ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

GROUP B
(ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS)

Prepared by

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

R. M. K. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
RSM Nagar, Kavaraipettai - 601206
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

2
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

INDEX
S.NO CONTENT PAGE
NUMBER
SYLLABUS 4
EVALUATION SHEET 5
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
1. Study of various safety measures in Electrical System 8
2. Draw and demonstrate the layout for a residential house wiring 14
using energy meter, switches, fuse, indicator, LED lamp,
fluorescent lamp with one of the lamps to be controlled by 2
different switches
3. Measurement of electrical quantities – voltage, current, power & 16
power factor in RLC circuit (series and parallel circuit).
4. Measurement of energy using single phase energy meter for 20
incandescent lamp and LED lamp
5. Measurement of resistance to earth of an electrical equipment 24

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE

6. Study of Electronic components (fixed and Variable): 28
I. Resistor – Measurement of resistance using color coding
and digital multimeter.
II. Capacitor – Measurement of capacitance using
identification code, LCR meter
III. Inductor – Measurement of inductance using color
coding and LCR meter
7. Study of Electronic equipment: 36
I. Signal generation using AFO (sine, square, triangle for
various frequency and amplitude ranges)
II. Measurement of amplitude, frequency, peak-peak, RMS,
period, DC level of sine, square and triangle waveform using
CRO and DSO.
III. Measurement of DC voltage and current using analog and
digital meters
8. Study of Electronic accessories: 44
I. Circuit connection using Breadboard and wires.
II. Circuit connection using general purpose PCB by
Soldering practice techniques.
9. Study of logic gates AND, OR, EX-OR and NOT by 48
demonstration
10. Generation of Clock Signal 52

11. Measurement of Ripple Factor of HWR and FWR 56

12. Study of Iron box, fan and regulator (resistive and electronics 60
type), emergency lamp, Power Tools: (a) Range Finder (b)
Digital Live-wire detector
VIVA-VOICE QUESTION AND ANSWERS 64

3
 R.M.K. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION
Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai/ Approved by AICTE, New Delhi / Accredited by NAAC with A+
grade / ISO 9001 :2015 Certified Institution / all the UG programs are accredited by NBA, New Delhi.
RSM Nagar, Kavaraipettai – 601206, Gummidipoondi Taluk, Thiruvallur District.
REGULATION 2020
(with effect from the academic year 2020-2021)
ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY - SYLLABUS
GROUP B (ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS)
III ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
1. Study of various safety measures in Electrical System
2. Draw and demonstrate the layout for a residential house wiring using energy meter,
switches, fuse, indicator, LED lamp, fluorescent lamp with one of the lamps to be
controlled by 2 different switches
3. Measurement of electrical quantities – voltage, current, power & power factor in
RLC circuit (series and parallel circuit).
4. Measurement of energy using single phase energy meter for incandescent lamp and
LED lamp.
5. Measurement of resistance to earth of an electrical equipment
IV ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE
1. Study of Electronic components (fixed and Variable):
i. Resistor – Measurement of resistance using colour coding and digital
multimeter.
ii. Capacitor – Measurement of capacitance using identification code, LCR meter
iii. Inductor – Measurement of inductance using colour coding and LCR meter
2. Study of Electronic equipment:
i. Signal generation using AFO (sine, square, triangle for various frequency and
amplitude ranges)
ii. Measurement of amplitude, frequency, peak-peak, RMS, period, DC level of
sine, square and triangle waveform using CRO and DSO.
iii. Measurement of DC voltage and current using analog and digital meters
3. Study of Electronic accessories:
i. Circuit connection using Breadboard and wires.
ii. Circuit connection using general purpose PCB by Soldering practice
techniques.
4. Study of logic gates AND, OR, EX-OR and NOT by demonstration.
5. Generation of Clock Signal.
6. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR.
7. Study of Iron box, fan and regulator (resistive and electronics type), emergency
lamp, Power Tools: (a) Range Finder (b) Digital Live-wire detector
COURSE OUTCOME:
At the end of the course, Students will be able to
 Carry out simple wiring as per the layout given
 Measures various electrical parameters like Voltage, Current, Power factor, Energy,
Earth resistance etc.
 Calculate ripple factor, use logic gate for simple applications.
 EVALUATION SHEET
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

S. In Charge
No Name of the Experiment Date Marks Signature
1. Study of various safety measures in
Electrical System
2. Draw and demonstrate the layout
for a residential house wiring using
energy meter, switches, fuse,
indicator, LED lamp, fluorescent
lamp with one of the lamps to be
controlled by 2 different switches
3. Measurement of electrical
quantities – voltage, current, power
& power factor in RLC circuit
(series and parallel circuit).
4. Measurement of energy using
single phase energy meter for
incandescent lamp and LED lamp
5. Measurement of resistance to earth
of an electrical equipment

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE

S. No Name of the Experiment Date Marks In Charge
Signature
1. Study of Electronic components
(fixed and Variable):
I. Resistor – Measurement of
resistance using color coding and
digital multimeter.
II. Capacitor – Measurement
of capacitance using
identification code, LCR meter
III. Inductor – Measurement of
inductance using color coding
and LCR meter
2. Study of Electronic equipment:
I. Signal generation using
AFO (sine, square, triangle for
 various frequency and amplitude
ranges)
II. Measurement of amplitude,
frequency, peak-peak, RMS,
period, DC level of sine, square
and triangle waveform using
CRO and DSO.
III. Measurement of DC voltage
and current using analog and
digital meters
3. Study of Electronic accessories:
I. Circuit connection using
Breadboard and wires.
II. Circuit connection using
general purpose PCB by
Soldering practice techniques.
4. Study of logic gates AND, OR,
EX-OR and NOT by
demonstration
5. Generation of Clock Signal
6. Measurement of Ripple Factor of
HWR and FWR
7. Study of Iron box, fan and
regulator (resistive and
electronics type), emergency
lamp, Power Tools: (a) Range
Finder (b) Digital Live-wire
detector

MARKS ALLOCATION
S. No Description Marks
1 Circuit Connection 5
2 Result 3
3 Viva Voce 2
Total 10


ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY

GROUP B
III - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

FUSE CIRCUIT BREAKER

POLY SWITCH OR RESETTABLE FUSE RCCB

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 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

Expt. No: Date:

STUDY OF VARIOUS SAFETY MEASURES IN ELECTRICAL

SYSTEM.
Aim:

To study of various safety measures in electrical system.

SAFETY OR PROTECTION DEVICES:

Protection devices for electrical circuits accomplish two main functions namely consistency as
well as protection. Protection is assured through detaching power supply in a circuit
through overcurrent protection, which removes fire hazards and electrocution. Additionally, the
accurate protection may be required to obey with organization principles for some products.
Designers must take time to know the different protection devices for circuits. Protection devices
used to protect circuits from extreme voltages or currents. The circuit protection device is an
electrical device used for preventing an unnecessary amount of current otherwise a short circuit.
To ensure the highest security, there are many protection devices available in the market which
offers you a total range of protection devices for circuits such as a Fuse, Circuit Breaker,
PolySwitch, RCCB, Metal Oxide Varistor, Inrush Current Limiter, Gas Discharge Tube, Spark
Gap, Lightning Arrester.
1. Fuse
In electrical circuits, a fuse is an electrical device used to protect the circuit from
overcurrent. It consists of a metal strip that liquefies when the flow of current through it is high.
Fuses are essential electrical devices, and there are different types of fuses available in the market
today based on specific voltage and current ratings, application, response time, and breaking
capacity. The characteristics of fuses like time and current are selected to give sufficient protection
without unnecessary disruption. The disadvantage of the fuse is that once the wire is melted it is
unusable and must be replaced for the flow of electricity in the circuit to be restored.
2. Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is one kind of electrical switch used to guard an electrical circuit against
short circuit otherwise an overload which will cause by excess current supply. The basic function
of a circuit breaker is to stop the flow of current once a fault has occurred. Not like a fuse, a circuit
breaker can be operated either automatically or manually to restart regular operation. Circuit
breakers are available in different sizes from small devices to large switch gears which are used to
protect low current circuits as well as high voltage circuits.

