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Chapter 3
Hellenistic Ages: Achievements and Anxieties
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
 

1. Alexandria became the great commercial city and symbol of the vibrant cosmopolitanism of the
Hellenistic or
2. Persian-like Ages of Greece and Egypt.
3. Greek-like Ages of the Near East.
4. Mesopotamian-like Age of Greece.
5. broadly Egyptian Ages of the eastern Mediterranean.
Answer: b

Page: 72

2. How did the Hellenistic Age differ from the Hellenic period?
3. The Hellenistic Age was grounded in the poleis of Greece.
4. The Hellenic period was defined by Persian culture.
5. Hellenistic culture was more cosmopolitan and less grounded in the poleis of Greece.
6. The Hellenic world was defined by the Greek control of the Near East.
Answer: c

Page: 72

3. The Greek mercenary who wrote the Anabasis was

4. Cyrus.
5. Pericles.
6. Themistocles.
7. Xenophon.
Answer: d

Page: 74

4. At the end of the Corinthian War in 387 BCE, what power imposed a peace on Greece?
5. Persia
6. Egypt
7. Sparta
8. Macedon
Answer: a

Page: 74

5. What was the key to Philip of Macedon’s success in uniting all of Greece under his control?
6. his alliance with the ruler of Persia against the Greeks
7. his youth spent as a hostage in Thebes
8. the continuing disunity of the Greek city-states
9. the commercial wealth he obtained through his conquest of the Phoenicians
Answer: c

Page: 74

6. One of the first Athenians to find Philip of Macedon’s aggression alarming and who penned a series of
speeches called the Philippics was the
7. prosperous furniture maker Isocrates.
8. orator Demosthenes.
9. naval commander Themistocles.
10. wealthy aristocrat Ptolemy.
Answer: b

Page: 75
 

7. Why did the orator Isocrates support Philip’s conquest of Greece?

8. Isocrates believed that Persia posed a greater threat than Philip to the future well-being of Greece.
9. Philip bribed Isocrates with gold from the Thracian mines Philip had conquered.
10. Isocrates wanted to become a more famous and powerful orator than his rival Demosthenes.
11. Isocrates harkened back to the glories of the Golden Age and Athenian independence.
Answer: a

Page: 76

8. Philip of Macedon’s grand agenda after the conquest of Greece was to

9. destroy the Phoenicians.
10. conquer Persia.
11. eliminate the poleis from Greece.
12. colonize the western Mediterranean.
Answer: b

Page: 77

9. One of Philip of Macedon’s greatest achievements was the

10. conquest of the Thracian gold mines, which ensured the wealth of Greece until the rise of Rome.
11. creation of the Hellenic confederacy and lenient treatment of Athens after the war.
12. creation of the most powerful and dynamic army in Greece.
13. patronage of the great philosopher Aristotle, whom he hired as a tutor for his son Alexander.
Answer: c

Page: 77

10. How did Hellenistic Greek culture differ from that of classical Greece?
11. Hellenistic culture had a greater focus on order, perfection, and civic identity.
12. Hellenistic culture had less interest in drama, comedy, and philosophy.
13. Hellenistic culture had a greater concentration on collective or universal human values.
14. Hellenistic culture focused more on particularism and individualism.
Answer: d

Page: 77
 

11. Classical Greek tragedy likely disappeared after the Peloponnesian War because of
12. a lack of Athenian interest in examining themselves or their troubled times.
13. Philip of Macedon’s decree banning the performance of tragedies in Athens.
14. the condemnation of tragic plays by philosophers such as Socrates.
15. the rising popularity of comedies like the plays of Aristophanes.
Answer: a

Page: 78

12. What characteristic did Socrates and Euripides share that typed them both as transitional figures
between Golden Age and Hellenistic Greece?
13. love of philosophy
14. Macedonian patronage
15. individualism
16. acerbic wit
Answer: c

Page: 78

13. Many Athenians thought Socrates was a dangerous nuisance in Athens because
14. he was a staunch supporter of democracy at a time when most Athenians had lost faith in it.
15. Aristophanes’ play The Clouds destroyed his reputation in Athens.
16. he doubted the value of democracy and questioned all accepted truths.
17. he presided over a school called “the Thinkery.”
Answer: c

