝐴 = 𝐴∗ [𝐴∗ means conjugate transpose of A]
Skew-Hermitian matrix ⟹ 𝐴 = −𝐴∗
So, option “C” is Hermitian
Ans: C
12. Which of the following matrix is Hermitian?
0 i 0 i
(A) [ ] (B) [ ]
i 0 −i 0
1 i 1 i
(C) [ ] (D) [ ]
−i 1 0 1
Solution:
Checking options, Hermitian matrix ⟹ 𝐴 = 𝐴∗
So, option “C” is correct
Ans: C
13. A 3 x 3 matrix has elements such that its trace is 11 and its determinant is
36. The eigen values of the matrix are all known to be positive integers.
The largest eigen values of the matrix is TS SET 2019 S1

(A) 6 (B) 18 (C) 12 (D) 9

Solution:
A 3 x 3 matrix has elements such that its trace is 11.
So, x + y + z = 11
Determinant is 36, so, xyz = 36
Let x = 6, y = 3, z = 2 ⟹ x + y + z = 11
xyz = 36
So, largest eigen value is “6”
Ans: A

Page 6 of 42
 2 3 0
14. The eigen values of the matrix [3 2 0] are TS SET 2019 S1
0 0 1
(A) 5,2,-2
(B) -5,-1,-1
(C) 5,1,-1
(D) -5,1,1
Solution:
2 3 0
Matrix (3 2 0); |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
0 0 1
2−𝜆 3 0
| 3 2−𝜆 0 |=0
0 0 1−𝜆
(1 − 𝜆)[(1 − 𝜆)2 − 1] = 6
𝜆 = 5,1, −1
Ans: C
15. If A and B are real symmetric matrices of order n, then which of the
following is true TS SET 2019 S1

(A) A AT = I
(B) AB = BA
(C) A = A-1
(D) (AB)T = BT AT
Solution:
𝑎 ℎ
𝐴=[ ] Real symmetric
ℎ 𝑏
𝑎 𝑓
𝐴=[ ] Real symmetric
𝑓 𝑏
So, checking of option (AB)T = BT AT
Ans: D

Page 7 of 42
 VECTOR ALGEBRA AND VECTOR CALCULUS

1. If ∮ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0 over a closed curve, then

A. 𝛻 × 𝑓⃗ = 0 (APSET 2012)
B. 𝛻. 𝑓⃗ = 0
C. 𝑣⃗ = 𝛻 2 𝑓⃗
D. 𝑣⃗ = 𝛻𝑓⃗
Solution: ∮ 𝑓⃗. 𝑑𝑟
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0 over a closed curve, then 𝛻 × 𝑓⃗ = 0
Ans: A
2. If 𝑓⃗ is a vector of constant magnitude ,then d𝑓⃗/dt= (APSET 2012)
A. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑓
B. 0
C. Normal to ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑓
⃗⃗⃗⃗
D. k𝑓
Solution: If 𝑓⃗ is a vector of constant magnitude, then d𝑓⃗/dt = 0
Ans: B
3. If r = xi + yj + zk and a is a constant vector, AP & TS SET – 2013

Column I Column II
I. ∇×(a × r) 1. – 2a
II. (a×∇)×r 2. 2(r × a)
III. a×(∇×r) 3. 2a
IV. ∇×(r.r)a 4. 0
Choose correct matching among A, B, C, D for the row I, II, III, IV given
below
I II III IV
(A) 3 4 2 1
(B) 3 1 4 2
(C) 2 3 4 1
(D) 4 3 1 2
Page 8 of 42
 Solution:
I. ∇×(a × r) = 2a
II. (a×∇)×r = -2a where 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂
III. a×(∇×r) = 0 a = constant
IV. ∇×(r.r)a = 2(r x a)
Ans: B
4. Which of the following pair of vectors are orthogonal to each other?
AP & TS SET – 2014
(A) [1, 2, 3], [3, 2, 1]
(B) [1, 0, 0], [2, 0, 0]
(C) [1, 1, 1], [0, 2, 0]
(D) [3, 0, 2], [0, 4, 0]
Solution:
“2” vectors are orthogonal if they are perpendicular to each other, i.e. the
dot product of the two vectors is zero.
(A) [1, 2, 3], [3, 2, 1] = 3+4+3 = 10
(B) [1, 0, 0], [2, 0, 0] = 2+0+0 = 2
(C) [1, 1, 1], [0, 2, 0] = 0+2+0 = 2
(D) [3, 0, 2], [0, 4, 0] = 0+0+0 = 0
Ans: D
5. Which of the following pairs of vectors are orthogonal to each other?
[APSET 2016]
A. [1,2,3] ,[3,2,4]
B. [1,0,1],[2,0,0]
C. [1,1,1],[0,2,2]
D. [3,0,4],[0,2,0]
Solution:
“2” vectors are orthogonal if they are perpendicular to each other, i.e. the
dot product of the two vectors is zero.
Page 9 of 42
 (A) [1, 2, 3], [3, 2, 1] = 3+4+3 = 10
(B) [1, 0, 0], [2, 0, 0] = 2+0+0 = 2
(C) [1, 1, 1], [0, 2, 0] = 0+2+0 = 2
(D) [3, 0, 2], [0, 4, 0] = 0+0+0 = 0
Ans: D
6. If 𝑟̅ is a position vector given by 2x𝑖̅+3y𝑗̅-3z𝑘̅, then the value of ∇.𝑟̅ is
given by [APSET 2016]
A. 0
B. 5
C. 8
D. 2
Solution:
𝑟̅ = 2x𝑖̂ + 3y𝑗̂ − 3z𝑘̂
∂ ∂ 𝜕
∇ ∙ 𝑟̅ = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) (2x𝑖̂ + 3y𝑗̂ − 3z𝑘̂)
∂x ∂y 𝜕𝑧
= 2+3-3 = 2
Ans: D
7. If two vectors A and B are irrational then A x B is AP-SET-2017
(A) Divergent
(B) Solenoidal
(C) Rotational
(D) Irrational
Solution: Solenoidal
Ans: B
8. If a vector field ‘F’ is conservative then AP-SET-2017
(A) ∇F=0
(B) ∇xF=0
(C) ∇2 F = 0
(D) ∇ (∇ x F) = 0
Solution: ∇ x F = 0
Ans: B
Page 10 of 42
9. The curl of a vector 𝐹⃗ is 2𝑥̂. Identify the appropriate vector field 𝐹̅ from
the choices given below: TSSET-2017
(A) 𝐹̅ = 2𝑧𝑥̂ + 3𝑧𝑦̂ + 5𝑦𝑧̂
(B) 𝐹̅ = 3𝑧𝑦̂ + 5𝑦𝑧̂
(C) 𝐹̅ = 3𝑥𝑦̂ + 5𝑦𝑧̂
(D) 𝐹̅ = 2𝑥̂ + 5𝑦𝑧̂
Solution: ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑥̂
𝑥̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑧̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Checking to options, option- (B) ⟹ |𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|
0 3𝑧 5𝑦
= 𝑥̂(5 − 3) − 𝑦̂(0) + 𝑧̂ (0)
= 2𝑥̂
Ans: B
10. Stokes theorem relates the transformation from: TSSET-2017
(A) Surface integral to volume integral
(B) Volume integral to line integral
(C) Line integral to surface integral
(D) Volume integral to surface integral
Solution:
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∬1(∇ × 𝐹) 𝑛̂𝑑𝑠
Stokes theorem: ∫𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟 𝑠