3. Poly Switch or Resettable Fuse

A resettable fuse is a passive electronic component used for protecting electronic circuits
from over-current mistakes. This device is also called as a poly switch or multi fuse or poly fuse.
The working of these fuses is same as PTC thermistors in particular situations, however, work on
mechanical transforms instead of charge-carrier-effects within semiconductors. Resettable Fuses
are used in several applications like power supplies in computers, nuclear or aerospace
applications where substitution is not easy.
4. RCCB or RCD
The RCD-residual current device (or) RCCB- residual current circuit breaker is a safety
device which notices a problem in your home power supply then turns OFF in 10-15 milliseconds
to stop electric shock. A residual current device does not give safety against short circuit or
overload in the circuit, so we cannot change a fuse instead of RCD. RCDs are frequently
incorporated with some type of circuit breaker like an MCB (miniature circuit breaker) or a fuse,
which guards against overload current in the circuit. The residual current device also cannot notice
a human being due to by mistake touching both conductors at a

9
INRUSH CURRENT LIMITER GAS DISCHARGE TUBE

ESD PROTECTION SURGE PROTECTION DEVICE

time. These devices are testable as well as resettable apparatus. A test button securely forms a tiny
leakage condition; along with a reset button again connects the conductors after an error state has
been cleared.

5. Inrush Current Limiter

This is one type of electrical a component used to stop inrush current for avoiding regular
damage to apparatus and evade tripping circuit breakers and blowing fuses. The best examples of
inrush current limiter device are Fixed resistors as well as NTC thermistors. They present a high
resistance firstly, which stops huge currents from flowing by turn-on. Because the flow of current
will continues, NTC thermistors heat-up, permitting high flow of current throughout normal
operation. These thermistors are generally much superior to measurement kind thermistors, which
are intentionally planned for power applications.

6. Lightning Protection
The lightning protection includes MOV (metal oxide varistor) and gas discharge tube
Metal Oxide Varistor
A varistor or VDR (voltage dependent resistor) is an electronic component and the
resistance of this is changeable and depends on the applied voltage. The term varistor has been
taken from the variable resistor. When the voltage of this component increases then the resistance
decreases. In the same way, when an extreme voltage increases then the resistance will decrease
significantly. This performance creates them appropriate to guard electrical circuits throughout
voltage flows. Origins of a flow can comprise electrostatic discharges as well as lightning strikes.
The most frequent type of voltage-dependent resistor is the MOV (metal oxide varistor).
Gas Discharge Tube
A gas discharge tube or gas-filled tube is a collection of electrodes in a gas inside a
temperature resistant envelope and insulating. These tubes use phenomena allied to electric
discharge within gases, also work through ionizing the gas by an applied voltage enough to reason
electrical conduction through the fundamental phenomena of the Townsend expulsion. An
expulsion lamp is an electrical device which uses a gas-filled tube such as metal halide
lamps, fluorescent lamps, neon lights, and sodium-vapor lamps. Specific gas-filled tubes namely
thyratrons, ignitrons, and krytrons are employed as switching devices in various electrical devices.
The required voltage to begin and maintain discharge is reliant on the force, geometry of the tube,
and composition of the fill gas. Even though the cover is normally glass, power tubes frequently
employ ceramics, as well as military tubes frequently employ glass wrinkled metal.
7. ESD Protection
This device protects an electrical circuit from an ESD (Electrostatic discharge), in order to
avoid a breakdown of a device. Murata has a wide array of ESD protector devices comprising
particular devices very small devices, for high-speed communication, & included noise filters.
ESD Protection devices can also be utilized to change Zener diodes (TVS), varistors, as well as
suppressors.
8. Surge Protection Device
The term SPD stands for Surge Protection Device is one type of component used in an
electrical fitting security system. The SPD device is allied in parallel in the power supply circuit,
which can be used on all stages of the power supply system. The surge protection device is the
most frequently used and also well-organized kind of over-voltage protective devices.
 PRECAUTIONS DURING USE OF ELECTRICITY
1. Avoid water at all times when working with electricity. Never touch or try repairing any
electrical equipment or circuits with wet hands. It increases the conductivity of electric
current.
2. Never use equipment with frayed cords, damaged insulation or broken plugs.
3. If you are working on any receptacle at your home then always turn off the mains. It is also a
good idea to put up a sign on the service panel so that nobody turns the main switch ON by
accident.
4. Always use insulated tools while working.
5. Electrical hazards include exposed energized parts and unguarded electrical equipment which
may become energized unexpectedly. Such equipment always carries warning signs like
“Shock Risk”. Always be observant of such signs and follow the safety rules established by
the electrical code followed by the country you’re in.
6. Always use appropriate insulated rubber gloves and goggles while working on any branch
circuit or any other electrical circuit.
7. Never try repairing energized equipment. Always check that it is de-energized first by using a
tester. When an electric tester touches a live or hot wire, the bulb inside the tester lights up
showing that an electrical current is flowing through the respective wire. Check all the wires,
the outer metallic covering of the service panel and any other hanging wires with an electrical
tester before proceeding with your work.
8. Never use an aluminium or steel ladder if you are working on any receptacle at height in your
home. An electrical surge will ground you and the whole electric current will pass through
your body. Use a bamboo, wooden or a fibreglass ladder instead.
9. Know the wire code of your country.
10. Always check all your GFCI’s once a month. A GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) is a
RCD (Residual Current Device). They have become very common in modern homes,
especially damp areas like the bathroom and kitchen, as they help avoid electrical shock
hazards. It is designed to disconnect quickly enough to avoid any injury caused by over
current or short circuit faults.
11. Always use a circuit breaker or fuse with the appropriate current rating. Circuit breakers and
fuses are protection devices that automatically disconnect the live wire when a condition of
short circuit or over current occurs. The selection of the appropriate fuse or circuit breaker is
essential. Normally for protection against short circuits a fuse rated of 150% of the normal
circuit current is selected. In the case of a circuit with 10 amperes of current, a 15 ampere fuse
will protect against direct short circuits whereas a 9.5 amperes fuse will blow out.
12. Working outside with underground cabling can be dangerous. The damp soil around the cable
is a good conductor of electricity and ground faults are quite common in the case of
underground cabling. Using a spade to dig at the cable can damage the wiring easily so it is
better to dig at the cable by hand while wearing insulated gloves.
13. Always put a cap on the hot/live wire while working on an electric board or service panel as
you could end up short circuiting the bare ends of the live wire with the neutral. The cap
insulates the copper ends of the cable thus preventing any kind of shock even if touched
mistakenly.
14. Take care while removing a capacitor from a circuit. A capacitor stores energy and if it’s not
properly discharged when removed it can easily cause an electric shock. An easy way to
discharge low voltage capacitor is that after removal from the circuit is to put the tip of two
insulated screw drivers on the capacitor terminals. This will discharge it. For high voltage
ones a 12 Volts light bulb can be used. Connecting the bulb with the capacitor will light up the
bulb using up the last of the stored energy.
15. Always take care while soldering your circuit boards. Wear goggles and keep yourself away
from the fumes. Keep the solder iron in its stand when not in use; it can get extremely hot and
can easily cause burns.
16. No power laboratory should be performed without a Faculty present.
17. Before equipment is made live,
 Circuit connections and layout should be checked by a faculty, unless specifically
advised otherwise, and
All colleagues in your group should give their assent.
18. Be familiar with the electrical hazards associated with your workplace.
19. You may only enter the laboratory when authorized to do so and at authorized times.
20. Be as careful for the safety of others as for yourself. Think before you act. Be tidy and
systematic.
21. Avoid bulky, loose or trailing clothes. Avoid long loose hair. Remove metal bracelets
or watchstraps.
22. Do not take food or drink into the laboratory. Avoid wet hands and clothing.
23. Use extension cords only when necessary and only on a temporary basis.
24. Know the correct handling procedures for batteries, cells, capacitors, inductors and
other high energy storage devices.
25. Experiments left unattended should be isolated from the supplies. If for a special
reason, it must be left on, a barrier and a warning notice are required.
26. Equipment found to be faulty in any way should be reported immediately and not used
until it is inspected and declared safe.
27. When checking an operating circuit keep one hand either in pocket or behind back.
28. Maintain a work space clear of extraneous material such as books, papers, and clothes.
29. Never change wiring with circuit plugged into power source.
30. Never plug leads into power source unless they are connected to an established circuit.

