VIDEO INTRODUCTION

VIDEO 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqrcuWOKeno

VIDEO 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mq4C4zI4WYo

VIDEO 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pm8L2erXYIA

WHAT IS THE HUBBLE TELESCOPE?

The Hubble Space Telescope is a large telescope in space. It was launched into orbit by space shuttle Discovery on April 24, 1990. Hubble orbits
about 547 kilometers (340 miles) above Earth. It is the length of a large school bus and weighs as much as two adult elephants. Hubble travels
about 5 miles per second: That is like traveling from the eastern coast of the United States to the western coast in 10 minutes. Hubble is
solar-powered.

Hubble takes sharp pictures of objects in the sky such as planets, stars, and galaxies. Hubble has made more than one million observations and
scientists have learned a lot about the universe from these pictures. Many of them are beautiful to look at. These include detailed pictures of the
birth and death of stars, galaxies billions of light years away, and comet pieces crashing into Jupiter's atmosphere.

Earth’s atmosphere alters and blocks the light that comes from space. Hubble orbits above Earth’s atmosphere, which gives it a better view of the

universe than telescopes have at ground level.

Hubble is named after an American astronomer, Edwin P. Hubble. He made important discoveries in the early 1900s. He showed that the galaxy
containing the solar system -- the Milky Way -- was only one of many galaxies. His work helped show that the universe is expanding. This led to the
big-bang theory, which says that the universe began with an intense burst of energy and has been expanding ever since.

As Hubble orbits Earth, the Fine Guidance Sensors lock onto stars. The Fine Guidance Sensors are part of the Pointing Control System and aim
Hubble in the right direction. The telescope can lock onto a target that is one mile away without moving more than the width of a human hair.

Once the target is acquired, Hubble's primary mirror collects light. The mirror can collect about 40,000 times more light than the human eye. The
light bounces off the primary mirror to the secondary mirror. The secondary mirror focuses the light back through a hole in the primary mirror. From
there, the light shines to Hubble's scientific instruments. Each instrument has a different way of interpreting the light.

Hubble has five scientific instruments which include cameras and spectrographs. A spectrograph is an instrument that splits light into its individual
wavelengths. The Wide Field Camera 3 is Hubble’s main camera. It studies everything from the formation of distant galaxies to the planets in the
solar system. The camera can see three different kinds of light: near-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared. But Hubble can only see each kind of light
one at a time. Human eyes can see visible light. Near-ultraviolet and near-infrared are just beyond what our eyes can see.

The Advanced Camera for Surveys captures images of large areas of space. These images have helped scientists study some of the earliest activity in
the universe. The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph reads ultraviolet light. This spectrograph studies how galaxies, stars and planets formed and
changed. The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph helps scientists determine the temperature, chemical composition, density, and motion of
objects in space. It also has been used to detect black holes. The Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer, or NICMOS, sees objects in
deep space by sensing the heat they emit. It captures images and it is also a spectrograph. NICMOS helps scientists study how stars, galaxies and
planetary systems form.

Images taken by Hubble have helped scientists estimate the age and size of the universe. Scientists believe the universe is almost 14 billion years
old. Hubble has helped scientists understand how planets and galaxies form. An image called "Hubble Ultra Deep Field" shows the farthest galaxies
ever seen.

Hubble has detected black holes, which suck in everything around them, including light. The telescope has played a key role in the discovery of dark
energy, a mysterious force that causes the universe to expand faster and faster as time goes on. And it has revealed details of gamma-ray bursts --
powerful explosions of energy that occur when massive stars collapse. Hubble has also studied the atmospheres of planets revolving around stars
similar to Earth’s sun.

Hubble transmits about 140 gigabytes of science data every week back to Earth. That's equal to about 45 two-hour, HD-quality movies or about
30,000 mp3 songs. The digital signals are relayed to satellites, then to a ground station, then to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and finally to
the Space Telescope Science Institute. The STScI translates the data into images and information we can understand.

Hubble pictures start out as shades of black and white. The Space Telescope Science Institute adds colors to the pictures for different reasons.
Sometimes colors are chosen to show how an object might look to the human eye. Other times colors are used to highlight an important detail. Or
they can be used to show details that would otherwise be invisible to the human eye.
Hubble celebrated its 25th anniversary in April 2015. Engineers designed Hubble so that it could be repaired and upgraded as needed. Since the
telescope's launch, five space shuttle missions have carried astronauts to Hubble for servicing missions. The last mission was in 2009. Hubble was
upgraded so that it is better than ever. The telescope will not be repaired or upgraded again. But it is expected to continue to work until 2020 and
beyond.

Meanwhile, NASA and its international partners are preparing the James Webb Space Telescope to launch in 2021. The Webb is an infrared
telescope that will be larger than Hubble. Instead of orbiting Earth, this telescope will orbit the sun from a point beyond the moon. Webb will send
back amazing images like Hubble does, and it will help astronomers unlock more of the biggest mysteries of the universe.

Exercise 1
Place the following headline in the different sections of the text:

A- What Are Hubble's Most Important Discoveries?

B- What Is the Future of Hubble?

C- What Instruments Are on Hubble?

D- What Makes Hubble Different From Telescopes on Earth?

E- Where Do the Colors in Hubble's Images Come From?

F- Where Did the Name Hubble Come From?

Exercise 2
Answer the following questions:

1- The word “sharp” in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by:

a. Clear-cut
b. Keen
c. Acute
d. Beautiful

2- Why does Hubble take better images than telescopes on Earth’s surface?
a. Because it orbits over the Earth’s atmosphere.
b. Because the atmosphere alters and blocks light that comes from space.
c. Because it receives support from other telescopes at ground level.
d. Because it is very fast and orbits the Earth in a few minutes.

3- The word “burst” in paragraph 4 can be best replaced by:

a. Exposure
b. Explosion
c. Chaos
d. Interaction

4- Why does the author express “the width of a human hair” in paragraph 5?
a. To exemplify how thin the sensors of Hubble are
b. To explain the precision of Hubble when it takes an image
c. To demonstrate the big capacity of Hubble to focus on targets
d. To show how fast Hubble can take an image a mile away from it

5- Which are Hubble’s scientific instruments?

1 The Wide Field Camera 3

2 The Advanced Camera for Surveys

3 The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph

4 The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph

The Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer,

5
or NICMOS
6- The word “massive” in paragraph 10 can be best replaced by:
a. Multitudinous
b. Expansive
c. Differential
d. Enormous

7- From the text we can infer that:

a. The Space Telescope Science translates information into different languages.
b. Hubble only takes pictures on shades of black and white.
c. The Space Telescope Science Institute is about 25 years old.
d. Some colors in pictures are removed to make them clearer to the human eye.

8- Which of the following features will NOT be a feature of the James Webb Space telescope?
a. It will orbit the sun not the Earth.
b. It will be bigger in size than Hubble.
c. It will use infrared technology.
d. It will be launched from a point beyond the moon.