Node Method: Problem 1

9/3/2021
Problem 1.
Using node method to determine the values of the
node voltages of the circuit below.
Node method
Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 1 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 2
I2
12
1= +
20 10
I3 I4 . + . . = . (1)
I5  =5
I1 = 5 (2)
 KCL @
I 3 = I4 + I 5
 V5 = VGND = 0V  V5 = VGND = 0V
 V4 – V5 = 12 V4 = 12V  V4 – V5 = 12 V4 = 12V = +
10 12 100
 KCL @ ’12’ 12 0
= +
I1 = I 2 + I 3 10 12 100
1= + 0.1 = 1 (3)
Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 3 20 10 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 4
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I2 Problem 2.
+ - Using node method to determine the value of the
I3 I4 = 19 current I of the circuit below.
I5 = 24
I1
= 15
I
0.1 + 0.05 0.1 = 1.6 (1)
= 5 (2)
0.1 = 1 (3)
A A
1 3 25
=
2 8 4
I1 I3
= 10
C B C B
I2 I4 = 2.857
= 12.857
D D
= = 1.071
 VD = VGND = 0V  VD = VGND = 0V 5 1 3
+
11
=0
12 2 8 24
 VA – VD = 15 VA = 15V  VA – VD = 15 VA = 15V 1 3 25
= (1)
 KCL @ ‘CD’ 2 8 4
I 1 + I 3 = I 2 + I4  = 10
= 10 (2)
Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 7 + = Instructor: Nguyen+Ly Thien Truong 8
4 6 8 3
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Problem 2. Use the node method to solve for VA, VB, Problem 2. Use the node method to solve for VA, VB,
VC, VI, I1, and I2. VC, VI, I1, and I2.
Problem 1.
Determine the Thévenin equivalent circuit for the
circuit below.
Thévenin equivalent circuit
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RTH ? RTH ?
I1 a I2 0A
I2 +
VTH ? Voc VTH ?

-
 Determine the values of Voc

 Apply KCL at node a, we
obtain the node equation
=2+ (I: A)
125
=2+ = 20 VTH = 20V
Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 13
50 200
RTH ?
I1 a Isc I1 a Isc
 Determine the short-circuit  Determine the short-circuit

current Isc current Isc
 Apply KCL at node a, we  Apply KCL at node a, we 20
= = = 40Ω
obtain the node equation obtain the node equation 0.5
=2+ (I: A) =2+ (I: A)
125 125
=2+ Isc = 0.5A =2+ Isc = 0.5A
50 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 15
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 Determine RTH by using the fast algorithm:  Second Solution: using source transformations and
 Short-circuit all independent voltage sources equivalent circuits.
 Open-circuit all independent current sources
 RTH = the equivalent resistance of the remaining
resistances.
RTH
= = 50//200 = 40Ω
 Second Solution: using source transformations and  Second Solution: using source transformations and
equivalent circuits. equivalent circuits.
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Problem 2.  Using source transformations and equivalent circuits.

Determine the value of the resistance R required to
cause = 1.5 A.
 Using source transformations and equivalent circuits.  Using source transformations and equivalent circuits.
 Apply Ohm’s law, we have

48 48
= = 8
8+
 To cause = 1.5 A requires R = 24
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Problem 3. Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit with 1. By finding the open-circuit voltage and the short-
respect to the terminals a,b for the circuit below. circuit current.
1. By finding the open-circuit voltage and the short-  Find Voc
circuit current.  RTH = Vos/Isc oc = open-circuit
2. Solve for the Thévenin resistance (RTH) by removing

the independent sources.  fast algorithm +
VTH = Voc = Vab
-
-
VTH = Voc = Vab ?
Isc = ?
RTH = ? Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 25 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 26
1. By finding the open-circuit voltage and the short- 1. By finding the open-circuit voltage and the short-
circuit current. circuit current.
 Find Voc  Find Voc
I3  I3
I1 + - 0A I1 c 0A
I2 I4 + I2 I4 +
 VTH = Voc = Vab VTH = Voc = Vab
- I4 -
 Apply KVL for loop #1  Apply KVL for loop #1  Apply KCL @ c
-9 + 5I1 + 25I2 = 0 (1) -9 + 5I1 + 25I2 = 0 (1) I1 = I2 + 1.8 (3)
 Apply KVL for loop #2  Apply KCL @ a
-9 + 20I3 + 70I4 = 0 (2) 1.8 + I3 = I4 (4)
Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 27 Instructor: Nguyen Ly ThienITruong
4 = 0.5A  Voc = 60.I4 = 30V 28
Ans. VTH = 30V
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1. By finding the open-circuit voltage and the short- 1. By finding the open-circuit voltage and the short-
circuit current. circuit current.
 Find Isc  Find Isc
RTH = ?
 I3 I3
I1 c a I1
I2 + 0A
+ I2 0A
Isc Vab = 0V Isc