Result:
Awareness about various safety measures and introduction to various safety devices is
carried out.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

A B

Fluorescent bulb Condition

ROOM 1 Switch A Position ROOM 2 Switch B Position
(On / Off)

1 1

1 2

2 1

2 2
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

Expt. No: Date:

DRAW AND DEMONSTRATE THE LAYOUT FOR A RESIDENTIAL HOUSE
WIRING USING ENERGY METER, SWITCHES, FUSE, INDICATOR, LED
LAMP, FLUORESCENT LAMP WITH ONE OF THE LAMPS TO BE
CONTROLLED BY 2 DIFFERENT SWITCHES
Aim:
To draw and demonstrate the layout for a residential house wiring using energy meter,
switches, fuse, indicator, LED lamp, fluorescent lamp with one of the lamps to be controlled by 2
different switches.
Tools Required:
1. crew driver
2. Hammer
3. Pliers
4. Tester
Components Required:
1. Switches
2. LED Bulb holder
3. LED Bulb
4. Fluorescent lamp
5. Ceiling rose
6. Joint clips
7. Wires
8. Switch Board
Procedure:
1. Layout of electrical circuit connection of the build draw by student.
2. Mark switch board, LED bulb, tube light and fan location points and draw lines for wiring on
the wooden board.
3. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of joining clips.
4. Fix the switches, bulb holder and ceiling rose in the marked position on the wooden board.
5. Energy meter is connected to measure the power consumption.
6. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
7. Test the working of the fluorescent bulb, LED bulb and fan by giving electric supply to the
circuit
8. Measure the electric power consumed by the circuit using energy meter.
Result:
Thus, the residential house wiring using energy meter, switches, fuse, indicator, LED
lamp, fluorescent lamp with one of the lamps to be controlled by 2 different switches is done and
tested.

15
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

SERIES RLC

PARALLEL RLC
0-30 mA
A
Expt. No: Date:
MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT, POWER AND
POWER FACTOR IN A SERIES AND PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
Aim:
To measure the voltage, current, power and power factor in a series and parallel RLC
circuit.
Apparatus Required:
Decade Resistance Box (DRB), Decade Capacitance Box (DCB), Decade Inductance Box
(DIB), Auto Transformer, A.C Ammeter (0-30) mA, A.C Voltmeter (0-30) V.
Theory:
In a purely resistive circuit, all the energy delivered by source is dissipated in the form of
heat by the resistance. In a purely reactive circuit, energy delivered by source is stored by the
inductor or capacitor in its magnetic or electric field during a portion of the cycle and then is
returned during another portion of the cycle. When there is complex impedance in circuit
(combination of resistive and reactive elements) part of energy is alternately stored and returned
by reactive part and resistance dissipates part of it. The amount of energy dissipated depends upon
the relative values of resistance and reactance.
Voltage across elements in series RLC circuit:
The voltage across a resistor is equal to the product of current and its resistance. The
voltage across an inductor is equal to the product of current and its inductive reactance. The
voltage across a capacitor is equal to the product of current and its capacitive reactance.
Voltage across resistor,
Voltage across inductor,
Voltage across capacitor

Current through elements in series RLC circuit:

In a series RLC circuit, the current through all the elements is same, which can be
determined by the following formula:

Where

Power factor:

It is defined as the factor by which the volt-amperes are to be multiplied to get the true
power dissipated in the circuit. It is also defined as the cosine of the angle between voltage and
current.

It is given by the value of power factor varies between 0 and 1.

The smaller the power factor, the smaller is the power dissipation.
Tabular column for Series RLC:

S. No Reactive
V I Cos ϕ Real power Power

Calculations:

Tabular column for Parallel RLC:

S. I IZI Cos ɸ Real power Reactive Power

V
No

Calculations:

𝐼𝑅 , 𝐼𝐿 =
𝑉
𝐼
, 𝐶 𝑉
=
𝑉 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶
𝑅
Power:

Real Power also known as true power or average power is defined as the product of RMS values of
voltage, current and the power factor.

Reactive power is defined as the product of RMS values of voltage, current and the sine of angle
between the Voltage and Current.
Reactive Power = | V | | I | Sin θ

Here are the RMS values of voltage and current respectively.

Voltage and Current through elements in Parallel RLC circuit:

𝐼𝑅 , 𝐼𝐿 =
𝑉
𝐼
, 𝐶 𝑉
=
𝑉 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶
𝑅

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Using auto transformer, vary the A.C voltage in steps.
3. Note the current and voltage indicated by ammeter and voltmeter respectively.
4. Calculate the power and power factor using the formulas given.

Result:

Thus, the Voltage, Current, Power Factor and Power are determined for given series and
Parallel RLC circuit.
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

Circuit Diagram

20
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

Expt. No: Date:

MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING SINGLE PHASE
ENERGY METER
AIM:

To measure the electrical energy using single phase energy meter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Ammeter (0- 10) A, MI

2. Voltmeter (0-300) V, MI

3. Wattmeter300V, 10A, UPF

4. 1Φ Auto transformer-1 KVA, 230 V

5. 1Φ Energy Meter 230 V, 5 A.

6. Lamp load

7. Connecting wires
THEORY:

Energy meter is a device used to measure the energy consumed in AC circuits. It has two
electromagnetic coils made of silicon steel. The two coils are called current coil and pressure coil.
An aluminum disk revolves in it due to the torque produced as a result of the flux i.e. is
proportional to the current and supply voltage. The number of revolutions of the disk per KWh is
shown on the energy meter and is called energy meter constant.

