Trade - 2018 - Class-9-10 Computer & ICT-1 Web (WI)

cÖ_g cÎ
cÖ_g Ask : Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖv_wgK aviYv

cÖ_g Aa¨vq
Kw¤úDUvi I Gi weeZ©b
1.1 Kw¤úDUvi Kx?
Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q GKwU B‡jKUªwbK hš¿, hvi gva¨‡g Lye mn‡R Ges Aí mg‡q cÖPiz Z_¨ m¤^wjZ eo
MvwYwZK (Mathematical) wnmvemn wewfbœ ai‡bi mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv hvq| G‡Z i‡q‡Q †g‡gvwi,
wbqš¿Y Ask, MvwYwZK I hyw³ MÖnY Ask I wbM©gb Ask| GwU mg¯Í ai‡bi WvUv‡K b¤^‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ
K‡i mgvavb †k‡l Avevi WvUvq iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i cÖKvk K‡i| GwU †Kv‡bv †U·U, mvDÛ ev Qwe‡K
b¤^‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv Qvov kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GwU WvUv MÖnY K‡i, c‡i we‡kølY K‡i Ges
djvdj cÖKvk K‡i| GwU AwZ `ªæZ Ges wbf©yj djvdj cÖKvk K‡i|
1.2 Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb êwkó¨mg~n

Kw¤úDUv‡i wbfy©j djvdj, `ªæZMwZ, WvUv msi¶Y, ¯^qswµq Kg©¶gZv, mnbkxjZv, ¯§„wZ ev †g‡gvwi
BZ¨vw` êwkó¨ we`¨gvb|
Kw¤úDUvi `ªæZ MwZm¤úbœ (High Speed)

Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 1 wgwjqb WvUv K¨vjKz‡jkb Kiv †Kv‡bv e¨vcvi bv| Weather
wi‡cv‡U©i †¶‡Î wgwjqb wgwjqb WvUv †cÖv‡mm Kivi ìKvi nq| M¨vm, B‡jKwUªK †Kv¤úvwbi wej
BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î eo K¨vjKz‡jk‡bi Rb¨ AwZ `ªæZMwZ‡Z Kw¤úDUvi KvR K‡i _v‡K| GwU ê`y¨wZK
wmMbv‡ji gva¨‡g KvR K‡i hvi MwZ Av‡jvi MwZi †P‡q mvgvb¨ Kg|
wbfy©j dj cÖKvk (Accuracy)

gvbyl fyj K‡i wKš‘ Kw¤úDUvi KLbI fyj K‡i bv| wKš‘ Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ`vb Kiv Z_¨ hw` fyj _v‡K
ZLb Kw¤úDUvi fyj djvdj cÖKvk K‡i| Kw¤úDUvi‡K hv Ki‡Z ejv n‡e GwU ZvB K‡i †`Lv‡e|
Avgiv wbDR †ccv‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii fyj m¤^‡Ü A‡bK Z_¨ †c‡q _vwK| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e GwU
Kw¤úDUv‡ii fyj bq, †h e¨w³ Kw¤úDUv‡i †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi K‡i‡Q A_ev Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q †mLv‡b fyj
wQj| Kw¤úDUv‡ii fy‡ji GB cÖwµqv‡K e‡j Garbage In Garbage Out (GIGO).
†QvU ¯’v‡b A‡bK eo WvUv msi¶Y (Storage)

mvaviYZ Awdm Av`vj‡Z KvM‡R †jLv dvB‡ji cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| aiv hvK, 1 †KvwU dvB‡ji g‡a¨
†_‡K GKwU dvBj Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨vcviwU RwUj Ges mgqmv‡c¶| hw` dvBj¸wj
2 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³-1
Kw¤úDUv‡i ivLv nq Z‡e mvgvb¨ RvqMv‡Z ivLv hv‡e Ges †h †Kv‡bv GKwU dvBj‡K gyn‡~ Z©i g‡a¨
Lyu‡R †ei Kiv hv‡e| 4″ × 6″ gv‡ci GKwU nvW©wW‡¯‹i g‡a¨ K‡i K‡i ivLv hv‡e cÖvq GK jvL eB
Gi mdU& Kwc| ïay †U·U eB bq wewfbœ ai‡bi B‡gR, AwWI, wfwWI BZ¨vw` meB Kw¤úDUv‡i ivLv
hv‡e| GKwU 200 GB nvW©wW‡¯‹i g‡a¨ 200× 1024×1024×1024wU A¶i ev †mB cwigvY WvUv
msi¶Y K‡i ivLv m¤¢e|
w`‡b 24 NÈv KvR Kiv m¤¢e (Dilligencey)

Kw¤úDUvi K¬všÍ nq bv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Kv‡bv jvÂ †eªK ev Pv †eªK ìKvi c‡i bv| mvivw`b 24 NÈv
GgbwK eQ‡i 365 w`bB Kw¤úDUvi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv gvby‡li c‡¶ Gfv‡e KvR Kiv m¤¢e bq|
Am¤¢e‡K m¤¢e Kiv (Incredibility)

GqvijvBb-†ijjvBb eywKs, †µwWU KvW© ev ¯§vU© KvW© eënvi, AvenIqv evZ©v, gnvKvk M‡elYv,
†¶cYv¯¿ wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` wewfbœ †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Qvov myôyfv‡e KvR m¤úv`b Kiv m¤¢e bq|
¯^qswµqZv (Automation)
mwVK †cÖvMÖvg Ges wWfvBm _vK‡j cÖ`Ë wb‡`©kg‡Zv Kw¤úDUvi ¯^qswµqfv‡e WvUv cÖ‡mm Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
eûgywLZv (Versatility)
gvwëUvw¯‹s wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi GKB mv‡_ A‡bK¸wj KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges GKB mv‡_ eû
eënviKvix wfbœ wfbœ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
hyw³m½Z wm×všÍ (Logical Decision)

hwÌ Kw¤úDUv‡ii wPšÍvkw³ ev gw¯Í¯‹ †bB ZeyI Dchy³ †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g GwU hyw³m½Z wm×všÍ wb‡Z
cv‡i|
1.3 Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi

Ni †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Awdm-Av`vjZ Ggb †Kv‡bv RvqMv Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv †hLv‡b Kw¤úDUvi
eënvi nq bv| Awd‡mi Kv‡R, eëmv-evwY‡R¨, ¯‹zj-K‡jR-wek¦we`¨vjq, wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡R±, wkí-
KviLvbv, †Ljvayjv, wPËwe‡bv`b, †`vKvbcvU, e¨vsK-BÝy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvwb, AvenvIqv Awdm, gnvk~b¨
†÷kb-BZ¨vw` mKj †¶‡Î AvRKvj Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kiv nq|
Avevm¯’‡j (At Home)

†nvgIqv©‡Ki Kv‡R Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ nq| M„wnYx Zvi d¨vwgwj ev‡RU Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GQvov wfwWI †Mg †Ljv, Mvb-†kvbv, wfwWI †`Lv, wUwf †`Lv BZ¨vw` Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g Kiv hvq|
Kw¤úDUvi I Gi weeZ©b 3
e¨vs‡K (In Banks)

e¨vs‡K MÖvnK‡ì A¨vKvD‡Ýi wnmve ivLv nq Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g| AbjvBb e¨vswKs-Gi gva¨‡g
MªvnK †h †Kv‡bv mgq, †h †Kv‡bv ¯’vb †_‡K †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb, wewfbœ
cÖKvi fvZv, Ifvi UvBg, AvqKi, cÖwf‡W›U dvÛ BZ¨vwì wnmve-wbKvk ivLv nq|
wWcvU©‡g›Uvj †÷v‡i (In Departmental Store)

eo eo wWcvU©‡g›Uvj †÷v‡ii µq-weµq, ÷K, Bb‡fbUvwimn Kg©Pvix‡ì hveZxq wnmve-wbKvk ivLv
nq Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g|
†ijI‡q I wegvb e›`‡i (In Railway and Airlines Reservations)

