1)What are the various stages of critical thinking?

Which stage of critical

thinking you are in at present? State at least three ways in which you can
improve your critical thinking skills.
critical thinking as the process of analyzing facts in order to form a judgment. Basically, it’s thinking
about thinking.

Stages of critical thinking

Stage One: The Unreflective Thinker

Stage Two: The Challenged Thinker
Stage Three: The Beginning Thinker
Stage Four: The Practicing Thinker
Stage Five: The Advanced Thinker
Stage Six: The Master Thinker

Stage One: The Unreflective Thinker

Unreflective thinkers are largely unaware of the determining role that thinking is playing in their
lives and of the many ways that problems in thinking are causing problems in their lives. Unreflective
thinkers lack the ability to explicitly assess their thinking and improve it thereby.

Knowledge of Thinking: Unreflective thinkers lack the knowledge that high quality thinking requires
regular practice in taking thinking apart, accurately assessing it, and actively improving it. In fact,
unreflective thinkers are largely unaware of thinking as such, hence fail to recognize thinking as
involving concepts, assumptions, inferences, implications, points of view, etc. Unreflective thinkers
are largely unaware of the appropriate standards for the assessment of thinking: clarity, accuracy,
precision, relevance, logicalness, etc.

Stage Two: The Challenged Thinker

Thinkers move to the “challenged” stage when they become initially aware of the determining role
that thinking is playing in their lives, and of the fact that problems in their thinking are causing them
serious and significant problems.

Stage Three: The Beginning Thinker

Those who move to the beginning thinker stage are actively taking up the challenge to begin to take
explicit command of their thinking across multiple domains of their lives. Thinkers at this stage
recognize that they have basic problems in their thinking and make initial attempts to better
understand how they can take charge of and improve it. Based on this initial understanding,
beginning thinkers begin to modify some of their thinking, but have limited insight into deeper levels
of the trouble inherent in their thinking. Most importantly, they lack a systematic plan for improving
their thinking, hence their efforts are hit and miss.

Stage Four: The Practicing Thinker

Thinkers at this stage have a sense of the habits they need to develop to take charge of their
thinking. They not only recognize that problems exist in their thinking, but they also recognize the
need to attack these problems globally and systematically. Based on their sense of the need to
practice regularly, they are actively analyzing their thinking in a number of domains. However, since
practicing thinkers are only beginning to approach the improvement of their thinking in a systematic
way, they still have limited insight into deeper levels of thought, and thus into deeper levels of the
problems embedded in thinking.

Stage Five: The Advanced Thinker

Thinkers at this stage have now established good habits of thought which are “paying off.” Based on
these habits, advanced thinkers not only actively analyze their thinking in all the significant domains
of their lives, but also have significant insight into problems at deeper levels of thought. While
advanced thinkers are able to think well across the important dimensions of their lives, they are not
yet able to think at a consistently high level across all of these dimensions. Advanced thinkers have
good general command over their egocentric nature. They continually strive to be fair-minded. Of
course, they sometimes lapse into egocentrism and reason in a one-sided way.

Stage Six: The Master Thinker

Master thinkers not only have systematically taken charge of their thinking, but are also continually
monitoring, revising, and re-thinking strategies for continual improvement of their thinking. They
have deeply internalized the basic skills of thought, so that critical thinking is, for them, both
conscious and highly intuitive. As Piaget would put it, they regularly raise their thinking to the level
of conscious realization. Through extensive experience and practice in engaging in self-assessment,
master thinkers are not only actively analyzing their thinking in all the significant domains of their
lives, but are also continually developing new insights into problems at deeper levels of thought.
Master thinkers are deeply committed to fair-minded thinking, and have a high level of, but not
perfect, control over their egocentric nature.

I have a sense of the habits need to develop to take charge of my thinking. So I am in a practicing
thinker stage

3 ways to improve critical thinking

• Define Your Question: When it comes to critical thinking, it’s important to always keep your
goal in mind. Know what you’re trying to achieve, and then figure out how to best get there.

• Ask The Right Questions: We all know the importance of questions, but be sure that you’re
asking the right questions that are going to get you to your answer.

• Look Short & Long Term: When coming up with solutions, think about both the short- and
long-term consequences. Both of them are significant in the equation.
2)What do you mean by inductive and deductive arguments? How deductive
arguments are used in criminal investigation? Give at least five examples
each of deductive and inductive logic.

Deductive arguments are arguments in which the conclusion is claimed or intended to

follow necessarily from the premises.
Inductive arguments are arguments in which the conclusion is claimed or intended to follow
probably from the premises.
Deductive and inductive arguments are two types of arguments which are related to logical and
analytical thinking.

Deductive argument is the Deductive thinking is reasoning from abstract, general principles to a
specific hypothesis that follows from these principles. The arguments resulting from such thinking
are called deductive arguments

Inductive arguments is the Inductive thinking involves a complementary process of observing a

number of specific events or instances and interfering with an abstract, general principle to explain
those instances. The arguments resulting from such thinking are called inductive arguments.

The deductive is an approach to reasoning that is based on deduction, or starting from a general
case and, from that general case, drawing a conclusion about something more specific. An argument
based on this method may be formulated as such: "All men lie. Dave is a man, therefore Dave lies."
Of course, the rightness or wrongness of the specific conclusion is entirely reliant on the correctness
of the general claim; if the general claim is wrong, specific conclusions deduced from it are also
wrong, or at the very least are incorrectly deduced. In contrast to deductive reasoning, inductive
reasoning involves starting from specific cases and, from them, drawing a general conclusion. The
deductive logic is movement of thought from the general questions to the narrow specialized
questions. It often referred to a logical movement of thought "top-down". It begins from a theory
and then moves to the level of testable hypotheses. Testing and verification required observations
or experiments directed on testing of hypothesis. This is similar to actions in the crime scene. With
regard to the deductive criminal analysis, the modern researcher Turvy (Turvey) argues that the
advantages of the deductive model of a criminal investigation are very important This model
requires special education and training in the field of forensic science, the reconstruction of the
crime scene, and the analysis of samples and damage in general deductive criminal record. They
tend to be more specific than inductive criminal record, providing significant help in achieving the
main objectives of the investigation process.

Examples of Inductive logic

• rizwan always leaves for school at 7:00 a.m. rizwan is always on time. Rizwan assumes, then,
that if he leaves at 7:00 a.m. for school today, he will be on time.

• Bob is showing a big diamond ring to his friend Larry. Bob has told Larry that he is planning to
marry Joan. Bob must be surprising Joan with the diamond ring tonight.
• The chair in the living room is red. The chair in the dining room is red. The chair in the bedroom
is red. All the chairs in the house are red.

• Every cat that you've observed purrs. Therefore, all cats must purr.

• rahul just moved here from aligarh. Rahul has red hair. Therefore, all people from Aligarh have
red hair

Examples of deductive logic

• All numbers ending in 0 or 5 are divisible by 5. The number 35 ends with a 5, so it must be
divisible by 5.

• All cats have a keen sense of smell. Fluffy is a cat, so Fluffy has a keen sense of smell.

• Red meat has iron in it, and beef is red meat. Therefore, beef has iron in it.

• Acute angles are less than 90 degrees. This angle is 40 degrees, so it must be an acute angle.

• Elephants have cells in their bodies, and all cells have DNA. Therefore, elephants have DNA.