Actual Power= V I Cos Φ

Where V – Voltmeter
reading I – Ammeter
reading

Assume the power factor Cos Φ =1

21
TABULATION:

Sl. No. Lamp Voltmeter Ammete Time Taken Revolution True Energy Energy Percentage
Load Reading r T (N) E Recorded Error in
(Watt) (V) Reading T E
M %
(I)

1 0 - - - - - -

2 5

3 5

4 5

5 5
CALCULATION

Power measured by wattmeter is P = Wattmeter read x multiplication factor

True Energy, ET = V I Cos Φ X t X 10-3.......KWh

Where t = T / 3600 (For Conversion of seconds into hours)

No. of revolutions
Recorded Energy EM =
Energy Meter Constant /
KWh.
Percentage Error = (EM – ET)/ ET x 100%

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Initially no load is applied.

3. Autotransformer is set to minimum voltage position before switching on the power

supply.
4. Set the rated voltage (230V) by using the autotransformer. Record the values in
voltmeter and ammeter. Also take time taken for n revolutions, say 5, on the energy
meter disc.
5. Apply the load by switching on the lamp.

6. Measure and record the values of voltmeter and ammeter. Also note down the time
taken for 5 number of revolutions.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 by switching more lamps one by one until the ammeter reaches
5A.
8. After noting all the readings, reduce the load slowly to the minimum. Also reduce the
voltage to minimum in the autotransformer. Switch OFF the power supply.
9. Calculate power and energy consumed for various loading conditions. Also Calculate
Indicated & actual energy and calculate the % of error.

10. Draw the graph by taking current in X-axis and % of error in Y-axis.

RESULT:
Thus, the energy is measured using single phase energy meter.
Earth Tester (Type CIE/222 M):

Connection Diagram:

Tabulation:

S. No Soil Type Resistance value in Ω

1 Dry Soil
2 Wet Soil
Expt. No: Date:
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF GIVEN
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
AIM:

To measure the resistance to earth using the given electrical equipment, three terminal
earth tester.
APPARATUS:

Three terminals Earth Tester (Type – CIE/222M)

Three iron rods

Connecting wires

THEORY:

CIE Earth Tester permits direct measurement of the resistance of earth used in various
electrical systems. The tester performs equally well in terrain where the conductivity of the soil is
low, e.g. in mountainous areas and in places where powerful stray earth current exists.
The Earth Tester is simple to operate. Test current is generated by a smooth and noiseless
hand driven high frequency A.C. generator. A high-grade centrifugal governor holds constant
voltage for accurate measurement. Variation in speed rotation does not affect the reading.
Measuring accuracy of the instrument is not affected by stray alternating current or Back EMF of
earth electrolysis. The instrument can also be used for measuring non-inductive or non-capacitive
resistance.

Zero Adjustment:
Before each measurement, check whether the pointer co-insides with black Zero (0) mark
on the scale, when no current is flowing in the instrument. If necessary, set the pointer to zero by
using Zero adjuster screw.

PROCEDURE:

1. The three terminals of the Earth Tester are connected as shown in the
connection diagram.

2. The handle of the generator is rotated with increasing speed until the pointer of the Meter
comes to rest.

3. The Earth Tester gives the direct reading of the Earth resistance in ohms.

RESULT:

Thus, the measurement of resistance to earth for the given electrical equipment is done.
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

26
 Engineering Practices Laboratory
Group B
IV – Electronics Engineering Practice
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

C
B
A

Fig: Resistor

Standard Color Code Table:

Color Value Digit Multiplier Tolerance

Black 0 x100
Brown 1 x101 ±1%
Red 2 x102 ±2%
Orange 3 x103
Yellow 4 x104
Green 5 x105 ±0.5%
Blue 6 x106 ±0.25%
Violet 7 x107 ±0.1%
Grey 8 x108 ±0.05%
White 9 x109
Gold x10-1 ±5%
Silver x10-2 ±10%
None ±20%

28
Expt. No: Date:
STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
I. RESISTOR – MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE
USING COLOR CODING AND DIGITAL
MULTIMETER
Aim:

To study electronic component resistor using color coding and digital multimeter.

Components Required:

1. Resistors

2. Multimeter

Theory:

Resistor color coding:

Resistor color coding is used to indicate the values or ratings of resistors. It is also used in
capacitors and inductors. The advantage of color coding is that essential information can be
marked on small components of cylindrical shape without the need to read tiny printing. Resistor
values are always coded in ohms.

Band A is the first significant digit of component value.

Band B is the second significant digit.

Band C is the decimal multiplier.

Band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no color means 20%).

For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red and gold will have first digit 4(yellow),
second digit 7(violet), followed by 2(red) zeros: 4,700 ohms. Gold signifies that the tolerance is
±5%.

Actual resistor value = 4700 ±5% Ω.

 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

Tabulation for Resistor color coding:

S.No. Resistance Value by Color Coding Resistance Value by Multimeter

(Ω) (Ω)

Multimeter:

30
Multimeter:

A Multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that contributes several functions

in one unit. The most basic instruments include ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter. Analog
multimeters are sometimes referred to as “volt-ohmmeters”, abbreviated as VOM
A multimeter is a handheld device and used to find basic fault and for field service
work. It can measure to seven or eight and a half digits of accuracy. Current, voltage and
resistance measurements are considered standard features for multimeter.
A multimeter may be implemented with an analog meter deflected by an
electromagnet, as a classic galvanometer; or with a digital display such as an LCD or vacuum
fluorescent display.
Modern multimeters are, exclusively digital and identified by the term DMM or
digital multimeter. In such an instrument, the signal under test is converted to a digital voltage
and an amplifier with an electronically controlled gain preconditions the signal. Since the
digital display directly indicates a quantity as a number, there is no risk of error when viewing
a reading. Similarly, better circuitry and electronics have improved the meter accuracy. Older
analog meters might have basic accuracies of ±5%. Modern potable DMMs have accuracies as
good as ±0.025%

Result:

Thus, the resistance of resistors is calculated theoretically and practically using

Colour coding and multimeter methods.
LCR Meter:

Tabulation for Capacitor Color Coding:

Capacitance Value by Color Coding Capacitance Value by LCR meter

S.No. (pF) (pF)
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

Expt. No: Date:

STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
II. CAPACITOR – MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE
USING IDENTIFICATION CODE, LCR METER
Aim:

To study electronic component Capacitor using identification code and LCR meter.

Components Required:
1. Capacitor
2. LCR meter
Theory:
Capacitor Color Coding:
The capacitor marking codes vary in their format according to whether the component is a
surface mount device or whether it is leaded device, as well as the capacitor dielectric. Size also
plays a major part in determining how the capacitor is marked – small components must use
abbreviated coding systems, whereas larger capacitors such as aluminum electrolytic varieties may
write the relevant parameters on the case in full.
Electrolytic Capacitor
These polarity-sensitive capacitors are the easiest to decipher because their value and
maximum voltage ratings are listed directly on the metal component "can". The negative side (-) is
usually clearly marked with the negative side being the shorter lead and the positive side (+) being
the longer lead.