Line integral to surface integral

Ans: C
11. If a⃗⃗, ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗c⃗) will be same as
b and c⃗ are vectors, the dimensions of a⃗⃗. (b
dimensions of (APSET-2020)
(A) Length (B) Area
(C) Volume (D) Density
Ans: C

Page 11 of 42
12. Divergence of a three dimensional radial vector r⃗(x, y, z) is
(APSET-2019)
(A) 3 (B) 1⁄
r⃗
(C) Unit vector (D) Null vector
Solution: (APSET-2019)

r⃗(x, y, z) = xî + yĵ + zk̂

∂ ∂ ∂
∇r⃗ = (î + ĵ + k̂ ) (xî + yĵ + zk̂)
∂x ∂y ∂z

= 1+1+1 = 3
Ans: A
13. For what value of a the vector V=(x + 3y) i + (y-2z) j + (x + az) k is a
solenoid? (AP-SET-2018)

(A) 2 (B) -2 (C) 4 (D) -4

Solution:
Solenoid means, ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = 0
𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝑖̂ + (𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑗̂ + (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧)𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
(î ∂x + ĵ ∂y + k̂ ∂z) ((𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝑖̂ + (𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑗̂ + (𝑥 + 𝑎𝑧)𝑘̂) = 0

a = -2
Ans: B
14. If ‘r’ is a position vector, then curl r is equal to (AP-SET-2018)

(A) -5 (B) 0 (C) 3 (D) -1

Solution:
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∇ × 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑟 = | 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
|=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Ans: B
15. If r̅ = xi̅ + yj̅ + zk̅ is the position vector, then the value of ∇(log r) is
(AP-SET-2018)
r̅ r̅ −r̅ r̅
(A) (B (C) (D)
r r2 r3 r3

Page 12 of 42
 Solution:
r⃗ = xî + yĵ + zk̂ is the position vector
𝜕 1 𝜕 1
∇(log 𝑟) = 𝑖̂ ( 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )) + 𝑗̂ 𝜕𝑦 (2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )) +
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 1
𝑘̂ ( 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ))
𝜕𝑧 2
Where r⃗ = xî + yĵ + zk̂
|𝑟| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
𝑟 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )1/2
∂∅ ∂∅ ∂∅
∇(∅) = î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
1
∅ = log 𝑟 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )1/2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
2
x y z ̂
xî+yĵ+zk 𝑟⃗
∇(log 𝑟) = î + ĵ + k̂ = =
x2 +y2 +z 2 x2 +y2 +z 2 x2 +y2 +z2 x2 +y2 +z2 𝑟2
Ans: B
16. Match the following (AP-SET-2018)

i. Grad of ɸ along n̅ a. a (acceleration)

d2 𝑥 ∂ɸ
ii. b. n̅
𝑑𝑡 2 ∂n

iii. Curl 𝑣̅ c. Curl 𝑓 ̅ =0

iv. Irrational ̅
d. 2𝜔
(A) i → b; ii → a, iii → c ; iv → d
(B) i → a; ii → b, iii → d ; iv → c
(C) i → b; ii → a, iii → d ; iv → c
(D) i → a; ii → b, iii → c ; iv → d
Solution:
∂ɸ
i. Grad of ɸ along n̅ a. n̅
∂n
d2 𝑥
ii. b. a (acceleration)
𝑑𝑡 2

iii. Curl 𝑣̅ ̅
c. 2𝜔
iv. Irrational d. Curl 𝑓 ̅ =0
Ans: C
Page 13 of 42
17. For the function ɸ = x2y + xy, the value of | ɸ | at x = y = 1 is
(AP-SET-2018)
(A) 5 (B) ɸ (C) 13 (D) -4
Solution:
ɸ = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ɸ = î (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦) + ĵ (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦) + k̂ (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦)
∂x ∂y ∂z

∇ɸ = î(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦) + ĵ(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + k̂(0)

|∇ɸ| = √(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦)2 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)2

|∇ɸ|x=y=1 = √(2 + 1)2 + (2)2 = √9 + 4 = √13

Ans: D
18. If a=i+j-k; b=i-j+k; c=i-j-k, then the value of a x (b x c) is (here a,b,c are
vectors and i,j,k are unit vectors) TS SET 2019 S1

