COMPLEX NUMBERS; De Moivre’s theorem

1) Express the complex numbers z = 3 + i and w = 3 i in the form r(cos + isin ).

z
Hence express in the form r(cos + isin ).
w

2) Express (2 + 2i)( 3 + i) in the form r(cos + isin ).

3) Express (3 + 3i)( 1 + 3 i) in the form r(cos + isin ).

3 1
4) Express the complex numbers z = + i and w = 1 i in the form r(cos + isin ).
2 2
Hence express i) zw,
z
and ii) in the form r(cos + isin ).
w

5) Express i in modulus argument form.

Hence, or otherwise, find one value of i as a complex number.

31
6) Express +
i in modulus argument form.
2 2
1 3
Hence find one root of the equation z2 = + i.
2 2

7) By expressing the imaginary number i in modulus argument form, find a value of 3

i.

De Moivre’s theorem.

8) Express 1 + 3 i in modulus argument form and hence, by using de Moivre’s theorem, find
(1 + 3i ) 5
in the form a + bi.

9) Express 3 i in modulus argument form and hence, by using de Moivre’s theorem, find
( 3 i ) 10
in the form a + bi.

10) Express the complex numbers (1 + i) and (1 i) in modulus argument form.

Hence show, using de Moivre’s theorem, that (1 + i)10 (1 i)10 simplifies to 64i.
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11) Use de Moivre’s theorem to prove the following identities:

a) cos 4 = cos4 6cos2 sin2 + sin4 , b) sin 4 = 4cos3 sin 4cos sin3 .

4 tan 4 tan 3 cot 4 6 cot 2 + 1

Hence show that tan 4 = and cot 4 = .
1 6 tan 2 + tan 4 4 cot 3 4cot

12) Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that cos 3 = 4cos3 3cos .

4

Hence evaluate cos 3 d .

0

13) By using de Moivre’s theorem, show that cos 4 = 8cos4 8cos2 + 1.

Hence find all acute angles for which cos 4 + 2cos2 = 0.

14) Use de Moivre’s theorem to prove that sin 5 = sin (5 – 20sin2 + 16sin4 ).
5 5
By considering the equation sin 5 = 0, show that the exact value of sin 2 =
5 8

15) Use de Moivre’s theorem to express sin 5 and cos 5 in terms of sin and cos , and hence show
that
5t 10t 3 + t 5
tan 5 = ,
1 10t 2 + 5t 4
where t = tan .

Hence show that the smallest positive root of the equation 5 10t2 + 5 = 0 is given by t = tan 36 .
{Hint: put t = tan and consider the equation tan 5 = 0.}

16) Use de Moivre’s theorem to find the cube roots of the imaginary number i.

17) Use de Moivre’s theorem to write down, in modulus argument form, the five 5th roots of unity.

The five 5th roots of unity can be written in the form 1, w, w2, w3, w4. State the value of w and show
that 1 + w + w2 + w3 + w4 = 0.

18) Use de Moivre’s theorem to find the 4 roots of the equation z4 = 16.
4
x + 1
Hence, by writing the equation (x + 1)4 = 16(x 1)4 in the form = 16 , or otherwise,
x 1
solve the equation.

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19) Write down the six 6th roots of unity in the form a + ib.
6
z 1
By writing the equation (z 1)6 = z6 in the form = 1 , or otherwise, show that
z

i) the equation has one real root and four complex roots,
1
ii) all four complex roots have real part .
2

1
20) Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that if z = cos + isin , then zn
= 2isin (n ).
zn
Express sin5x in terms of the sines of multiple angles and hence or otherwise find an expression for
sin 5 xdx .

21) Use de Moivre’s theorem to express sin6x in terms of the cosines of multiple angles.