Ceramic Capacitors:
Ceramic capacitors are used in high frequency circuits such as audio to RF. They are also
the best choice for high frequency compensation in audio circuits. These capacitors are also called
as disc capacitors. Generally, the code consists of 2 or 3 numbers and an optional tolerance letter
code to identify the tolerance. Where a two-number code is used the value of the capacitor only is
given in picofarads, for example, 47 = 47 pF and 100 = 100pF etc. A three-letter code consists of
the two value digits and a multiplier much like the resistor color codes in the resistors section. For
example, the digits 471 = 47*10 = 470pF. Three-digit codes are often accompanied by an
additional tolerance letter code as given table.
For Example: Capacitor has the code 473J printed onto its body. Then the 4 = 1st digit, the
7 = 2nd digit, the 3 is the multiplier in pico-Farads, pF and the letter J is the tolerance and this
translates to: 47pF * 1,000 (3 zero’s) = 47,000 pF, 47nF or 0.047uF the J indicates a tolerance of
+/- 5%
LCR meter:
An LCR meter is a type of electronic test equipment used to measure the inductance (L),
capacitance (C), and resistance (R) of an electronic component. In the simpler versions of this
instrument the impedance was measured internally and converted for display to the corresponding
capacitance or inductance value. Readings should be reasonably accurate if the capacitor or
inductor device under test does not have a significant resistive component of impedance. More
advanced designs measure true inductance or capacitance, as well as the equivalent series
resistance of capacitors and the Q factor of inductive components.
Result:

Thus, the capacitance of the capacitors is calculated theoretically and practically by using
colour coding and LCR meter.

33
The table below shown gives the color corresponding to the numerical values for a four-band
inductor.

Tabulation for Inductor Color Coding:

Inductance Value by Color Coding

S.No. (H) Inductance Value by LCR meter (H)
Expt. No: Date:
STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
III. INDUCTOR – MEASUREMENT OF INDUCTANCE
USING COLOR CODING AND LCR METER
Aim:

To study electronic component Inductor using color coding and LCR meter.

Components Required:

1. Inductor
2. LCR meter

Theory:

Inductor Value Identification using Color Coding

The color-coding system for inductors is very similar to that of resistors, especially in case
of molded inductors. This color coding is in accordance with the color code table. Starting from
the band closest to the one end, this color code sequence is identified.

4-Band Inductor Color Code

Result:

Thus, the inductance value of inductors are calculated theoretically and practically by
using color coding and LCR meter.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Digital Storage Oscilloscope

Expt. No: Date:
STUDY OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
Aim:
To study electronic equipment like AFO, CRO, DSO, analog and digital meters
1) Signal generation using AFO (sine, square, triangle for various frequency and
amplitude ranges
2) Measurement of amplitude, frequency, peak-peak, RMS, period, DC level of sine,
square and triangle waveform using CRO and DSO.
3) Measurement of DC voltage and current using analog and digital meters

Components Required:

1. Oscilloscope
2. DSO
3. Function Generator (AFO)
4. Analog and Digital Meters

Theory:

Oscilloscope:

An oscilloscope (sometimes abbreviated CRO for cathode-ray oscilloscope) is electronic

test equipment that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one
or more electrical potential differences (vertical axis) plotted as a function of time or some other
voltage (horizontal axis).

A typical oscilloscope is a rectangular box with a small screen, numerous input connectors
and control knobs and buttons on the front panel. To aid measurement, a grid called the graticule is
drawn on the face of the screen. Each square in the graticule is known as a division. The signal to
be measured is fed to one of the input connectors, which is usually a coaxial connector such as a
BNC or N type.

In the simplest mode, the oscilloscope repeatedly draws a horizontal line called the trace
across the middle of the screen from left to right. One of the controls, the time base control, sets
the speed at which the line is drawn, and is calibrated in seconds per division. If the input voltage
departs from zero, the trace is deflected either upwards or downwards. Another control, the vertical
control, sets the scale of the vertical deflection, and is calibrated in volts per division. The resulting
trace is a graph of voltage against time.

If the input signal is periodic, a nearly stable trace can be obtained just by setting the time
base to match the frequency of the input signal. For example, if the input signal is a 50 Hz sine
wave, then its period is 20 ms, so the time base should be adjusted so that the time between
successive horizontal sweeps is 20ms. This mode is called continual sweep. To provide a more
stable trace, modern oscilloscopes have a function called the trigger. When using triggering, the
scope will pause each time the sweep reaches the extreme right side of the screen. The scope then
waits for a specified
Audio Frequency Oscilloscope or Function Generator

Tabulation for CRO:

S. No Time Period (ms) Amplitude (V)

event before drawing the next trace. The trigger event is usually the input waveform reaching some
user-specified threshold voltage in the specified direction (going positive or going negative).

The effect is to resynchronize the time base to the input signal, preventing horizontal drift
of the trace. In this way, triggering allows the display of periodic signals such as sine waves and
square waves. Trigger circuits also allow the display of no periodic signals such as a single pulses
or pulses that don’t recur at a fixed rate.
Digital Signal Oscilloscope:
The digital storage oscilloscope is an instrument which gives the storage of a digital
waveform or the digital copy of the waveform. It allows us to store the signal or the waveform in
the digital format, and in the digital memory also it allows us to do the digital signal processing
techniques over that signal. The maximum frequency measured on the digital signal oscilloscope
depends upon two things they are: sampling rate of the scope and the nature of the converter. The
traces in DSO are bright, highly defined, and displayed within seconds. the difference between
CRO and DSO is that in DSO, the digital signal is converted into analog and that analog signal will
be displayed on the screen of the digital storage oscilloscope. In the conventional CRO, there is no
procedure for the storage of the waveform but in DSO, there is a digital memory that is going to
store the digital copy of the waveform.
Audio Frequency Oscilloscope or Function Generator:
Audio Frequency Oscillator (AF Oscillator) is a useful test instrument capable of
generating sine, square & triangle waveforms at any required frequency, in switched decade sub-
ranges.
The Audio Frequency Oscillator has output banana sockets; and a maximum wave output of 20
volts peak to peak approx., which may be adjusted by a amplitude control potentiometer.
The frequency of the signal source is set on a dial (1 to 11), along with a multiplier range switch
(x1, x10, x100, x1K, x10K, x100K).
Measurement of AC signal parameters:

AC signals are classified as sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal. The alternating current whose
values varies in the manner similar to sine or cosine function is known as sinusoidal alternating
current.
Analog Voltmeter:

Analog Ammeter:

Digital Ammeter / Voltmeter / Multimeter:

In addition to the sinusoidal alternating current, the other alternating currents in use are triangular
and square

The following are the important parameters related with sinusoidal alternating current

Cycles:

One complete set of positive and negative values of an alternating current is called cycle.

Time period:

The time taken by an alternating current to complete one cycle is called its time

period(T) Frequency:

The number of cycles per second made by an alternating current is called

frequency (f) Mathematically frequency is

f = No. of cycles / time in second

Amplitude (Peak value):

The maximum value of positive or negative half cycle of an alternating current is called its
amplitude or peak value.
Peak to Peak value:
The sum of positive and negative peak values is called peak to peak value. The peak to peak
value of a sinusoidal alternating current is equal to two times the peak value.
Root Mean Square Value (RMS):

The root mean square value is expressed by that steady (D.C) current, which while flowing
through a given circuit for a given time produces the same heat as produced by an alternating
current when flowing through the same circuit for the same time.
The RMS value may be determined by taking the mean of the square of the instantaneous values of
current over the complete cycle. Mathematically the RMS value is I RMS = 0.707 Im

Instantaneous value:

The value of an alternating current, at any particular moment is called its instantaneous
value. Mathematically it is given as

i = Im sin ωt, where Im is the peak value, ω is the angular frequency and t is the time in seconds.