- -
Isc
 Apply KVL for loop #1  Apply KCL @ c Ans. ISC = 1.5A
-9 + 5I1 + 25I2 = 0 (1) I1 = I2 + 1.8 (3)

RTH = Voc/Isc = 30/1.5 = 20
 Apply KVL for loop #2  Apply KCL @ a
-9 + 20I3 + 10Isc = 0 (2) 1.8 + I3 = Isc (4)
Instructor: Nguyen Ly ThienIsc = 1.5A
Truong 29 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 30
2. Solve for the Thévenin resistance (RTH) by removing

the independent sources.  fast algorithm
 Find RTH
RTH = Rab
 Voltage source  short-circuit (5 in series 25)  short-circuit

 Current source  open-circuit 20 in series 10 = 30  // 60  = 20  = RTH
RTH = Voc/Isc  Isc = Voc/RTH

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Problem 1. Using ideal diodes, find the values of the

voltages and currents indicated.
Diodes
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Problem 1. Using ideal diodes, find the values of the Problem 1. Using ideal diodes, find the values of the
voltages and currents indicated. voltages and currents indicated.
 Assume that D2 is ON, D1 is OFF
+ VD1 -
ID1= 0
ID2
Ideal
diodes
1
 We need to check:  Apply KVL for #1:

 VD1 < VON? -2 + ID2.2 – 3 = 0
 ID2 > 0?
ID2 = 2.5mA > 0
Problem 1. Using ideal diodes, find the values of the Problem 1. Using ideal diodes, find the values of the
voltages and currents indicated. voltages and currents indicated.
 Assume that D2 is ON, D1 is OFF VD1 = 1 – 2 = -1 < VON = 0V
+ VD1 -
ID1= 0
ID2
Ideal
diodes
1
I = ID2 = 2.5mA
 We need to check:  Apply KVL for #1:

 VD1 < VON? -2 + ID2.2 – 3 = 0
 ID2 > 0?  D1 is ON, D2 is OFF
ID2 = 2.5mA > 0
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Problem 2. Using the large signal diode model, find Problem 2. Using the large signal diode model, find
the value of ID. Given VON = 0.7V the value of ID. Given VON = 0.7V
ID
Problem 2. Using the large signal diode model, find Problem 2. Using the large signal diode model, find
the value of ID. Given VON = 0.7V the value of ID. Given VON = 0.7V
 Assume that diode is ON  Find ID
 Replace diode by the voltage source VON
ID
 Find ID and check that ID > 0? ID
Thévenin
ID ID
where
RTH = R1//R3 = 250//750 = 187.5 =
4.5 0.7
= 8.69mA
750 187.5 + 250
= 6= 4.5
Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 43 250 + 750 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 44
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Problem 3. Use the large signal model for diode with

VON = 0.7V when the diode is forward-biased,  Thevenin equivalent circuit
determine the values of ID and VD RTH
50
VTH 2.5V
 Assume that Diode is ON

VON
A • RTH = R1//R2 = 100 // 100 = 50
- +
• VTH = = 2.5V (VDR)
+
RTH
-
Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 45 B Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 46
 Thevenin equivalent circuit Problem 4. Assuming the diodes are ideal in the
- RTH +
circuit shown below.
50 - The large signal model: 1. Draw the transfer characteristic ( versus ).
Diode is ON  replace D by VON
+
 check: ID >= 0?
2. If = 5sin (V), sketch .
VTH 2.5V 1
Anode
• Apply KVL for loop #1 D2
D1 Cathode
VTH - V2 + IDR3 + VON + IDRTH = 0 V2
V1
 ID = (V2 - VTH - VON)/(R3 + RTH) = 5.33mA > 0
 Assumption is correct.
-2 -2 < Vi < 3 3 Vi > 3
 VD = VON = 0.7V Vi
ID = 5.33mA Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong V1 V2

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9/3/2021
Transfer characteristic 2.
Vo V
Vi t
Threshold = Vth Threshold = Vth
Vi vs. Vth Vi vs. Vth