†ijI‡q I wegvb e›`‡i wiRv‡f©k‡bi hveZxq KvR Kiv nq Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g| Kw¤úDUv‡ii
K‡qKwU evUb †cÖm K‡i `ªæZ mg‡q KvRwU Kiv hvq| g¨vbyq¨vj wiRv©i‡fkb wm‡÷‡g GK wUwKU
A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q fyj K‡i wewµ Kiv nq wKš‘ Kw¤úDUvi †bUIq©vK eënv‡i G mgm¨v _v‡K bv|
†hvMv‡hvM †¶‡Î (In Communication)

GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv nq Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g| †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g
ïaygvÎ KÉ¯î Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| wKš‘ Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g f‡qm, wcKPvi, gywf, WKz‡g›U
BZ¨vw` mewKQyB cvVv‡bv m¤¢e|
gy`ªY I cÖKvkbvq (Printing and Publishing)

Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ eB, g¨vMvwRb, wbDR‡ccvi, mvBb †evW©, wej †evW© BZ¨vw` wcÖ›U Kiv nq| hLb
†Kv‡bv †jLK cvÊyywjwc w`‡q _v‡Kb ZLb cÖ_‡gB Kw¤úDUv‡i K‡¤úvR Kiv nq c‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi
÷vBj, wcKPvi BZ¨vw` ms‡hvRb K‡i KvM‡R wcÖ›U Kiv nq| wewfbœ ai‡bi †cv÷vi, Kfvi BZ¨vw`
wWRvBbI Kiv nq GwUi gva¨‡g|
wk¶v‡¶‡Î (In Education)

AdjvBb Ges AbjvBb `yB ai‡bi wk¶v‡ZB Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kiv nq| wewfbœ ai‡bi †Kvm©
g¨v‡Uwiqvjm msi¶Y Kiv nq Kw¤úDUv‡i| c‡i †cÖv‡R±‡ii gva¨‡g K¬vm iæ‡g K¬vm wkÿK Dc¯’vcb
K‡ib| Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g wKQy MvwYwZK WvqvMÖvg mn‡R †evSv‡bv nq| QvÎ-QvÎxiv A¨vmvBb‡g›U
ˆZwi K‡i _v‡Kb Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g|
nvmcvZv‡j (In Hospitals)

nvmcvZv‡j †h mg¯Í †mb‡mwUf hš¿ eënvi Kiv nq †m¸wjI Kw¤úDUvivBRW| GQvov †ivMxi †Km
wnw÷ª, Ily‡ai ÷K BZ¨vw` hveZxq KvR Kiv nq Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g|
we‡bv`‡b (Entertainment)
wPËwe‡bv`‡bi †¶‡ÎI Kw¤úDUvi A‡bK eo f~wgKv iv‡L| wewfbœ ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †Mg, Mvb,
wfwWI, wUwf †`Lv BZ¨vw` Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g Kiv m¤¢e| GQvov B›Uvi‡bU P¨vwUs welqwUI i‡q‡Q|
M‡elYv I Dbœq‡b (In Research and Development)

wewfbœ ai‡bi M‡elYv Kv‡R Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kiv nq|
mvgwiK †¶‡Î (In Defence)

kw³kvjx wW‡dÝ hš¿cvwZ, A¯¿ BZ¨vw` GLb Kw¤úDUvivBRW| wewfbœ ai‡bi wgkvBj wbqš¿Y Kiv nq
GwUi gva¨‡g| GQvovI wewfbœ ai‡bi cvigvYweK A¯¿I wbqš¿Y Kiv nq Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g|
eëmv-evwY‡R¨ (In Business and Industry)

weR‡bmg¨vb Zvi eëmvi mg¯Í †iKW© iv‡Lb Kw¤úDUv‡i| Zvi A¨vKvD›U, Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb, ÷K
msµv¯Í wnmve iv‡Lb Kw¤úDUv‡i| GQvov CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing)-Gi gva¨‡g
KviLvbv‡Z wewfbœ †cÖvWv± ˆZwi Kiv nq|
1.4 Kw¤úDUv‡ii weeZ©b I wewfbœ cÖRb¥

Pvjm© e¨v‡eR bv‡g GKRb Bs‡iR MwYZwe` 1830 mv‡j cÖ_g GbvjM Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
Gici nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ÔnvDqvW© GwKbÕ GKwU g¨vKvwbK¨vj Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z
wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®K…Z nq hv g¨vKvwbK¨vj Kw¤úDUv‡ii †_‡K 200 ¸Y MwZm¤úbœ Ges †mwU
ax‡i ax‡i DbœZ n‡q AvR‡Ki Kw¤úDUvi| jW© evqi‡bi †g‡q Ô†jwW G¨vWv evqibÕ c„w_exi cÖ_g
Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgwU ˆZwi K‡ib| Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q MYbv Kivi Rb¨| Kw¤úDUvi m„wói
Av‡M wewfbœ weÁvbx MYbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ MYbv hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| ZviB djvdj wnmv‡e AvR‡Ki
DbœZ Kw¤úDUvi|
wLª÷c~e© 500 eQi †_‡K 2008-Gi g‡a¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii avivevwnK AMÖMwZ