Result:

Thus, the study of electronic equipment like AFO, CRO, DSO, analog and digital meters
are done and various signals are generated and its parameters are measured.
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

Bread Board:

Bread Board Internal Connection:

PN Diode

Resistor

Capacitor
Transistor

44
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

Expt. No: Date:

STUDY OF ELECTRONICS ACCESSORIES
Aim:

To Study the Electronic accessories like breadboard, wires and PCB and assemble the
electronic components in the Breadboard and general-purpose PCB by Soldering practice
techniques.
Components Required:

1. Bread Board
2. Soldering iron
3. Solder and
4. Flux
5. Electronics Components – Resistor, capacitor. diode and transistor.
6. PCB board.

Soldering:

Soldering is the process of joining thin metal plates or wires made of steel, copper or
brass. It is very commonly used to join wires in electrical work and mount electronic
components on a circuit board. The joining material used in soldering is called as solder or
filler rod. An alloy of tin and lead is commonly used as the solder. The flux is used to clean
the surface of the plates/wires to be soldered. Aluminum chloride or zinc chloride is
commonly used as flux. A good soldering iron is a variable temperature setting type with
interchangeable irons and tips. The tip should be removed regularly to prevent oxidation scale
from accumulating between the heating element and the tip.

Soldering Simple Electronic Components:

A printed circuit board (PCB) consists of copper strips and pads bonded to a plastic
board. The copper strip is the network of interconnecting conductive path. Leads of
components mounted on the board are inserted through holes on the board and the conductive
copper. These leads are soldered to the copper at the end of the hole. If excessive heat is
applied to copper, it may get lifted from the board or the components on the board get
damaged. Soldering pencil gun of about 30 Watts is used to heat the junction. The surface of
copper bonded to the board should be properly prepared and cleaned before soldering. Flux is
applied on circuits and component leads. Check the conductive strips and pads on the board
before soldering. Avoid excess solder to prevent two copper paths from bridging. When solder
globules form on the junction area, remove them by cleaning the soldering tip using a cloth.

45
Solder: Soldering Lead:

Printed Circuit Board (PCB):

Circuit Diagram:
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

Procedure:

1. The surface to be soldered is cleaned and flux applied.

2. The soldering iron is heated to the required temperature.

3. The soldering iron melts the solder rod and a thin film of solder spreads over the
surface to join the components.

Result:

Thus, the electronic components are soldered using the electronic accessories breadboard,
wires and PCB by Soldering practice techniques.

47
Pin Diagrams:

AND Gate: (IC7408)

OR Gate: (IC7432)
 Expt. No: Date:

STUDY OF LOGIC GATES AND, OR, EX-OR AND NOT

BY DEMONSTRATION
Aim:

To verify the truth table of the logic gates AND, OR, NOT and EX-OR using 74XX ICs.

Components Required:

IC 7432(OR Gate)

IC 7408(AND Gate)

IC 7404(NOT Gate)

IC 7486(EX-OR Gate)

Digital IC trainer kit

Theory:

Logic gates are digital circuits with one or more input signals and only one output signal.
Gates are digital circuits because the input and output signals are either low or high voltages.
Gates are often called logic circuits because they can be analyzed using Boolean algebra.

AND Gate:

An AND gate can have two or more inputs but only one output. Its output can go to logic 1
if all its inputs are at the high state.

The Boolean expression for a two input AND gate is: F=x.y

OR Gate:

An OR gate can have two or more inputs but only one output. Its output will be at logic 1
if any or both of its inputs are at the high state.

The Boolean expression for a two input OR gate is: F = x + y

NOT Gate: (IC7404)

EX -OR (IC 7486)

NOT Gate:

A NOT gate has a single input and a single output. It is also called as an inverter. The
output will be at logic 1 if its input is at low state, otherwise its output will be at logic 0. Thus, its
output is the complement of its input.
The Boolean expression for the inverter is: F = x’

EX-OR Gate:

An EX-Or gate can have only two inputs and one output. The output of the gate will go
to logic 1 if any one of the inputs is 0 or 1. The output of this gate will go to logic 0 when both
the input is same

The Boolean expression for this gate is F =

Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per the logic diagrams and the pin-out diagrams of the
individual ICs.

2. Supply and ground connections are given to the ICs.

3. Inputs are applied by using the switches that provide the logic High and Low levels.

4. The outputs are observed by using the LED’s.

Result:

Thus, the logic gates AND, OR, NOT and EX-OR studied and their truth tables verified.
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

Fig. 1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

+ VCC
(+5 V)

RA 7.2 KΩ
4 8

7 3 Vout
R
B
7.2 KΩ
IC 555

2 5
1 0.01µ F

0.1µF C

Fig 2.PIN DIAGRAM – IC 555

1 Ground
5 4 2 Trigger
3 Output
4 Reset
5 Control
3
6 voltage
6 Threshold
IC 555 7 Discharge
8 +VCC
7 2

8 1

52
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

Expt. No: Date:

GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL
AIM:

To generate a clock signal of frequency 1kHz using 555 timer IC

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No: Component name Range Quantity required

1 Regulated power supply (0-30V) 1
2 IC 555 1
3 CRO (0-20MHz) 1
4 Resistors 7.2 KΩ 2
0.1µF
5 Capacitors 1
0.01 µF
6 Bread board 1
7 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:

The IC 555 timer is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delay or
oscillations. A single 555 timer can provide time delay ranging from microseconds to hours. The
frequency of oscillation can be accurately controlled by external resistors and capacitors. The pin
diagram of 555 timer IC is as shown in fig (ii).
The schematic connection diagram of IC 555 for generating clock signals is given in fig (i).
Pin 1 is grounded. Pin 4 and 8 are shorted and then connected to +VCC.
Output (Vout) is taken at pin 3. Pin 2 and 6 are shorted and then connected to ground
through a capacitor C. Pin 7 is connected through a resistor RA to the supply V CC.
A resistor RB is connected between pins 6 and 7. Pin 5 is bypassed to ground through a 0.01 µF
capacitor to provide noise filtering.

The capacitor C charges through (RA+RB) from VCC. Therefore, its charging time constant
is (RA+RB) C. When the capacitor time constant exceeds 2/3 VCC, transition in output from high to
low takes place automatically at time T 1. The capacitor discharges through RB with discharging
time constant RBC. When it falls to 1/3 V CC, the transition in output from low to high takes place
automatically at time T2. Now the cycle repeats and we get a continuous clock signal at the output.
The frequency of oscillation can be varied by changing RA, RB and C.

53
MODEL GRAPH:

TABULAR COLUMN:

Description ON Time (ms) OFF Time (ms) Amplitude (V)

Output
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as shown in circuit diagram.

2. The square wave form is obtained at the output pin of the timer IC.

3. Note the amplitude and time period of the wave form and plot it in the graph.

RESULT:

Thus, a clock signal is generated using IC 555 and the output square wave is plotted.

