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Edexcths 3.10.1 Soing GryExams
Edexcths 3.10.1 Soing GryExams
uk
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3. Sequences, Functions & Graphs ⬇
CONTENTS
3.1 Sequences
3.1.1 Sequences – Basics
3.5 Coordinates
3.5.1 Coordinates
3.11 Calculus
3.11.1 Differentiation – Basics
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3.1 SEQUENCES
With a position-to-term rule the 100th term of a sequence can be found without
having to know or work out the first 99 terms!
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Geometric sequences
Fibonacci sequences
Other sequences
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Exam Tip
Write the position numbers above (or below) each term in a sequence.
This will make it much easier to recognise and spot common types of sequence.
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What is a sequence?
A sequence is simply a set of numbers (or objects) in an order
If we look at the differences between the terms, we see that they are constant
You should also be able to find a formula for the nth term of a linear sequence in terms of n
nth term = dn + b
where
d is the common difference, b is a constant that makes the first term “work”
Put the first term and n=1 into the formula, then solve to find b
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Worked Example
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eg2. 24 + 17 + 10 + 3 + -4 + … + -95
Lots of letters are used in sequences, make sure you are familiar with them
a – the first term in an arithmetic series
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You do not need to where the formula comes from but, just for fun, here’s a hint
To add up the numbers 1 to 10
This is 10 × 11 = 110
But this is twice the sum as two lots were added together
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Exam Tip
Worked Example
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What is a function?
A function is simply a mathematical “machine” that takes one set of numbers and changes
them into another set of numbers according to a set rule
eg. If the function (rule) is “double the number and add 1”
The number being put into the function is often called the input
The number coming out of the function is often called the output
eg. The function with the rule “triple the number and subtract 4” would be written:
f(x) = 3x – 4 or f:x ↦ 3x – 4
2. Whatever goes in the bracket (instead of x)with f, replaces the x on the other side
eg. For the function f(x) = 2x + 1
f(3) = 2 × 3 + 1=7
f(-4) = 2 × (-4) + 1 = -7
f(a) = 2a + 1
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Worked Example
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3. SIMPLIFY if necessary
eg. if f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = 1 / x
then fg(x) = f(1/x) = 2 × 1 / x + 1 = 2 / x +1
and gf(x) = g(2 × x + 1) = g(2x + 1) = 1 / 2x+1
Exam Tip
Make sure you are applying the functions in the correct order.
The letter nearest the bracket is the function applied first.
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Worked Example
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f-1(x) = … or f-1 : x ↦ …
f-1(x) = x – 1 / 2 or f-1: x ↦ x – 1 / 2
Worked Example
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eg. The function g(x) = 5 – 2x2 is used to model the height of water throughout the
day where x indicates time
It may make sense to limit x so it only covers a 24 hour period
Any exclusions are usually indicated using the “not equal to” symbol (≠)
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Some functions can never take certain values, regardless of the value of x
eg. f(x) = x2
f, a squared (real) value, cannot be negative
eg2. g(x) = 1 / x
g can never be zero (because numerator cannot be 0)
As with the domain, inequalities are used to describe the values a function can take and
“not equal to” (≠) is used for any exclusions
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You need to be able to identify and explain any exclusions in the domain of a function
You need to be able to deduce the range of a function from its expression and domain
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Exam Tip
A graph of the function can help “see” both the domain and range of function, and a sketch
can help if you have not been given a diagram.
Worked Example
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Exam Tip
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Worked Example
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Exam Tip
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Worked Example
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For example a linear (straight line) graph could be the path a ship needs to sail along to
get from one port to another
An exponential graph (y=kx) can be used to model population growth – for instance to
monitor wildlife conservation projects
But being familiar with the general shapes of graphs will help you quickly recognise the sort
of maths you are dealing with and features of the graph a question may refer to
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Worked Example
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THINK what the graph might look like – see the previous notes on being familiar with shapes
of graphs
If your calculator does not have a TABLE function then you will have to work out each y value
separately using the normal mode on your calculator
To avoid errors always put negative numbers in brackets and use the (-) key rather than the
subtraction key
Worked Example
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All trigonometric graphs follow a pattern – a “starting point” and then “something happens
every 90°”.
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(*) An asymptote is a line that a graph gets ever closer to without ever crossing or touching it
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3.5 COORDINATES
3.5.1 COORDINATES
If the horizontal axis is labelled x and the vertical axis is labelled y, then the x and y
coordinates are how far we go along the x and y axes to plot the point
Don’t get fazed by the horrid notation (x1, y1) – this is just “point 1” and the other is “point 2”
so we put the little numbers (subscripts) in so that we know which coordinate we are
referring to. In questions there’ll be lots of nice numbers
Here’s how we do each of those:
You should also know that three points A, B and C lie on the same STRAIGHT LINE if AB and
AC (or BC) have the same gradient
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Exam Tip
Worked Example
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We may want to know the equation of a straight line so we can program it into a computer
that will plot the line on a screen, along with several others, to make shapes and graphics
You might find these things from a graph, another equation or two points
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Worked Example
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How we draw a straight line depends on what form the equation is given in
2. From ax + by = c
put x = 0 to find y-axis intercept
put y = 0 to find x-axis intercept
(You may prefer to rearrange to y = mx + c and use above method)
Exam Tip
It might be easier just to plot ANY two points on the line (a third one as a check is not a bad
idea either) or use the TABLE function on your calculator.