wLª÷c~e© 500 (500BC)
Px‡b ABACUS bv‡g GK ai‡bi MYbv hš¿ eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| Gici KvQvKvwQ GKwU hš¿ eënvi
ïiæ nq Rvcv‡b GwUi bvg Soroban. wP‡bi ABACUS-Gi Dc‡ii w`‡K 2wU mvwi Ges Soroban Gi
Dc‡ii w`‡K 1wU mvwi we`¨vgvb| Soroban Gi Dc‡ii mvwi‡K e‡j Heaven Ges wb‡Pi 4wU mvwi‡K
e‡j Earth. GB hš¿ GLbI wPb, Rvcvb I ivwkqv‡Z eëüZ nq| GwU †hvM I we‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Kw¤úúDUvi I Gi weeZ©b 5
ABACUS
Soroban
16117
Johnn Napier m„wó K‡ib logariithms. G‡Z †gvU
† bqwU K‡‡i mvwi‡Z MvwwYwZK msL¨v A
AvovAvwo mvR
Rv‡bv
n‡Zv
Zv| GwU‡K ejjv nq NAPIE ES. GwU ¸Y I fvM Ki‡Z
ER’S BONE Z m¶g| GwU
wU 17 kZvãxii ïiæ
†_‡K
K 19 kZvãxii †kl ch©šÍ Pj‡Z
Pj _v‡K|
16442
†dªÂ MwYZwe` Blaise
B Pascall Avwe®‹vi K‡i
‡ib Pascal’s Calculator ev
e PASCALINE. GwU c„w_exi
w
cÖ_g K¨vjKz‡jUii|
Passcal’s Calcullator
6 Kw¤úDUUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³-1
18222
weªwUk
k MwYZwe` Chharles Babbagge Avwe®‹vi K‡‡ib Differentt Engine. Zv‡K
KB Kw¤úDUv‡iii RbK ejv nq|
n
Ch
harles Babbage
Diffferential Eng
gine
18442
Chaarles Babbage AveviI Avwvwe®‹vi K‡ib Analytical Engine.
E GwU wQj
w m¤ú~Y© A‡‡Uv‡gwUK Gees me
ai‡bbi MvwYwZK Kv‡R m¶g| GwU †cÖvMÖvg msi¶Y Ki‡Z K cvi‡Zv Ges Instrucction †g‡b Pj‡Z
P
cvi‡‡Zv| GwU‡ZBB cÖ_g 0 Gees 1 evBbvwii wm‡÷g eënnvi Kiv nq| Charles Baabbage Gi evÜexe
Gess weL¨vZ Kwee Lord Byronn Gi †g‡q Lady L Ada Augasta
A Byroon GB evBbvwwi Bb÷ªvKkbb Gi
m~Pbv K‡ib| Zv‡K
‡KB c„w_exi cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvgvii ejv nq|
Analytical Engine
1889
we`y¨r Øviv PvwjZ cÖ_g †gwkb n‡”Q HOLLERITH MACHINE. GwU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib HERMAM
HOLLERITH. GwU‡Z GKwU †gwkb WvUv †iKwW©s Ki‡Zv Ges Ab¨ †gwkb †iK©W Kiv WvUv
K¨vjKz‡jkb Ki‡Zv| GB †gwk‡b bv¤^vi Ges Text DfqB cÖ‡Z cvi‡Zv| GwU‡ZB cÖ_g
PuncheDcard eënvi Kiv nq| GwUi Aci bvg Tabulating Machine.
HOLLERITH MACHINE
1930
nvf©vW© wek^we`¨vj‡qi Howard Aiken I IBM (International Business Machine) †hŠ_fv‡e cÖ_g
B‡jKwUªK¨vj Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| GwUi bvg wQj MARK-1. GLvb †_‡KB ïiæ nq cÖ_g
cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi|
MARK-1
19336
NASOFF Ge
Dr. JOHN ATAN es JOHN BE
ERR 0Y AvevviI Kw¤úDUvi
vi‡K DbœZ K‡‡ib| Zv‡ì
Kw¤úúDUv‡ii bvg wQj ABC (A
Atanasoff Beerry Computeer) Kw¤úDUvi
i|
Atanassoff Berry Co
omputer
19443
wØZxxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq Rvgv©b‡ì
‡ †KvW fvvOvi Rb¨ GKKwU B‡jKwUªwbK
wb Kw¤úDUvvi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib
K
weªwUk
k weÁvbx ALLAN TURIN NG CÖLOSSUUS. 1970 mv‡ji
mv c‡i GwU
wUi e¨vcv‡i R
Rvbv hvq|
19443
J. Prresper Eckerrt Ges John Mauchly Avwwe®‹vi K‡ib ENIAC (Eleectronic Num
merical Integrator
Dcalculator) GwUB mvavi‡
AnD i‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ RUvj Kw¤úDUUvi| GwUi I
cÖ_g wWwR IRb wQj 300 Ub,
GwU‡Z 18000 f¨vKzqvg wUDe eënvi Kiv n‡qwQj| GwU 30 †_‡K 50 dzU RvqMv wbZ Ges 160
wK‡jvIqvU kw³ jvM‡Zv|
ENIAC
1951
GLb ch©vqµ‡g EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), EDSAC
(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) Ges UNIVAC (Universal Automatic
Computer) evRv‡i Av‡m| GwU evwYwR¨K B‡jKUªwbK wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi|
1953
evwYwR¨Kfv‡e cÖ_g mdj Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q IBM-650 g‡Wj| cÖ_‡g GwU gvÎ 50wU ˆZwi Kiv n‡jI
c‡i AveviI 1000 Gi †ewk ˆZwi K‡i evRv‡i Qv‡o IBM †Kv¤úvwb|
1957
John Backjar Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨v½y‡qR FORTRAN (Formula Translation).
1958
Jack Kilby Avwe®‹vi K‡ib IntegrateDcircuits (IC). hv wKbv we`y¨r cÖev‡ni MwZc‡_i GK cwic~Y©
iƒc Avwe®‹vi nq Ges e`‡j hvq Kw¤úDUvi cÖR‡b¥i| Kw¤úDUvi n‡q D‡V AwaK MwZ I †g‡gvwi
m¤úbœ|
1960
Dr. Grass Hopper Avwe®‹vi K‡ib weR‡bm A¨vcwj‡Kkb j¨v½y‡qR CÖBOL.
1965
Dr. John Kamony Avwe®‹vi K‡ib DbœZ †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨v½y‡qR BASIC Ges cÖ_g Mini Computer Gi
Avwe®‹vi nq|
1969
Avwef©ve N‡U Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Linux I Unix Gi|
1971
Intel CÖrporation Gi Dr. Tade Haff Kw¤úDUvi wPc Gi DbœwZ mvavb K‡ib| evRv‡i Av‡m Intel-
4004 wPc| c„w_exi cÖ_g gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi GwU| GwU wQj GKwU Pvi we‡Ui gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi| ïiæ nq
gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUv‡ii c_Pjv|
1975
B_vi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g cÖ_g LAN (Local Area Network) Pvjy nq|
1976
Stiff Jobs Ges Stiff Oiesniak cÖ_g Apple Kw¤úDUvi evRv‡i Av‡bb|
1978
evRv‡i Av‡m B‡›Uj D™¢vweZ 8086 gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi| GwU wQj GKwU AvU we‡Ui gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi|
1979
VISICALC- bv‡g cÖ_g †¯úÖWkxU †cÖvMÖvg evRv‡i Av‡bb- Bob Frankstune Ges Dan Bricklin.
1980
Ms–Dos Gi mvdj¨ cvb Bill Gets. IBM I Microsoft GKmv‡_ KvR K‡i wQ‡jb|
1981
IBM PC cÖ_g evRv‡i Av‡m|
1982
evRv‡i COMPAQ †Kv¤úvwb PC wb‡q cÖ‡ek K‡ib|
1983
evRv‡i Av‡m †¯úÖWkxU LOTUS-123.
1984
Hewlet Packared (HP) cÖ_g evRv‡i †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi Av‡bb|
1987
DbœZ cÖhyw³i 80386 cÖ‡mmi evRv‡i Av‡m|
80386 cÖ‡mmi
1988
B‡›Uj evRv‡i AwaK kw³i cÖ‡mmi 486 (80486) evRv‡i Av‡bb|
1992
gvB‡µvmd&U DB‡ÛvR 3.1 evRv‡i Av‡m|
1993
Mark Enderson GKwU MÖvwdK¨vj I‡qe eªvDRvi Mosaic Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| wZwb Netscape
Communications CÖrporation Gi mv‡_ hy³ nb|
1994
Mark Enderson Ges Jim Clark Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Netscape Navigator 1.0.
1995
evRv‡i Av‡m c~Y©v½ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Windows 95.
1997
gvB‡µvmd&‡Ui DB‡ÛvR G·‡cvivi B›Uvi‡b‡U ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| Pentium II cÖ‡mmi Avwe®‹vi nq|
1998
gvB‡µvmd&U DB‡ÛvR 98 evRv‡i Av‡m| B›Ui‡b‡Ui Rb¨ Av‡m bZzb nvW©Iq¨vi I md&UIq¨vi|
1999
B‡›Uj evRv‡i Av‡b Pentium III cÖ‡mmi| gvB‡µvmd&U Av‡b Office 2000.
2000
evRv‡i Av‡m DB‡ÛvR 2000 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| 1.4GH2 MwZi †cÖw›Uqvg-4 †gwkb Ges Windows
ME bv‡g Av‡iKwU fvm©b|
2001
DB‡ÛvR XP-i Avwe®‹vi nq| evRv‡i Av‡m e-books.
2002
Microsoft.net evRv‡i Av‡m| DVD ivBUviI evRv‡i Av‡m|
2003
WiFi (Wireless fidelity) Ges Bluetooth evRv‡i Av‡m| PC-i mv‡_ hy³ nq Mobile Phone.
2004
LCD gwbUi A¨vc‡ji iMac G-5, iPod evRv‡i Av‡m|
LCD gwbUi
2005
A¨vcj i-Pod evRv‡i Av‡m|
i-Pod
2006
evRv‡i Av‡m me©‡kl Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Windows Vista
2010
evR‡i Av‡m Office -2010 Ges core to due, Duel Core I Quad core gvB‡µv †cÖv‡mmi|
2015
evR‡i Av‡m Office -2013 Ges Windows 10|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ cÖRb¥

