Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: brunet@illinois.

edu)
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet

Introduction to
Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lecture 2
Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: brunet@illinois.edu)
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet

Handout 4
Kirchhoff’s laws

2

 Ohm

 Kirchhoff (KVL, KCL)


3
 

0
+𝑽𝟐 +𝑽𝟑 −𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎

A B
 

𝑽𝟑 = 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑽𝟐

C 4
 2 nodes

 
4 nodes


4 nodes

5
 Start and end at
the same node
⟺ a loop
energy
A A
 
? ? Same in (a)
and (b)
   
B C B C
𝑽𝑨𝑩 + 𝑽𝑩𝑪 + 𝑽𝑪𝑨 = 𝟎 𝑽𝑨𝑪 + 𝑽𝑪𝑩 + 𝑽𝑩𝑨 = 𝟎
𝑽𝟏 + 𝟓 + −𝟖 = 𝟎 𝟖 + −𝟓 + −𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎
⟹ 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟑𝑽 ⟹ 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟑𝑽
6
Start and end at the same node

7
 B C
 

 
A D
𝑽𝑨𝑩 = 𝑽𝑨𝑫 + 𝑽𝑫𝑩 = 𝟗 − 𝟖 = 𝟏𝑽
𝑽𝑫𝑪 = 𝑽𝑫𝑩 + 𝑽𝑩𝑪 = −𝟖 + 𝟔 = −𝟐𝑽

𝑽 + 𝟕 = 𝟑 + 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟐𝟑𝑽
8
 Basic loops
: 1-2-3-5
 : 3-4
  : 5-7-6
: 1-2-4-5
: 1-2-3-7-6
: 3-4-7-6-5
: 1-2-4-7-6

See how  =  + 
: – V1 + V2 + V3 – V5 = 0
: – V3 + V4 = 0
⟹ +  = – V1 + V2 + V4 – V5 = 0 ⟺  9
10
 A 2A
-2A
@A:  = 0

3A

-10A
B
7A

@B:  = 0
11
 I1 + I4 = I2 + I3
 I1 + I4 - I2 - I3 = 0
all 𝒊 leaving = 0 all 𝒊 entering = 0 12
13
 7 = 4 + Ia (entering = leaving)
⟹ Ia = 3A

9+ (-3) = Ib (entering = leaving)

⟹ Ib = 6A

6+5+Ic = 0 (all entering = 0)

⟹ Ic = -11A

14
 I2
A B
 

I1 I3 I4
I5
 
C D
4 nodes 4 Equations

@A: I1+I2=0 @C: I1=I5

@B: I2=I3+I4 @D: I3+I4+I5=0
15
 I2
A I3
  B
I6 D
I4 I5
I1

C

I2? I3? I5?

• 4 nodes (4 KCL Equations) • KCL @C: I5 = -4A
• 3 unknown currents • KCL @D: I3 = 5A
 One redundant • KCL @A (or B): I2 = -9A
16
17
4 7 2 5 3  not enough
information!
4 6 3 3 3 OK!

18
 +
0.7𝑉
−
19
Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: brunet@illinois.edu)
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet

Handout 5
Equivalent resistances

20
21
 Voltmeter
Digital multimeter
(instrument)

set to VS measures Vm
??? 0 (∞ res.)
Ammeter

Voltage source

??? 0 (𝟎 res.)
set to IS measures Im
22
KVL same VAB
+
25V +
- -

+
6V +
- -

KCL I same I I
13A

I I
-9A

23
 (R > 0: VAB and IAB must have the same sign)

+ -60V -

4mA -3A
i = V/R 24
 VAB = 20V, VB = 0V
V1 = VAB
𝑽𝟏 𝟐𝟎
Ground (GND) 20V 20V = = 𝟏𝑨
𝑹 𝟐𝟎
⟹ 𝑽𝑩 = 𝟎𝑽

KVL: + + KVL:
-v – 20 + v1 = 0 v1 v1 -v – 20 + v1 = 0
- source -
ammeter
0V 1A IS 20IS – 20

open-circuit ⟹ There is no
Ohm: V1 = 1.I current anywhere in the
KVL: loop.
-20 + V + V1 = 0 0A 0V 20V
25
 KVL: V1 + V2 – 16 = 0
A Ohm:

