Art Appreciation Full Module

Arts Appreciation
Louielyn D. Torremocha, LPT

Author
Jesson A. Lechido, LPT, MAED

Subject Teacher
AUGUST, 2020
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
The Meaning and Importance of Art…………………………………….....................2
Importance of Art Appreciation ……………………………………………………..…….….3
What is art? ……………………………………………………………………………………………..4
The subject of art…………………………..............................................................4
What is subject of art? …………………………………………………………..………………..4
Sources of Art Subjects………………………….....................................................6
Functions of Art…………………………...............................................................11
Activity #1……………………………………………………………………………..………………..13
Activity #2…………………………………………………………………………….………………..14
Mediums and Techniques--------------------------------------------------------------16
The Artist and His Medium-------------------------------------------------------------17
The Artist and his Techniques---------------------------------------------------------18
Mediums of Visual Arts-----------------------------------------------------------------19
Sculpture-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
Purposes of architecture---------------------------------------------------------------21
Factors in the Choice and the use of Architectural material------------------22
Materials used in architecture. ------------------------------------------------------23
Classification of architectural materials (Salvan, 1999) ------------------------24
Types of Musical Instruments--------------------------------------------------------25
Literature----------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
UNIT 3 - The elements of Visual Arts and Performing Arts

Elements of Visual Arts……………………………………………………………………….2
Types of lines……………………………………………………………………………………..3
Properties of color………………………………………………………………………………6
Classification of colors ...………………........................................................7
Uses of Art Elements………………….……………………………………………………….8
Performing arts (such as traditional music, dance, and theatre)…………10
Activity #5 …………………………..................................................................12
Activity #6…………………………...................................................................13
UNIT 4: Art and History Development Baroque Art

Modern Art……………………………………………………………………………………..….……2
Gothic Art………………………………………………………………………………………..….…..5
Styles of Art…………………………………………………………………………………..….….….6
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• Renaissance Art…………………………………………………………..…….…….9
Painting and Sculpture………………………………………………………………………..…10
• Architecture
The styles of Architecture……………………………………………………………………..11
Byzantine Architecture………………………………………………………………………….15
Early Christian Architecture…………………………………………………………………..16
Renaissance Architecture………………………………………………………………………17
• Interior design……………………………………………………………………….19
• Elements of interior design
Theatre…………………………………………………………………………………………..……20
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TAGUM DOCTORS COLLEGE, INC.

Mahogany St., Rabe Subd., Visayan Village
Tagum City, Davao del Norte, Philippines
Tel Fax (084) 655 – 6971 Email: tdci_007@yahoo.com
Course Title: Art Appreciation

Course Instructor: Jesson A. Lechido, LPT, MAED
Email: tdci.lechido@gmail.com
Student Consultation: Thrice a Week
Mobile: 09975020473
Facebook Account: Jess Adonis Lechido
Effectivity Date: June 14, 2021
Mode of Delivery: Blended Learning (online and
modular)
Time Frame: Summer Class
Student Workload: 54 lecture hours
Requisites: none
Credit: 3 units – 9 Lecture Hours/Week
Attendance Requirements: Schoology/Google Classroom/Google Meet
or any other LMS
POLICY
Course Syllabi:
https://ched.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2017/10/ARTAPPRECIATION.pd
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Study Guide:
TIME FRAME TASKS
Prelim Grading
Period
UNIT 1- The Meaning and Importance of Art
Week 1-2 Importance of Art Appreciation
What is art?
The subject of art

Week 3-4 What is subject of art?
Sources of Art Subjects

Week 5 Functions of Art
Midterm Grading
Period
Week 6-7 Unit 2: THE ARTISTS MEDIUM
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Mediums and Techniques

The Artist and His Medium
The Artist and his Techniques
Mediums of Visual Arts
Sculpture
Purposes of architecture
Week 8-9
Factors in the Choice and the use of Architectural
material
Materials used in architecture.
Classification of architectural materials (Salvan, 1999)
Week 10 Types of Musical Instruments
Literature
Pre-Final Grading UNIT 3 - The elements of Visual Arts and Performing

Period Arts
Week 11-12 Elements of Visual Arts
Types of lines
Week 13-14 Properties of color

Classification of colors
Week 15 Uses of Art Elements
Performing arts (such as traditional music, dance,
and theatre)
Final Grading Period
Week 16-17 Unit 4: Art and History Development Baroque Art
Modern Art
Gothic Art
Styles of Art
Painting and Sculpture
Week 18-19 The styles of Architecture

Byzantine Architecture
Early Christian Architecture
Week 20 Renaissance Architecture

• Interior design
• Elements of interior design
Theatre
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1
LET’S BEGIN!
UNIT 1 -Week (2-3)
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
a. To explain the meaning, nature, and the importance of arts in

our lives.
b. To determine the subject of arts and its functions.
c. To be able to reflect on the functions of art with regards to
their personal contributions to the art development.
Introduction
Art appreciation refers to the pursuit of knowledge and

understanding of the universal and timeless qualities characterizing works
of art. It invokes an analysis of the works based on acknowledged elements
of composition and principles of design, through which enjoyment of the
humanities is enhanced.
Introduction to Art Appreciation is primarily intended for the
Humanities course at the tertiary level. Nevertheless, this may also be
used as a reference material for other courses in teaching the meaning and
importance of art, its elements, and its development in the Philippines.
Unlocking of Difficulties
To attend the following intended learning outcomes for the first unit
of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages.
Key Terms
Subconscious- of or concerning the part of the mind of which one is not

fully aware but which influences one's actions and feelings.
"my subconscious fear
Empathize- is to understand or relate to someone else's emotional
experience. Empathize is often used interchangeably with sympathize,
but you'll get no empathy (or sympathy) from usage experts if you
confuse the two
Nostalgia- a sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past, typically
for a period or place with happy personal associations.
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"I was overcome with acute nostalgia for my days in college"
Sculptures- the art of making two- or three-dimensional representative or

abstract forms, especially by carving stone or wood or by casting metal
or plaster.
"the boundary between painting and sculpture is displaced"
Idyllic- suitable for or suggestive of an idyll; charmingly simple or rustic: his

idyllic life in Tahiti. of, relating to, or characteristic of an idyll.
Lecture Notes
The Meaning and Importance of Art
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmymodernmet.com%2Fwp%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2Felements-of-art-6.jpg
What is art?
1. Art is from the Latin word ars, meaning “ability or skill” *J.V. Estolas
2. Art is taken from Italian word artis, means craftsmanship, skill,
mastery of form, inventiveness and the association that exists
between form & ideas, between materials & technique. *A. Tan
3. Art is concerned with the communication of certain ideas and
feelings by means of medium, color, sound, sound, bronze, marble,
words and film. *C. Sanchez
4. Art is an attitude of spirit and state of mind-one which demands
for its own satisfaction and fulfilling, a shaping of matter to new and
more significant form. *John Dewey
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5. Art is a product of man’s need to express himself. It involves

personal experience of an individual accompanied by some intensity
of emotion.
Importance of Art Appreciation
Arts have particular significance in our lives. They become part of our
daily life as we surround ourselves with the things we like. This involves some
of the objects we see and use & music we hear every day. The ability to
understand and appreciate the work of art like painting, sculpture, melody,
a beautiful building, a dance or a literary piece truly becomes a delightful
experience. Also, it serves as the most ancient of human expressions that can
communicate across cultures and beyond the barriers of language, beliefs
and time. It plays a powerful tool to reform man, to change his behaviour
into social order to overcome his feelings and loneliness, uncertainty and
restlessness.
Art is dynamic, with new trends and styles emerging at a fast pace.
However, the final attempt of the artist is that it speaks to the viewer on a
personal level and can be interpreted in a variety of ways. Art opens up the
stream of subconscious and intends to personally touch every person that
comes across it.
Art appreciation is extremely relevant for multiple reasons. It is a good
way to understand the history behind the work, and the period from which
the piece originated. Artists often reflect the problems that they face, and
the issues of the society in their work. By analysing and putting ourselves in
the mind of the artist, we can better study how differently society functioned
then, compared to now. We can empathize and relate to the problems they
faced on a personal level.
Art is meant to stimulate thought and conversation between its
viewers. By reflecting on a piece of art, we delve into our own experiences
and nostalgia, thus a piece of art means something different to every person
that comes across it. Art appreciation helps open up the mind-set of the
people, by listening to different perspectives and views as well as
interpretations of the art; it encourages thoughtful conversation and the
understanding that there is more than one approach to everything.
For many people, art is meant to express something that we ourselves
feel unable to express or convey. Through its visual medium it evokes
feelings of joy, sadness, anger and pain. That is why art appreciation is so
important in bringing that one final element to complete the work, and that
is our interpretation. Our perspective brings the artwork to life as it changes
for every person around it.
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It is important to foster art appreciation and analysis, as it helps us

value the art in how it appeals to us and what it means to each person. It
examines into the history and the story behind the art, as well as a look into
the lives of the artists. It enables one to critically analyse a work, along lines
of design, mastery and techniques. Most importantly, however, art
appreciation stimulates though and analysis provokes an individual to look
past what meets the eye and open our mind to the views of others.
Finally, we can say that art appreciation is the ability to interpret or
understand man-made arts and enjoy them either through actual and work
experience with art tools, materials or position of this work of art for one’s
admiration and satisfaction.
Example:
Love is blind
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i2F%2Fwww.voicesofyouth.org%2Fblog%2Fart-and-lockdown-your-drawings-time
The Subject of Art