(A) 2i – 2j
(B) 3i – j + k
(C) 2i + 2j – k
(D) i – j + k
Solution:
𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ; 𝑏 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂; 𝑐 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑏 × 𝑐 = |1 −1 1 | = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂
1 −1 −1
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐) = |2 2 −1| = 2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂
2 2 0
Ans: A
19. If f (x,y,z) = x2 + y2 + z2 than ∇2f is AP & TS SET – 2014

(A) 0
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 8
Page 14 of 42
Solution:
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
∇𝟐 𝑓 = 2
+ 2
+
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
= 2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) + 2
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (2𝑥) + (2𝑦) + (2𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

=2+2+2=6
Ans: C

Page 15 of 42
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. y''+y = sin2x , then the particular integral of the solution is

2𝑥 2𝑥
A. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 B. 𝑐𝑜𝑠
3 3
2 −1
C. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 D. sin 2𝑥 (APSET 2012)
3 3

Solution:
(𝐷2 + 1)𝑦 = sin 2𝑥
1
𝑦𝑃∙𝐼 = sin 2𝑥
𝐷2 +1
1 −1
𝐷2 → −𝑎2 = −4 ⟹ sin 2𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
−4+1 3

Ans: D
2. If y'+y/x=x , then the integrating factor of the equation is
APSET 2012
A. e x B. x
C. 1/x D. Logx
Solution:
𝐼 ∙ 𝑓 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
So, 𝐼 ∙ 𝑓 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = 𝑥
Ans: B

Page 16 of 42
 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
1
1. ∫0 𝑥𝐽𝑛 (αx) Jn (𝛽𝑥)dx=0 if AP & TS SET – 2013

(A) α ≠ β (B) n is integer only

(C) α, β are integers only (D) 0 < α, β < 1
Solution:
Bessel function orthogonality condition is

𝑎
0 𝑖≠𝑗
∫0 𝑥𝐽𝑛 (𝜆𝑖 𝑥)𝐽𝑛 (𝜆𝑗 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = { 𝑎2 2 (𝜆
𝐽𝑛+1 𝑖 𝑥) 𝑖=𝑗
2
1
So, ∫0 𝑥𝐽𝑛 (αx) Jn (𝛽𝑥)dx=0 if α ≠ β
Ans: A
2. Which of the following is true for a Bessel differential equation?
AP & TS SET – 2014

(A) I is true and II is false

(B) I and II are true
(C) I and II are false
(D) Only I is true
Solution:
Bessel differential equation,
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 2
+𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑛2 )𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑡 𝑥
( − )
Generating function: I- 𝑒 2 2𝑡 = ∑+∞ 𝑛
𝑛=−∞ 𝑡 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)

Prove that, II- 𝐽−𝑛 (𝑥) = (−1)𝑛 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)

So, I and II are true.
Ans: B

Page 17 of 42
 +1
3. The value of ∫−1 𝑥 × Pn (x) Pn−1 (x) dx where Pn is Legendre
polynomial, is equal to AP-SET-2017
(A) Zero
(B) 1
2𝑛
(C)
2n+1
2𝑛
(D)
4𝑛2 −1

Solution:
+1
Value of ∫−1 𝑥 × Pn (x) Pn−1 (x) dx
+1 +1
Let n = 1 ⟹ ∫−1 𝑥 × P1 (x) P0 (x) dx = ∫−1 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 ∙ (1)𝑑𝑥
+1
𝑥3 1 2
=[ ] = [1 + 1] =
3 −1 3 3

2(1) 2
Checking option at n=1, ⟹ 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐷) ⟹ =
4(1)2 −1 3
2(1) 2
⟹ 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐶) ⟹ =
2(1)+1 3
+1 4
Again at n = 2 ⟹ ∫−1 𝑥 × P2 (x) P1 (x) dx =
15
2(2) 4
Checking option at n=2, ⟹ 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐷) ⟹ =
4(2)2 −1 15
2(2) 4
⟹ 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐶) ⟹ =
2(2)+1 5

Ans: D
4. The value of Bessel function J1⁄ , (𝜋⁄2), is
2 (APSET-2020)
2
(A) 0 (B) (C) 2𝜋 (D) 𝜋⁄2
𝜋

Solution:
(−1)𝑟 𝑥 𝑛+2𝑟
𝐽𝑛 (𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑟=0 ( )
𝑟!𝑟(𝑛+𝑟+1) 2

𝑥𝑛 𝑥2 𝑥4
𝐽𝑛 (𝑥) = [1 − + − ⋯……….]
2𝑛 √𝑛+1 2∙2(𝑛+1) 2∙4∙22 (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)

1 𝑥 1/2 𝑥2 𝑥4
𝑛 = ⟹ 𝐽1 (𝑥) = [1 − 1 + 1 1 − ⋯……….]
2 1 2∙2( +1) 2∙4∙22 (2+1)(2+2)
2 21/2 √ +1 2
2
Page 18 of 42
 √𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥4
𝐽1/2 (𝑥) = [1 − + − ⋯……….]
3 2∙3 2∙3∙4∙5
√2√2

√𝑥 1 𝑥3 𝑥5
= 1 1𝑥
[𝑥 − + − ⋯……….]
3! 5!
√2 √
2 2

2 2
= sin 𝑥 = √ sin 𝑥
√2𝑥√𝜋 𝜋𝑥

𝜋 2 𝜋 4 2
𝐽1/2 ( ) = √ 𝜋 sin = √ =
2 𝜋( 2 ) 2 𝜋2 𝜋

Ans: B
+1
5. The value of ∫−1 P0 (x) dx, where P0(x) is Legendre function is
(APSET-2019)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) Infinity
Solution:
+1
P0 (x) = 1 ⟹ ∫−1 1dx = [𝑥]+1
−1 = 1 + 1 = 2

Ans: C
6. Statement. I: Generating function For Hermite polynomial is
(AP-SET-2018)
2𝑡𝑥−𝑡 2 𝐻𝑛 (𝑥)
e = ∑∞
n=0 𝑡𝑛
(n−1)!𝑛2

Statement. II: Generating function For Laguerre’s polynomial is

𝐿𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑛
e−𝑥𝑡/1−𝑡 = ∑∞
n=0 𝑡
n!