Page: 79

14. What was the Socratic method of teaching?

15. asking questions and drawing forth answers from students and others
16. asking questions that produced positive answers based on traditional morality
17. reading the classic works of Golden Age Greece and discussing them
18. seeking the truth through the logical sequence of the syllogism
Answer: a

Page: 79

 
 

15. The primary mission of Plato’s Academy was to

16. educate future scholars.
17. create moving works of art filled with unforgettable characters.
18. foster a more cosmopolitan culture in Athens.
19. train statesmen.
Answer: d

Page: 80

16. Among the characteristics that mark Plato as an early Hellenistic thinker is his
17. rejection of the philosophy of the Ideas or Forms.
18. cosmopolitan focus and his drive to achieve synthesis.
19. insistence that we can only discover truth, justice, and beauty through studying the material world.
20. preference for democracy over other forms of government.
Answer: b

Page: 80

17. Aristotle’s school was known as the

18. Academy.
19. Agora.
20. Lyceum.
21. Stoa.
Answer: c

Page: 80

18. Compared to Socrates and Plato, Aristotle had a greater interest in

19. natural philosophy or science.
20. literature, especially tragedy.
21. fostering democracy in Athens.
22. blurring the distinction between Greeks and barbarians.
Answer: a

Page: 80

 
19. Which of the following most contributed to the anxieties of Greeks in the early Hellenistic Ages?
20. the increasing power of the polis
21. the loss of religious belief
22. life in insular communities with little outside influence
23. the need to look after oneself, spiritually and materially
Answer: d

Page: 81

20. Why is Hippocrates considered the first scientific physician?

21. Hundreds of shrines to him were erected, including at Epidaurus and Pergamum.
22. He sought to discover physical causes for physical ailments.
23. He worked to destroy the cult of Asclepius, the god of healing.
24. Socrates in his final words called upon his followers to turn to Hippocrates.
Answer: b

Page: 82

21. Alexander the Great’s career spanned the period between

22. 336 BCE and 323 BCE.
23. 460 BCE and 337 BCE.
24. 300 BCE and 337 BCE.
25. 336 and 300 BCE.
Answer: a

Page: 82

22. What was the primary reason that Alexander the Great invaded Persia?
23. to avenge his father’s assassination
24. to make an example of Persia and thus deter any further Greek resistance to his power
25. to obtain gold to replenish his treasuries
26. to repeat the symbolic deeds of the heroes and gods of the Greek past
Answer: c

Page: 83
 

23. Among the places Alexander conquered, besides Persia, were

24. Egypt, Spain, and Carthage.
25. Phoenicia, Gaza, and Egypt.
26. Gaza, Italy, and Phoenicia.
27. Tyre, Gaza, and Dacia.
Answer: b

Page: 84

24. Alexander’s final defeat of Darius took place in 331 at

25. Gaugamela.
26. Issus.
27. Tyre.
28. Babylon.
Answer: a

Page: 84

25. Why did Alexander’s Greek and Macedonian men begin to turn against him after the conquest of
Persia?
26. Alexander refused to share the spoils of war with them.
27. Alexander ordered the destruction of the great palace of Persepolis.
28. Alexander lost the Battle of the Hydapses River.
29. Alexander had begun to adopt Asian customs and married a Bactrian princess.
Answer: d

Page: 86

26. Why did Alexander marry several Asian women?

27. to humble his mutinous Greek soldiers
28. to discourage native resentment against his rule
29. to raise revenue to continue his campaigns in India
30. to satisfy his lust, which was as large as his ego
Answer: b

Page: 86

27. Alexander died before he could invade

28. India.
29. Italy.
30. Arabia.
31. Egypt.
Answer: c

Page: 86

28. Like Socrates, Alexander belonged to the Hellenistic Age because of his
29. extreme individuality and cosmopolitan interests.
30. extreme megalomania and belief in rule by one divinely-inspired man.
31. greed for more land, money, and honor.
32. belief in his own divinity and desire to fulfill his divine destiny.
Answer: a