-> Vo = f(Vi)? -> Vo = f(Vi)?
 D1: ON, D2:OFF  D1: OFF, D2:OFF

ID1 ID2 = 0
+ Vo = -2.ID1 – 2
ID2 = 0 ID2 = 0
= -2 (-Vi – 2)/6 – 2
= (Vi+2)/3 – 2
+ = Vi/3 – 4/3 +
1 VD2 - VD2
ID1 - VD1 -
2 +
- ID1 = 0
#1: #2: -2 < Vi < 3

VI + 2 + ID1.2 + 4.ID1 = 0 VD1 = ?  VD1 < 0
-2.ID1 – 2 – 3 – VD2 = 0
 ID1 = (-Vi-2)/6 VD2 = -2.ID1 - 5 VD2 = ?  VD2 < 0
D1:ON  ID1 > = 0  = -2(-Vi – 2)/6 -5
= (Vi+2)/3 - 5
Vo = Vi, -2<Vi <3
 (-Vi – 2)/6 >=0
 Vi < = -2V
Vi <= - 2V  VD2 < 0  D2: OFF
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 D1: OFF, D2:ON 1. Draw the transfer characteristic ( versus )

Vi/3 – 4/3; Vi < -2V
Vo = Vi ; -2V < Vi < 3V
3; Vi > 3V
-
VD1
+ vo
D1: OFF, D2: ON
3
Vi > 3V vi
-2 0 3
Vo = 3V, Vi > 3 -2
2. If = 5sin (V), sketch .
5 vi vo
3
t
0
BJT
-2
-3
-5
Vi/3 – 4/3; Vi < -2V

Vo = Vi ; -2V < Vi < 3V
3; Vi > 3V
14
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Question 1. Given BJT

 Assume that BJT is active.
parameters: VBEON= 0.7V;
β= 100; VCESAT = 0.2V  =
1. Determine IB, IC, IE, VCE = . : current gain
I = IB + I C = I E
and the state of BJT. C
IB C  Apply KVL for loop #1
Note that use the equation
= . + . + + .
IE = IB + IC for calculating
the IE current. = .( + )+ . + (1)
B B +
2. Determine the power
E VBE -  Apply KCL @ C
dissipated in BJT. E
= +
State of BJT: 1. IB = ?, IC = ?, IE = ?, = + .
 OFF BJT: ?
 ON (active or saturated) 2. PT = ?
= ( + 1). (2)
 From (1) and (2)  Apply KVL for loop #2

 = .( + )+ . +
  = . + + .
= ( + 1) . ( + )+ . + = . +
IE IE = 10 1. 3 + 2
C = C = 5V > ( )
IB +1 + + IB
10 0.7
=  From (*) and (**)
101. 3 + 2 + 430
B + B +  BJT is active
= , > 0 ( )  BJT: ON
VBE - VBE -
E E  = , m
 = . = 100.9,9 = ,  = ,
 = +1 . = 101.9,9  ≈
≈
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+  2. Determine the power

 dissipated in BJT.
 in SRS = .
IE = 1.10 = 10mW
IB C
 in SRS = .
Digital circuits
= (9,9. 10 ) . 430
= 0,042mW
B +
 in SRS = . = 1 . 3 = 3mW
VBE -
E  in SRS = . = 1 . 2 = 2mW
 + + + + =
= , >0
Problem 1. Complete the questions below. Problem 1. Complete the questions below.
a. 1011.112 = ? 10 a. 1011.112 = ? 10
b. 1001101.0101112 = ? 16 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
c. 147.62510 = ? 2 1011.112 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 + 1x2-1 + 1x2-2

d. 2A.0516 = ?8 = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25
= 11.7510
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Problem 1. Complete the questions below. Problem 1. Complete the questions below.
b. 1001101.0101112 = ? 16 c. 147.62510 = ? 2
01001101.010111002 147.625 = 128 + 16 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125
= 4 D . 5 C16 = 128 + 16 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125
= 10010011.1012
Hint:
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125

Problem 1. Complete the questions below. Problem 2. Determine the radix r.