22) By considering the geometric series 1 + z + z2 + …… + zn 1 where z = cos + isin , show that
1 cos + cos(n 1) cos n
1 + cos + cos 2 + cos 3 + …… + cos (n 1) = .
2 2 cos
Find a similar formula for sin + sin 2 + sin 3 + …… + sin (n 1)

23) {This question gives a slightly different way of summing 1 + cos + cos 2 + … + cos (n 1) .}
z = 2i e sin ( ) and write down a similar expression for 1
n
i n
Show that if z = e , then 1 2 n
2 z.
cos (
n 1)
sin n2
Hence show that 1 + cos + cos 2 + cos 3 + …… + cos (n 1) = 2
.
sin 2

24) Sum the geometric series z + z2 + z3 + …… + z8, z 1.

Show that if z = ei then 1 z8 = 2iei4 sin 4 and write down a similar expression for 1 z.

8
Hence find cos(r ) .
r =1

25) Given that z = ei , show that 1 + z2 = 2cos ei .

Hence, by considering the expansion of (1 + z 2 ) , show that
4

1 + 4cos 2 + 6cos 4 + 4cos 6 + cos 8 = 16cos 4 cos4 .

26) Show that if z = ei , then 1 z10 = 2iei5 sin 5 and write down a similar expression for 1 z2.

Hence, by considering the sum of a suitable geometric series, or otherwise, show that
cos 4 sin 5
1 + cos 2 + cos 4 + cos 6 + cos 8 = provided that n for any integer n.
sin

27) Use the method of question 26) to show that

cos(n 1) sin n
1 + cos 2 + cos 4 + …… + cos 2(n 1) = provided that n for any
sin
integer n.
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ANSWERS. {Where appropriate, arguments are specified within the principal range; < arg (z) .}
(
1) z = 2 ( cos 6 + isin 6 ) , w = 2 cos( 6 ) + isin( 6 ) , wz = cos 3 + isin 3 . )
2) 4 2 (cos 512 + isin 512 ) .
3) 6 2 ( cos 1112 + isin 1112 ) .
4) z = cos 56 + i sin 56 , w = (
2 cos( 4 ) + isin( 4 )) , i) zw = 2 ( cos 712 + isin 712 ) ,
ii) z
w = 1
2 (cos( 11
) + isin(
12
11
12 ))
5) i = cos( 2 ) + i sin( 2 ) , i = 1
2
1
2
i.
6) cos 23 + isin 23 , z = 1
2 + 2
3
i.
7) 2
3
+ 1
2 i.
8) 2 ( cos 3 + isin 3 ) , 16(1 3 i).
(
9) 2 cos( 6 ) + isin( 6 )) , 512(1 + 3 i).
10) 1 + i = 2 ( cos 4 + i sin 4 ) , 1 i= (
2 cos( 4 ) + i sin( 4 )) .
12) 5122 .
13) = 3 or 4 radians.
15) sin 5 = 5cos4 sin 10cos2 sin3 + sin5 , cos 5 = cos5 10cos3 sin2 + 5cos sin4 .
16) z = 23 + 21 i or 23 + 21 i or i.
17) 1, cos 25 + i sin 25 , cos 45 + i sin 45 , cos( 4
5 ) + i sin( 4
5 ) , cos( 2
5 ) + i sin( 2
5 ).
w = cos + i sin
2
5
2
5

18) z = 2 or 2 or 2i or 2i, x = 3 or 1
3 or 3
5
4
5 i or 3
5 + 4
5 i.
19) z = 1 or 1
2 + 2
3
i or 1
2 + 2
3
i or 1 or 1
2 2
3
i or 1
2 2
3
i.
1 1 5 5
20) sin5x = ( sin 5 x 5sin 3 x + 10sin x ) . sin 5 xdx = cos 5 x + cos 3 x cos x + K.
16 80 48 8
1
21) ( cos 6 x 6cos4x + 15cos2x 10 ) .
32
sin + sin(n 1) sin n
22)
2 2 cos
23) 1 z = 2i e sin ( 12 ) .
1
2

cos 92 sin 4
z = 2i e 2 sin ( 12 ).
1
24) 1 Sum = .
sin 2
26) 1 z2 = 2iei sin .

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