Page: 87

29. After Alexander’s death, the great men that had been closest to him were
30. ready to abandon the empire they had helped create.
31. realists who established viable dynastic kingdoms.
32. warriors loyal to his half-brother and infant son by Roxane.
33. committed to his dream of creating an enduring Greek empire.
Answer: b

Page: 88

 
 

30. The ultimate victor in the struggle to rule greater Greece after Alexander’s death was
31. Perdiccas.
32. Antipater.
33. Cassander.
34. Antigonus.
Answer: d

Page: 88

31. Why did Ptolemaic Egypt last the longest of the Hellenistic kingdoms?
32. Egypt controlled a vast empire that included most of the former Persian Empire.
33. Egypt was a governable kingdom whose wealth allowed it to remain militarily strong.
34. Ptolemy I managed to conquer Greece and Macedonia, giving him control of the Greek homeland.
35. Egypt was the poorest of the three main Hellenistic kingdoms, so the Ptolemies attracted few rivals for
power.
Answer: b

Page: 88

32. We know about the Greek rulers of Bactria and India primarily from
33. the writings of Greek philosophers these rulers patronized.
34. documents in Sanskrit describing the conversion of these rulers and their nobles to Hinduism.
35. coins and popular tales.
36. monumental architecture, especially their palaces and temples to Greek gods.
Answer: c

Page: 89

33. The Greek ruler of Bactria who, according to Indian legend, converted to Buddhism, was
34. Seleucus.
35. Demetrius.
36. Antiochus the Great.
37. Menander.
Answer: d

Page: 90

34. How did Hellenistic aristocrats see slavery?

35. in economic rather than moral terms
36. in moral rather than economic terms
37. in terms of gender rather than race
38. in terms of race rather than class.
Answer: a

Page: 91

35. Most of the Hellenistic kingdoms, great and small, were eventually conquered by
36. Persia.
37. Rome.
38. Macedonia.
39. Egypt.
Answer: b

Page: 91

36. Hellenization was, in its primary meaning, the

37. deep penetration of Greek culture into foreign lands.
38. nearly complete synthesis of Greek and foreign elements.
39. spread of Greek language and of the civilized customs associated with Greek culture.
40. intrusion into Greco-Macedonian territories of Asian languages and cultures.
Answer: c

Page: 92

37. What two languages are contained in the Rosetta Stone?

38. Greek and Roman
39. Egyptian and Greek
40. Greek and Persian
41. Bactrian and Greek
Answer: b

Page: 92

 
38. Attic or Athenian Greek, which dominated Golden Age Greece, was replaced by
39. koine.
40. demotic script.
41. Latin.
42. Syriac.
Answer: a

Page: 92

39. The central Greek institution of the Hellenistic city was the
40. agora.
41. amphorae.
42. stoa.
43. gymnasium.
Answer: d

Page: 94

40. Hellenistic economies were predominantly

41. commercial.
42. industrial.
43. agricultural.
44. maritime.
Answer: c

Page: 94

41. Why were roads never a priority of development in the Hellenistic world?
42. Hellenistic economies were money economies.
43. Roads were less reliable than water transport.
44. Camels in Egypt and Asia Minor were more common conveyors of goods than wheeled carts.
45. Land tenure was extremely variable within the Hellenistic kingdoms.
Answer: b

Page: 94

42. The most centralized and economically successful regime of the Hellenistic kingdoms was the
43. Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt.
44. Antigonid dynasty of Greco-Macedonia.
45. Seleucid dynasty of Persia.
46. Attalid dynasty of Pergamum.
Answer: a

Page: 94

43. Which later Hellenistic philosophical movement advocated for individual responsibility, individual
action, and the pursuit of virtue?
44. the Cynics
45. the Skeptics
46. the Epicureans
47. the Stoics
Answer: d

Page: 95

44. Where in the Hellenistic world did Greek technology, science, and medicine attain its greatest
achievements?
45. Bactria
46. Ptolemaic Alexandria
47. Pergamum
48. Seleucia
Answer: b

Page: 96

 
45. The Hellenistic thinker who proposed a heliocentric theory of the relationship of the earth and planets
was
46. Eratosthenes of Cyrene.
47. Euclid.
48. Aristarchus of Samos.
49. Archimedes of Syracuse.
Answer: c

