Introduction to

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lecture 3
Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: brunet@illinois.edu)
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet

Handout 07
Node Method

2
 A



7A 14V -2A -8V
4
V1 = 2. I1 (1) V2 = 4. I2 (2)

 -22 + V1 – V2 = 0 (3)
@A I1+ I2 = 5 (4)
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 3
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 4
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 5
 A B
 

Vk = VA - VB
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 6
 12V 0V

-21V 0V

𝑽𝑨𝑩
(Ohm)
𝑹
VA - VB

𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 Current equation in terms of

the node voltages
𝑹

Ref. M. -C. Brunet 7

 A B C 𝟏 𝟔 𝟏 𝟏
   𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 + 𝑽𝑪 + 𝑽𝑫 = 𝟎
𝟐 𝟓 𝟓 𝟐
𝟔
⟹ 𝟖 − 𝑽𝑩 + 𝟏 + 𝟎 = 𝟎
 𝟓
D ⟹ 𝑽𝑩 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝑽
4 4
(VA, VB, VC, VD?) VA – VB = 16 – 7.5 = 8.5V
VD = 0V
voltage sources constraints:
VB – VC = 7.5 – 5 = 2.5V
VA – VD = 16 ⟹ VA = 16V
VB – VD = 7.5 – 0 = 7.5V
VC – VD = 5 ⟹ VC = 5V
VB ? V1/2 = 8.5/2 = 4.25A
B
V2/5 = 2.5/2 = 0.5A
i1 = i2 + i3
V3/2 = 7.5/2 = 3.75A
𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑫
= +
𝟐 𝟓 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 B I1 = I2 + I 3
− − − 𝟎
𝟐 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 4.25 = 0.5 + 3.75
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 8
 B 4
A  C
VA, VB, VC, VD?
D

VD = 0 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝑽 − 𝑽 + 𝑽 =𝟎
𝟒 𝑨 𝟒 𝑩 𝟐 𝑪
VA – VD = 5 ⟹ VA = 5V
𝟓 𝟑 𝟑
VA – VC = 2 ⟹ VC = 3V ⟹ − 𝑽𝑩 + = 𝟎
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
VB ? 𝟏𝟏
B ⟹ 𝑽𝑩 = 𝑽
𝟑
𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪 ??? B
= + 
𝟒 𝟔 𝟑
same!!!
𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪
= +
𝟔 𝟒 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− − − + 𝟎 𝟎
𝟒 𝟒 𝟔 𝟑 𝟔 𝟑
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 9
 3
A 
B


C
VB = 0V 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑪 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪
𝟖= +
𝟓 𝟕
𝟐𝟎 − 𝑽𝑪 𝟎 − 𝑽𝑪
VA - VB = 20V ⟹ VA = 20V ⟹𝟖= +
𝟓 𝟕
𝟑𝟓
⟹ 𝑽𝑪 = − 𝑽
VC ? 𝟑
C
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 10
 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟎 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟒
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝟐 =
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟖𝑨 = 𝟖𝐀

Ref. M. -C. Brunet = 2A = 2A 11

 Floating voltage source
4
A B C
   KCL @B:
i1 i2 i2 i1 + i2 +8 = 0
𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑫
⟹ + +𝟖=𝟎
D 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝑽𝑩 − 𝟏𝟎 𝑽𝑪
⟹ + +𝟖=𝟎
𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑪
⟹ + = −𝟕 (𝟏)
VD = 0V 𝟏𝟎 𝟐

KVL:
VA - VD = 10 ⟹ VA = 10V
VB – VC = 10 (2)
VB, VC? (1), (2) ⟹ VB = -10/3,
2 VC = -40/3

Ref. M. -C. Brunet 12

 I1 + I2 + I = 0

-I + I3 + I4 + I5 = 0
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 = 0 (1)
(super node ‘AB’)

VA – VB = VS (2)
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 13
 I1 + I2 + I = 0

-I + I3 + I4 + I5 = 0
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 = 0 (1)
(super node ‘AB’)

VA – VB = VS (2)
Ref. M. -C. Brunet (voltage source constraint) 14
 i 1 + i 3 = i2
+ 1+
i2

i4 + i 5 + i 2 = i 3
𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪 𝑽𝑬 − 𝑽 𝑫 𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑨
+ +𝟏=
𝟒 𝟔 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑽𝑨 + 𝑽𝑩 − + 𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑫 + 𝑽𝑬 = −𝟏
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 𝟔

i1 + i 3 = i 2
i4 + i 5 + i 2 = i 3

Ref. M. -C. Brunet 15

 A B
  𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪
= +
𝟑 𝟔 𝟒
C ⟹ 𝑽𝑩 =

𝟏𝟓
⟹𝒊= 𝑨
𝟐𝟕

A B 𝟏 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑪 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩
  = +
𝟐 𝟔 𝟐
⟹ 𝑽𝑨 = 𝟑𝑽
C
 ⟹ 𝒊 = 𝟎𝑨

Floating voltage source

A B 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑫 − 𝑽𝑪
  + + 𝟎. 𝟑 = 𝟎
𝟓 𝟖

 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪 = 𝟑
C
D
Ref. M. -C. Brunet Lê Chí Thông 16
 B 𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑫
A + + =𝟎
 C 𝟓 𝟒 𝟔
𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎
D

A B
  𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑪 − 𝑽𝑩 𝑽𝑩 − 𝑽𝑪
+ =
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒

C

Ref. M. -C. Brunet Lê Chí Thông 17

Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: brunet@illinois.edu)
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet

Handout 08
Thévenin & Norton Equivalent Circuits

18
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 19
 𝟏 𝟏
− 𝑽
𝟐𝑽 𝟓

open
I
0A
𝟓𝛀

𝟏
− 𝑽
𝟓
Same as (b)
I 0A

𝟓𝛀

𝟏
− 𝟕𝑽 Terminals are important.
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 20
 (This is a Thévenin circuit.)
I
+ V1 - KVL:
-20 + V1 + V = 0
⟹ 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝑽
𝑽𝟏
(Ohm’s law)
𝟐
𝟐𝟎 − 𝑽 𝟏
− 𝟏𝟎
𝟐 𝟐

10
10

20 20

Ref. M. -C. Brunet 21

 I1 A
 KVL : -30 + V1 +V = 0
+ V1 -
 I2 ⟹ 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎 − 𝑽

KCL @A:
𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 Circuit (b) ⇔ Circuit (a)
𝑽𝟏 𝑽
−
𝟑 𝟔
𝟑𝟎 − 𝑽 𝑽
−
𝟑 𝟔
𝟏 𝟏
− − 𝑽 + 𝟏𝟎
𝟑 𝟔

𝟏 Same as in (a).
− 𝟏𝟎 (a) is the Thévenin circuit.
𝟐
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 22
 RTH

VTH

Ref. M. -C. Brunet 23

 𝑽𝟏
(Ohm’s law)
𝑹𝐓𝐇
+ V1 - 𝑽𝐓𝐇 − 𝑽
𝑹𝐓𝐇
𝟏 𝑽𝐓𝐇
− 𝑽+
𝑹𝐓𝐇 𝑹𝐓𝐇

? 𝟏 𝟏
−𝟔 = − ⟹ 𝑹𝐓𝐇 =
𝑹𝐓𝐇 𝟔
? 𝑽𝐓𝐇
−𝟑 = ⟹ 𝑽𝐓𝐇 = −𝟎. 𝟓
𝑹𝐓𝐇
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 24
 + 0V -
15 15

𝑽𝐓𝐇 = 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟓𝑽 𝑉TH = 𝑣

5
5 𝑽𝐓𝐇
𝒊=
𝑹𝐓𝐇
𝑽𝐓𝐇
⟹ 𝑹𝐓𝐇 = = 𝟑𝛀
𝒊
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 25
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 26
 𝟑𝛀 and 𝟔𝛀 are in series.
𝟔
𝒗= × 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝑽
𝟑+𝟔
20V

i
𝟑𝟎
𝒊= = 𝟏𝟎𝐀
0A 𝟑
𝒗 𝟐𝟎
= = 𝟐𝛀
𝒊 𝟏𝟎
2𝛀 I
+
20V V
-
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 27
 𝒗 = 𝟒𝟎𝐕

𝒊 = 𝟖𝐀

Ref. M. -C. Brunet 28

 
I1

𝑰𝑵 – 𝑰𝟏
𝑽
𝑰𝑵 −
𝑹𝑵
− 𝟏 𝑹𝑵 𝑰𝑵

IN
𝒗 = 𝑰𝑵 × 𝑹𝑵
IN
IN

𝒊 = 𝑰𝑵 0A 𝑰𝑵 × 𝑹𝑵

Ref. M. -C. Brunet 29

 IN
𝑽𝐓𝐇
𝑹𝐓𝐇 𝑰𝑵 × 𝑹𝑵

VTH

3𝛀

15V 5A 3𝛀

RTH = RN

𝟏 𝑽𝐓𝐇
− +
𝑹𝐓𝐇 𝑹𝐓𝐇 𝟏
Slope = −
𝟏 𝑹𝐓𝐇
−
𝑹𝑵 +𝑰𝑵
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 30
 𝑽𝐓𝐇 VTH VTH 𝑰𝑵 × 𝑹𝑵
𝑹𝐓𝐇
𝑽𝐓𝐇
𝑰𝑵

𝑰𝑵 × 𝑹𝑵 𝑽𝐓𝐇
IN IN 𝑹𝐓𝐇
𝑽𝐓𝐇
𝑰𝑵

𝑽𝐓𝐇
RTH
𝑹𝐓𝐇

RN

𝑰𝑵 × 𝑹𝑵

Ref. M. -C. Brunet 31

 𝑽𝐓𝐇
IN 𝑹𝐓𝐇 = 𝑹𝑵 =
𝑰𝑵
VTH
4𝛀

24V 6A 4𝛀

2𝛀

-8V -4A 2𝛀

0.5𝛀

-10V -20A 0.5𝛀

Ref. M. -C. Brunet 32
 𝑽𝐓𝐇
=
𝑰𝑵

Ref. M. -C. Brunet 33

Ref. M. -C. Brunet 34
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 35
 𝑹𝐓𝐇 = 𝑹𝑵 = 𝟐𝛀 + 𝟓𝛀||𝟔𝛀

𝑹𝐓𝐇 = 𝑹𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎𝛀

𝑹𝐓𝐇 = 𝑹𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎𝛀 + 𝟐𝛀 ||𝟏𝟎𝛀

Ref. M. -C. Brunet 36

Ref. M. -C. Brunet 37
 𝟔
× 𝟑𝟎
𝟑+𝟔
= 𝟐𝟎V

𝟑𝛀||𝟔𝛀 = 𝟐𝛀

𝟑𝟎
= 𝟏𝟎A
𝟑
𝟐𝟎
= 𝟏𝟎A
𝟐
Ref. M. -C. Brunet 38
Ref. M. -C. Brunet Lê Chí Thông 39