cÖ_g cÖRb¥ ev †Rbv‡ikb
cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv n‡jv me© cÖ_g B‡jKUªwbK wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi| 1945 mv‡j divwm
weÁvbx jx wW d‡i÷ Uªv‡qvW fvj¦ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| 1946 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi †cbwmj‡fwbqv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Rb gkwj I †cÖmcvi GKvU© †hŠ_fv‡e e„n`vKvi B‡jKUªwbK Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi K‡ib|
Zuviv Kw¤úDUviwUi bvg †`b ÔGwbqvKÕ (ENIAC) Avi GwbqvK n‡”Q we‡k¦i cÖ_g B‡jKUªwbK
Kw¤úDUvi| GB Kw¤úDUv‡i 19 nvRvi Wv‡qvW I Uªv‡qvW fvj¦, 70 nvRvi †iwR÷vi, 60 nvRvi myBP,
10 nvRvi K¨vcvwmUvi wQj| wZb Ub wewkó GB Kw¤úDUvi Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖwZ NÈvq we`y¨r kw³
e¨wqZ n‡Zv 150 wK‡jvIqvU| GwU Øviv cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 5000 †hvM A_ev 350 wU ¸Y Kiv †hZ|
GwU `kwgK c×wZ‡Z KvR KiZ|
wPÎ : ENIAC
C
wewf
fbœ Z‡_ï wfwË
wË‡Z Rvbv hvvq †h, Rb gk
kwj I †cÖmcvi
c GKvU© 19946 mv‡j GK KwU †Kv¤úvwb MVb
K‡ii 1951 mv‡j j cÖ_g BDwbbf¨vKÑ(UNIV VAC-1) Kw¤w¤úDUvi ˆZwi K‡ib| GBB BDwbf¨vKB wQj
cÖ_g wWwRUvj Kww¤úDUvi| 19952 mv‡j IBMM †Kv¤úvwb IBM–650,
I 7001 Kw¤úDUvi
i evwYwR¨K wfw
fwË‡Z
ˆZwi
wi I evRviRvZ
Z K‡ib|
wPÎ : UNIVAC
cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii êwkó¨Ñ

1) cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi `kwgK c×wZ‡Z KvR KiZ|
2) GwU e„n`vKvi B‡jKUªÖwbK Kw¤úDUvi wQj|
3) GwU‡Z Wv‡qvW I Uªv‡qvW fvj¦ eën„Z n‡Zv|
4) GwU Øviv cÖwZ †m‡KÛ 5000 †hvM ev 350 wU MyY Kiv †h‡Zv|
5) GwU‡Z cÖwZ NÈvq 150 wK‡jvIqvU we`y¨r kw³ e¨wqZ n‡Zv|
6) GwU emv‡Z ˆ`‡N© 9 wgUvi Ges cÖ‡¯’ 15 wgUv‡ii RvqMvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv|
7) GwU Kv‡Ri mgq Lye Mig n‡Zv|
8) gv‡S gv‡S cvwb †X‡j GwU‡K VvÛv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv|
9) GwU mxwgZ Z_¨ aviY Ki‡Z cviZ|
10) GwU Kg wbf©i †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ GKwU hš¿|
11) cvM †evW© w`‡q †cÖvMÖvg Pvjbv Kiv n‡Zv|
12) GwU bvovPvov I i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kiv eo mgm¨vi welq wQj|
D`vniY: UNIVAC-1, IBM-701, IBM-650, IBM-704, IBM-709
wØZxq cÖRb¥ ev †Rbv‡ikb

1947 mv‡j Rb eviwWb, DBwjqvg kK‡j Ges Iqvëvi eªv‡UBb UªvbwR÷i (Transistor) Avwe®‹vi
K‡ib| f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei †P‡q UªvbwR÷i AvKv‡i A‡bKMyY †QvU| UªvbwR÷i Avwe®‹vi Kw¤úDUv‡ii
BwZnv‡m weivU cwieZ©b G‡b †`q| UªvbwR÷i Avwe®‹vi nIqvi c‡i Kw¤úDU‡iI Gi eënvi NU‡Z
Avi¤¢ nq| UªvbwR÷i eëüZ Kw¤úDUvi ¸‡jv wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i (SeCond generation) Kw¤úDUvi|
1952 †_‡K 1964 G mgqKvj‡K wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i mgqKvj aiv nq| UªvbwR÷i AvKv‡i A‡bK †QvU
nIqv‡Z wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K AvKv‡i †QvU n‡q Av‡m|
wPÎ : UªvbwR÷i
nvB‡j‡fj fvlvi eënvi ïiæ nq GB cÖR‡b¥| G †_‡K FORTRAN, CÖBOL fvlvi cÖPjb ïiæ nq|
wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii êwkó¨Ñ

1) GwU AvKv‡i †QvU|
2) f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei cwie‡Z© UªvbwR÷i eëüZ nq|
3) G‡Z we`y¨r LiP Kg nq Ges mgqI Kg jv‡M|
4) cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDU‡ii Zzjbvq GwU `v‡g m¯Ív|
5) GwU `ªyZMwZm¤úbœ|
6) Zvc mgm¨vi Aemvb, MwZ I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi DbœwZ|
7) Avf¨šÍixY ¯§„wZ wnmv‡e Pz¤^Kxq †Kv‡ii eënvi|
8) FORTRAN, CÖBOL fvlvi cÖPjb ïiæ|
D`vnviY: IBM-1400 1401, IBM-1600,1620, RCA-501, NCR–300, GE-200 BZ¨vw`|
Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ ev †Rbv‡ikb

UªvbwRmUv‡ii c‡i Gj Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U ( ms‡¶‡c AvB wm-IC)| GB mvwK©U‡K GKwU m~² mvwK©U
ejv hvq| 1963 mv‡ji ci Integrate Dcircuit (IC) Avwe®K…Z nq| A‡bK¸‡jv Wv‡qvW I UªvbwR÷i
Gi g‡Zv ê`y¨wZK hš¿vsk w`‡q †h mvwK©U (Circuit ) ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K IC ejv nq| D³ IC w`‡q
ˆZwi Kw¤úDUvi‡K Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi ejv n‡q _v‡K| GwU AvKv‡i †QvU, `ªyZMwZ‡Z KvR Kiv
hvq Ges mgqI jv‡M Kg| GKwU AvB wm wPc cÖ‡¯’ 6 wgwjwgUvi, ˆ`‡N©¨ 18 wgwjwgUvi Ges D”PZvq
2 †_‡K 3 wgwjwgUvi| Gi mgqKvj 1964 mvj †_‡K 1972 mvj ch©šÍ|
wPÎ : AvB. wm. (IC)
Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii êwkó¨Ñ

1) Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (IC) e¨vcK fv‡e eënvi Kiv nq|
2) GwU Kg `v‡g µq Kiv hvq|
3) GwU AvKv‡i †QvU|
4) GwU mn‡R enb Kiv hvq|
5) G‡Z we`y¨rkw³ Kg LiP nq|
6) Aa©cwievnx ¯§„wZi D™¢e I weKvk|
7) DbœZ Kvh©KvwiZv I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv|
8) wewfbœ ai‡bi ¯§„wZ eë¯’vi cÖPjb| †hgb: Magnatic tape, hard disk drive, floppy disk drive
BZ¨vwì D™¢veb|
9) wewfbœ ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvwgs Kivi eë¯’v|
10) AvDUcyU wnmv‡e wfwWI wWm‡c− BDwbU Ges `ªyZMwZm¤úbœ jvBb wcÖ›Uv‡ii eënvi|
11) AZ¨waK Kg© ¶gZv|
12) D”PZi fvlvi eûj eënvi|
D`vniY: IBM-370, PDP-8, IBM-360, IBM-350, GE-600 BZ¨vw`|
PZz_© cÖRb¥ ev †Rbv‡ikb
wPÎ : gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi
weÁv‡bi Af~Zc~e© DbœwZi d‡j AvBwm ˆZwii †¶‡Î cÖf~Z DbœwZ n‡Z _v‡K| cÖ_g w`‡K Lye Aí
msL¨K hš¿vs‡ki mgš^‡q AvB wm ˆZwi n‡Zv| G‡K Large Scale Integration ( LSI) Gis Very
Large Scale Integration (VLSI) G Dbœqb Kiv nq| G RvZxq Kw¤úDUvi‡K PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i
Kw¤úDUvi ejv nq| G‡Z j¶vwaK UªvbwR÷i mshy³ _v‡K| AvBwm-Gi `ªyZ Dbœq‡bi d‡j
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cy‡iv †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY Ask‡K GKwU AvBwm wPc AvKv‡i ivLv m¤¢e nq| GB wPc‡KB
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi ejv nq| GB gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi ˆZwi nq 1971 mv‡j| d‡j gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi IB
mg‡qi wKQy c‡iB evRv‡i †`Lv hvq| GB gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi GKwU †QvU wmwjKb c`v‡_©i wP‡c ˆZwi|
GwU AvKv‡i 5 eM© wgwjwgUvi Ges †ea 1 wgwjwgUvi| GKwU wP‡c Kw¤úDUv‡ii K‡qKwU Ask
mgwš^Z| 1969 mv‡j Bb‡Uj †Kv¤úvwb 4000 bv‡g cÖ_g gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi ˆZwi K‡ib| 1971 mv‡j
Bb‡Uj AviI kw³kvjx gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Bb‡Uj 4004 ˆZwi K‡ib| Gi ci Zvuiv ˆZwi K‡ib 8008
cÖ‡mmi| GB Bb‡Uj 1974 mv‡j 8080 gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi ˆZwi K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K gvby‡li ØvicÖv‡šÍ
G‡b †`q| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi wk‡í eZ©gv‡b Pj‡Q MwZi jovB|
PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii êwkó¨Ñ

1) AvKv‡i †QvU weavq mn‡R enb‡hvM¨|
2) we`y¨r kw³ Kg LiP nq|
3) GwU e¨vUvwi w`‡qI Pvjv‡bv hvq|
4) DbœZ ai‡bi ¯§„wZ eë¯’vi D™¢e|
5) e„nr I AwZ e„nr gv‡bi AvBwm (LSI, VLSI) Gi eënvi|
6) evBU aviY ¶gZv e„w×|
7) wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi DbœwZ|
8) cÖwµqvKi‡Yi MwZ e„w×|
9) gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii cÖPjb|
10) DbœZ ai‡bi High Level †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri D™¢e|
D`niY: IBM-3033, HP-3000, IBM-4341, TRS-80, IBM-PC BZ¨vw`|
cÂg cÖRb¥ ev †Rbv‡ikb

cÂg cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi n‡e K…wÎg eyw× LvwU‡q KvR Kivi ¶gZv m¤úbœ| GRb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i K…wÎg
eyw×gËv ms‡hvR‡bi Dci M‡elYv Pj‡Q| 1981 mv‡j Rvcv‡b 14wU †`‡ki Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbxMY
cÂg cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii Dci GK m‡¤§jb Av‡qvRb K‡ib| weÁvbxiv wPšÍvfvebv K‡ib Kxfv‡e
Kw¤úDUv‡ii eyw× †`qvi eë¯’v Kiv hvq| G‡K e‡j K…wÎg eyw×| K…wÎg eyw× _vKvi Rb¨ cÂg
cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii wPšÍvfvebv I wePvi-we‡kølY Kivi ¶gZv _vK‡e| bZzb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Kx Ki‡Z
Kw¤úúDUvi I Gi weeZ©b 19
n‡e Zv Giv wb‡R RivB eyw× w`‡‡q wVK K‡i †b‡e| weÁvbx
bxiv Avkvev`x
`x AwP‡iB G ai‡bi Kw¤úDúDUvi
ˆZwi
wi n‡e| GB Kw¤úDUv‡i
K gvbby‡li KÉ¯î kbv³ Kivi ¶gZvI
¶ _vK‡‡e| gvby‡li K
K‡É †Ìqv wb‡`©
wb k
Abyaveb
a K‡i cÂ Âg cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi
K KvRR Ki‡Z cvi‡‡e| Avi cÂg
Âg cÖR‡b¥i Kww¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri
K
MwZ, ¯§„wZi aviYY ¶gZv †h we¯
e¯§qKii~‡c e„w×
w cv‡e †m K_v
K ejvi A‡c c¶v iv‡L bv|
cÂgg cÖR‡b¥i Kww¤úDUv‡ii êewkó¨Ñ

1) K…wÎg eyw× _vK
Kvi Kvi‡Y †hh †Kv‡bv wel‡qq wPšÍvfvebv I wePvi-we‡kø
klY
l Kivi ¶ggZv _vK‡e|
2) Z_¨
Z aviY ¶ggZvi e¨vcK Dbœ D wZ NU‡e|
3) ¯^
¯qswµq Abyev`
ev Kivi ¶gZ Zv _vK‡e|
4) AwaK
A kw³kvjx jx gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi
m _vK‡e|
5) gvby
g ‡li KÉ¯î kbv³ Kivii ¶gZv _vK‡e ‡e|
g ‡li KÉ¯î Abyaveb K‡‡i KvR Kivi ¶gZv _vK‡ee|
6) gvby
7) ¯§„
¯ wZaviY ¶ggZv we¯§qKif fv‡e e„w× cv‡ee|
8) †PŠ¤^
† K †Kvi ¯§„ ¯ wZi eënvi _vK‡Z cv‡i|
9) wecy
we j kw³m¤úúbœ mycvi Kw¤¤úDUv‡ii Dbœqb q NU‡e|
1.5
5 Kw¤úDUv‡i
‡ii †kÖwYwef
fvM
Kvh©©bxwZ,
x AvKvi I ¶gZvi Dc
ci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K
K 3wU fv‡M fvvM Kiv hvq|
Kw¤úúDUv‡ii †kÖwYwe
wefvM
GbvvjM Kw¤úDUUvi
Anaalog Computter KvR K‡i cwigvcb (M
Measuring) c×
×wZ‡Z| †hggbÑ we`y¨‡Zi Zv‡ii †fv‡ë
ë‡Ri
IVv--bvgv, †Kv‡bvv cvB‡ci †fZ
Z‡ii evZvm ev Zij c`v‡v‡_©i Pvc Kg †ewk nIqv, evZv‡mi cÖevn
e I
Pvc cwiewZ©Z nI Iqv BZ¨vw` cwwigvc‡bi wfwË
wË‡Z GbvjM Kw¤úDUvi
K KvvR K‡i|
wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi
Digital Computer KvR K‡i cÖZxKx msL¨vi gva¨‡g cÖvß Instruction Gi gva¨‡g| evBbvwi †KvW
A_©vr †fv‡ë‡Ri Dcw¯’wZ kbv³ K‡i Gi gva¨‡g KvR K‡i| Kv‡Ri ¶gZv Ges AvKv‡ii wfwË‡Z
wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi cÖavbZ 4 fv‡M wef³| †hgbÑ
gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi (Micro Computer)

gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q †QvU AvKv‡ii Kw¤úDUvi| GKRb e¨w³ GKwU gvÎ Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i
_v‡Kb| Awdm-Av`vjZ, eëmvqx cÖwZôvb, wk¶v cÖwZôvb, e¨w³MZ cÖ‡qvRb BZ¨vw` me ai‡bi
Kv‡R gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ n‡”Q| A_©vr Avgiv ni-nv‡gkv †h Kw¤úDUvi eënvi KiwQ
G¸wj‡KB Micro Computer e‡j| †cw›Uqvg-1 †_‡K †cw›Uqvg-4 ch©šÍ, eZ©gv‡bi RbwcÖq IBM
Kw¤úDUvi ev A¨v‡cj g¨vwKb‡Uvm-Gi g¨vK cvIqvi wcwm ev G-5 g‡Wj n‡”Q RbwcÖq
gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi| G‡K cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi (PC) ev weR‡bm Kw¤úDUvi (BC)I ejv nq|
mvaviYZ `yB ai‡bi cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi cvIqv hvq| GKwUi bvg †W¯‹Uc (Desktop) Ges Ab¨wUi
bvg †cv‡U©ej (Portable)| †W¯‹Uc †Uwe‡j ivLv nq Ges ¯’vbvšÍi †hvM¨ b‡n| hw` K‡qKwU †W¯‹Uc
Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q GKwU †bUIqvK© ˆZwi Kiv nq, Z‡e cÖavb Kw¤úDUviwU‡K mvf©vi ev †Wv‡gBb e‡j
Ges Ab¨¸wj‡K IqvK©‡÷kb e‡j|
†cv‡U©ej (Protable) Avevi wZb ai‡bi
j¨vcUc (Laptop)
GUvwP †K‡mi g‡Zv †`L‡Z Ges mvZ (7) †_‡K evi (12) wK‡jvMÖvg IRb n‡q _v‡K| GUv †W¯‹U‡ci
g‡ZvB KvR K‡i|
†bvUeyK (Notebooks)
GUv †`L‡Z †bvUey‡Ki gZ Ges wZb (3) †_‡K Pvi (4) wK‡jvMÖvg IRb n‡q _v‡K|
cvgUc (Palmtop)
GwU †`L‡Z c‡KU K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii g‡Zv|
wgwb Kw¤úDUvi (Mini Computer)

†gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUv‡ii †P‡q wgwb Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri ¶gZv I Kv‡Ri MwZ A‡c¶vK…Z Kg|
†gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi I wgwb Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri aib I cÖwµqvMZ w`K †_‡K †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨
bvB| D`vniY: IBM S/34, IBM S/36, PDP 11, NCR S/9290 BZ¨vw`|
†gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi (Mainframe Computer)

mycvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii †P‡q Zzjbvg~jK Kg kw³kvjx Kw¤úDUvi n‡jv †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi| Awdm-
Av`vjZ, eo eo wkí I M‡elYv cÖwZôvb, e¨vsK-exgv BZ¨vw` cÖwZôv‡bi wecyj cwigvY I RwUj Z_¨
eë¯’vcbvi Kv‡R †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ nq| D`vniY: IBM 4300, UNIVAC 1100,
CYBER 170 BZ¨vw`|
mycvi Kw¤úDUvi (Super Computer)

mycvi Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q me‡P‡q kw³kvjx, e¨qeûj Ges me‡P‡q `ªyZMwZm¤úbœ Kw¤úDUvi| e¨w³MZ
ch©v‡q Gme Kw¤úDUvi eënvi nq bv, †Kej miKvwi ev Lye eo ai‡bi cÖwZôv‡b mycvi Kw¤úDUvi
eënvi Kiv nq| c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡kB mycvi Kw¤úDUvi †bB| evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi KvDwÝj
(wewmwm), AvMviMuvI, XvKv‡Z GKwU mycvi Kw¤úDUvi i‡q‡Q| D`vniY: Av‡gwiKvq-CYBER-205,
Rvcv‡bi wbàb †Kv¤úvwbi-SuperSXII.
nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi (HybriD Computer)

GUv g~jZ Digtal I Analog Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri cÖwµqvi mv‡_ mgš^q K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq| G‡Z
†WUv MÖnY K‡i GbvjM cÖwµqvi Ges cÖ‡m‡mi Rb¨ msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i wWwRUvj As‡k †cÖiY Kiv
nq| nvmcvZvj, †¶cYv¯¿, b‡fvhvb, AvenvIqv BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kiv nq|
cÖkœgvjv-GK
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ
1| Kw¤úDUvi Kx?
2| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖRb¥ Kx?
3| GbvjM Kw¤úDUvi Kx?
4| wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi Kx?
5| gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi Kx?
6| †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi Kx?
7| mycvi Kw¤úDUvi Kx?
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| Kw¤úDUvi Gi cÖavb êwkó¨ Kx?
2| Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënv‡ii †ÿÎ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
3| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖRb¥ KqwU I Kx Kx?
4| cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii êwkó¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
5| wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii êwkó¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
6| Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii êwkó¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
7| PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii êwkó¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
8| cÂg cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii êwkó¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
9| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM Ki|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
2| Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi eY©bv Ki|
3| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ cÖRb¥ eY©bv Ki|
wØZxq Aa¨vq
Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi
2.1 Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi
Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi
†h mKj hš¿vsk w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi Kiv nq G‡ì‡K Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi e‡j| A_©vr nvW©Iq¨vi
ej‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii B‡jKUªwbK (Electronic), ê`y¨wZK (Electrical), hvwš¿K (Mechanical) I
Avbylvw½K hš¿cvwZ‡K (Peripherial Devices) †evSvq| †hgbÑ Kx‡evW©, gvDm, gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi,
gv`vi‡evW©, i¨vg, ig, nvW©wW¯‹, cvIqvi mvcøvB BZ¨vw`|
Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv eyw×gËv †bB| ZvB †Kv‡bv KvR m¤úv`‡bi c~‡e© GwU cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k
MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †evaMg¨ fvlvq wjwLZ G ai‡bi wb‡`©k‡K †cÖvMÖvg e‡j| A_v©r †cÖvMÖvg
n‡jv KvR m¤úbœ Kivi ch©vqµwgK wb‡`©‡ki ZvwjKv| Avi mdUIq¨vi n‡jv KZK¸‡jv wb‡`©kK…Z
†cÖvMÖv‡gi mgwó hv †Kv‡bv KvR m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ nvW©Iq¨vi‡K mwµq ev Kg©¶g K‡i| GwU Kw¤úDUvi
eënviKvix Ges nvW©Iq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ ms‡hvM †¶Î wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K djcÖm~ †Kv‡bv
AvDUcyU †c‡Z n‡j nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi Df‡qiB cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv cÖ‡qvRb|
2.2 Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii cv_©K¨

Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi
1| †h mKj hš¿vsk w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi Kiv 1| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †cÖvMÖvg ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgwó‡K
nq G‡ì‡K Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi e‡j| mdUIq¨vi e‡j|
2| GUv Kw¤úDUv‡ii wdwRK¨vj K‡¤úv‡b›U 2| GUv Kw¤úDUv‡ii jwRK¨vj K‡¤úv‡b›U
3| nvW©Iq¨vi ˆZwii mgq mdUIq¨vi m¤ú‡K© 3| mdUIq¨vi ˆZwii mgq nvW©Iq¨vi m¤ú‡K©
aviYv _vK‡Z nq| aviYv bv _vK‡jI P‡j|
4| nvW©Iq¨vi bó n‡Z cv‡i| 4| mdIq¨vi gyQv hvq ev Delete Kiv hvq|
5| D`vniY : Kx‡evW©, gvDm, gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi, 5| D`vniY : DB‡ÛvR, GgGm IqvW©, GgGm
gv`vi‡evW©, i¨vg, ig, nvW©wW¯‹, cvIqvi mvcøvB G‡·j, d‡Uvkc BZ¨vw`|
BZ¨vw`|
2.3 Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vimg~n

Kv‡Ri ai‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vimg~n‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
• BbcyU wWfvBm
• cÖ‡mwms wWfvBm (CPU)
• AvDUcyU wWfvBm|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii BbcyU wWfvBmmg~n :