Page: 96

46. Expertise in which of the following helped to aid Ptolemaic advances in medicine?
47. mummification
48. Hippocrates’ four humors
49. heliocentric theory
50. engineering
Answer: a

Page: 97

47. Why did Alexander and the creation of a wider Hellenistic world set religion on the move?
48. Alexander and his successors were recognized as kings and honored as gods.
49. Alexander and his advisors were ready to assume that the natives of the places they conquered had the
same gods as the Greeks.
50. Greek rulers and soldiers sought wherever possible to impose Greek religion on the native peoples
they ruled in Asia.
51. Greek soldiers and traders spread religions that had previously been restricted regionally.
Answer: d

Page: 97

48. In the Hellenistic world, the beliefs, practices, forms, and divinities of different religions often
combined in a process called
49. diffusion.
50. syncretism.
51. polytheism.
52. henotheism.
Answer: b

Page: 97

49. Why did Hellenistic Greeks venerate Greek literature of the Classical Age?
50. It reminded them of their connection to their Greek homeland and its golden past.
51. It was a means to assimilate the vast native populations of the lands they ruled into Greek culture.
52. It was a way to save classical works that had been lost in Greece proper after the Peloponnesian War.
53. It became a means for Greek scholars in foreign lands to earn patronage from local rulers.
Answer: a

Page: 97

50. How did Hellenistic art depart from the earlier concerns of classical Greek art?
51. It embraced the ideal and the perfect.
52. It promoted syncretism with the art of foreign lands.
53. It embraced the particular and the realistic.
54. It rejected portraiture in favor of Aristotle’s drive for natural truths.
Answer: c

Page: 98

ESSAY QUESTIONS
 

51. Explain how Alexandria in Egypt embodies the central characteristics of the Hellenistic Ages.
 

52. Why was Philip of Macedon able to conquer all of Greece? To what extent was his success due to his
own attributes, and to what extent was it the result of the weakness of the Greeks after the Peloponnesian
War?
 

53. How did Greek culture change between the Classical and Hellenistic Ages? What caused these
changes?
 

54. Compare and contrast the philosophies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. What did their teachings have
in common? How did they differ?
 

55. How would you explain Alexander’s conquest of his vast empire? What was his legacy? Why was his
empire so short-lived?
 

56. What was Hellenization? How and why did the spread of Greek culture have a profound effect on
Roman and western civilization?
 
57. What was life like in the Hellenistic kingdoms? How did polarization of wealth impact the older polis
ideal of the equality of citizens?
Chapter 5
From Republic to Empire
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
 

1. Cicero was executed in 43 BCE because he sought to

2. overthrow the Senate’s power.
3. assassinate Julius Caesar.
4. preserve the Roman Republic.
5. make himself emperor.
Answer: c

Page: 133

2. The imperial government Augustus established truly took hold in the

3. first century BCE.
4. first century CE.
5. second century BCE.
6. second century CE.
Answer: d

Page: 134

3. Why did the agreements and shared interests of the Roman peoples break down in the Late Roman
Republic?
4. What worked for a city-state worked less well for the governance of a vast territory.
5. Patricians and plebeians could not agree on how to distribute the spoils of the Punic Wars.
6. The Gauls were invading Italy, and the Latin allies were no longer willing to protect Rome.
7. Competition for political posts had decreased, making civic leaders weak and corrupt.
Answer: a

Page: 135

4. In order to thrive, Republican Rome depended most on

5. slavery.
6. continual growth.
7. conservative values.
8. clientage.
Answer: b

Page: 135
 

5. The highest office in Republican Rome was

6. quaestor.
7. tribune.
8. aedile.
9. consul.
Answer: d

Page: 136

6. What was the consequence of holders of political office in Republican Rome receiving no pay?
7. Too few people were willing to compete to hold political offices.
8. Office-holders became clients of powerful patrons, which reinforced factional loyalties.
9. The Roman government lacked enough money and manpower to offer the services the people
expected from their government.
10. Blood, ancestry, and personal connections became completely unimportant; merit alone counted in
obtaining political office.
Answer: b

