1.2.2.

Spatial deixis
- Place deixis is also called as spatial deixis and describes where the relative location
of people and objects are being indicated (Giergji, 2015: 137f.).
- The concept of distance mentioned before in conjunction with the third person form
is also relevant to spatial deixis, since it indicates the relative distance of people and
things. Contemporary English makes use of the adverbs here (close to the speaker)
and there (relatively distant from the speaker) for the basic distinction.
- Proximal form: 'here'. Distal form: 'there'. Other examples include: here, there,
this, that, up, down, north, inside, top, bottom, etc.
- Some verbs of motion have a deictic sense, such as 'come' (movement toward the
speaker) and 'go' (movement away from the speaker).
E.g. (1) Can I come visit you?
(2) John was preparing a meal. Then, the cat came to him.
come refers to motion toward the addressee in (1) and John in (2)
- Location from speaker's perspective does not always mean physical location.
Sometimes it refers to mental location. This is called deictic projection.
- Deictic projection = speakers being able to project themselves into other locations,
time or shift person reference. In some contexts, spatial deixis is used metaphorically
rather than physically, i.e. the speaker is not speaking as the deictic centre.
- For example:
1. The airport is fifteen kilometers from my house. That is too far for me to
take you home.
That refers to the Airport.
2. I plan to have a vacation to Bali after finishing my study. Probably, I’ll be
there on November.
There refers to Bali

1.2.3. Temporal deixis

- Temporal deixis can also be called as time deixis. According to Cruse (2000:321)
“temporal deixis functions to locate points or intervals on the time axis, using the
moments of utterance as a reference point”.
- There are three major divisions of the time axis, they are: (1) before the moment of
utterance, (2) at the time of utterance, (3) after the time of the utterance. The most
basic temporal deictics in English are “now” and “then”. In another word temporal
deixis has a closely related to adverb of time, where it is the form of time view based
on the language activity happened and made.
- In English, people can find some examples of temporal deixis. It can be found in the
use of time signal, such as: now, soon, recently, then, yesterday, this year. Besides, it
is usually found in the use of tenses.
For examples, based on time signal:
1. Now, I am still a student.
2. My uncle called me yesterday.
3. Fery, my young brother gave me some money recently.
Based on tenses:
1. The students are studying now (present).
2. Yesterday, a girl came to my house (past).
3. My brother will marry next year (future).