d. 2A.0516 = ?8 268r = 18410
2 A . 0 516
00010 1010.0000 010102
= 0 5 2 . 0 1 28
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Problem 2. Determine the radix r. Problem 3. Given the logic circuit below.
1. Find the SOP expression of F(X,Y,Z).
268r = 18410 2. Find the truth table for F(X,Y,Z).
∈
>8
268r = 18410
⇔ 2 + 6 + 8 = 184
⇔2 +6 176 = 0
= 8 (infeasible)
⇔
= 11(infeasible)
Ans. No solution
Problem 3. Given the logic circuit below. Problem 3. Given the logic circuit below.
1. Find the SOP expression of F(X,Y,Z). 2. Find the truth table for F(X,Y,Z).
, , = + +
=1
0 0 0 0 =1 ̅=1
0 0 1 0 =1
0 1 0 1 =1 =0
=1 =1
0 1 1 1
=1 =1
1 0 0 0 =1 =0
1 0 1 1 =1 =1
, , = + + 1 1 0 0 ̅=1 =0
=1 =1
1 1 1 1 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong =1 =1 72
18
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Problem 4. Given the truth table for 1-bit binary adder as 1. Find the Boolean expression for C(X,Y,Z), and
below (X, Y, Z: inputs, and C, S: outputs). S(X,Y,Z).
1. Find the Boolean expression for C(X,Y,Z), and S(X,Y,Z).
2. Implement the output S(X,Y,Z) by using only one logic gate
with three inputs.
, , = + + +
= + + + + +
= + Instructor:
+ Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 74
1. Find the Boolean expression for C(X,Y,Z), and 2. Implement the output S(X,Y,Z) by using only one
S(X,Y,Z). logic gate with three inputs.
, , = + + +
= + + +
= + + +
= +
= ; 3-input XOR gate
Truth table
0 0 0 1 Note that:
0 1 1 0  = ̅ + = + ̅+
1 0 1 0
, , = + + +  = ̅ + = + ̅+
1 1 0 1
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Question 1 [Semester 1 (2020-2021)]. Convert the Question 1 [Semester 1 (2020-2021)]. Convert the
hexadecimal number 7E5.4 to decimal number. hexadecimal number 7E5.4 to decimal number.
a. From hexadecimal number. a. From hexadecimal number.
b. From binary number. b. From binary number.
Solution: Solution:
a. From hexadecimal number. b. From binary number.
2 1 0 -1 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
7E5.416 = 7 x 162 + 14 x 161 + 5 x 160 + 4 x 16-1 7E5.416 = 0111 1110 0101 . 01002
= 2021.2510 = 210 + 29 + 28 + 27 + 26 + 25 + 22 + 20 + 2-2
= 2021.2510
Question 2. Using Boolean identities, prove that Question 3. Given the logic circuit below.
A. B. C + B. C. D + B. C + C. D = B + C. D a. Determine the Boolean expression for F(X,Y,Z).
Solution: b. Determine the truth table for F.
Ans.
LHS = A. B. C + B. C. D + B. C + C. D
= A. B. C + B. C + B. C. D + C. D 0 0 0 1
= B. A. C + C + C. B. D + D 0 0 1 1
= B. A + C + C. (B + D) 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
= A. B + B. C + B. C + C. D 1 0 0 1
= B + A. B + C. D 1 0 1 0
= B + C. D 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
= RHS
20

Node Method: Problem 1

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9/3/2021

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 1 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 2

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 5 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 6

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 9 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 10

Thévenin equivalent circuit

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 11 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 12

VTH ? Voc VTH ?

 Determine the values of Voc

 Determine the short-circuit  Determine the short-circuit

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 17 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 18

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 19 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 20

Problem 2.  Using source transformations and equivalent circuits.

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 21 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 22

 Apply Ohm’s law, we have

2. Solve for the Thévenin resistance (RTH) by removing

-9 + 5I1 + 25I2 = 0 (1) I1 = I2 + 1.8 (3)

2. Solve for the Thévenin resistance (RTH) by removing

 Voltage source  short-circuit (5 in series 25)  short-circuit

RTH = Voc/Isc  Isc = Voc/RTH

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 33 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 34

Problem 1. Using ideal diodes, find the values of the

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 35 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 36

 We need to check:  Apply KVL for #1:

 We need to check:  Apply KVL for #1:

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 41 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 42

Problem 3. Use the large signal model for diode with

determine the values of ID and VD RTH

 Assume that Diode is ON

ID = 5.33mA Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong V1 V2

Threshold = Vth Threshold = Vth

Vi vs. Vth Vi vs. Vth

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 49 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 50

 D1: ON, D2:OFF  D1: OFF, D2:OFF

#1: #2: -2 < Vi < 3

 D1: OFF, D2:ON 1. Draw the transfer characteristic ( versus )

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 53 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 54

2. If = 5sin (V), sketch .

Vi/3 – 4/3; Vi < -2V

Question 1. Given BJT

 From (1) and (2)  Apply KVL for loop #2

+  2. Determine the power

c. 147.62510 = ? 2 1011.112 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 + 1x2-1 + 1x2-2

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 63 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 64

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125

Problem 1. Complete the questions below. Problem 2. Determine the radix r.

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 67 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 68

Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 77 Instructor: Nguyen Ly Thien Truong 78

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