(A) I is true and II is false (B) I is false and II is true

(C) I and II are true (D) I and II are false
Solution:
I. Generating function For Hermite polynomial is
2 𝐻𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑛
e2𝑡𝑥−𝑡 = ∑∞
n=0 𝑡
n!
II. Generating function For Laguerre’s polynomial is
1 𝑡𝑛
e−𝑥𝑡/1−𝑡 = ∑∞
n=0 𝐿𝑛 (𝑥)
1−𝑡 n!
So, I and II are false.
Ans: D
Page 19 of 42
 FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER TRANSFORM

1 𝑓 𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝜋
1. If { , f(x) is expanded in sine series as
−1 𝑓 𝑜𝑟 − 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑓(𝑋) = ∑𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥, then b1 = (APSET 2012)
A. 1/ 𝜋 B. 2/ 𝜋
C. 4/ 𝜋 D. 0
Solution:
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = {
−1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑏𝑥
1 𝜋 1 0 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [∫−𝜋(−1) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (1) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋 𝜋
4
𝑏𝑛 =
𝜋
4
𝑏1 =
𝜋

Ans: C
2. If f(x) = x for 0≤ x ≤ 2, f(x) is expanded in Fourier series, then the
constant term in the series is (APSET 2012)
A. 0 B. 1
C. 2 D. 33
Solution:
2
1 2 1 𝑥2 1 4 2
Constant ⟹ 𝛼0 = ∫0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] = [4 − 0] = =
𝜋 𝜋 2 0 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋

3. If F (𝜔) is Fourier transform of function f(x) then Fourier transform of

function f(ax) is AP-SET-2017
(A) F (𝜔)
1
(B) F (a 𝜔)
𝑎

(C) F(a𝜔)
1
(D) F (𝜔/a)
𝑎

Ans: D
Page 20 of 42
 COMPLEX ANALYSIS
1
1. If 𝑓(𝑧) = , then the singularity z = o is of the order
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑧

(APSET 2012)
A. 0 B. 1
C. 2 D. 3
Ans: C
2. If f(z) is expanded in Taylor series ,then the region of convergence is
APSET 2012
A. Annular B. Circular
C. Entire D. Upper half of z plane
Ans: B
3. If f(z) = 1/(z-a), then the integral ∮ f(z)dz over the circle |z-a|=1 is
A. 2 𝜋𝑖 B. -2 𝜋𝑖
C. 𝜋𝑖 D. 0 APSET 2012
Solution:
1
𝑓(𝑧) = circle |z-a|=1
𝑧−𝑎
1
∮ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = ∮ 𝑧−𝑎
dz r = 1; center (a,0
Outside of the singular point
So, ∮ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 0
Ans: D
4. Match the following : AP & TS SET – 2014

Page 21 of 42
 Solution:
- Cauchy’s theorem
- Cauchy’s Integral formula

- Cauchy-Riemann equations

- Laurent series
Ans: B
5. Match the following [APSET 2016]
List I List II
a) ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 0 1) Laurent series
1 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
b) 𝑓(𝑎) = ∫ 2) Cauchy’s theorem
2𝜋𝑖 𝑐 𝑧−𝑎
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 −𝑑𝑢
c) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 3) Cauchy’s integral formula
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

d) F(z)=∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑎𝑛(𝑧 − 𝑐)𝑛 4) Cauchy’s–Riemann equations
a b c d
A. 4 3 2 1
B. 2 3 4 1
C. 2 3 1 4
D. 4 3 1 2
Solution:
- Cauchy’s theorem
- Cauchy’s Integral formula

- Cauchy-Riemann equations

- Laurent series
Ans: B
Page 22 of 42
6. A function f(z) can be expanded in Taylor’s series about a point z0 in a
domain in which f(z) in analytic at every point and the domain is
[APSET 2016]
A. Any shape and z0 is any point in it
B. Circular and z0 is at center
C. Square and z0 at the center
D. Square and z0 is not at the center
Ans: B
z−1
7. The analytical function f(z) = has singularities at (APSET-2019)
𝑧 2 +1

(A) 1 and -1 (B) 1 and 1

(C) -1 and -1 (D) I and –i
Solution:
z−1
f(z) =
𝑧 2 +1

𝑧 2 + 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑧 2 = −1 ⟹ z = ±√−1 = ±10
Ans: D
8. The residue of cot z at z = 0 is (APSET-2019)
1
(A) e (B) (C) 0 (D) 1
e

Ans: D

Page 23 of 42
 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

1. Laplace transform of {sin at} is AP & TS SET – 2014

Ans: C
2. Laplace transform of f(t)=1 for 0 < t < 1 is APSET 2017

(A) 1⁄s (B) 1 (C) 1⁄ 2 (D) s

s
Solution: 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐿[1] = 1/𝑆
Ans: A
3. If f(s) is the Laplace transform of F(t), then the Laplace transform of F(at)
is: TSSET-2017
1 s 1 a
(A) f(s/a) (B) f(a/s) (C) f( ) (D) ff( )
a a a s

Solution:
1 𝑆
Change of scale property; 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑓 ( )
𝑎 𝑎

Ans: C
4. If Laplace transform of f(t) is F(s) then Laplace transform of f(t – T) is
(APSET-2020)
(A) esTF(s) (B) e-sTF(s) (C) s – f(t) (D) se –sa-1
Solution:
Laplace transform of f(t – T) is esTF(s)
Since, 𝐹(𝑆 − 𝑎) = 𝐿[𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)]
Ans: A
5. Laplace transform of eat is
Page 24 of 42
 1 1 a
(A) zero (B) (C) (D)
s+a s−a s−a

