Power Quality and its Impact on

Electrical System

24th September, 2021

CII – Professional Development
Training Course on Electrical Safety,
Power Quality and Reliability.
 Asia Power Quality Initiative
• Program initiated in Asia with the background of
the European Experiment (LPQI) – Continuing
Professional Development
• A neutral collaborative platform shared by
National Support Network (NSN) Partners to
promote education and awareness and facilitate
policy changes.
• Objective:
– help industries in Asia address Power
Quality issues as a means to enhance their
competitiveness in terms of better production
output quality, reduced production costs,
reduced production line interruption and batch
losses.
– Building up capacity of industry / service
sector in identifying and addressing PQ
issues as a means to enhance their
continuous quality delivery
– Facilitate policy changes and market
transformation towards ‘Safe and Quality
Power for All’.
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 Learning from APQI : A focus around
3 Missions

Lead the dynamic

A reference Education & through adequate
for all PQ matters training fine tuned knowledge
in Asia for individuals management &
E-dissemination
• A network of European • Print publications
/Asian PQ experts • Website
• (standardization/certification • Forums
• Electronic library • Seminars
body participation)
• Webinars
• Leads appropriate PQ study
(PQ Survey,
• PQ Regulation report)
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APQI CHANGE AGENT IN STANDARDS & REGULATIONS

 OUR YEARS IN NUMBERS 6

50+ 50+ 54 100+

Technical Blogs Webinars Case Studies Events conducted
written conducted published till date globally

3 25+ 24 50+
Application Notes PQ National / Power Quality PQ In-House
(IT, Secondary Steel, Textile)
International Management Workshops (2016 onwards)
Conference Seminars (2009-2012)
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Harmonic Standard:
IEEE Std 519 – 2014
IEEE Std 519, Recommended Practices and Requirements
for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems
• Defines voltage and current distortion limits at PCC
• Intended to be used as a system standard
• Recognizes responsibility of both User and Utility
• Considers both linear and non-linear loading
• Definitions for Total Demand Distortion (current) and Total
Harmonic Distortion (voltage) apply to harmonics up to 50th but
allow for inclusion of > 50 when necessary
 IEEE Std 519 – 2014
Definitions
Point of Common Coupling (PCC)
Point on a public power supply system, electrically nearest to a particular load, at which other loads
are, or could be, connected. The PCC is a point located upstream of the considered installation.
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
The ratio of the root mean square of the harmonic current, considering harmonic components up to
the 50th order and specifically excluding interharmonics, expressed as a percentage of the
fundamental. Harmonic components of order greater than 50 may be included when necessary.
Total Demand Distortion (TDD)
The ratio of the root mean square of the harmonic current, considering harmonic components up to
the 50th order and specifically excluding interharmonics, expressed as a percentage of the maximum
demand current. Harmonic components of order greater than 50 may be included when necessary.
Maximum Demand Current (IL) iTDD = iTHD x I (meas)
The current value at the PCC taken as the sum of the currents
corresponding to the maximum demand during each of the 12
IL
previous months divided by 12.
 IEEE Std 519 – 2014 Voltage
Distortion Limits (Table 1)

• Major change is that for systems < 1.0 kV, vTHD is allowed to be as high as 8.0%
• Also, lower voltage distortion limits for Special Applications and higher limits for
Dedicated Systems have been removed
IEEE Std 519 – 2014 Current Distortion Limits for
Systems Rated 120V through 69kV (Table 2)

• Essentially no change from previous edition

 IEC Harmonic Standards –
Low Frequency
• IEC 61000-3-2, Limits for harmonic current emissions
(equipment input current < 16A/ph single & 3 phase)
• IEC 61000-3-12, Limits for harmonic currents produced by
equipment connected to public low-voltage systems with input
current > 16A and < 75A
• IEC 61000-3-6, Assessment of emission limits for the connection
of distorting installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems
• Only applied to harmonics up to the 40th
 High Frequency Standards
• IEC 61800-3, EMC Product Standard for Power Drive Systems
• The source of high frequency emission from frequency converters is
the fast switching of power components such as IGBTs
• Covers frequency range from 150 kHz to 30 MHz conducted and 30
MHz to 1000 MHz radiated

• FCC 47 CFR Part 15 (Federal Code of Regulation for EMC Conformity)

• Regulates emissions in the radio frequency spectrum from 9 kHz and
higher
Harmonic Standards and the
Missing Band
- Supraharmonics
Standard