Page: 136

7. As a result of the conquest of the eastern Mediterranean, new ideas and cultural influences came to
Italy, including
8. Greek learning.
9. mystery religions from Spain.
10. Chinese cultural practices.
11. agricultural practices from Gaul.
Answer: a

Page: 136

 
8. Why did many small landholders in Late Republican Rome quit farming and drift with their families
to the city of Rome?
9. They hoped to become clients of powerful patrons in Rome and obtain political office.
10. They wanted to immigrate to Roman colonies outside of Italy.
11. They could not compete against large plantation-like estates worked by imported slaves.
12. They no longer wanted to work and hoped to enjoy “bread and circuses” in Rome.
Answer: c

Page: 136

9. The two reformers who probably represented the last best chance for Rome to undertake the political
changes necessary to preserve the Republic were
10. Cicero and Sallust.
11. Julius and Augustus Caesar.
12. the Gracchi brothers.
13. Cato the Elder and Scipio Africanus.
Answer: c

Page: 136

10. Tiberius Gracchus’s political reforms were aimed at

11. abolishing slavery, or at least improving their working conditions.
12. returning Rome to its ancient social contract.
13. introducing Athenian-style democracy to Rome.
14. overthrowing the Roman Senate.
Answer: b

Page: 136-138

11. The legacy of the Gracchi brothers was to

12. leave Rome more socially and politically fractured.
13. heal the divisions in Rome and prolong the life of the Republic.
14. abolish slavery with the support of the landless lower classes.
15. peacefully achieve lasting land reform and break the senatorial monopoly on power.
Answer: a

Page: 138

12. What does the case of Jugurtha, the Numidian king, demonstrate?
13. how efficiently Roman justice could still function to reign in rebellious citizens
14. how powerful the Vestal Virgins remained in Republican Rome
15. how corrupt the Republic had become
16. how desperate the Gracchi brothers were to achieve their reforms
Answer: c

Page: 138

13. How did the great consul generals bend the Republic to the breaking point?
14. They sided with reformers such as the Gracchi brothers.
15. They refused to follow the Senate’s orders to pacify North Africa.
16. They abolished the office of tribune.
17. They subverted and bypassed the Senate.
Answer: d

Page: 139

14. Gaius Marius’s great innovation was to

15. extend citizenship to Rome’s Italian allies.
16. privatize the Roman army.
17. refuse reelection as consul after his first term.
18. hand Jugurtha over to his protégé Sulla.
Answer: b

Page: 139

15. Who fought Rome in the Social War of 90–88 BCE?

16. Rome’s Italian allies
17. the Carthaginians
18. the Numidians
19. the Gauls
Answer: a

Page: 139
 

16. What finally ended the Social War?

17. Sulla’s brilliant military strategy
18. the recall of Marius to conduct the war
19. the Senate’s offer of citizenship to the Italians
20. the help of Mithridates, ruler of Pontus
Answer: c

Page: 139

17. Which of the following best describes Sulla?

18. a conservative who tried to restore Rome to its golden Republican past
19. a military ruler who radically subverted the Roman order
20. a supporter of the reforms of the Gracchi
21. a client of Julius Caesar
Answer: b

Page: 140

18. The next great consul general after Sulla was

19. Spartacus.
20. Crassus.
21. Octavian.
22. Pompey.
Answer: d

Page: 140

19. Why is the case of Catiline important?

20. The plot was a real danger to the state.
21. It offered Cicero the opportunity to suppress the conspiracy, the greatest achievement of his career.
22. The actions of Catiline and his followers were symptomatic of the troubles of the late Republic.
23. It led the Senate to recall Sulla from retirement to suppress the conspiracy.
Answer: c

Page: 141

 
 

20. The greatest poets of the last phase of the Republic were
21. Lucretius and Cicero.
22. Catullus and Catiline.
23. Sallust and Lucretius.
24. Lucretius and Catullus.
Answer: d

Page: 141

21. The three members of the Caesarian Faction were

22. Pompey, Cicero, and Caesar.
23. Caesar, Crassus, and Marius.
24. Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar.
25. Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar.
Answer: c

Page: 142

22. In his rise to power, Caesar relied on

23. popular support.
24. the equestrians.
25. the support of the patricians.
26. the slaves.
Answer: a