What is subject of Art?
A subject of art is usually anything that is represented in the artwork. It is
varied it may be a person, object, scene, or event. The arts have subjects
called representational arts or objective arts. Representational or Objective
Arts are artworks that depict something easily recognized by most people.
Examples:
• Paintings
• Sculptures
• Graphic arts
• Literature
• Theatre
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Figure 1.1 Idyllic picture of Philippine barrio life- a favourite subject of art
https://www.google.com/ %2Fi.pinimg.cos%2Fcf%2F1b%2F33%2Fcf1b33cc78a1ae7d3e1039819c01a82e.jpg
Figure 1.2 Pelicans before still waters. The desire for beauty is a basic human
need.
Those arts that do not have subjects are called nonrepresentational or non-
objective arts. Non- representational or non- objective arts are those that
have no resemblance to any real subject. They do not represent anything and
they are what they are. They rather appear directly to the senses primarily
because of the satisfying organization of their elements.
Examples:
Abstract art like: Dadaism and Cubism
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Note: Music, architecture and many functional arts are none

representational. Because some of the musical compositions have subject
though they are generally referred to as program music.
Tips to determine subject matter in a particular piece of art, ask yourself:
❑ What is actually depicted in this artwork?

❑ What is the artist trying to express to the world?
❑ What is his or her message? And how are they conveying that
message?
Sources of Art Subjects
The artist has the freedom to choose the subject. This will depend to
a certain extent on how he feels and thinks about the environment he lives
in. his choice of the subject will involve self-interest which will produce
satisfying results considering the availability of the medium to be used, time
in which he lives and the patronage he gets.
Example:
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Figure 1.3 This landmark at the Rizal Park is the execution site of Father
Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora.
Figure 1.4 The main entrance of Fort Santiago, Intramuros, Manila
The works of art, particularly visual art like landscape, seascape and
cityscapes have been fascinated with beauty of their physical environment.
The landscapes and seascapes are the favorite subjects of Chinese, Japanese
and Filipino painters. They would observe nature, meditate lengthily on its
beautiful and restful mood, apply pigments on the canvass in varying the
texture and colors.
Fernando Amorsolo
Example of his masterpiece: Dalagang bukid
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In this section, we'll learn about 4 main subjects that artists have been
exploring in art for centuries these are the following:
 STILL LIFE- is another composition which some artists love to paint.

Inanimate objects such as flowers, fruits, vegetables, kitchen utensils,
glasses, cups, plates and even bottles are their favorite. Another
subjects are animals like cows, horses & carabaos which are located at
the rural areas.
- (also known by its FRENCH title, nature MORTE)
-Usually, these items are set on a table and often include organic
objects like fruit and flowers and household items like glassware and
textiles.
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 PAINTING- the expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of

certain aesthetic qualities, in a two-dimensional visual language. The
elements of this language—its shapes, lines, colours, tones, and
textures—are used in various ways to produce sensations of volume,
space, movement, and light on a flat surface.
 LANDSCAPE- LANDSCAPE PAINTING-also known as landscape art, Is

the depiction of landscapes in art—natural scenery such as mountains,
valleys, trees, rivers, and forests.
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 ABSTRACT- literally means the distancing of an idea from objective

referents. That means, in the visual arts, pulling a depiction away from
any literal, representational reference points. You can also call
abstract art nonrepresentational art.
Highlights: The movement. Modern abstract art was born early in the 20th
century. It was completely radical for its day. Artists began to create
simplified objections with little or no reference to the “real” world.
The father. The first artist to create abstract art as we know it will always
remain a mystery but Wassily Kandinsky is often credited by historians as he
created paintings of floating, norepresentational forms as early as 1912. His
work brought abstraction to America during the Armory Show in 1913.
The present. Abstract art now lives in the art world in many forms. It is two-
and three-dimensional. It can be vast or small. Abstract art can also be made
with many materials and on many surfaces. It can be used in concert with
representational art or completely abstract. Artists creating it often focus on
other visual qualities like color, form, texture, scale and more in their non-
objective work.
 DAY OF THE DEAD- Pieces are inspired by the meaningful Mexican

holiday, Día de Muertos, which is a time for remembering and
celebrating our loved ones who have passed away.
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https://www.google.com/%2Fi.pinimg.cos%2Fcf%2F1b%2F33%2Fcf1b33cc78a1ae7d3e1039819c01a82e.jpg
Functions of Art
4 Functions of Art
1. Fine/Aesthetic Function - (major arts) through art, man becomes
conscious of the beauty of nature. He benefited from his own work and from
those done by fellowmen he learns to love, and persevere them for his
enjoyment and appreciation.
Example: The Eiffel tower
https://www.google.com/%2Fi.pinimg.cos%2Fcf%2F1b%2F33%2Fcf1b33cc78a1ae7d3e1039819c01a82e.jpg
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2 Practical/Utilitarian Function - (minor arts) is intended for practical use or

utility. It possess artistic qualities to make them useful and beautiful.
Example: Industrial Art
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.trendhunterstatic.com%2Fthumbs%2Fstig-
industrial-art-furniture-bob-campbell.jpeg
3. Cultural Function- Art reflects a society's cultural ideas, values, and

concerns, either collective or individual. Cross-cultural studies of art shows
that it represents different worldviews, religious beliefs, political ideas,
social values, kinship structures, economic relations, and historical memory
Example: City of Smile-Bacolod
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fphilnews.ph%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F02%2FMasskara-festival-in-Bacolod-City-1.jpg&
4. Social Function- are those that go beyond personal intrinsic value to art's
social benefits. Individuals and their society are dynamically
related. Art communicates. Most often it is constructed with the intention of
sharing responses to and opinions about life with others. Man learns to love and
help each other.
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https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl= 3Ano_ _ _icc()%2FSymmetry-Art-58c9b5fc5f9b581d72f65ab0.jpg
Focus Questions
FOR YOU TO DO: To hone your understanding, answer the following
question. Details on the deadline will be posted.
Instruction: Write your answer in a short bond paper in a paragraph form.

Fontsize: Book Antiqua, 12, submit your answer in our google classroom, on
or before the set deadline.
Answer the following questions. (50points)
1.What is your own definition of art?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2.How can art be an aid to better citizenship? Cite an
example.______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________.
3.In what ways does art contribute to the physical, social and spiritual well-
being of a
man?_________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
4.What are the functions of art in the context of enhancing your
personality?___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_________________________.
5. Choose at least one Filipino Indigenous art form(dance, music, painting,
etc) among (Tausugs, tagalogs, Ifugaos, Maranaos, etc). do not forget to state
the importance of the art form to the
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community.____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
Related Readings
Hey there! Want to catch up to this Lesson? Click the link below for access:
https://www.educationworld.in/the-importance-of-art-appreciation/
https://www.yundle.com/terms-definitions/a/art-appreciation
https://www.slideshare.net/ienock/art-appreciation-67174225
Learning / Assessment Activities

Activity 1
Name:____________________ Course& year_______________
Date:____________________
Instruction: Get a copy of the artwork of Fernando Amorsolo in the internet.
Paste it here. Study the life of the artist and the answer the questions below.
1. Identify the subject of this artwork. What does it show? In your own words,
give the meaning of the word subject.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
________________________.
2. As provided, what is the medium that the artist used in rendering the
subject? Define the word medium as used in the example above.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________.
3. Where do you think Amorsolo got his inspiration? Can you name other
sources where artists obtain their inspiration?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________.
References
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Bevlin, M., Elliot. (2015). Design through Discovery: The Elements and
Principles. Brief ed. New York: Holt , Rinehart and Winston 1985. 171
pp. Index, bibl., glossary, B/W illus., color illus. ISBN 0-03-07162-1.
Feldman, E., B. (2016). Thinking About Art. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice
Hall, 1985. 465 pp. Index, bibl. glossary, B/W illus., color illus. ISBN 0-
13-917493-1
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LET’S BEGIN!
UNIT 2 -Week (6-10)
a. familiarize oneself of how an artwork is made, put together or

organized;
b. determine the meaning conveyed by the art and how an artwork
males more meaningful;
c. compare and contrast different mediums in art production and;
d. come up with simple presentation.
Introduction
A medium refers to the materials that are used to create a work of art.
The plural of medium is media. Some of the most common media are oil
paints (paints that use oil to hold pigments together), tempera (pigments
held together with egg yolk), marble (soft, white stone), and bronze (a metal
used to cast sculptures)
Key Terms
Pigment- the natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.
Mediums- an agency or means of doing something.
Two-dimensional- having or appearing to have length and breadth but no

depth.
Visual Arts- are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture,
ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts, and architecture.
Many artistic disciplines such as performing arts, conceptual art, and textile
Tempera- is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored

pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder medium, usually glutinous
material such as egg yolk. Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this
medium.
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Lecture Notes
The Artists Medium
https://www.google.com/view-of-woman-artist-working-on-a-painting-in-her-bright--sunlit-studio-700525478-
5ab54b8d3418c600364b084f.jpg
Mediums and Techniques