IEC 61800 -3

IEEE Std 519 (> 50th harmonic if necessary)

IEC 61000-3-2, 61000-3-12, 61000-3-6

0 2 3 9 150 30,000 1,000,000

Frequency (kHz)
Missing Band
Supraharmonics

• Low frequency regulations end at 40th or 50th harmonic unless

IEEE 519 allowance of including harmonics above 50 is applied
• High frequency standards begin at 150 kHz
No standards exist from 50th harmonic to 150 kHz
Electrical energy – Product, YES but
…
Pure @ spring … and this is the
expectation of the end user

User waste pollute

Level of pollution could not be

tollerable by some end users

• in principle, even “natural level” could

not be satisfactory for some end
users
16

Power Quality
Productive factor Customer Expectation Utility KPI Expectation

• Availability • Reliability • Electrification,

• Quality of Supply (QoS) • Quick restoration • Profit Maximization
• Low cost • Timely information • Least Cost Power and
• Least Outages

What is meant by Quality?
Who is responsible for Quality?
Utility
Power Quality refers to the ability of the equipment to consume the
energy being supplied to it. Harmonics, poor PF, Voltage Instability
and unbalance impact on the efficiency of the electrical equipment.
Improper or Costly Operation

Generator End User Failure of equipment or power

Poor PQ
supply

Safety issues

Designers
OEMs SEC issues – PAT 2
& Installers
 What are PQ problems and PQ Events ?
➢ “Power quality problem is any power problem manifested in
voltage, current, or frequency deviation that results in failure or
mis-operation of customer equipment”.
- Dugan et al (2000) , “ Electric Power System Quality”

• Voltage Sags • Harmonics

• Voltage Swells • Waveform
• Blackouts / Distortion
Brownouts • Arc Type
• Transient • Temporal
• Inrush • Converter Type
• Over current • Saturation Type
• Flickering • Analog/Digital
switching

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 Why Power Quality has become
important?
For the past 100 years, the utility’s job has been to keep the ‘lights on’.
For today’s high-tech factories, that is not enough.
• Increased use of non linear loads and power electronic equipment with
low immunity
• These create PQ problems; also affected by PQ problems
• Consumers are more aware and empowered
• Instruments available to measure PQ indices such as power factor,
harmonics and displacement factor
• Power quality is a financial problem – not a technical problem alone.
– PQ causes $120B/year in economic loss in the US (EPRI, DOE).
– EU looses 150 Billion Euro every year (LPQI Survey)

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 Percieved Reliability Level
Generally: the higher the reliability level, the more severe the impact of
an interruption will be.
A study in Nepal showed that 38% of residential consumers
considered the number of interruption to be “low” or “very low”
although the average number of outages was 4 a week.

50% of the interviewed residential consumers in Brazilian valued the

quality of service provided as “good” although half of these
consumers experienced at least one interruption a week.

In most Western countries such interruption frequencies would not have

produced such high consumer satisfaction ratings.
Within the NL a street had 6 interruptions in one year.
This was not accepted and caused heavy protests.
 Power Quality Concerns

» Voltage Profiles
( Sag / Swell)
» Transients
» Harmonics
» Flicker
» Brownouts
» Reliability

• We need Standards to define them and benchmark

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 Sources of Power Quality Issues
• Power electronic devices
(VSD, other Static converters)
• Capacitors
• IT and office equipment
• Arcing devices
• Load switching
• Large motor starting
• Sensitive process equipment
(Welding, Smelting etc)
• Storm and environmental
related damage
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➔ Generates Harmonics
➔ Transients, Harmonic
amplification
➔ Generates Harmonics
➔ Flickers
➔ Voltage Sags / Swells
➔ Voltage sag/drop
➔ Voltage unbalance/Flicker
➔ Outages/Transients
 Effects of Poor Power Quality
Voltage dips Possible effects : Transients
• Mal-operation
Machine/process (of control
downtime, scrap devices,
Tripping, mains
component failure, hardware
cost, clean up costs, product quality reboot required, software ‘glitches‘,
signaling systems
and repair costs - All contribute to
and protective relays)
poor product quality
make •theseMoretypesloss (in electrical
of problems costly to system including
the end-user
transformers)
• FastHarmonics
ageing of equipment like Motors Flicker

• Failure
Transformer of equipment
and neutral conductor like Capacitors,
Visual irritation PCBs
heating leading to reduced equipment
• Loss of production and quality
life span; audio hum, increased skin
effect •loss,
Radio,
softwareTV and power
glitches, Telephone interference
supply failure