Page: 142

23. In the battle of Pharsalus in July 48 BCE, Caesar’s army defeated that of
24. the Gauls.
25. the Senate.
26. the Italian Allies.
27. Egypt.
Answer: b

Page: 143

24. The leaders of the plot to assassinate Julius Caesar were

25. Pompey and Mark Antony.
26. Octavian and Pompey.
27. Crassus and Brutus.
28. Brutus and Cassius.
Answer: d

Page: 144

25. At part of his last campaign to restore the Republic, Cicero wrote a series of stinging orations against
26. Octavian.
27. Lepidus.
28. Antony.
29. Caesar.
Answer: c

Page: 144

26. Who were the members of the official Triumvirate of 42–33 BCE?
27. Octavian, Caesar, and Antony
28. Lepidus, Cicero, and Octavian
29. Antony, Lepidus, and Caesar
30. Lepidus, Octavian, and Antony
Answer: d

Page: 144

27. Why did Romans despise Cleopatra?

28. She was both foreign and royal.
29. She aspired to rule Rome.
30. She was both poor and unpopular in Egypt.
31. She had deposed her brother to become queen.
Answer: a
Page: 145

28. One of Antony’s greatest problems was that

29. he drank too much and was easily led astray by a wily foreigner.
30. he had Hellenistic leanings and ambitions.
31. few Roman soldiers were willing to fight for a foreign queen.
32. Egypt possessed few resources and little wealth with which Antony could pay his soldiers.
Answer: c

Page: 146

29. In his attempt to restore Roman order, what did Octavian change militarily?
30. He established a standing army over which he was the sole ruler.
31. He turned over control of the army to the Senate.
32. He settled his soldiers in Egypt so they could not foment revolts in Italy.
33. He disbanded most of the army except for a small Praetorian Guard.
Answer: a

Page: 147

30. Because Octavian possessed authority over the state, the Senate bestowed upon him the title of
31. Caesar.
32. Praetorian.
33. Augur.
34. Augustus.
Answer: d

Page: 147

31. Why did Augustus succeed where Caesar had not?

32. Augustus was by far the greater military leader.
33. Augustus engaged in a slow and sensitive reordering of the Roman world.
34. Augustus forcibly brought about the collapse of the traditional Republic.
35. Augustus restored to the Senate power over foreign, military, and financial affairs.
Answer: b

Page: 147

32. Augustus controlled the senators and aristocratic elite by making them his
33. patrons.
34. slaves.
35. clients.
36. advisors.
Answer: c

Page: 147

33. Why was the disaster at the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE a turning point in Rome’s territorial ambitions?
34. Germania was never to be as Romanized as Gaul.
35. Augustus’s loyal commander Agrippa was forced to commit suicide.
36. Rome lost control of Gaul and parts of Germany.
37. Three Roman legions under Varus revolted against Roman rule and defected to the German side.
Answer: a

Page: 147

34. Rather than present himself as absolute ruler, Augustus preferred to represent himself as
35. Pontifex Maximus.
36. primus inter pares.
37. chief tribune.
38. a simple soldier.
Answer: b

Page: 147

35. To honor Augustus after the campaigns in Spain and Gaul, the Senate commissioned the erection of
36. a triumphal arch.
37. the Prima Porta statue.
38. an Altar of Peace.
39. the Pantheon.
Answer: c
Page: 148

36. The three great Latin poets of the Augustan age were
37. Virgil, Hesiod, and Sallust.
38. Horace, Ovid, and Maecenas.
39. Ovid, Catullus, and Virgil.
40. Virgil, Horace, and Ovid.
Answer: d

Page: 149

37. Just as Augustus had a supreme military operative in Agrippa, he possessed a sophisticated political
operative and cultural advisor in
38. Virgil.
39. Maecenas.
40. Horace.
41. Ovid.
Answer: b

Page: 150

38. In what way did the Aeneid constitute excellent Augustan propaganda?

39. It idealized Roman agriculture and the joys of pastoral life in Italy.
40. It eulogized Augustus after his death.
41. It celebrated Augustus’s vision of Rome’s exceptionalism.
42. It declared that the Romans were descended from the Greek hero Achilles.
Answer: c