Medium came from the Latin word medium which indicates the artists
feelings or thoughts depending on how the artist communicate his
idea. Here are the example medium used by them.
The Architect
Architect uses woods, bamboo, bricks, stone, concrete and various
building materials.
The Painter
Painter uses pigment on wood or canvas to create reality of nature,
encaustic, tempera, fresco, oil, acrylic and water color.
The Sculptor
Sculptor uses steel, marble, bronze, metal, and wood.
The Musician
Musician uses musical instruments to produce and
communicate a message.
The Writer - Writer uses words.
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2 classification of arts in the basis of medium
a. Visual arts- those mediums that can be seen and which occupy space.
A.1 The dimensional or two-dimensional arts like painting, drawing,

printmaking and photography. “having the dimensions of height and
width”.
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Ff8finearts.weebly.com%2Fuploads%2F6%2F1%2F8%2F8%2
F61886323%2Ficecream_orig.jpg
A.2 The three-dimensional arts which includes sculpture, architecture,

landscape, community planning, industrial designs and crafts like
ceramics and furniture. defined through the dimensions of height,
width and depth.
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Ff8finearts.weebly.com%2Fuploads%2F6%2F1%2F8%2F8%2
F61886323%2Ficecream_orig.jpg
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b. Auditory Arts are those mediums can be heard and which are expressed
in time. These are music and literature. The combined arts are those
mediums can be both seen and heard, and which exist in both time and
space. These include dance, opera, drama and film. Along with the music,
these are also known as performing arts, an art form which depicts a
significant event and represented before an audience. All arts convey
meaning and these maybe enjoyed through either visual or auditory or both.
c. Technique is the manner in which the artist controls his medium to achieve
the desired effect. It is the ability which he fulfils the technical requirements
of his particularwork of art. It has something to do with the way he
manipulates his mediums to express his idea in the artwork.
The Artist and His Medium
The artist think; feels and give shape to his vision in terms of his
medium. When the artist chooses his particular medium, he believes that his
choice can best express the idea he wants to convey. At times, the artist
employs more than one medium to give meaning to his creative production.
Also, he must love, respect, and understand his medium to make it easier for
him to expand his knowledge and improve his skill in the chosen area.
The Artist and his Techniques
Artists differ from one another in technique even they used the same
medium. A musician’s technique is his ability to make the music sound the
way he wants it.
Technique differs in the various arts. An artist technique in one
medium will be quite different from his technique to another. A painter
might have fine technique in water color but poor one in oil. The distinction
between an art and craft may be made on the basis of the technique used.
For an artist, technique is not the end but the means, the craftsman,
technique is the end. The making of a piece of sculpture for example, is not
the same as the making of a chair. While both require technique, knowledge
and competence, creativity comes into play in the work of sculptor.
Mediums of Visual Arts

Visual Arts are those arts that can perceive with your eyes. The most
common visual arts are painting, sculpture and architecture. Their mediums
are discussed as follows:
Painting
Painting is the art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface by
the use of pigments. These mediums are applied to wet plaster, canvas,
wood or paper.
Watercolor
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Watercolor is difficult to handle because producing warm and rich

tones using these medium proves to be a challenge. Changes may be made
once applied to make it less luminous.
Fresco
Fresco is a painting method done on a moist plaster surface with colors
ground in water or a limewater mixture. It must be done quickly because the
moment the paint is applied to the surface, the color dry into the plaster and
the painting became integral part of the wall. The image will be permanently
fixed and impossible to remove. The example for this is Michael Angelo’s
creation of Adam in the Sistine chapel ceiling.
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.2Fcommons%2F6%2581ngel%2529.jpg
Tempera
Tempera paints are mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk or egg white
and ore. This egg-based blend binds the pigments to the surface. Tempera is
characterized by its film-forming properties and rapid drying rate.
The great Byzantine tradition of tempera painting was developed in
Italy in the 13th and 14th centuries by Duccio di Buoninsegna and Giotto. It
was first used in 12th-century Europe, and the period's artists cultivated
methods for improving both formulas and artistic techniques. Used for
medieval panel paintings, tempera evolved with the addition of egg yolks to
the formula.
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%.xamou-art.com%2Fwp- %2Ffresco-painting-496x273.jpg
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A 1367 tempera on wood by Niccolò Semitecolo.
Pastel
A pastel consists of pure powdered pigment and binder in a stick
dried paste ground with chalk and compounded with gum and water. It's
basically the same pigment that is used in all art mediums. In appearance,
it's sort of a cross between a stick of chalk and a crayon. They are held in
the same way that you would hold a pencil, crayon or paint brush. Pastels
come in 4 forms: hard pastels, soft pastels, pastel pencils, and oil pastels.
Encaustic
Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves using
heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. The liquid or paste is
then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though canvas and other
materials are often used.
5-step Encaustic Wax Painting Tutorial

1. Select and prepare a substrate. ...
2. Melt the encaustic medium in tins on a hot palette. ...
3. Applying the wax – Brush the medium onto the substrate. ...
4. Fuse every layer. ...
5. Scraping, Incising and Gouging.
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%.xamou-art.com%2Fwp- -painting-496x273.jpg
Oil
Oil paint is form of a slow-drying paint that consists of particles of
pigment suspended in a drying oil that forms a tough, coloured film on
exposure to air. painting in oil colours, a medium consisting of pigments
suspended in drying oils. The outstanding facility with which fusion of tones
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or colour is achieved makes it unique among fluid painting mediums; at the

same time, satisfactory linear treatment and crisp effects are easily obtained.
During the 15th century, Jan van Eyck, a famous Belgian painter developed
oil painting by mixing linseed oil and oil from nuts with diverse colors.
Oil painting, if it has been varnished after 6 months or so. The coat of varnish
will darken, but not the paint, under, then, the varnish can be removed by a
professional and the painting can be touched up and revarnished. An oil
painting on cotton canvas will last fifty year or so, then it will rot.
What was the first oil painting? The earliest discovered oil paintings date
back to approx. 650AD in Afghanistan. These murals were presumably
created by buddhist artists traveling along the silk road. These early oil works
display a wide range of pigments and binders, and even included the use of
a final varnish layer.
The first oil painting in Afgahnistan.
Acrylic
Acrylic is a synthetic, quick
drying paint that can be used in thick, heavy layers or thin washes on most
surfaces. Additives can be used to provide matt or gloss finishes.
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Poppyscape Sunset - Impasto Palette Knife Acrylic Painting Mona Edulesco

Sculpture
Mosaic
Mosaic, in art, decoration of a surface with designs made up of closely
set, usually variously coloured, small pieces of material such as stone,
mineral, glass, tile, or shell.
The earliest known mosaics were found in a Mesopotamian temple
dating back to the 3rd millennium BC. Made up of ivory, seashells, and
stones, these decorative, abstract pieces laid the groundwork
for mosaics made thousands of years later in Ancient Greece and the Roman
Empire.
Stained Glass
Stained glass, in the arts, the coloured glass used for making
decorative windows and other objects through which light passes. ...
Nevertheless, the term stained glass has come to refer primarily to
the glass employed in making ornamental or pictorial windows
The Meaning Of Stained Glass Colors On Stained Glass
Red: Not surprisingly represents the blood of Christ or the martyrdom of

saints.
Green: Is the color of grass and nature and therefore represents growth and
rebirth, life over death.
Violet: A bold color symbolizing love, truth, passion, and suffering.
Tapestry
Tapestry is a form of textile art, traditionally woven by hand on a loom.
Tapestry is weft-faced weaving, in which all the warp threads are hidden in
the completed work, unlike cloth weaving where both the warp and the weft
threads may be visible
Purpose: the woven decorative fabric, the design of which is built up in the
course of weaving. Broadly, the name has been used for almost any heavy
material, hand woven, machine woven, or even embroidered, used to cover
furniture, walls, or floors or for the decoration of clothing.
Symbolizes: The tapestry, a handmade object created through repetitive

actions, stands in for the block of stone, which in turn symbolizes my
ancestor's life's work. The texture created through the use of both the
materials and medium would not have been possible in any other form.
Drawing
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Drawing is a graphic art which is characterized by an emphasis on

form or shape, rather than mass and colour as in painting. Drawing is quite
different from graphic printmaking processes, because although
a drawing may form the basis for replication, it is by its very nature, unique.
The five main skills of drawing.
They're the ability to: recognize edges, lines, and angles; to reckon
proportion and perspective; deciphering shadow, highlights, and gradations
of tone; and lastly, the ability to unconsciously drawstring them all together
- which comes to you with practice.
Best known drawing by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Different kinds of mediums used in drawing are:

Pencil, pen, ink and charcoal.
Pencil- an instrument for writing or drawing, consisting of a thin stick of

graphite or a similar substance enclosed in a long thin piece of wood or fixed
in a metal or plastic case.
Pen- an instrument for writing or drawing with ink, typically consisting of a

metal nib or ball, or a nylon tip, fitted into a metal or plastic holder.
Ink- a liquid or paste that contain pigments or dyes and is used to color a
surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing or
writing with a pen, brush, or quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used
extensively in letterpress and lithographic
Charcoal- a porous black solid, consisting of an amorphous form of carbon,

obtained as a residue when wood, bone, or other organic matter is heated
in the absence of air.
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Bistre- a brownish-yellowish pigment made from the soot of burned wood.

Can refer to two things: a very dark shade of grayish brown; a shade of brown
made from soot, or the name for a color resembling the brownish pigment.
Bistre's appearance is generally of a dark grayish brown, with a yellowish cast
Crayons- crayon is a stick of colored wax, charcoal, chalk or other material

used for writing or drawing. A crayon made of pigment with a dry binder is a
pastel; when made of oiled chalk, it is called an oil pastel. A grease pencil or
Chinese marker is made of colored hardened grease.
Silverpoint- the art of drawing with a silver-pointed instrument on paper

prepared with a coating of powdered bone or zinc white, creating a fine
durable line composed of metal fragments.
Printmaking- Printmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing,

normally on paper. Printmaking normally covers only the process of creating
prints that have an element of originality, rather than just being a
photographic reproduction of a painting.
Lithography- Lithography is a method of printing originally based on the

immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone or a metal plate
with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by German author and actor
Alois Senefelder as a cheap method of publishing theatrical works.
Sculpture- Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three
dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes
originally used carving and modelling, in stone, metal, ceramics, wood and
other materials but, since Modernism, there has been an almost complete
freedom of materials and process.
Stone- hard solid nonmetallic mineral matter of which rock is made,

especially as a building material.
"the houses are built of stone"
-a piece of stone shaped for a purpose, especially one of
commemoration, ceremony, or demarcation.
- hard and brittle substance formed from mineral and earth mineral.
They are usually used for gravestones in cemeteries. This includes
sandstones, granite, basalt, marble and limestones
a. Granite- an igneous rock composed of mostly two minerals: quartz

and feldspar. It is an intrusive rock, meaning that it crystallized from
magma that cooled far below the Earth's surface. Its name is
derived from the Latin word 'granum,' which means 'grain,' a
reference to the easily-seen minerals in the rock.
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b. Marble- Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized

carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Marble is
typically not foliated, although there are exceptions. In geology, the
term marble refers to metamorphosed limestone, but its use in
stonemasonry more broadly encompasses unmetamorphosed
limestone.
c. Basalt- Basalt is used for a wide variety of purposes. It is most

commonly crushed for use as an aggregate in construction
projects.
Crushed basalt is used for road base, concrete aggregate, asphalt
pavement aggregate, railroad ballast, filter stone in drain fields, and
may other purposes. It is hard and black.
d. Limestone- a rock that is formed chiefly by accumulation of organic

remains (such as shells or coral), consists mainly of calcium carbonate,
is extensively used in building, and yields lime when burned.
Jade- a hard, typically green stone used for ornaments and implements and
consisting of the minerals jadeite or nephrite.
Ivory - a hard creamy-white substance composing the main part of the tusks
of an elephant, walrus, or narwhal, often (especially formerly) used to make
ornaments and other articles.
Metals a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and
ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity (e.g., iron, gold, silver,
copper, and aluminum, and alloys such as brass and steel).
Bronze- Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with

about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals and
sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon.
Brass- Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, in proportions which can be varied
to achieve varying mechanical and electrical properties. It is a substitutional
alloy: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within the same
crystal structure.
Gold- a yellow precious metal, the chemical element of atomic number 79,
used especially in jewelry and decoration and to guarantee the value of
currencies.
Plaster - a soft mixture of lime with sand or cement and water for spreading
on walls, ceilings, or other structures to form a smooth hard surface when
dried.
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Clay a stiff, sticky fine-grained earth, typically yellow, red, or bluish-gray in

color and often forming an impermeable layer in the soil. It can be molded
when wet, and is dried and baked to make bricks, pottery, and ceramics.
Glass a hard, brittle substance, typically transparent or translucent, made by

fusing sand with soda, lime, and sometimes other ingredients and cooling
rapidly. It is used to make windows, drinking containers, and other articles
Wood
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and
roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic material – a natural
composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a
matrix of lignin that resists compression.
Architecture
Architecture is defined as the art and science of designing buildings
and structures. A wider definition would include within this scope the design
of any built environment, structure or object, from town planning, urban
design, and landscape architecture to furniture and objects
Purposes of architecture is to fulfil man’s need. These includes:

a. Physical needs- shelter for self-preservation
b. Emotional needs- endowed with rich beauty & interest
c. Intellectual needs- a building for science, education, government and
etc.
d. Psychosocial needs
d.1 For recognition and prestige, civic and personal-palaces,
skycrapers, cathedrals, public buildings, monuments, etc.
d.2 for response- due to love, friendship, and sociability(fraternal
buildings, city, clubs, banquet halls, ballrooms and living rooms)
Factors in the Choice and the use of Architectural materials

There are various factors to be considered in the choice and the use of
architectural materials, these are:
1. Structural Property- workability with tools when used as a
construction materials
a. Compressive strength
b. Flexible strength
c. Penetrability
d. Lightness
e. Durability
f. Firmness
g. Gracefulness
h. Flexibility of use
2. Physical property-use of the material for appealing purposes.
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a. Texture
b. Tonal quality
c. Color
3. Weakness of the material
a. Rotting
b. Rust due to moisture
c. Susceptibility to infection by wood-boring weevils, termites and
other pests
d. Discolorization
e. Solar radiation
f. Fungus growth
4. Longevity of the material- lifespan of the material
a. 10 years
b. 20 years
c. Half century (50 years)
d. More than a century
5. Other inherent properties
a. Weight
b. Water resistance
c. Heat resistance
d. Auditory values
e. Economy
Classification of architectural materials (Salvan, 1999)

Materials used in architecture.
Materials in nature(direct product of nature) Examples are the following:
1. Stone – the oldest and most permanent building material. For stronger
structures ferro concrete is used. It is reinforced with steel.
a. Limestone- Useful in walls and exterior parts of the building and lends
very well to carving.
b. Granite- the hardest and the most durable type of stones and is
adaptable for monumental work.
c. Marble- capable of taking polish.
Color: Marble is usually a light-colored rock.
Acid Reaction: Being composed of calcium carbonate, marble will
react in contact with many acids, neutralizing the acid.
Hardness: Being composed of calcite, marble has a hardness of
three on the Mohs hardness scale.
Sand stone- is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or

rock grains. Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because
these are the most common minerals in the earth's crust. Like
sand, sandstone may be any.
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2. Wood is not permanent material but with proper care it can last for
century. It is common building material before 90s. it can be destroyed by
moisture, insects and fire when unprotected. A new material, plywood is
a chin chips and readily available.
Material manufactured by man