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Impact on Distribution System

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Why Worry about Harmonics

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Impact of Load Unbalance and Neutral Current

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 Impact of Harmonics on RMS
and Peak Values

Be alert for Total Demand Distortion (TDD) factor

>>>> Applies for current distortion only
>>>> The total RMS harmonic current distortion in % of the maximum demand
Load Current IL (15 or 30 mins demand)
 CASE STUDY

Voltage and Current for 11kV /415V, 2MVA Trf

NNOC
SERVER
LOADS

K Factor = 10.15
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 For K Factor = 10.15
PEC : FROM GRAPH = 0.68

• DERATING FACTOR ( DF )

1 + PEC
DF = 1 + PEC KF

DF = 0.46
The load of a 2000 kVA transformer had to be restricted to 900 kVA !

SITE SURVEY RESULTS OF A DATA CENTRE

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 EDDY CURRENT LOSS FACTOR - PEC
1

0.9

0.8

Max
0.7
Avg.
Min
0.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
K - FACTOR
1 + PEC
• DERATING FACTOR ( DF ) DF = 1 + PEC KF
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 SITE SURVEY IN DATA CENTRE
Transformer Rating K Factor (*) Transformer to be
loaded to

11/0.415kV, 2 MVA 10.15 0.93 MVA

11/0.415kV, 2 MVA 1.31 1.8 MVA

11/0.415kV, 2 MVA 1.53 1.8 MVA

11/0.415kV, 2.5 MVA 1.49 2.2 MVA

11/0.415kV, 2.5 MVA 1.7 2 MVA

11/0.415kV, 2.5 MVA 5.5 1.4 MVA

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 Case Study
Power Factor & High
Harmonics

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| PQ an issue needs address / 16th Oct 2015
 Power Factor – Past & Present
Present:

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 IEEE 1459-2010
• IEEE 1459 – 2010 scope: This document provides definitions
of electric power to quantify the flow of electrical energy in
single phase and three-phase circuits under sinusoidal, non-
sinusoidal, balanced, and unbalanced conditions.
• As per IEEE 1459-2010, under non linear loads, power factor
is defined as:

• Where PF1 is fundamental power factor and PF is true power

factor. (when THDv < 5%)
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Harmonics and Power Factor
1.10 55

1.00 50

0.90 45

0.80 40
DPF
0.70 35 TPF
0.60 30 % % THDi
0.50 25

0.40 20

0.30 15

0.20 10

0.10 5

9/8/2017 1:00:13:20 (d:h:min:s) 9/9/2017

11:45:10 AM 4 h/Div 11:58:30 AM

Average DPF – 0.962 Average TPF – 0.919 %THDi – 15.5%

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 Case Study
PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT
AND REDUCTION IN SEC

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 CASE STUDY
PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT
AND REDUCTION IN SEC

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 PROBLEMS FACED BY THE PLANT
• Regular failure in a Steel Wire Rope Mill
– High Failure Rate of Motors
– High Failure rate of control cards
– Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers
– Failure of SWG
• SEC was 173 kWh/Ton
• Production cost – INR 1064 per ton

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 HARMONICS
Before……
• High harmonic content – Vthd and Ithd
Vthd - Transformer A – 12%
Transformer B - 15%

Ithd - Transformer A – 21%

Transformer B - 60%

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 HARMONICS
After ……
• After installation of passive filter
Vthd - Transformer A – 2.1%
Transformer B - 1.2%

Ithd - Transformer A – 11.2%

Transformer B - 7.2%

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BREAK DOWN ANALYSIS

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 SUMMARY OF BREAKDOWN
ANALYSIS

➢Average monthly cost saving of 240,000

➢Average increase in production time 98 hours per month

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SPECIFIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION
& PRODUCTIVITY

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FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

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PQ Mitigation Design tips

Harmonics and PF Assessment tool

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http://secqr.efficienergi.com/

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 Thank You
www.apqi.org

Manas Kundu/Amol Kalsekar/Yogesh Sood

+91-9821839392/9819935335/9417302966
Manas.kundu@copperalliance.org/amol.kalsekar@copperalliance.org/
yogesh.sood@gmail.com
Courtesy: Few Slides/Info from BIS, P2P Power Solutions & Efficienergy.

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 Thank You
www.apqi.org

Manas Kundu/Amol Kalsekar/Yogesh Sood

+91-9821839392/9417302966
Manas.kundu@copperalliance.org/yogesh.sood@gmail.com

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