Kx‡evW©, gvDm, gvB‡µv‡dvb, ¯‹¨vbvi, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, KvW© wiWvi, Rqw÷K BZ¨vw`|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvDUcyU wWfvBmmg~n :
gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi, cøUvi, w¯úKvi, wW¯‹ WªvBf, kã ms‡k−lK, gvB‡µvwdj¥, gvB‡µvwPc BZ¨vw`|
wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z wWfvBmmg~n :

gv`vi‡evW©, gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi, i¨vg I ig, nvW©wW¯‹, GwRwc KvW©, j¨vb KvW©, wfwWI K¨vcPvi KvW©,
wUwf KvW©, cvIqvi mvcvB BDwbU, wmwW/wWwfwW ig WªvBf BZ¨vw`|
2.4 wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki KvR

CPU n‡”Q Central Processing Unit Gi msw¶ß bvg| gvby‡li †eªBb †hgb gvbyl‡K cwiPvwjZ K‡i
†Zgwb CPU Kw¤úDUvi‡K cwiPvwjZ K‡i| CPU ev cÖ‡mm‡ii cÖK…wZ I ¶gZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖK…wZ I ¶gZv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨¯ÍixY mg¯Í KvR GB cÖ‡mmi ØvivB mgvavb Kiv
hvq| CPU †g‡gvwi †_‡K wb‡`©k c‡o Ges wb‡`©k Abymv‡i KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| GwU WvUv MÖnY ev cÖ`v‡bi
Rb¨ BbcyU/AvDUcyU h‡š¿i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iv‡L| CPU G wbqš¿Y Ask _v‡K hv wewfbœ Kv‡Ri mgš^q
mvab K‡i, MvwYwZK hyw³ Ask _v‡K hv MvwYwZK hyw³ Acv‡ikb m¤úv`b K‡i| GQvovI G‡Z _v‡K
†iwR÷vi hv WvUv msi¶Y Ki‡Z eëüZ nq|
2.5 cÖ‡mmi ev CPU Gi msMVb

Gi cÖavbZ wZbwU Ask _v‡KÑ
1) wbqš¿Y Ask
2) A¨vwi_‡gwUK jwRK BDwbU/MvwYwZK hyw³ Ask
3) †iwR÷vi ev †g‡gvwi/¯§„wZ
Kw¤úúDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi
q I mdUI
Iq¨vi 25
wPÎ : Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb

m
wbqš
š¿Y Ask
Kw¤úúDUv‡i m¤úvwvw`Z mg¯Í Kvv‡Ri wbqš¿Y ms‡KZ
m cÖ`vbb K‡i GB wbq
bqš¿Y Ask| GGB Ask wmwc
wcBD,
†g‡ggvwi Ges Bbcy
cyU/AvDUcyU wWfvB‡mi
wW g‡aa¨ WvUv cÖevn wbqš¿Y K‡i| K‡›Uªvj GKK
KK ROM I RAM
R
G mwÂZ
m wb‡`©k Abymv‡i KvRR Ki‡Z Kw¤úúDUv‡ii Ab¨¨ me Ask‡K K Av‡`k †`q| ZvQvov evBBbvwi
†Kv‡‡Wi BÝUªvKkbb‡K ¯§„wZ †_‡‡K MÖnY K‡i Ges GMy‡jv‡K K wW‡KvW K‡i
‡i|
A¨vwwi_‡gwUK jwRK
j BDwbUU/MvwYwZK hyw³ Ask
GUv CPU Gi †mB mB Ask †hLv‡b‡b wewfbœ ai‡bbi Acv‡ikb †hgbÑ †hvM,, we‡qvM, ¸Y,, fvM, OR, AND,
A
NOR R, XOR BZ Z¨vw` WvUvi Dci
D m¤úvw`Z Z nq| G‡ZZ GKwU †cÖvMÖvg KvD›Uvi Av‡Q hv‡Z c~ c‡e©i
BÝUªUªvKk‡bi wVKvvbv _v‡K| †K w`Z n‡e Zv G wVKvbv †_‡K
Kvb BÝUªvKkbb KLb m¤úvw` K ¯§„wZ wn‡m‡ee cvV
Kiv hvq|
†iwR
wR÷vi ev †gg‡gvwi/¯§„wZ
†iwR
R÷vi n‡”Q CPU
C Gi GKwU
wU Ask| Gmee †iwR÷v‡i `ªæZ wjLb I cVbc m¤¢e| Mv
MvwYwZK hyw³ As‡k
A
Z_¨¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Y Gme †iwR÷÷vi mvnvh¨ K‡‡i| †Kv‡bv GKKwU KvR m¤úúv`‡bi mgq G mg¯Í †iwRR÷vi
mvgwwqKfv‡e WvUvv msi¶Y Ki‡‡Z eëüZ nqq| wewfbœ Kv‡R
R wewfbœ †iwR
wR÷vi eëüZ
Z nq| Acv‡ik k‡bi
dj GLv‡b mvgwqqKfv‡e mwÂZZ _v‡K|
mÂqq †iwR÷vi :
mÂqq †iwR÷vi ALU
A Gi AšÍM©MZ we‡kl aii‡bi †iwR÷vi
vi hv WvUv msi
si¶Y Ki‡Z G Ges MvwYwZK
K hyw³
As‡k
ki KvR m¤úv
úv`b Ki‡Z e¨ëüZ nq| Acv‡ik‡bi
A dj
j GLv‡b mvgwgwqKfv‡e mwÂ
ÂZ _v‡K|
†cÖvMªvg KvD›Uvi:
†cÖvMÖvg KvD›Uvi‡K A‡bK mgq BÝUªvKkb c‡q›UviI ejv nq| GwU †Kv‡bv GKwU wb‡`©‡ki wVK c‡ii
wb‡`©‡ki wVKvbv aviY K‡i| †Kv‡bv GKwU Bb÷ªvKkb m¤úv`‡bi mgq wbqš¿Y GKK †cÖvMÖvg
KvD›Uv‡ii Z_¨ ev wVKvbv A¨v‡Wªm ev‡m cvVvq Ges †g‡gvwi †_‡K GB wVKvbvi Z_¨ c‡o| Gici
†cÖvMÖvg KvD›Uv‡ii msL¨v (wVKvbv) CPU Gi Af¨šÍixY hyw³ Øviv A‡Uv‡gwUK e„w× cvq|
BbcyU/AvDUcyU †iwR÷vi:
mÂqK ev Accumulator †_‡K djvdj mivmwi AvDUcy‡U cvVv‡bv nq bv| GB djvdj mvgwqKfv‡e
AvDUcyU †iwR÷v‡i msi¶Y Kiv nq Ges †mLvb †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i AvDUcy‡U cvVv‡bv nq| G bv n‡j
mÂvq‡K djvdj c‡o _vK‡j c‡ii MYbv ïiæ Ki‡Z wej¤^ n‡Zv| GKBfv‡e Bbcy‡‡Ui †cÖvMÖvgI
BbcyU †iwR÷v‡i Rgv †i‡L Zvici mÂvq‡K cvVv‡bv nq| G‡Z Kw¤úDUvi `ªæZ MwZ‡Z KvR Ki‡Z
cv‡i| KviY †h mgq GKw`‡K BbcyU AvDUcyU Acv‡ikb m¤úbœ nq †mmgqB Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨w`‡K
MYbv KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
¯§„wZ Bbdi‡gkb †iwR÷vi ev MIR :