Solution:
1
Laplace transform of eat is
s−a
1
Since, 𝐿[𝑒 ±𝑎𝑡 ] =
𝑠∓𝑎

Ans: C
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
6. If L [sin 3t] = then L [ ]= (AP-SET-2018)
s2 + 9 t
𝜋 𝑠 𝑠
(A) + tan-1( ) (B) 1 - cot-1( )
2 3 3
𝑠 𝑠
(C) cot-1( ) (D) tan-1( )
3 3

Solution:
𝑓(𝑡) ∞ ∞ 3 3 ∞ −1
𝐿[ ] = ∫𝑠 𝑓(𝑠)𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = − ∫𝑠 s 2
𝑑𝑠
𝑡 s2 + 9 9 1+( )
3

3 𝑠 ∞ 𝑠
= − [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ] = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( )
3 3 3 𝑠

Ans: C
7. Which of the following represents Laplace transform of Sinh (a t)
TS SET 2019 S1
1 1 𝑎 𝑎
(A) (B) (C) (D)
𝑠 2 −𝑎2 𝑠 2 +𝑎2 𝑠 2 −𝑎2 𝑠 2 +𝑎2

Ans: C

Page 25 of 42
 PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES

1. The distribution whose mean and the variance are equal to APSET 2012
A. Binomial
B. Normal
C. Poisson
D. Uniform
Ans: C
2. The probability that A passes a test is 1/5, the probability that B passes
the same test is 2/3. The probability that only one of them passes is
AP & TS SET – 2013
(A) 3/5 (B) 2/15
(C) 13/15 (D) 4/15
Solution:
1 4
𝑃(𝐴) = ; 𝑃′ (𝐴) =
5 5
2 1
𝑃(𝐵) = ; 𝑃′ (𝐵) =
3 3

So, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃′𝐴 ∙ 𝑃′𝐵
1 2 4 1 3+10−4 9 3
= + − ∙ = = =
5 3 5 3 15 15 5

Ans: A
3. When two coins are tossed simultaneously, the probability of getting two
heads is AP & TS SET – 2014

(A) ½ (B) 0
(C) 1 (D) ¼
Solution:
No. of possibilities is “4”: [(T,T), (T,H), (H,T), (H,H)]
So, probability of two heads is ¼
Ans: D

Page 26 of 42
4. When two coins are tossed simultaneously, the probability of getting two
heads [APSET 2016]
A. ½
B. 1
C. 2
D. ¼
Solution:
No. of possibilities is “4”: [(T,T), (T,H), (H,T), (H,H)]
So, probability of two heads is ¼
Ans: D
5. For normal distribution if the mean is ‘m’ mode is ‘mo’ and median is
‘md’ then AP-SET-2017
(A) m > mo > md
(B) m = mo > md
(C) m > mo = md
(D) m = mo = md
Ans: D
6. In a binomial distribution mean is ‘6’ and standard deviation is √5 then,
n, the number of elements in the distribution is AP-SET-2017
(A) 6 (B) 36 (C) 30 (D) 5
Solution:
Binomial distribution mean (µ) = np = 6
Standard deviation (S.D) = √𝑛𝑝𝑞 = √5
p + q = 1; npq = 1; n(1-q) = 6
(p = 1-q) q6 = 5; n(1-5/6) = 6
Q = 5/6; n(1/6) = 6 ⟹ n = 36
The number of elements in the distribution (n) = 36
Ans: B

Page 27 of 42
7. In a binomial distribution mean is 6 and standard deviation is √5 then the
number of elements n of distribution (APSET-2019)

(A) 6 (B) 36
(C) 5 (D) 30
Solution:
Binomial distribution mean (µ) = np = 6
Standard deviation (S.D) = √𝑛𝑝𝑞 = √5
p + q = 1; npq = 1; n(1-q) = 6
(p = 1-q) q6 = 5; n(1-5/6) = 6
Q = 5/6; n(1/6) = 6
n = 36
The number of elements in the distribution (n) = 36
Ans: B
mr e−m
8. The mean of the Poisson’s distribution P(r) = is: TSSET-2017
r!
m m
(A) (B)
r r!

(C) m (D) r
Solution:
Mean = Variance = m
Standard deviation (S.D) = √𝑚
Ans: C
9. The probability of happening an event A is 1/3 and probability of
happening the event B is ¼. Both A and B events are independent. Then
the probability of happening both events A and B simultaneously will be:
TSSET-2017
1 3
(A) (B)
12 4
7 5
(C) (D)
12 12

Page 28 of 42
 Solution:
1 2
𝑃(𝐴) = ; 𝑃′ (𝐴) =
3 3
1 3
𝑃(𝐵) = ; 𝑃′ (𝐵) =
4 4

So, 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

= 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃′𝐴 ∙ 𝑃′𝐵
1 1 2 3 4+3−6 1
= + − ∙ = =
3 4 3 4 12 12

Ans: A
10. The binomial expansion of (q+p)n is given by
(q + p)n = qn + nC1 qn−1 p1 + nC2 qn−2 p2 + ⋯ + nCr qn−r pr + ⋯ + pn
The mean of binomial distribution is: TSSET-2017
(A) npq (B) √npq
(C) np (D) nq
Solution:
Binomial distribution
⟹ 𝑃(𝑥 = 𝑘) = 𝑛𝑐 𝑘 𝑝𝑘 𝑞 𝑛−𝑘 , (𝑘 = 0,1,2, … . . , 𝑛)
⟹ Binomial distribution = (q + p)n
⟹ n, p are the parameters
⟹ variance (~2 ) = 𝑛𝑝𝑞
⟹ Mean (µ) = np
⟹ 𝑆. 𝐷 = √npq
Ans: C
11. An ordinary six faced dice is thrown four times. The probability of
obtaining four times six dots is (APSET-2020)
1 1
(A) (B)
6 36
1 1
(C) (D)
144 1296