It constitutes the majority of the building materials and manipulation
of man before it acquires its finished form. Clay is the new product used in
architecture. Here are examples below:
a. Ceramic materials- are more than pottery and dishes: clay, bricks, tiles, glass,
and cement are probably the best-known examples. Ceramic materials are
used in electronics because, depending on their composition, they may be
semiconducting, superconducting, ferroelectric, or an insulator.
b. Clay- clay is used for making pottery, both utilitarian and decorative, and
construction products, such as bricks, walls, and floor tiles. Different types
of clay, when used with different minerals and firing conditions, are used
to produce earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain
c. Glass- It ranges in size from monumental works and installation pieces to
wall hangings and windows, to works of art made in studios and factories,
including glass jewel and tableware.
3. Metals. the common metal used in architecture are the bronze, iron, copper, nickel-
steel, aluminium and silver
4. Concrete Materials it is more favourable because of their availability, durability and
flexibility. It has the strength and a texture capable of artistic quality of building.
These materials are smooth, hard, permanent, light, transparent and durable.
5. Plastics can be sowed, cut, bent, drilled and treaded. They are capable of resisting
water, acid, fire, or wear.
Indigenous materials
These materials can be found in the locality and widely used in architechture.
Some of these materials are the following:
1. Sawali. It came from the outer covering of bamboo poles. It is woven into mats
and ideal for cement backing.
2. Coco coir. This is by-product of coconut used to minimize the use of cement and
as sand which panels for insulation.
3. Baggase. This is sugarcane waste used for insulation or cement backing
4. Abaca. This is a fiber materials from leafstalk of banana plant mostly found in Bicol
region.
5. Bamboo. It has the low degree of elasticity, low concrete adhesion and wide
variable moisture content. It is mostly found in Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela.
6. Palm frond stems. Used for non-structural panel walls, screens and bases of
houses. Despite of this, it is susceptible for termites and be replaced every 4 to 5
years.
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7. Mud bricks. This material is brittle, has less strength and cannot stand up well to
tension. However, it is the choice of building materials in places with hot, dry
climates due to its low thermal conductibility.
Mediums of performing arts

Performing arts are creative activities presented before an audience on stage
and in open places. When heard and seen simultaneously, these arts become
combined arts. The performing arts include music, dance, theatre arts (play or
drama), and literature.
Music is an art. Culture is reflected in art. The more music a man knows, the more
cultured he becomes. Music deals with sounds. The mediums of music are vocal
and instrumental music.
Vocal music is the oldest & most natural form of music. Voice is produced by vibration
of the vocal chords. To properly produce you have to have a correct positioning
of the body head, and mouth by which the air will be able to vibrate freely.
Correct posture-standing correctly by keeping one foot forward.
Correct breathing-diaphragmatic breathing is advisable, proper exhalation and
inhalation is necessary.
Steps to practice proper breathing
1. Begin to slow down and deepen your breath.
2. When you breathe in, stomach goes out, as you breathe out, stomach goes
in.
3. Breathe in through the nose, out through the nose or mouth.
4. Lengthen the out breath.
5. Pair the breath with a positive memory or calming word if you'd prefer.
Correct placement of the voice. Project the voice upward towards the head
to improved tonal quality.
Correct diction. This includes correct enunciation and distinct articulation
to bring out the meaning of the song to the listeners.
Correct interpretation. Music is made more beautiful when it is interpreted
properly. How a singer make use of his face, eyes, hands and other parts of
the body.
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Classification of Vocal Music

Vocal Music can be classified into (1) long vocal forms and (2) short vocal
forms.
a. Long vocal forms includes:
1. Opera- drama set to music with action, costume, and scenery. It consist
of overture, arias, recitative, ensemble and chorus.
2. Cantata- a story told in music without action. A smaller version of the
oratorio and maybe secular or religious.
3. Oratorio- a form of dramatic music also consisting of an overture, arias,
recitative and ensemble based on Biblical stories or contemplative
characters. It is performed in a concert style without costume, scenery or
action. Greater emphasis is given to the chorus and a testo(narrator) is
often utilized.
3. Moro-moro- a Philippine drama set to music that depicts Christian and non-
Christian conflicts.
4. Zarzuela a Philippine drama set to music that is similar to the opera.
Short vocal forms include:
1. Folk songs
2. Art songs
3. Kundiman
4. Balitaw
5. Danza habanera
6. Anthem
7. Motet
8. Madrigal
9. Ballad
10.Chorale
11.Round/cannon
12.Area
Voice Classification
Voice differs depending on timbre(quality) and range. As to timbre, voices
are classified into: women’s voice and men’s voices
1. Women’s voices
A. Soprano- the tone is lighter in character, and more flexible.
• Coloratura Soprano- the highest and lightest of all voices
• Mezzo soprano-medium high in tonal quality
• Lyric soprano- less high and flute-like. It is suited for sweet songs like
melodoes.
B. Alto- the tone is richer and fuller
2. Men’s Voices
* Tenor- the highest type in men’s voice
* Baritone lies between tenor and bass
* Bass lowest and the deepest voice quality
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Types of Musical Instruments

3 main types of Musical Instruments
1. String instruments
2. Wind instruments
3. Percussion instruments
• These are used in Philippine music from highest to lowest.
Percussion Instruments
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrqsmusic.com%%2Fslide4_10.jpeg
Brasses
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https2Fwww.mrqsmusic.com%_19.jpeg
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String instruments
Literature
The medium of literature is a language. Its is one way of
expressing one’s feelings, vision and thoughts in words or languages
understood by the writers. It can be transmitted through written or oral
form. Mostly, this is written in languages like French, Chinese, Italian, german
or Russian by which commonly translated into English to facilitate wider
reach distribution. But, no translation is ever more than an approximation of
the original.
Types of genres
4 types:
Fiction: a short story or a novel is presented through narration. Fiction are

folk tales, fairy tales, short stories and novels. There are various genres
under fiction for example romance, young adult, fantasy, sci-fi, horror,
historical, magic realism and many more.
Novel: is more extended work which may have more characters in a more
complicated situation shown through several chapters.
Elements of a short story. This includes plot, setting, characterization, style,
point of view and substance.
Plot. The skeletal system of the story. It consists of events arrange into a
meaningful sequence.
Setting. Time and place of the action. It create the mood and atmosphere of
a story.
Characterization. Characters cause the events in the plot or incidents.
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Style. The manner of expression, habitual manner in which a writer

expresses himself.
Point of view. How the story is narrated, the vantage point from which the
characters, actions and events are seen.
1. The first person point of view- uses I, who narrates the events
and describes the characters.
2. The objective point of view. Let the reader watch tha events as
they unfold on stage
3. The omniscient point of view gives the readers a chance to know
the hidden thoughts, unexpressed feelings and reaction of the
characters.
Focus Questions

Activity #3
Answer the following questions.
1. What is medium? What is technique?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. What are the different mediums used by painters? Sculptors?

Architects?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.
3. Why do the artists differ in their choice of subjects for their artworks?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4. If you are an artist, how will you express yourself as if you are a
painter?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
5. How can an artist establish balance in visual art?
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__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Related Readings
• https://www.slideshare.net/jawel02/arts-mediums-of-the-visual-
arts-painting-sculpture-and-architecture
• https://www.slideshare.net/NurzPogz/medium-of-the-visual-arts
• https://www.scribd.com/presentation/445728106/CHAPTER-2-THE-
ARTIST-S-MEDIUM-2-ppt

Activity #4
Create your own poem about an art with at least 3 to 4 stanzas. You can
freely use any theme and genre you want.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________.
Scoring Rubrics:
What to check?
Grammar 25%
Choice of words 35%
Rhyme 15%
Relevance to the theme 25%
Total 100%
References
13-917493-1
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LET’S BEGIN!
UNIT 2 -Week (11-15)

a. To explain the relationship of the elements of the different fields of
arts
b. To determine the characteristics and psychological effects of line,
form, texture, perspective, color, space, volume, and other elements
in visual arts
c. To determine the elements of music and literature as performing arts
d. To develop the ability to perceive or recognize the true color of
objects.
Introduction
Traditional way of looking at art, namely the visual arts, suggests that
there are five basic elements of an artwork – line, shape, color, texture, and
space. You might find form singled out as a separate category, defined as a
three-dimensional alternative to shape. On the other hand, "Visual or
performing arts ability" means ability in areas such as drawing, painting,
sculpting, music, dance, drama.
Key Terms
Crooked - not straight; bending; curved: a crooked path. askew; awry: The
picture on the wall seems to be crooked. deformed: a man with a crooked
back. not straightforward; dishonest. bent and often raised or moved to one
side, as a finger or neck.
Chiaroscuro- Chiaroscuro, in art, is the use of strong contrasts between light
and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. It is also a
technical term used by artists and art historians for the use of contrasts of
light to achieve a sense of volume in modelling three-dimensional objects
and figures.
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Monochromic- having or appearing to have only one color. synonyms:

monochromatic, monochrome, monochromous colored, colorful, coloured.
Analogous- is a term used in biology to refer to body parts that have a similar
function but differ in structure, such as the wings of a bird and the wings of
an airplane. Analogous is from Latin analogus, from Greek analogos, meaning
"according to a proper ratio or proportion."
Texture- the feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or substance.
"skin texture and tone"
Lecture Notes
The Elements of Visual Arts and Performing Arts
https://www.google.com/imgres?.slidesharecdn.com%-elements-of-visual-arts-and-performing-arts-24-638.jpg
Elements of Visual Arts