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Worked Example
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PERPENDICULAR LINES do meet each other and where they do the two lines form a right
angle – ie they meet at 90°
Worked Example
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These are often performed on 2D coordinate grids (and can be applied in 3D too)
Therefore it is possible to transform graphs as they are also drawn on 2D coordinate grids
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f(x) = sin x
f(x) = cos x
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There is a logic to these but the easiest way is to memorise and recognise them
These second translations may seem as though they are in the wrong direction
In the case of “+a” the ‘input’ will be greater
so the graph happens “sooner”
ie. graph moves left
In the case of “-a” the ‘input’ will be smaller
so the graph happens “later”
ie. graph moves right
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This looks like a “squash” but that is not a technical term – do not use it!
This stretch may seem it has the wrong scale factor (1/a)
However the ‘input’ is being multiplied by a – so x will need to be divided by a in
order for the function to receive the same input
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Yes, there is a logic to these too but as before it is easier to memorise them
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However some questions ask for a description of the transformation having provided both the
original and transformed graphs
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Exam Tip
If not mentioned in the question, look for key points on the graph to transform where the
graph crosses the x– and/or y– axes and any turning points that have obvious coordinates.
Once the key points have been transformed it is usually easy to complete the rest.
Some questions may only ask you about what happens to certain points and not the whole
graph.
Worked Example
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These are easily identified as their equations can always be written in the form
y = mx + c, where m is the gradient and c is the y-axis intercept
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Here are a few you could plot quickly using graphing software
y = 1 / x (a reciprocal graph)
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What is a gradient?
Gradient means steepness
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The gradient of a curve, at point (x , y) is equal to the gradient of the tangent at point
(x , y)
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STEP 3 Measure/Read off (some estimating usually involved here) the rise and the run
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Exam Tip
A sharp pencil helps – but not too sharp – pencil markings made with very sharp pencils are
difficult for examiners to see once papers have been scanned into a computer.
Remember your answer is an estimate so can vary a fair amount from someone else’s
attempt.
Make your working clear – your tangent, right-angled triangle and your rise/run values
should all be clear in your working.
Worked Example
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Solutions of f(x) = 0 are where the graph of y = f(x) cuts the x-axis
If given g(x)=0 instead (Q: “by drawing a suitable straight line”) then:
Rearrange into f(x) = mx + c and draw the line y = mx + c
Solutions are the x-coordinates of where the line crosses the curve
Note that solutions may also be called roots
Worked Example
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3.11 CALCULUS
What is differentiation?
Differentiation is part of the branch of mathematics called Calculus
It is concerned with the rate at which changes takes place – so has lots of real‑world uses:
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Gradient
Gradient generally means steepness.
For example, the gradient of a road up the side of a hill is important to lorry drivers
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At any point on the curve, the gradient of the curve is equal to the gradient of the
tangent at that point
A tangent is a straight line that touches the curve at one point
The gradient function is an expression that allows the gradient to be calculated anywhere
along a curve
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For powers of x …
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Exam Tip
When differentiating long, awkward expressions write each step out fully and simplify
afterwards.
Take extra care when differentiating negative powers of x
Worked Example
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This means at a turning point the derivative or gradient function equals zero
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These are sometimes called local maximum/minimum points as other parts of the graph may
still reach higher/lower values
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STEP 2 To find the y-coordinate substitute the x-coordinate into the equation of the graph
ie. substitute x into “y = …”
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Exam Tip
Read questions carefully – sometimes only the x-coordinate of a turning point is required.
Differentiating accurately is crucial in leading to equations you can work with and solve.
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Worked Example
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How the position of a car changes over time (ie. speed – see Kinematics)
The area of a shape formed by points on the curve such as turning points and axes
intercepts
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These problems are based around the graph of a curve and its turning points
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2. Maximum/Minimum problems
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A third type of problem involving the motion of an object is dealt under the separate set of
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notes Kinematics
Exam Tip
Diagrams can help – if you are not given one, draw one – a sketch is usually good enough;
add to the diagram as you progress through the question.
Make sure you know how to find the areas and volumes of basic shapes eg. area of squares,
rectangles, triangles, circles, volume of cubes, cuboids, cylinders
Early parts of questions often ask you to “show that” a result is true.
Even if you can’t do this part of the question, the result may still be used in other parts
allowing you to score some marks.
Worked Example
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What is kinematics?
Kinematics is the analysis of the motion of a particle linking the three vector quantities
displacement, velocity and acceleration – see below
Motion is in a straight line – think of the particle as moving along a number line
The number line has a fixed point O (the origin)
The particle can move in both directions along the number line
Note that in kinematics, a particle is an object – it could be a football, a car, a train – anything
that has motion. A particle is modelled as taking up a single point in space
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If s = 4 then the distance from the origin is 4 m and the particle is 4 m “in front of” the origin
If s =-5 then the distance from the origin is 5 m and the particle is 5 m “behind” the origin
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eg. s = 3t3 – 2t + 1
At time t = 0, s = 1
At time t = 2, s = 21
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If v = 3 then the speed of the particle is 3 m/s and it is moving in the positive direction
If v = -6 then the speed of the particle is 5 m/s and it is moving in the negative direction
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If s = t3 – 2t2
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What is acceleration?
Acceleration is a vector quantity, so it can be negative
The magnitude of acceleration is always positive
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If v = 3t2 – 4t
then a = dv/dt = 6t – 4
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a = dv/dt
“… at rest …”
This means the particle is stationary
so v = 0
“… instantaneously …”
This means at some point in time, for some value of t
For example,
“Find the value(s)s of t for which the particle is instantaneously at rest”
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Exam Tip
Displacement, velocity and acceleration can all be negative whereas distance, speed
and magnitude of acceleration are always positive.
Worked Example
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