Page 29 of 42
Solution:
1st time = 1/6
2nd time = 1/6
3rd time = 1/6
4th time = 1/6
1 1 1 1 1
So, 4 times six dots probability = × × × =
6 6 6 6 1296

Ans: D

Page 30 of 42
 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
1 1
1. 1+ + + ⋯….= (APSET 2012)
32 52

A. 𝜋/4 B. 𝜋2 /8 C. 𝜋 D. 𝜋2
Solution:
1 𝜋2 1 𝜋2
∑∞
𝑛=0 (2𝑛+1)2
= and ∑𝑛𝑛=0 =
8 𝑛2 6

Where n = 0,1,2,3,4,……,∞
Ans: B
2. A force f acting on a particle is proportional to velocity gradient. The law
𝑑𝑢
is given by 𝑓 = 𝜇 where u is velocity of the particle, x is distance
𝑑𝑥

travelled and μ is the proportionality constant. The dimensions of μ are

AP & TS SET – 2013
(A) ML-1 T
(B) MLT -1
(C) M-1 L-1 T
(D) ML-1 T-1
Solution:
𝑑𝑢 𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2
𝑓=𝜇 ⟹𝜇= 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐿𝑇−1
= 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 𝑇 +1 = 𝑀𝐿𝑇 −1
𝑑𝑥 ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿

Ans: B
3. If (x,y) is to be transformed to F(u,v), then the necessary relations for
Langrangian transformations from (x,y) to (u,v) are :
AP & TS SET 2013
∂F ∂F
(A) x = − ,v =
∂u ∂y
∂F ∂F
(B) v = − ,x =
∂u ∂y
∂F ∂F
(C) x = − ,v =
∂y ∂u
∂F ∂F
(D) x = ,v =
∂y ∂u
Ans: A
Page 31 of 42
4. Match the following physical quantities in Group-I with their dimensions
in Group-II AP-SET-2017
Group-I Group-II
i. Work a. ML2T-3
ii. Power b. ML-1T-1
iii. Momentum c. ML2T-2
iv. Modulus of Elasticity d. ML1T-1
v. Dynamic Viscosity e. ML-1T-2
(A) i – c ii – a iii – d iv – e v – b
(B) i – a ii – c iii – d iv – e v - b
(C) i – c ii – a iii – e iv – b v - d
(D) i – d ii – e iii – b iv – a v - c
i. Work a. ML2T-2
ii. Power b. ML2T-3
iii. Momentum c. ML1T-1
iv. Modulus of Elasticity d. ML-1T-2
v. Dynamic Viscosity e. ML-1T-1
Ans: A
5. Match the following physical quantities in Group-I with their dimensions
in Group-II AP-SET-2017
Group-I Group-II
i. Energy i. ML2T-3
ii. Power ii. ML-1T-1
iii. Momentum iii. ML2T-2
iv. Modulus of Elasticity iv. ML1T-1
v. Viscosity v. ML-1T-2

Page 32 of 42
 a b c d e
(A) iii i iv v ii
(B) I iii ii iv v
(C) iii I v ii iv
(D) ii v iii i iv
i. Work a. ML2T-2
ii. Power b. ML2T-3
iii. Momentum c. ML1T-1
iv. Modulus of Elasticity d. ML-1T-2
v. Dynamic Viscosity e. ML-1T-1
Ans: A
6. Match the following physical quantities in List-I with their dimensions in
List-II TS SET 2019 S1

List-I List-II
1. Work a. ML2T-3
2. Power b. ML-1T-1
3. Momentum c. ML2T-2
4. Modulus of elasticity d. ML1T-1
5. Dynamic viscosity e. ML-1T-2
(A) 1-c, 2-a, 3-e, 4-b, 5-d
(B) 1-a, 2-c, 3-d, 4-e, 5-b
(C) 1-d, 2-e, 3-b, 4-a, 5-c
(D) 1-c, 2-a, 3-d, 4-e, 5-b
i. Work a. ML2T-2
ii. Power b. ML2T-3
iii. Momentum c. ML1T-1
iv. Modulus of Elasticity d. ML-1T-2
v. Dynamic Viscosity e. ML-1T-1
Ans: A
Page 33 of 42
7. Deviation of observed output from the correct value in a transducer by a
constant factor is known as APSET 2017

(A) Zero error

(B) Hysteresis error
(C) Sensitivity
(D) Non-conformity error
Ans: C
8. If f(x) is a polynomial of nth degree, its (n + 1 )th differences are:
(A) Zero TSSET-2017
(B) Constant
(C) Polynomials of 1st degree
(D) Polynomials of 2nd degree
Ans: A
9. Velocity V of a body is given by v = Ga Mb Rc, where G is gravitational
constant, M is mass and R is radius. On dimensional analysis the values
of exponents can be determined to be (APSET-2020)
(A) a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
(B) a = 1⁄2, b =1⁄2, c = − 1⁄2
(C) a = 1⁄2, , b = 1⁄2, , c = 1⁄2,
(D) a = 1, b = 1⁄2, c = − 1⁄2,
Solution:
V = velocity, G = gravitational constant, M = mass, R = radius
𝑉 = 𝐺 𝑎 𝑀𝑏 𝑅𝑐
𝐿𝑇 −1 = (𝑀−1 𝐿3 𝑇 −2 )𝑎 (𝑀)𝑏 𝐿𝑐
𝑀0 𝐿𝑇 −1 = 𝑀 𝑏−𝑎 ∙ 𝐿3𝑎+𝑐 ∙ 𝑇 −2𝑎
b–a=0 3a + c = 1 -1 = - 2a
a=b c=-½ a=½
Ans: B
NUMERICAL METHODS
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1. The iterative scheme for square root of a number N in x = √𝑁 is 𝑥𝑛+1 =
AP & TS SET 2012
(A) ½ (N+1/ xn) (B) ½ (xn+N/ xn)
(C) ½ (xn-2N/ xn) (D) xn-2N/ xn
Solution:
Useful deductions from the Newton-Raphson formula:-
1 𝑁
Interactive formula to find √𝑁 is 𝑥𝑛+1 = (𝑥𝑛 + )
2 𝑥 𝑛