The elements of visual arts are line, color, texture, perspective space,
form, volume, light, and shadow.
Lines
Line is an important element. It may always have direction, they are always
moving as used in any work of art that may either be straight or curved.
The notion of line or straight line was introduced by ancient mathematicians
to represent straight objects with negligible width and depth. Lines are an
idealization of such objects.
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https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2FFa3a3240a7f3dc9.jpg&
Horizontal lines
Horizontal line is one which runs from left to right across the page. It comes
from the word 'horizon', in the sense that horizontal lines are parallel to the
horizon. The horizon is horizontal. Its cousin is the vertical line which runs up
and down the page.
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Vertical lines
Vertical line is one the goes straight up and down, parallel to the y-axis of
the coordinate plane. All points on the line will have the same x-coordinate.
In the figure above, drag either point and note that the line is vertical when
they both have the same x-coordinate. A vertical line has no slope
Diagonal lines
Diagonal position are unstable in relation to gravity, being neither vertical
nor horizontal, they are either about to fall, or are already in motion, as is
certainly the case for this group of dancers.
Curved lines
Soft, shallow curves suggest comfort, safety, familiarity, relaxation. They
recall the curves of the human body, and therefore have a pleasing, sensual
quality.
Crooked or jagged lines
express energy, violence, conflict, and struggle.
Lines makes shape and symbolizes emotional expression.
Figure 1.1 Mayon Volcano in Bicol Province “the perfect cone”.
Figure 1.2 Philippine Post Office Building, Manila

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Classification of Color
Color is an element consisting of shades, of which there are three
properties: hue, chroma or intensity, and value. Color is present when light
strikes an object and it is reflected back into the eye, a reaction to a hue
arising in the optic nerve.
Value (light & dark)

Sometimes it is called Chiaroscuro (light and shadow)which refers to the
lightness or darkness of a color. This means modelling a figure in depth
means articulating the form.
Form. The visual shape of an object or thing found in nature.

Regular forms having definite shapes are square, circle, rectangle, oval,
triangle and lunette.
Figure 1.3 Value Scale

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Texture. A surface treatment of an artistic work in order to give variety

beauty to any work of art. The sense of sight and touch are involved.
Space. Is an art element that contribute to make the whole work complete.
Space exist “illusion” in sculpture and architecture.
Properties of color
Hue. Identity of a color. The principl colors are red, yellow and blue. It is
said to be warm when red or yellow is dominant.
Value. Denotes lightness and darkness of a color. Colors can be darker by
making the pigments thicker.
Intensity. Refers to the brightness or darkness. It gives color strength.
Figure 1.4 Relationship between primary colors and the color produced by
mixing.
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Classification of colors
Primary colors: red, yellow and blue.
Secondary Colors: green, violet and orange
Intermediate colors can be produced by mixing equal mixuture of primary
and secondary colors. Yellow-orange, red-orange, red-violet, blue-violet,
blue green, yellow-green.
Tertiary colors. Combination of equal mixture 2 secondary colors. Orange-
yellow,violet-green and orange-green
Black. Darkest and the dullest color when mixed with other colors. It
suggests, gloom, despair, death and mourning
Gray. Combination of white and black or three primary colors. Green. Color
of still water and vegetation. Symbolizes growth, freshness and hope.
Orange. Combination of red and yellow. Symbolizes deliciousnessand
sweetness
Pink. Combination of red and white. Symbolizes love.
Red. Basic color. It tyfies fire, blood, danger,festivity, bravery, war, passion,
energy and warmth.
Violet. Mixture of red and blue. It suggests shadows, mourning, penance,
ryalty and power.
White. When tken independently, not considered as color. It is the lightest
and symbolizes simplicity, clarity, purity and peace.
Yellow. Is the color of light. Symbolizes joy, life, sunshine, cheerfulness,
warmth, ssplendor, and hospitality.
Yellow Green. Fair complexions. Symbol of jealousy and hatered.
Brown. A mixture of red and little green. Safest color of all. Suggest
humility and confidence.
Color harmony is the correct combination and arrangement of colors so
that they will appear pleasing to the eyes.
Monochromic harmony. Only 1 color and shades. Harmonizing with red,
medium red and dark red.
Analogous harmony employs only one common color Like orange, red-
orange, yellow orange.
Uses of Art Elements
Symbols. Made up of shapes to depict symbolize object.
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Pictures. Represent things exactly as he sees them in nature.

Emotions. Suggest feelings like despair, mourning, hope, love, hate, anger,
fear, and actions like conflict, struggle, crying, violence, kissing and laughing.
Figure 1.5 Genus Tamaraw. A symbol of a people’s dangerous grace.
Figure 1.6 There is joy and contentment in the heart of the hard days work
in the field.
Figure 1.7 Magellan’s Cross, Cebu Philippines

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Figure 1.8 A land mark in Cebu, where tha cross of Jesus is venerated.
Performing arts (such as traditional music, dance, and theatre)
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=.com.cn%2Fs%2F20141014%2F00221917dec415a738ab40.jpg
The performing arts range from vocal and instrumental music, dance,
and theatre to pantomime, sung verse and beyond. They include numerous
cultural expressions that reflect human creativity and that are also found, to
some extent, in many other intangible cultural heritage domains.
45
Music is perhaps the most universal of the performing arts and is

found in every society, most often as an integral part of other performing art
forms and other domains of intangible cultural heritage including rituals,
festive events or oral traditions. It can be found in the most diverse contexts:
sacred or profane, classical or popular, closely connected to work or
entertainment. There may also be a political or economic dimension to
music: it can recount a community’s history, sing the praises of a powerful
person and play a key role in economic transactions. The occasions on which
music is performed are just as varied: marriages, funerals, rituals and
initiations, festivities, all kinds of entertainment as well as many other social
functions.
Dance, though very complex, may be described simply as ordered

bodily movements, usually performed to music. Apart form its physical
aspect, the rhythmic movements, steps and gestures of dance often express
a sentiment or mood or illustrate a specific event or daily act, such as
religious dances and those representing hunting, warfare or sexual activity.
46
Traditional theatre performances usually combine acting, singing,

dance and music, dialogue, narration or recitation but may also include
puppetry or pantomime. These arts, however, are more than simply
‘performances’ for an audience; they may also play crucial roles in culture
and society such as songs sung while carrying out agricultural work or music
that is part of a ritual. In a more intimate setting, lullabies are often sung to
help a baby sleep.
Music, dance, and theatre are often key features of cultural

promotion intended to attract tourists and regularly feature in the itineraries
of tour operators. Although this may bring more visitors and increased
revenue to a country or community and offer a window onto its culture, it
may also result in the emergence of new ways of presenting the performing
arts, which have been altered for the tourist market. While tourism can
contribute to reviving traditional performing arts and give a ‘market value’
to intangible cultural heritage, it can also have a distorting effect, as the
performances are often reduced to show adapted highlights in order to meet
tourist demands. Often, traditional art forms are turned into commodities in
the name of entertainment, with the loss of important forms of community
expression. In other cases, wider social or environmental factors may have a
serious impact on performing art traditions. Deforestation, for example, can
deprive a community of wood to make traditional instruments used to
perform music.
Focus Questions

47
Answer the following questions briefly.

1. How are forms used in establishing balance?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
___________________________.
2. How is balance achieved in a pictorial layout?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_______________________________.
3. Give at least 2 examples of an art using the art elements. Explain
briefly.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________.
4. How can we produce each of the following colors?

a. Orange
b. Brown
c. Pink
d. Gray
e. Blue-green
f. Violet
5. What is the difference between Visual art and performing arts?
Explain in not less than 200 words.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_____________________________.
6. Why is line an important element of visual art?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________.
Related Readings
• https://www.slideshare.net/clxrisse/the-elements-of-visual-arts-and-
performing-arts-51686050
• https://mrsnetherysclass.weebly.com/artistic-literacy-elements-and-
principles-of-visual-art.html
• https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/five-elements-of-art
48

Activity # 6
1. Do a research on the different color scheme.
2. Compile at least 3 paintings each of Paul Klee and Arturo Luz.

Identify the elements of art in their art works and explain on how
they use these elements. What message did they want to convey
in their art works by just utilizing this element.
Paul Klee
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
___________________________.
Arturo Luz
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
__________.
References
13-917493-
49
1
LET’S BEGIN!
UNIT 2 -Week (16-20) UNIT 4: Art and History Development Baroque Art

Objectives:
a. To be able to show the progress of selected visual arts such as
painting, sculpture, and architecture, from prehistoric times to
modern times.
b. To be able to present selected illustrations that is characteristic of
a certain historical period.
Introduction
Baroque art and architecture, the visual arts and building design and
construction produced during the era in the history of Western art that
roughly coincides with the 17th century. The earliest manifestations, which
occurred in Italy, date from the latter decades of the 16th century, while in
some regions, notably Germany and colonial South America, certain
culminating achievements of Baroque did not occur until the 18th century.
The work that distinguishes the Baroque period is stylistically complex, even
contradictory. In general, however, the desire to evoke emotional states by
appealing to the senses, often in dramatic ways, underlies its
manifestations. Some of the qualities most frequently associated with the
Baroque are grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement,
tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur distinctions between
the various arts.
Key Terms
Baroque- came to English from a French word meaning "irregularly shaped."