55
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB
MANUAL

Circuit diagram:
Half wave rectifier:

Full wave Rectifier:

56
 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

Expt. No: Date:

MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR

FOR HALF-WAVE AND FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER.
Aim:

To study half-wave and full-wave rectifiers and measure the ripple factors.

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Component Name Range Quantity Required

i) CRO (0 – 20 MHz) 1

ii) Multimeter 1

iii) PN Junction Diode IN 4007 4

230 Volts /
iv) Transformer 15 – 0 –15 Volts, 1
200 mA
v) Resistor 470Ω 1
vi) Breadboard - 1
vii) Connecting Wires - As required

Theory:

The process of converting AC voltage and current to Direct current is called rectification.
An electronic device that offers a low resistance to current in one direction and a high resistance in
the other direction is capable of converting a sinusoidal waveform into a unidirectional waveform.
Diodes have this characteristic, which makes it a useful component in the design of rectifiers. In
order to achieve a constant/pure DC voltage at the output, filtering should be done to the pulsating
DC output of the rectifier. The output varies with the variation in AC mains. Hence a voltage
regulator is used to maintain the output voltage at the same value. Diodes are used in a rectifier
circuit to convert AC into DC. When only one half of the AC cycle is rectified, it is known as half-
wave rectification. When both the half cycles are rectified, it is known as full-wave rectification.

57
Tabular Column:

Description Time Period (ms) Amplitude (V)

Input Signal
HWR Signal
FWR Signal
Model Graph:
Calculation:

Half Wave Rectifier:

Full Wave Rectifier:

Ripple Factor:

Procedure:
Half Wave Rectifier:
1. Test your transformer: Give 230v, 50Hz source to the primary coil of the transformer and
observe the AC waveform of rated value without any distortion at the secondary of the
transformer.

2. Connect the half wave rectifier as shown in figure.

3. Measure the amplitude of voltage and time period using CRO.

4. Calculate the Ripple factor

5. Compare the theoretical ripple factor with the practical ripple factor.

Full wave Rectifier:

1. Test your transformer: Give 230v, 50Hz source to the primary coil of the transformer and
observe the AC waveform of rated value without any distortion at the secondary of the
transformer.
2. Connect the full wave rectifier as shown in figure.

3. Measure the amplitude of voltage and time period using CRO.

4. Calculate the Ripple factor

5. Compare the theoretical ripple factor with the practical ripple factor.
Result:
Thus, the Half-wave and Full-wave rectifiers, are constructed and their ripple factors are
obtained.
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB MANUAL

Iron box

Fan Regulator

60
 Expt. No: Date:

STUDY OF IRON BOX, FAN AND REGULATOR, EMERGENCY

LAMP, POWER TOOLS: RANGE FINDER, DIGITAL LIVE-WIRE
DETECTOR.
Aim:

To Study the Iron box, fan and regulator (resistive and electronics type), emergency
lamp, Power Tools like Range Finder and Digital Live-wire detector.
Iron Box:
A clothing iron works based on the combination of heat and pressure to remove
wrinkles. Most domestic clothes irons work in the temperature range of 120 oC to 180oC. The
working premise of an iron is simple. It takes in the current from the mains (power supply).
This current heat up the coil inside the iron. As the coil is heated, it transfers the heat through
conduction to the base plate. We press this base plate against the clothes to remove any
creases.
Irons are made primarily of plastic and metal (aluminum and steel). The materials
often come to the factory in the form of plastic resins, aluminum ingots, and steel sheets. The
metal is used to make the sole plate, thermostat and other internal mechanisms. Plastics are
used to make the exterior and handle, as well as the water tank. Certain components, like the
spring for the thermostat, cord, plug, and related connections are usually outsourced by iron
companies.

Fan Regulator:
Fan regulator is a device suspending from ceiling of a room, which employs hub-
mounted rotating paddles to circulate air. It operates on Fleming’s Left-hand rules. Electric
motor inside in the fan is capacitor start and run motor. Blades are made up of aluminum
sheets, 120-degree angles. The speed of the fan can be varied by changing the applied voltage.
The most common method to vary the applied voltage is 1) by tapped field resistors and 2) by
tapped series inductors. The electronic fan regulator is fault free, has long life and more
efficient as compared with electrical regulators.
Emergency light:
An emergency light is used to automatically turn ON a lamp which is operated by a
battery. It stops the user from being into a difficult situation because of unexpected darkness
and helps the user to get access to make an instantaneous emergency light. This circuit uses
light-emitting diodes in its place of the incandescent lamps; therefore making the circuit is
very power efficient as well as brighter with its light o/p. In addition, the circuit uses an
innovative theory to enhance the economical characteristic of the unit. Emergency lights are
connected to the electrical supply of the building. Each light has its own circuit. These lights
include a battery so that it works like a backup power supply once the building loses its power
supply. Here, the lifespan of a battery is short when we compare it with other kinds of lighting
systems.
 RANGE FINDER

CABLE TESTER OR DIGITAL LIVE WIRE DETECTOR

Range Finder:
Sharp infrared detectors and rangers boast a small package, very low power
consumption and a variety of output options. In order to maximize each sensor's potential, it is
important to understand how these types of IR sensors work, their effective ranges, and how to
interface to them. There are two major types of Sharp's infrared (IR) sensors based on their
output: analog rangers and digital detectors. Analog ranges provide information about the
distance to an object in the ranger's view. Digital detectors provide a digital (high or low)
indication of an object at or closer than a predefined distance.
These rangers all use triangulation and a small linear CCD array to compute the
distance and/or presence of objects in the field of view. In order to triangular, a pulse of IR
light is emitted by the emitter. The light travels out into the field of view and either hits an
object or just keeps on going. In the case of no object, the light is never reflected, and the
reading shows no object. If the light reflects off an object, it returns to the detector and creates
a triangle between the point of reflection, the emitter and the detector.

Cable tester
A cable tester is an electronic device used to verify the electrical connections in a
signal cable or other wired assembly. Basic cable testers are continuity testers that verify the
existence of a conductive path between ends of the cable, and verify the correct wiring of
connectors on the cable. More advanced cable testers can measure the signal transmission
properties of the cable such as its resistance, signal attenuation, noise and interference.
A cable tester is used to verify that all of the intended connections exist and that there
are no unintended connections in the cable being tested. When an intended connection is
missing it is said to be "open". When an unintended connection exists it is said to be a "short"
(a short circuit). If a connection "goes to the wrong place" it is said to be "mis wired" (the
connection has two faults: it is open to the correct contact and shorted to an incorrect contact)

Result:
Thus, the study of iron box, fan and regulator (resistive and electronics type), emergency
lamp, Power Tools like Range Finder and Digital Live-wire detector are done.
 Viva-Voice Q & A
Electrical Engineering Practice