Let, 𝑥 = √𝑁 or 𝑥 2 − 𝑁 = 0
Taking, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑁 we have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) 𝑥𝑛 2 −𝑁
Newton’s formula, 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′ (𝑥𝑛 ) 2𝑥𝑛
1 𝑁
𝑥𝑛+1 = (𝑥𝑛 + )
2 𝑥 𝑛

Ans: B
2. If at x= 0,1,2,3 and y is estimated by Lagrangian interpolation, then
Lagrangian function for x=3 is AP & TS SET 2012

(A) ½ x(x-1)(x-2) (B) -(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)/6

(C) x(x-1)(x-2)/6 (D) x(x-1)(x-2)(x-3)/6
Solution:
Lagrange Linear Interpolation using Basis functions,
𝑔(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑖=0 𝑓𝑖 𝑣𝑖 (𝑥)
(𝑥−𝑥1 ) (𝑥−𝑥0 ) (𝑥−𝑥0 )(𝑥−𝑥1 )
Where, 𝑣0 (𝑥) = (𝑥 )
; 𝑣1 (𝑥) = (𝑥 )
; 𝑣2 (𝑥) = (𝑥
0 −𝑥1 1 −𝑥0 2 −𝑥0 )(𝑥2 −𝑥1 )

So, x = 0,1,2,3
(𝑥−𝑥0 )(𝑥−𝑥1 )(𝑥−𝑥2 )
x = 3 ⟹ 𝑣3 (𝑥) = (𝑥
3 −𝑥0 )(𝑥3 −𝑥1 )(𝑥3 −𝑥2 )

(𝑥−0)(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2) 𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
= (3−0)(3−1)(3−2)
=
6

Ans: C
𝑥2
3. By Simpson’s one third formula, Quardrature ∫𝑥0 𝑦𝑑𝑥 =

Page 35 of 42
 (A) 2h (y0 -4y1 +y2)/3 AP & TS SET 2012

(B) h (y0 -4y1 +y2)/3

(C) h (y0 +4y1 +y2)/3
(D) 2h (y0 +2y1 +y2)/3
Solution:
Simpson’s one third rule:
𝑥𝑁 ℎ
∫𝑥0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≅ 3 [(𝑓0 + 𝑓𝑁 ) + 2(𝑓2 + 𝑓4 + 𝑓6 ) + 4(𝑓1 + 𝑓3 + 𝑓5 + ⋯ )]
𝑥2 ℎ ℎ
So, ∫𝑥0 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = [(𝑦0 + 𝑦2 ) + 4𝑦1 ] == [𝑦0 + 𝑦2 + 4𝑦1 ]
3 3

Ans: C
4. The solution of dy/dx = f (x, y) with y (x 0) = y0 by Runge Kutta 4th order
method at x = x1 is y1 = AP & TS SET 2012

(A)y0 - ¼ (k1-2k2-2k3+k4)
(B) y0 +(k1+2k2+2k3+k4)/6
(C) y0 + ¼ (k1-2k2-2k3+k4)
(D) y0 +(k1-k2-k3+k4)/3
Solution:
Runge Kutta 4th order method,
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑦0
𝑑𝑥

⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑥1 is 𝑦1 =
𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾3 𝐾4
𝑦𝑛+1 = 𝑦𝑛 + + + +
6 3 3 6
𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾3 𝐾4
𝑛 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + + + +
6 3 3 6
1
𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + (𝐾1 + 2𝐾2 + 2𝐾3 + 𝐾4 )
6

Ans: B

5. Match the following for interpolating polynomials (IP) y(x)

Column I Column II
Page 36 of 42
 I. Newton’s forward IP 1. Estimates value of y for p in between
¼ and ¾.
II. Lagrange’s IP 2. Estimates value of y for x near to first
point of the data
III. Stirling’s IP 3. Estimates value of y unequally spaced
data
IV. Bessel’s IP 4. Estimates value of y for x near to mid
point of the data
Choose correct matching among A, B, C, D for the row I, II, III, IV given
below.
I II III IV AP & TS SET 2013
(A) 2 1 4 3
(B) 3 2 4 1
(C) 2 3 4 1
(D) 3 4 1 2
Solution:
I. Newton’s forward IP 1. Estimates value of y for x near to first
point of the data
II. Lagrange’s IP 2. Estimates value of y unequally spaced
data
III. Stirling’s IP 3. Estimates value of y for x near to mid
point of the data
V. Bessel’s IP 4. Estimates value of y for p in between
¼ and ¾.
Ans: C
6. The lagrangian shape function for the points x=0,1,2 at x=0 is given by
APSET 2014
A. ½(x-1) (x-2) B. ½ x(x-1)
C. ½ x(x-20 D. ½(x+1) (x+2)
Solution:
Lagrangian shape function for the points x=0,1,2 (𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 )

Page 37 of 42
 (𝑥−𝑥1 )(𝑥−𝑥2 )
At x = 0, ⟹ 𝑉0 (𝑥) = (𝑥
0 −𝑥1 )(𝑥0 −𝑥2 )

(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2) 1
𝑉0 (𝑥) = (−1)(−2)
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
2