At first, the word in French was used mostly to refer to pearls. Eventually, it
came to describe an extravagant style of art characterized by curving lines,
gilt, and gold.
Gothic- describes something that is characterized by mystery, horror, and
gloom especially in literature. Gothic can also describe something barbaric,
1
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rude, and unenlightened as if from medieval times. This use of the word is
usually capitalized.
Contemporary- living or occurring at the same time. "the event was recorded
by a contemporary historian"
Expressionism- a style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or

writer seeks to express emotional experience rather than impressions of the
external world.
Impressionism- a literary or artistic style that seeks to capture a feeling or

experience rather than to achieve accurate depiction.
Lecture Notes
Art and History Development Baroque Art
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fimages-paint%2Freubens-
samson.jpeg
Art maybe considered as one of the earliest activities of man?

We have no record of how man spoke 20 years ago, but we do know how he
used drawing to communicate ideas. The few Paleolithic paintings that have
survived to this day sealed and protected in caves in Soain. These caves were
likely meeting halls or during the Ice age, communal dwellings after the
manner of the Dyak one- house villages.
2
3
The primitive man was purely hunter and food finder, so that a great deal of
a cave painting was about animals and hunting.
The paintings from the Cave of Les Trios Freres tell us about these hunters
besides the fact that they drew and painted.
The cave painter used colored earths bound by animal fat, fish oil, or milky
plant juices. He scratched his outlines into the rock, and put on the color with
a pad, with his hands, brush, or even to judge from the appearance of some
of the paintings by spraying the paint.
Baroque Art
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fimages-paint%2Freubens-samson.jpeg
Baroque style of architecture prevailed in Europe during 17th & 18th centuries
and was characterized by elaborate ornament, movement, energy and
restlessness.
The compositions of this employ diagonal and zigzag lines that best express
the vitality and movement of the baroque art.
Figure 2.1. Baroque façade of Cathedral Santiago de Compostela

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Figure 2.2 Gothic Style of Architecture. Rouen Cathedral (Early 16 th century)
Figure 2.3 Gothic in France Rheims Cathedral. Began 1211
4
5
Figure 2.4 Amiens Cathedral. Began 1218

Gothic Art
This is originated in the middle of the century. It is characterized by pointed
arch and ribbed vault. The Gothic Cathedral with its high, pointed spiral
striving upwards to the sky, illustrates the symbol and expression of faith.
The San Sebastian Church in Manila
Modern Art
Modern Art is characterized by contemporary styles of visual art, music
and literature. It rejects traditionally accepted or sanction forms &
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emphasizes individual experimentation and sensibility. With improved

facilities of travel and communication, Western man came in touch
acquiring modes of aesthetic values such as Africa and the East.
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fimages-paint%2.jpeg
Styles of Art
Expressionism is a manner of painting and sculpturing in which natural
forms and colors are distorted and exaggerated. It was developed in 20 th
century, characterized by heavy, black lines that definite form, sharply
contrasting, vivid colors, and subjective treatment of thematic materials.
Surrealism
A 20th-century avant-garde movement in art and literature which sought
to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by
the irrational juxtaposition of images.
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https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fimages-paint%.jpeg
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fimages-.jpeg
Realism
Realism concern centered around the actual object. It is associated with
social consciousness and transformation during the period.
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Realistic paintings in which form and content try to make a human

message are works of artist who are highly sensitive people, feeling and
living with their society and finding art a vehicle for communicating
significant human experience.
Impressionism
Impressionism a style of painting developed in in the last third of the 19th
century, characterized by short brisk strokes of bright colors used to
recreate the impression of light on objects. In 20th century style of musical
composition free use of harmonies and rhythms and unusual tonal colors
are used to evoke moods and impressions.
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2-samson.jpeg
Starry Night by Van Gogh
Cubism
Cubism was developed in early 20th century emphasizes formal structure
of work of art and the reduction of natural forms of their geometrical
equivalent.
It is developed by Pedro Picasso and Braque in the first decade of the 20th
century.
Abstract Art
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Abstract Art is conceived apart from any concrete reality or specific

objects.it emphasizes lines, colors, and generalized geometric forms.
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%ns-samson.jpeg
Renaissance Art
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fijpeg
Monalisa by Leonardo da Vinci
Renaissance Art was the period of economic progress where cities were
built. The term renaissance came from the French language meaning
“rebirth”.
The Four Greatest Renaissance Artists

1. Leonardo da Vinci
2. Michelangelo
3. Raphael and
4. Donatello
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Painting and Sculpture

Painting
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Freubens-samson.jpeg
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium

to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a
brush
Sculpture
Sculpture is the art and science of building. It is an artistic form in which
hard or plastic materials are worked into three-dimensional art objects.
The designs may be embodied in freestanding objects, in reliefs on
surfaces, or in environments ranging from tableaux to contexts that
envelop the spectator.
Four basic methods of Sculpture:

a. stone carving,
b. wood carving,
c. bronze casting and
d. clay firing.
Architecture has influences on man and at the same time on design.

Their influences are:
1. Geographical
2. Geological
3. Climatic
4. Religious
5. Social
6. Historical
When we speak of influence, there is the physical, emotional and
intellectual need that affects us modern man. It is a vast form of art which
gives the work the character of an artistic creation that appeal to the
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emotion, spiritual aspect, social art that will encourage man and his
environment. The kinds of architecture according to structures are the
following:
1. Interior design- creation or design of a house to suit the personality,
needs and lifestyle of persons living it.
2. Landscaping- a design and development of landscape and garden to
capture the needs of the environment.
3. Fine arts- purely aesthetic art as distinguished from useful art.
4. Urban Planning- a bridge between the professions of urban planning
and architecture. The primary concern is the physical form of the city.
The styles of Architecture

A. Egyptian Architecture (3200 B.C to First Century A.D)
The bestknown example of ancient Egyptian architecture are
the Egyptian pyramids; yet, excavated temples, palaces, tombs and
fortresses have all been studied by architects. Due to location, most
ancient Egyptian buildings were built of mud brick and limestone—
readily available materials—by levied workers.
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2ns-samson.jpeg
B. Greek Architecture (350-30 B.C)

1. Hellenic Period (650-323 BC)
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fimages-.jpeg
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12
Temples were then the chief building type resembled on stone dadocs,
timber enframed portals (the origin of the door architrave)
2. Hellenistic Period (323-30 B.C)

This period provided much of the decorative inspiration of some Roman
building types. Hellenistic architecture had mostly been of religious
character, but from the fourth century B.C
C. Roman Architecture (300 B.C-A.D 365)
Figure 3.1 Treasury of the Athenians, Delphi (500-485 B.C)
Figure 3.2 Temple of Achia, Doric Temple, Early 5 th Century B.C

12
13
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fimages-
Figure 3.3 The Partheon at Athens in Greece was built more than 2400
years ago as a temple to the goddess athene.
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2F.jpeg
Figure 3.4 Interior of the Pantheon, Rome
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%jpeg
13
14
Figure 3.5 Palazzo del Senatore, Rome, Roman Architecture follows the
general lines of the Greek with significant Changes.
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fimages-paint
Figure 3.6 Rome, St. Peter’s Dome, by Michelangelo and Giacomo dela Porta.
Figure 3.7 St. Paul Cathedral in London is a fine example of Renaissance and
Architecture.
14
15
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%
Figure 3.8 The interior of St. Paul’s Cathedral, Rome
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fimages-paintamson.jpeg
Byzantine Architecture (5th Century to Present)
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.cbens-samson.jpeg
It determines by the novel development of the dome to cover polygonal &

square plans for churches, tombs and baptisteries.
The practice of dominical system of roof construction is in strong contrast
to the early Christian timber tussels.
Early Christian Architecture (313-800)
15
16
The Early Christian, as Roman craftsmen, continued old Roman traditions,

but prosperity was declining and it was natural that the materials from the
Roman temples had become useless for their original purposes. Their
churches modeled on Roman basilicas, they used old columns which brought
to uniform height. Early Christian buildings hardly have the architectural
value of a style produced by the solution of the constructive buildings.
Islamic Architecture (7th century to present)
Islamic Architecture is a product of historic event. The rapid conquest of

diverse territories by a people with no architectural tradition and the
conquest synthesis of styles under one philosophy. This is an architecture
centered of God and its heart is the mosque and inward looking building
where the prime purpose is contemplation and prayer.
Renaissance Architecture (15th to 19th century)
16
17
Renaissance Architecture was brought to the construction of aristocratic

residences, or palazzos as well as the churches. Usually it is a 3 stories high,
symmetrical, with flat, rusticated façade and regular ornamentation. This is
generally consisted with arches above the windows, between them at
regular interval, flat columns called pilasters with capitals from the classical
orders. The long straight line of the roof strengthen the massive horizontal
emphasis of the structure.
Renaissance Architecture observed objectives, mathematical standard of
measurement and proportion, in accordance with the scientific spirit of age.
Figure 4.1 The Renaissance in Italy. Florence Cathedral (1290-1461)
https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fimages
Figure 4.2 Welminster Abbey London, England
17
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Figure 4.3 R.M Hunt. A Renaissance palazzo
Figure 4.4 King’s College, part of world-renowned Cambridge University in