1. Define Electricity.
Electricity is defined as the flow of electrons. Electricity is one of the essential and
useful sources of energy. Electricity is used in domestic as well as the industrial
appliances. Electric current is measured in amperes.
2. Name Some good conductors of electricity
Some good conductors of electricity are silver, copper, gold, aluminum.
3. Define current and its unit
The flow of electrons in any conductor is called electric current. The symbol of
electric current is I. The current is measured with the help of ammeter and the unit
of current is Ampere (A).
4. Define voltage and give its unit
The force which tends the movement of electrons in the conductor or closed circuit
is known as electromotive force. It can be measured with the help of voltmeter and
it is commonly known as voltage. The unit of voltage is Volt (V).
5. Define resistance and give its unit
It is the property of a conductor to oppose the free flow of current. It is measured by
Ohmmeter and the unit of resistance is ohm (W)
6. Name some measuring instruments and their uses.
The measuring instruments are Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter, Ohmmeter.
• Ammeter is used to measure current
• Voltmeter is used to measure voltage
• Wattmeter is used to power
• Ohmmeter is used to measure resistance
7. Mention two type of electrical supply
• Direct current (DC)
• Alternating current (AC)
8. What do you mean by fuse?
It is the safety device used for the purpose of protecting a circuit, against excess
current.
9. What is the purpose of providing fuse?
When excess current flows through the fuse element it melts and opens the circuit
thereby protecting the circuit from damage.
10. Define earthling.
When a wire is connected from the ground to the electrical appliances, then it
attains zero potential and the appliance is said to be earthed and this process is
known as earthling.
11. What do you mean by wiring diagram?
It is a diagram which shows the connection of installation or part of installation
such as connection of lamp, fan, and switches with supply. It exactly shows how
the connections are made and it gives the layout of wiring.
12. What is the use of hand drill?
A hand drill machine is used for making holes in thin metal sheets or wooden
articles.
13. What do you mean by open circuit and closed circuit?
If the switch used in the circuit is in ‘off’ position, then the circuit is said to be open
circuit. There will not be any flow of current in open circuit.
If the switch used in the circuit is in ‘on’ position, then the circuit is said to be in
closed circuit. There will be normal flow of current in closed circuit.
14. What is fluorescent lamp?
It is low pressure mercury lamp and it is a long-evacuated tube. It contains a small
amount of mercury and argon gas at 2.5mm pressure. At the time of switching in
the tube, mercury is in the form of small drops. Therefore, to start the tube filling
up of argon gas is necessary. So, in the beginning argon gas starts burning at the
ends of the tube, the mercury is heated and controls the current and the tube starts
giving light.
15. What is the purpose of starter in fluorescent lamp?
The started helps to start the tube and break the circuit. There are two types of
starter i.e., thermal type and glow type
16. What is the purpose of choke?
It is also called blast. It has a laminated core over which enameled wire is wound.
The function of the choke is to increase the voltage to almost 1000 V at the time of
switching on the tube and when the tube starts working, it reduces the voltage
across the tube and keeps the current constant.
17. Define RMS value
The RMS value of an alternating current is given by the steady state current which,
when flowing through given circuit for a given time, produces the same amount of
heat as produced by an alternating current, which when flowing through the same
circuit for the same time.
18. Define power factor
The factor which decides the active power consumption in ac circuits is called
power factor. It is cosine of the angle between voltage and current.
19. Write the advantages of three phase systems.
(i) To transfer the same power, three phase systems requires less conductor
material than single phase system. So, it is economical.
(ii) Voltage regulation is better.
(iii) Three phase induction motors are self-starting and the torque produced by
three phase motors are more.
 Electronics Engineering Practice
1. What do you mean by conductor and name some conductors?
The materials those permit the flow of electric current are known as conductors.
Examples: copper, silver, gold and aluminum.
2. What do you mean by transistor?
Transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device. A transistor can act as an
amplifier, oscillator or photocell. It operates at very low power. The three terminals
are (i) Emitter, (ii) Base and (iii) Collector.
3. What do you mean by diode?
Diode is a two terminal (anode and cathode) device. It allows the electron to flow
in only one direction. It is like one direction. It is like one direction valve for
electron flow.
4. What is Light Emitting diode (LED)?
This diode converts electrical energy into light energy (green or infrared energy).
They are used in electronic instrument. LED is a diode made up of semiconductor
gallium arsenide diphosphide. This material glows when current passes through it.
5. Define Soldering.
It is the process of joining electrical parts together to form an electrical connection,
using a molten mixture of lead and tin (solder) with a soldering iron. The melting
point of solder should be lower than that of metals to be soldered, so that the
electrical parts won’t get damaged.
6. What is the need of soldering?
By soldering we can attain the same electrical conductivity and mechanical
strength as that of parent conductor. This can’t be achieved by mechanical joints.
Hence, we use soldering for joining conductors in electronic equipment’s.
7. Name the soldering techniques.
It can be classified into two groups:
(a) Soldering with soldering iron or Hand manual soldering.
(b) Mass soldering or automatic soldering.
8. What are the types of soldering iron?
The types of soldering iron are
(a) Temperature controlled soldering iron.
(b) Soldering with soldering gun.
(c) Gas powered soldering iron.
9. What are the steps involved in soldering?
 The steps involved in soldering are
1. Selecting the bit.
2. Cleaning the bit.
3. Tinning the soldering iron bit.
4. Cleaning the surface to be soldered.
5. Applying flux.
6. Applying solder.
10. What do you mean by de-soldering?
De-soldering is required when electronic components need to be removed from a
circuit, usually they are faulty. A soldered joint that is improperly made will be
electrically “noisy”, unreliable and is likely to get worse in time.
11. What are the steps involved in de-soldering?
The steps involved in de-soldering are
1. Hold the terminals to be unsoldered by nose pliers.
2. Place the tip of the soldering iron on the joints until the solder is melt.
3. When the solder is melted, gently remove the terminals with tweezers and
brush away the molten solder.
4. Clean the terminals so that can be used to make some other circuits.
12. Define continuity tester.
Continuity tester is used for checking circuit board tracks, wires and connections
for continuity (conduction). A continuity tester tells us whether electricity can flow
through a cord/wire/metallic track.
13. What are the component parts of a continuity tester?
1. 9V Battery
2. Red LED
3. 390W resister
4. Crocodile clips
14. What is the principle of continuity tester?
The continuity tester sends electricity from an internal battery through one side of
the item and down the wires. If the LED gets electrical current from the other side
it lights up, meaning that the path is good. Otherwise something is stopping it.
15. What is printed circuit board (PCB)?
This is the base plate over which all components are mounted and soldered. The
interconnections between the components are made by the metallic tracks.
16. What are the steps in PCB fabrications?
Single sided PCB fabrication consists of the following steps.
1. PCB patterns preparation.
2. Patter transformation onto PCB.
3. Etching (developing) of PCB.
4. Cleaning of PCB finishing.
17. What do you mean by Etching in PCB?
This process removes all the excessive copper from the base laminate. After this
only the printed pattern is left behind. A solution of 75o C heated tap water and
ferric chloride is used to remove the excess copper. The above side solution
thoroughly stirred and to speed up the process a few drops of HCI may be added.
18. What are the components used in telephone?
Some of the components used in telephone are hook switch, microphone
(transmitter) and speaker (receiver).
19. What is modulation? Give its types.
Modulation is a process by which some characteristics of a carrier are varied in
accordance with the modulating wave. Modulation is performed at the transmitting
end of the communication system. There are two types of modulation techniques.
They are (i) Amplitude Modulation (AM) (ii) Frequency Modulation (FM).
20 What do you mean by low voltage power supply?
DC Voltages of various levels are required to properly bias various electronic
devices such as Transistors and op-amps. However, the commercial power system
in India has as its standard level close to 240V rms at a frequency of 50Hz. This
voltage level must be changed and converted to DC before it can be used for
electronic device operation. Eliminator is an example for low voltage power
supply.