Page: 151

39. Ovid’s masterpiece is the

40. Metamorphoses.
41. Georgics.
42. Carmen saeculare.
43. Bucolics.
Answer: a

Page: 151

 
 

40. In the late Republic, traditional Roman religion was under pressure from which of the following?
41. atheistic emperors
42. a lack of complexity in its pantheon of gods
43. ideas encountered in the Mediterranean world
44. the increase of Judaism within Rome
Answer: c

Page: 152

41. Why did Romans of the imperial age find the new mystery cults attractive?
42. They were attracted to eastern culture in a broader sense, wanting to merge Roman culture with that of
Asia.
43. They were seeking forms of personal religion that were more satisfying than traditional Roman
religion.
44. They were morally dismayed by the emphasis on sacrifice in traditional Roman religion.
45. They offered an attractive alternative to the cult of the emperors that began under Augustus.
Answer: b

Page: 152

42. In the late Republic, only one religion stood aside from polytheism and its root assumptions. That
religion was
43. Christianity.
44. Isis worship.
45. the cult of Bacchus.
46. Judaism.
Answer: d

Page: 152

43. The Arch of Titus in the Roman Forum depicts Titus’s soldiers carrying back to Rome
44. the holy goods removed from the Temple in Jerusalem.
45. the standards lost by three Roman legions during the battle at Teutoburg Forest.
46. the property of equestrians seized after the Battle of Philippi.
47. portions of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Answer: a

Page: 152

 
44. For most Romans, Christianity was
45. a divinely inspired, satisfying new form of spirituality.
46. an insulting and dangerous superstition.
47. a deadly threat to the very existence of the empire.
48. a viable new alternative to the cult of emperor worship.
Answer: b

Page: 153

45. By the time of Augustus, the city of Rome had a population of about
46. 500,000 people.
47. one million people.
48. five million people.
49. ten million people.
Answer: b

Page: 153

46. One factor in the reduced numbers of women in Rome was

47. that many women married soldiers and emigrated to the colonies.
48. that parents preferred to rear their daughters in the countryside, where there was less risk of disease.
49. that all but eldest daughters were sold into slavery.
50. the selective infanticide of females.
Answer: d

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47. What was the paramount problem that Augustus never solved?
48. how to create a peaceful and prosperous empire
49. how to conquer and control Germany
50. how to solve the problem of imperial succession
51. how to pacify the Jews
Answer: c

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48. The successors of Augustus, who sprang from his own extended family, are called the
49. “Five Good Emperors.”
50. Flavians.
51. Nervan-Antonians.
52. Julio-Claudians.
Answer: d

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49. How did the Romans during the reigns of the “five good emperors” find a way to overcome the
inherent weakness of family rule?
50. by restoring the power of traditional Roman institutions such as the Senate
51. by relying on the Praetorian Guard to choose the successor to the reigning emperor
52. by reaching outside the imperial family to adopt excellence
53. by instituting a system of civil service examinations to recruit talented rulers
Answer: c

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50. A competent administrator and gifted general, ________ was the most successful of all the emperors
in many ways.
51. Claudius
52. Trajan
53. Hadrian
54. Marcus Aurelius
Answer: b

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ESSAY QUESTIONS
 

51. Why was the last century of the Roman Republic filled with turmoil and civil discord? Was the
violence a cause or a symptom of political dysfunction? Explain.
 

52. Discuss the career of Julius Caesar. How did he obtain power in Rome? Why was he assassinated?
 

53. Discuss the struggle between Mark Antony and Octavian. Why might the Mediterranean world have
turned in a different direction had Antony triumphed over Octavian?
 

54. Explain the success of Augustus in establishing a new imperial order in Rome. Why was he able to
retain his popularity despite his authoritarian rule?
 

55. How did Rome and its empire benefit from Augustus’s rule? How did he change the physical
appearance and infrastructure of Rome itself?
 

56. How and why did the cult of emperors begin under Augustus? What role did literary figures such as
Virgil, Ovid, and Horace play in the growth of that cult? To what extent did Augustus himself nurture it?
 

57. What was daily life like for a typical prosperous male Roman citizen? How did gender and social class
impact how people lived?