England
Figure 4.5 Mosque- A muslim place public of worship.
18
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https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fimages-paint%
Figure 4.6 Great Mosque, the oldest congregational to survive. It contains

Syrian and Hellenistic temple, buildings, both hall and the corner towers
become minarets.
Interior design
Interior design is the oldest arts developed since the birth of the
civilization. It is considered as the essential components of living.
The proper of an interior design
Of the building provides comfort and satisfaction of the user. This art has
been considered by the historians and philosophers to be INDICATIVE OF THE
CULTURE OF A PERIOD.
Planning is the greatest common factor of architecture and interior
design. In the Philippines, the present conditions is attached to the elite but
presently seen to be improved in the early part of the century.
19
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INFLUENCES THAT DICTATE THE CHARACTER OF A PARTICULAR ART

DESIGN.
The changing circumstances of a modern man with the increase of leisure
time, brought about by shorter working hours and the greatest informality
of his living habits. The environment, climate, customs, standards of the
community and the architecture of the structure, command the
distinctiveness of a certain design.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE EVOLUTION OF INTERIOR DESIGN

One of the influeces that dictate a particula5r design is the architecture of
the structure. The art and science is important o this matter. The decoration,
the structure should go well with how exterior looks and what the building
performs. Interior design is a fluid art & a corollary of architecture.
Elements of interior design

1. Basic consideration- the philosophy of good interior design and
decoration is the service of human needs
2. The overall plan
3. Style and period- a style comprises the design, elements, and the
ornamentation of objects and materials associated with a specific time
and place
4. Color and color schemes (psychological effects)
5. Windows and window treatment- the characteristics of a room is
established by its style of window treatment and by the nature of
curtain fabric used.
6. Floors and coverings-types of flooring are influenced by style of
architecture and interior design.
7. Light and lamps-good interior designs demand a maximum light and
reasonable method of controlling it.
8. Accessories- an interior is often acute indicator of the owner’s
knowledge and taste
9. Room assignment- all the elements of design, namely, scale,
proportion, balance, emphasis, harmony as well as budget must be
considered to consider satisfactory interior.
Theatre
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https://www.google.com/imgres?iFwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2.jpeg
The drama is an art form in which the performers act a story to the
audience. It is a combination of different arts like dance(dance movement).
The words in drama called play are spoken literature. Examples of
dramatists:
Christopher Marlowe
William Shakespeare – they use blank verse with regular rhythm with no
rhyme
Music is incidental. When there is a lot of music and actors mostly sing
instead of talks will result into called opera. Actors costumes and the stage
scenery make the drama into a visual art like painting.
In Greece, the drama began as the worship of the god of wine Dionysus.
From this, classical Greek drama developed written by poets and musician
like Aeschylus and Sophocles.
A kind of play was performed in China more than 3000 years ago. When the
season change, young men and women from the different villages met at
places where rivers joined, sang, dance acted praise of the gods.
The Indian plays 100 A.D touring the theatre companies went from town-to-
town hundreds of years.
Shadow puppet theatre is an important art form in Asian countries like

Indonesia and China. The puppet drama can have enchanted, magical effect
on its own.
The main types of puppet drama are the glove puppets which appears the
puppeteers string the puppet work from above strings and flat shadow which
are moved by rods
The Dance
21
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In ancient times, dancing, singing and playing instruments went together as

part of their ritual and religion`
In china, it denotes praise and worship.
In modern society, there are
2 kinds of dancing- the disco dancing and ballroom, stage dancing and the
ballet and modern dance routine.
Ballroom dancing started in 17th century court dances of nobility.
Focus Questions

Activity #7
Answer the following questions briefly.
1. What is the most significant contribution of architecture to
man?____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________.
2. What are the Roman architectural
inventions?_______________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
__________________________.
22
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3. What are the qualities of a baroque art?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
Related Readings
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
arthistory/chapter/the-baroque-period/
• https://www.theartstory.org/movement/baroque-art-and-
architecture/history-and-concepts/
• https://www.britannica.com/art/Baroque-art-and-architecture

Create your own poem about an art with at least 3 to 4 stanzas. You can
freely use any theme and genre you want.
MAKING YOUR OWN SCULPTURE

You will be graded based on the following criteria:
Soap as a 20%
medium
Originality 20%
Craftsmanship 20%
Style 20%
Overall 20%
output
Total 100%
Materials:
Soap (preferable Perla soap)
Small knife
Chisel/cutter
Instruction:
1. Think of the subject you wished to replicate.
2. Through the use of cutter, chisel make a sculpture using perla soap as
your medium.
3. After the desired form is done, remove all residue to polish your work
slightly. Do not overdo it.
4. Explain at least 5 sentences of your idea/feelings in dealing with your
perla soap sculpture. Which do you think is the best medium of
sculptor should you use? Why?
________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________`
______________________________________.
References
13-917493-1
24

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Arts Appreciation

Louielyn D. Torremocha, LPT

Jesson A. Lechido, LPT, MAED

UNIT 3 - The elements of Visual Arts and Performing Arts

UNIT 4: Art and History Development Baroque Art

TAGUM DOCTORS COLLEGE, INC.

Course Title: Art Appreciation

The subject of art

Sources of Art Subjects

Mediums and Techniques

Pre-Final Grading UNIT 3 - The elements of Visual Arts and Performing

Week 13-14 Properties of color

Week 18-19 The styles of Architecture

Week 20 Renaissance Architecture

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

a. To explain the meaning, nature, and the importance of arts in

Art appreciation refers to the pursuit of knowledge and

Subconscious- of or concerning the part of the mind of which one is not

"I was overcome with acute nostalgia for my days in college"

Sculptures- the art of making two- or three-dimensional representative or

Idyllic- suitable for or suggestive of an idyll; charmingly simple or rustic: his

5. Art is a product of man’s need to express himself. It involves

It is important to foster art appreciation and analysis, as it helps us

The Subject of Art

Note: Music, architecture and many functional arts are none

Tips to determine subject matter in a particular piece of art, ask yourself:

❑ What is actually depicted in this artwork?

Sources of Art Subjects

Figure 1.4 The main entrance of Fort Santiago, Intramuros, Manila

Example of his masterpiece: Dalagang bukid

 STILL LIFE- is another composition which some artists love to paint.

- (also known by its FRENCH title, nature MORTE)

 PAINTING- the expression of ideas and emotions, with the creation of

 LANDSCAPE- LANDSCAPE PAINTING-also known as landscape art, Is

 ABSTRACT- literally means the distancing of an idea from objective

 DAY OF THE DEAD- Pieces are inspired by the meaningful Mexican

2 Practical/Utilitarian Function - (minor arts) is intended for practical use or

Example: Industrial Art

3. Cultural Function- Art reflects a society's cultural ideas, values, and

Example: City of Smile-Bacolod

https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl= 3Ano_ _ _icc()%2FSymmetry-Art-58c9b5fc5f9b581d72f65ab0.jpg

Instruction: Write your answer in a short bond paper in a paragraph form.

Learning / Assessment Activities

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

a. familiarize oneself of how an artwork is made, put together or

Pigment- the natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.

Mediums- an agency or means of doing something.

Two-dimensional- having or appearing to have length and breadth but no

Tempera- is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored

The Artists Medium

Mediums and Techniques

2 classification of arts in the basis of medium

A.1 The dimensional or two-dimensional arts like painting, drawing,

A.2 The three-dimensional arts which includes sculpture, architecture,

The Artist and His Medium

The Artist and his Techniques

Mediums of Visual Arts

Watercolor is difficult to handle because producing warm and rich

A 1367 tempera on wood by Niccolò Semitecolo.

5-step Encaustic Wax Painting Tutorial

or colour is achieved makes it unique among fluid painting mediums; at the