+ V1 - + V1 = 2i1
V2
-
V2 = 2i2
KCL @A: i1 + 5 = i2

1.5A 6.5A 13V

Ohm: Ohm:
A
i1 = V1/1k i i3 = V3/2k = 0.5/2 = 0.25mA
+ V1 - 3
i1 = 14.5mA + KVL: -15+V1+V3 = 0
KCL @A: i1 = i2 + i3
V3
-
⟹ V1 = 15 – V3 = 15 – 0.5
= 14.5V
⟹ i2 = i1 – i3 = 14.5 – 0.25
diode 14.5mA 14.25mA
= 14.25mA
26
27


28
I I
equivalent
same I and V
+ V - + V -

I
I equivalent
same I and V
+ V - + V -

Notice:
Req < Ri
𝟏
Geq = G1 + G2 + … + GN 𝑮 = 𝑹: conductance (Siemens or S)
I
I1 I2 I

+ V1 - + V2 - +V-
+ V -

Req = R1 + R2
V = V 1 + V2
I.Req = I1.R1 + I2.R2

I1 = I2 = I

I.Req = I.R1 + I.R2= I.(R1+R2)

30
 𝟖𝛀

𝟏𝟐𝛀

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝑹𝐞𝐪 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
⟹ =
𝑹𝐞𝐪 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝑹
𝐈𝐟 𝑹𝟏 = 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹 ⟹ 𝑹𝐞𝐪 =
𝟐

𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝐞𝐪 =
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐

31
 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 𝑹
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹 𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝐞𝐪 =
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
𝑹𝐞𝐪 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑

𝟐𝛀 + 𝟒𝛀 + 𝟑𝛀 = 𝟗𝛀
𝟑𝛀 ⇔
𝟒𝛀 + 𝟑𝛀 = 𝟕𝛀
𝟐𝛀
Series Parallel
𝟔𝛀 and 𝟔𝛀  
𝟔𝛀 and 𝟒𝛀 nothing!!!
4𝛀 and 2𝛀  
Lê Chí Thông 32
33
 I
I1 I2 IN I

I1 = I2 = …= Ik =…= IN = I
Ik = I (for any k)
𝑽𝒌 𝑽 less than 1
Ohm: = (Vk < V)
𝑹𝒌 𝑹𝐞𝐪
𝑹𝒌
𝑹𝐞𝐪

Lê Chí Thông 34
 Req = R1 + R2 = 3 + 9 = 12𝛀
𝟑
A × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝑽
+ 𝟏𝟐
𝑹𝒌
𝑽𝒌 = 𝑽
𝑹𝒆𝒒 10V
𝟗
-B × 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝑽
𝟏𝟐

V1 + V2 = 2.5 + 7.5 = 10V = VAB

𝟏. 𝟐
𝑽𝐀𝐁 = × 𝟐𝟎
𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟐
= 𝟏. 𝟖𝟐𝑽

⇔ 𝟏. 𝟐𝛀

Recall: VDR is used only for resistances in series. 35

 𝑹𝒌
𝑽𝑫𝑹: 𝑽𝒌 = 𝑽
𝑹𝒆𝒒
1 𝟑
𝑽𝟏 = × 𝟑𝟎
𝟏𝟐 + 𝟑
= 𝟔𝑽
+

1
30V
-

Do not need to worry
about it!

36
 + V1 -

+ V2 -
+ -
V
V1 = V2 = …= Vk =…= VN= V
+ VN -
For any k: Vk = V
Ohm: Ik . Rk = I . Req

37
 I1
don’t care
𝟑×𝟓
𝑹𝐞𝐪 = 𝟑//𝟓 = = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝛀
𝟑+𝟓
I1? 𝑹𝐞𝐪
𝑰𝟏 = × −𝟏𝟐
𝟓
𝟏. 𝟖𝟓𝟕
-12A 𝑰𝟏 = × −𝟏𝟐
𝟓
𝑹𝒆𝒒 = −𝟒. 𝟓𝑨
𝑪𝑫𝑹: 𝑰𝒌 = 𝑰
𝑹𝒌

I1
don’t care
Same as
I1? Example 8
𝑰𝟏 = −𝟒. 𝟓𝑨
-12A
38
 𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝟒 + 𝟐 // 𝟑 + 𝟑 + 𝟏𝟎
⟺ 𝟔𝛀 = (𝟔//𝟔) +𝟏𝟎
= (𝟔//𝟔) +𝟏𝟎
⟺ 𝟔𝛀 = 𝟏𝟑

⟺ 𝟗𝛀
𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝟐 + 𝟑 // 𝟐 + 𝟓 + 𝟒 + 𝟓 //𝟔
= (𝟓//𝟕) + 𝟗 //𝟔
𝟑𝟓
⟺ 𝟓𝛀 = (𝟏𝟐 + 𝟗)//𝟔
⟺ 𝟕𝛀 𝟖𝟓𝟖
= 𝟐𝟏𝟓  ≈ 𝟒

𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝟖//𝟖 + 𝟐 //𝟑 //𝟒 + 𝟏 //𝟑

= (𝟔//𝟑//𝟒) + 𝟏 //𝟑
𝟒
⟺ 𝟒𝛀 = ( 𝟑
+ 𝟏)//𝟑
𝟕
= 𝟑 //𝟑
𝟐𝟏
= 𝟏𝟔  = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓

39
40
41
42
Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: brunet@illinois.edu)
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet

Handout 6
IV Characteristic

43
 −𝟐. 𝒊𝟏 = −𝟏𝟎𝑽

𝒗𝟐
− = −𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝑨
𝟐

𝒗𝟑
− −𝟐𝒊𝟑
𝟐

𝑽
𝒊=−
𝟐
44
Definition: IV characteristics is
a relationship between current
through and voltage across of
electrical components.
For example in case of resistor,
current through it is directly
proportional to voltage across
it (as per Ohm's law); so
resistor has linear IV
characteristics (a straight line).

For one particular

connection of the
circuit C, we get one
point (v,i) on the
graph, and i = f(v)

45
 V = -2.I

−𝟏 𝟐 𝟎


-5 

46
 + -

𝟏𝟎 − 𝑽 𝟏
𝑽 = −𝟐𝑰 + 𝟏𝟎 ⟹ 𝑰 = =− 𝑽+𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
slope of a line

5
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟓 
10

Same
+ - slope
17 

34
𝟑𝟒 − 𝑽 𝟏
𝑽 = −𝟐𝑰 + 𝟑𝟒 ⟹ 𝑰 = = − 𝑽 + 𝟏𝟕
𝟐 𝟐 47
 I1 A

+ V1 - I2
+ 𝑰=𝒇 𝑽 ?
 V
-

KCL @A: I = I1 – I2
𝑽𝟏 𝑽
Ohm: I= −
𝟐 𝟑

𝟏𝟓−𝑽 𝑽
KVL: I = −
𝟐 𝟑
𝟓 𝟏𝟓
𝑰=− 𝑽+
𝟔 𝟐
−𝟓 𝟔 𝟏𝟓 𝟐
48
 
10

-12



10

49
 𝐼 = 𝑓 𝑉 = 𝑎𝑉 + 𝑏
4 = 𝑎. 0 + 𝑏
⟹
3 0 = 𝑎. 10 + 𝑏
4
2.5 ⟹ 𝑎 = −
10
− 𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟒 𝑏=4
i
2.5V

0V
4A

15V
-2A

𝟒 𝟏𝟎 −𝟒 (I2 = -I)
50
 Load-Line Method Plot (Graphical Method)

𝟏 𝑽𝒙 𝟏
𝑰=− ∙𝑽+ 𝑰= ∙𝑽
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟏 𝑹

two lines intersect at 1 point

 Operating point

https://courses.engr.illinois.edu/ece110/fa2018/content/courseNotes/files/?IVCharacteristics 51
 I2 = 3V2 + 5 (1)
I3 = 2V3 – 4 (2)
I2 = -I3 (3)
V2= V 3 (4)
(1) (2) (2), (3), (4) ⟹ -I2 = 2V2 – 4 (5)
(1), (5) ⟹ I2 = 4.4 A, V2 = -0.2V
5 4.4A -0.2V
-5/3
 
-4  2

I2 = 3V2 + 5

 4.4
 -I2 = 2V2 – 4
(⟺I3 = 2V3 – 4 )

I2 = -I3 (3) -5/3

 
V2 = V3 (4) -0.2 V3 = V 2
(1), (2), (3), (4)
⟹ I2 , V2
52
 5
2.5
5
2.5

I5
V5
Definition: In mathematics, a piecewise linear (PL) or segmented function is a
real-valued function of a real variable, whose graph is composed of straight-
line segments.
53
 
-8 -4




-
V1
I
What is you comment about
+
i0 and V0 values below?
𝑽𝟏 −𝟖 − 𝑽
𝑰= =
𝟐𝒌 𝟐𝒌
𝟏
𝑰 = − 𝑽 − 𝟒 (mA)
𝟐

-2mA -4V That point is not on

the graph.
This is incorrect answer.
54
Lê Chí Thông 55
Lê Chí Thông 56
Lê Chí Thông 57
Lê Chí Thông 58