CULTURE

Culture is the complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, law, morals,
custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by an individual as a member
of society. – Edward B. Taylor (Bristish Anthropologist)
-Body of knowledge naniniwala sa kinagisnan na hanggang ngayon ay
pinaniniwalaan

Characteristics of Culture:
1.     Culture is shared and transmitted
- you lived in englisg country you also learned to speak in english (dialogs and language)
2.     Culture is learned and acquired
- kapag laging gingawa ang kultura at ginagawa o ginagawa ngayon na hindi natutunan
noon
3.     Culture is a social phenomenon
- what is happening towards a person getting a a relationship to a person in
general( paglaging magkasama mas malalalim ang relasyon nilang dalawa.?
4.     Culture gratifies human needs-
-paano naiibibigay ng kultura ang ating pangapangailangan kung ikaw ay isang ama or
ina annangangailangan ng safety and secruti in your family, to community and lgu.
5.     Culture is dynamic
- Culture is dynamic lumalaki at dumadami. Setting in family, in community and country
6.     Culture is integrated
- as you grow older culture develops into something you( develoment of culture as
country develop and country become strong

Cultural Views: pananaw

1.    Ethnocentrism(fisrt cultural view)
-Is the tendency to perceive and judge others according to one’s cultural standards. In
this cultural view, one sees his or her culture as the yardstick in the judging the
behaviors of others in other social context.
Kumpara a ng kultura sa iba sasabihin na ang kultura ng iba ay mababaw at hindi
sasang ayunan. We learn in growing up.culture shock
2. Xenocentrism
Is the tendency to value other cultures more highly than one’s own. Fascination with
others’ culture and contempt for one’s own culture can be traced back to a culture’s
colonial experience through cultural brainwashing via media.
-perfectly opposite of etho
-Tend to worship other culture more than our culture Fascination
-Ex. Kdramaas than our own movies
-Dahil sa colonial experiences (nagsimula) nagbigay ng brainwashing halimbawa ay
ang pagtngkialik ng ibang produkto

Culture (the way of life) and Ethics (get to know morality or getting to konw what
is right and wrong)
•       Culture is a shared way of life of people living together in the same
environment.
•       Cultures are diverse because the origins, beliefs and ways of life of human are
also diverse.
-malawak at iba iba ang nererepresent ng kultura(halimbawa ang pinagmulan)mga
naimpluwensyahan ,may dugong hapon at iba pa
•       Within a culture, there are also existing subcultures that have their own belief
and value system.
-may mga maliliit na kultura na pinaniniwalaan,(
•       No culture is perfect.
-Walang perpektong kultura hindi maganda ikumpara ang kultutra sa iba
•       Cultures are equal in the sense that all human beings are equal in dignityas
human beings.
-Cultures are equal also human dignity
•       Every culture is different from the other just like the idea that no two persons
are the same even if they are identical.
-example are twins they have differences
Bizar-cultural strange at magdudulot ng cultural shock dahil kakaibang kultura kung
bakit ganon ang paniniwala

Patuloy na pagpapalain ng magandang kalusugan o sa business

Sky burial- hindi na pinaniniwalaan

•      not focus to  Human limitations and weaknesses can cause cultures to progress
or regress.
-kung ang tao nag iimprove o hindi nag iimprove ganon din ang kultura
Progress-Something to do to improve
Moving backward- regress( focus on human limitations and weakness)
•       Different ethical theories and perspectives may complement each other.
•       Moral norms are necessary in a culture so that everybody may live peacefully,
justly and happily with each other.
-batas ,rules na kailangan sundin at respituhin at gawin bilang isanag pilipino
•       Normal norms are found in every culture to culture and from individual to
individual.
-pano pinapahalagan at paano sinusunod at ginagalang
-Process how to obite the rulles of humanity to live peacefully
-culture to culture
-Individual to indivual

Organizational Culture and Ethics

•       Organization’s culture reveal the unwritten ethical standards that guide
employees in their decision-making.
-Sinusunod ng mga tao sa isang organization o companya na kung saan may
sinusunod na kultura sa pagtratrabaho(guidellines)
•       Ethical standards are the explicit code of conduct an organization sets to be
followed by its members.
- mlalaman kapag nagtrabaho sa kumpaya.the way you dress or the uniform
-Malalaman ang hairstyle na pwede at hindi pwede
Often, the problems arise when the organizational culture is in conflict with the
organization’s ethical standards.
- nagkakaroon ng problema kapag hindi sinusunod ng empleyado ang kompanya
•       Organizational culture represents the intangible force that centers on a
company’s value and beliefs.
-Hindi nahahawakan natututunan lamang ito
•       Leaders should exemplify these moral values so that this practice will have  a
trickle down-effect on their constituents.
-lubos na ginagalang( boss) pinagpipitagan insimplify the moral values
•       Employees are forced to resort to unethical decision when it is seen as the norm
within the organization.
-napipilitan na gumawa ng isang maling desisyon sapagkat yun ang praktis sa
kumpanya na nakikita nila( band wagon effect-uso na kultura sa isang kumpanya
halimbawa pag-uwi ng rim ng bond paper)
•       When the organization is in big trouble and on the verge of collapsing because
of unethical practices, there is an urgent need to change its culture radically.
-nakikita nila na malapit ng magcolapse ang kumpanya o bumagsak ang negosyo
Urgent need to change the culture in their company

National Culture and Ethics

•       The cultural ideals, values and practices of a country influence the culture of an
organization.
-nakakapiagbigay inspirasyon o implwuwensya sa kompanya
•       The knowledge and values of the society to which the founder leaders, and
members belong, are adapted and became the heart and soul of the organization.
-personal values,principles and knowledge taht give to us taht serve a perfect
inspirations to the workers
•       If the national culture is highly competitive, the organization is likely to be
competitive.
- japan-perfect example strickto in a sense na very directive ang pamahalaan
•       Countries that emphasize harmony and unity may see the establishment of
organizations that value teamwork and human relationships.
-perfect raelationship in nieghboor countries