Ans: A
7. If ∆ is forward difference operator and ∇ is backward differential
operator, then (1+∆), (1 − ∇) has a value given by [ APSET2016 ]
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) E+E-1 (D) E-E-1
Solution:
∆ is forward difference operator
∇ is backward difference operator
1. (1 + ∆) ∙ (1 − ∇) = 1
2. ∆= 𝐸 − 1
3. ∇= 1 − E −1
4. ∆= 𝐸∇= ∇E = δE1/2
5. δ = E1/2 − E −1/2
Ans: A
8. In which of the following numerical methods, the convergence of the root
is most sensitive to the initial value(s)? [ APSET2016 ]
(A) Bisection method (B) Newton’s method
(C) False position method (D) Gauss-sediel method
Ans: B
9. The error in the 4th order Runge-Kutta method of solution of differential
equations is of the order of (h being step size) APSET 2017

(A) h (B) h2
(C) h3 (D) h4
Ans: D
10. Which of the following equations is heat conduction equation (c is
constant, t is time and is temperature)? (APSET-2019)

Page 38 of 42
 (A) 2     2
1 ∂2 ɸ 1 ∂ɸ
(C) 2 2     D) 2 2  
c ∂t2 c ∂t

Solution:
1 ∂ɸ
Heat conduction equation is 2 2 
c ∂t
Laplace’s equation is  2

 Posson equation is 2

 Ans: D
11. Match the following:
𝜕2 U 𝜕2 U
i. Wave equation a. = C2
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕U 𝜕2 U
ii. 1-D heat conduction equation b. =K
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2

iii. Laplace equation c. ∇2 U = 0

iv. Poisson equation d. ∇2 U =ρ
(A) i – a, ii – b, iii – c, iv – d
(B) i – b, ii – a, iii – c, iv – d
(C) i – a, ii – b, iii – d, iv - c
(D) i – d, ii – c, iii – a, iv – b
Ans: A
12. Match the following:
a) Bisection method 1) Solution of polynomial equations
b) Simpson rule 2) Solution of differential equations
c) Gauss Elimination 3) Numerical integration
d) Euler method 4) Solutions of simultaneous
(A) a – 1, b – 2, c – 3, d – 4
(B) a – 1, b – 3, c – 2, d – 4
(C) a – 1, b – 3, c – 4, d – 2
(D) a – 1, b – 4, c – 2, d – 3
Solution:
a) Bisection method 1) Solution of polynomial equations
Page 39 of 42
 b) Simpson rule 2) Numerical integration
c) Gauss Elimination 3) Solutions of simultaneous
d) Euler method 4) Solution of differential equations
Ans: C
13. Match the following (AP-SET-2018)

I. Trapezoidal a. Root finding

II. Newton Raphson b. Integration
III. Gaussian c. Ordinary differential
IV. Runge Kutta d. Solution of linear equations
(A) I → d; II → c, III → b ; IV → a
(B) I → a; II → b, III → c ; IV → d
(C) I → b; II → a, III → d ; IV → c
(D) I → c; II → d, III → a ; IV → b
Solution:
I. Trapezoidal a. Integration
II. Newton Raphson b. Root finding
III. Gaussian c. Solution of linear equations
IV. Runge Kutta d. Ordinary differential
Ans: C
14. Network Raphson method is used for solving f(x) = x2– 1 = 0. If the
iterations are started from -1, the method (APSET-2019)

(A) 1
(B)√2
(C) −√2
(D) 1

Solution:
Network Raphson method:

Page 40 of 42
 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑓(𝑥0 )
So, 𝑥0 = −1 ⟹ 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 −
𝑓′(𝑥0 )

((−1)2 −1)
⟹ 𝑥1 = −1 −
2(−1)

⟹ 𝑥1 = −1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1; 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑥0 2 − 1; 𝑓′(𝑥0 ) = 2𝑥0
Ans: A
15. Newton-Raphson method is used to calculate cube root of 65. Initial
guess is taken to be 4. The first approximation is (APSET-2020)
195 129 191 193
(A) (B) (C) (D)
48 48 48 48

Solution:
Newton-Raphson method: Cube root of 65 means
𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑥0 = 4 ⟹ 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − 3√65 = 𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥0 )

(43 −65)
⟹ 𝑥1 = 4 − 65 = 𝑥 3
3(4)2
1
⟹ 𝑥1 = 4 + 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 65 = 0
48
193
⟹ 𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑥0 3 − 65
48

𝑓′(𝑥0 ) = 3𝑥0 2
Ans: D
16. Newton-Raphson method is used to be used to calculate cube root of 65.
Initial guess is taken to be 4. The first approximation is APSET 2017

(A) 65/16
(B) 131/32
(C) 191/48
(D) 193/48
Solution:
Newton-Raphson method: Cube root of 65 means

Page 41 of 42
 𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑥0 = 4 ⟹ 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − 3√65 = 𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥0 )

(43 −65)
⟹ 𝑥1 = 4 − 65 = 𝑥 3
3(4)2
1
⟹ 𝑥1 = 4 + 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 65 = 0
48
193
⟹ 𝑥1 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑥0 3 − 65
48

𝑓′(𝑥0 ) = 3𝑥0 2
Ans: D
17. The next iterative value of the root of x2-4=0 using the Newton-Raphson
method, if the initial guess is 3, is: TSSET-2017
(A) 1.5 (B) 2.067 (C) 2.167 (D) 3.000
Solution:
Newton-Raphson method: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4 = 0
𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑥0 = 3 ⟹ 𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑥0 2 − 4
𝑓′(𝑥0 )
(9−4)
⟹ 𝑥1 = 3 − 𝑓′(𝑥0 ) = 2𝑥0
2(3)
18−5 13
⟹ 𝑥1 = =
6 6

⟹ 𝑥1 = 2.167
Ans: C
18. The rate of convergence of Newton Raphson method of solution of
transcendental equation is TS SET 2019 S1

(A) quadratic (B) cubic

(C) exponential (D) linear
Ans: D

Page 42 of 42