¯§„wZ Bbdi‡gkb †iwR÷vi‡K ¯§„wZ Z_¨ †iwR÷vi I ¯§„wZ evdvi †iwR÷vi e‡j| cÖavb ¯§„wZ ev
Main Memory I BbcyU †iwR÷vi †_‡K Z_¨ I wb‡`©k ¯§„wZ Bbdi‡gkb †iwR÷v‡i Rgv ivLv nq|
Ab¨ ¯§„wZ †iwR÷vi †_‡K †h Z_¨ ev wb‡`©k Avb‡Z ev ivL‡Z n‡e Zvi wVKvbv †hLv‡b _v‡K Zv‡K
¯§„wZ wVKvbv †iwR÷vi ev MAR (Memory Address Register) e‡j| Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ‡Z mvaviYZ
210 †_‡K 220 wU ch©šÍ kã _v‡K| myZivs MAR Gi msL¨v 10weU †_‡K 20weU|
2.5 BbcyU BDwbU, wm wc BD Ges AvDUcyU BDwb‡Ui Kvh©vewj

BbcyU hš¿cvwZ
†Kv‡bv mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ H mgm¨v m¤úwK©Z cÖv_wgK DcvËmg~n Kw¤úDUvi‡K Av‡M †_‡KB
Rvwb‡q w`‡Z nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i DcvË cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ †hme hš¿vsk eënvi Kiv nq †m¸‡jv‡K BbcyU
hš¿cvwZ ejv nq| wb‡¤œ eûj cÖPwjZ wKQz BbcyU hš¿cvwZi cwiwPwZ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
wK‡evW© (Keyboard): Input Device Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges e¨vcK eëüZ wWfvBm n‡”Q
Keyboard| GwU Qvov Kw¤úDUvi Acv‡iU Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e| KeyboarD cÖavbZ `yB ai‡bi| †hgb:
Standard Keyboard (84 keys) Ges Enhanced keyboard (101/102/104 keys).
Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi 27
wPÎ : Keyboard
Keyboard Gi †cvU© nq †gvU wZb iKg| h_v: PS/2 Port, USB Port Ges Serial Port.
wPÎ : Keyboard Port
gvDm (Mouse) : Mouse n‡”Q Kx‡ev‡W©i cvkvcvwk Av‡iKwU eûj eëüZ BbcyU wWfvBm| gvDm
w`‡q Kx‡ev‡W©i †P‡q A‡bK `ªyZ KvR Kiv hvq| gvDm `yB ai‡bi nq| †hgbt Mechanical I
Optical.
†gKvwbK¨vj (Mechanical) : gvD‡mi wb‡Pi w`‡K GKwU ej _v‡K GRb¨ gvDm gyf Ki‡j †W¯‹U‡c
Kvm©iI Dci/wbP/Wvb/evg gyf K‡i|
AcwUK¨vj (Optical) : gvD‡mi wb‡Pi w`‡K e‡ji cwie‡Z© GKwU Ray Øviv gyf nq| GB gvDm
K¨vejmn n‡Z cv‡i Avevi WirelessI n‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ : wewfbœ cÖKvi Mouse
Rqw÷K (Joystick) : GB wWfvBmwU †Mg †Ljvi Rb¨ eëüZ nq| GwU Øviv wmMb¨vj‡K wewfbœ
w`‡K gyf Kiv nq|
wPÎ : wewfbœ cÖKvi Joystick.
¯‹¨vbvi (Scanner) : †Kv‡bv B‡gR‡K wWwRUvj wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡i †bIqvi Rb¨ GwU
eëüZ nq| mvaviYZ MÖvwd· wWRvBbvi, Gwb‡gUi G‡ì Rb¨ GwU GKwU Acwinvh© wWfvBm|
wPÎ : wewfbœ cÖKvi Scanner
wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv (Digital Camera) : GwU big¨vj GbvjM Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡Zv Qwe Zzj‡jI, mv‡_
mv‡_B QwewU‡K wWwRUvj wmMb¨v‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i †g‡gvwi wP‡c Rgv iv‡L| G‡Z GKwU LCD gwbUi
_v‡K, Kv‡RB Qwe †Zvjv gvÎ †`Lv hvq Ges AcÖ‡qvRbxq Qwe mv‡_ mv‡_ gy‡Q †djv hvq|
wPÎ : Digital Camera.
I‡qe K¨v‡giv (Web Camera): GwU GKwU gywf/w÷j K¨v‡giv hv‡K mivmwi Kw¤úDUv‡i Ry‡o
†Ìqv nq Ges B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b Qwe cvVv‡bv hvq| GwU Øviv wfwWI P¨vU Kiv
hvq|
wPÎ : wewfbœ cÖKvi Web Camera (Cam)

wWwRUvBRvi (Digitizer) : GwU‡K Wªwqs †evW©I ejv nq, Gi gva¨‡g eo eo Drawing, Mapping,
Drafting BZ¨vwì KvR Kiv nq| GLv‡b GKwU AvqZvKvi P¨vÞv eøK (Block) _v‡K hv‡K e‡j
wWwRUvBRvi †evW© ( Baord ), wWwRUvBwRs †Uwej (Digitizing table) ev MÖvwdK †Uwej (Graphic
table) Gi AvKvi 9′′× 12′′ †_‡K 48′′ × 72′′ ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| †ev‡W©i wfZ‡i Dchy³ ê`y¨wZK eë¯’v
_v‡K| GKwU ÷vBjv‡mi (Stylus Kj‡gi g‡Zv) mvnv‡h¨ †ev‡W© hv wKQy †jLv ev AvuKv hvq ZvB
gwbU‡ii c`©vq †f‡m I‡V| †mB m‡½ wewfbœ mg‡q ÷vBjv‡mi Ae¯’v‡bi x I y ¯’vbv¼ (Co-
ordinates) Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi‡Z P‡j hvq| KvM‡R †Kv‡bv MÖvd ev Qwe Gu‡K Zv wWwRUvBRvi †ev‡W©
†i‡L †mB MÖvd ev Qwei Dci ÷vBjvm eywj‡q Zv‡K VDU Gi c`v©q †`Lv‡bv hvq Ges Zvi ¯’vbv¼
Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyU Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e wWwRUvBRv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ MÖvd, g¨vc, evwo BZ¨vw` cø¨vb
mn‡RB Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyU Kiv hvq|
wPÎ : wWwRUvBRvi
AcwUK¨vj gvK© wiWvi (OMR):

†h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †cwÝj ev Kvwji `vM cvV Kivi eë¯’v Kiv nq †m hš¿‡K AcwUK¨vj gvK© wiWvi
(OMR) e‡j| OMR GK ai‡bi cVbhš¿| hv Kv‡jv Kvwji `vM ev †cwÝ‡ji `vM eyS‡Z cv‡i|
we‡kl †Kv‡bv eë¯’vi gva¨‡g `vM¸‡jv Zwor cÖev‡ni cwieZ©b NUvq| hvi d‡j Kw¤úDUvi OMR Gi
gva¨‡g fivUK…Z e„Ë ev `vM ey‡S †bq| GB c×wZ‡Z DËicÎ hvPvB Ki‡j †Kv‡bv fy‡ji Avk¼v
_v‡K bv| hLb DËi cÎwU OMR †gwk‡b †Ìqv nq ZLb OMR me Kv‡jv Kvwji `vM¸‡jv c‡o †bq
c‡i c~‡e© Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ‡Z iw¶Z DË‡ii mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i mwVK DËi wbY©q K‡i| OMR w`‡q
mwVKfv‡e cix¶vi LvZv g~j¨vqb Kiv nq|
wPÎ : I. Gg. Avi †gwkb
AvDUcyU hš¿cvwZ
cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ci djvdj‡K gvby‡li †evaMg¨ K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h Ask G
KvRwU K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K AvDUcyU wWfvBm e‡j| wb‡¤œ wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii wKQz AvDUcyU wWfvB‡mi
cwiwPwZ Zz‡j aiv n‡jvÑ
gwbUi (Monitor): gwbUi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AvDUcyU wWfvBm| GwU n‡”Q Z_¨ cÖ`©k‡bi GKwU gva¨g
hv wfwWI K‡›Uªvjvi KvW© ev A¨vWvÞvi †_‡K cÖvß ms‡KZ‡K h_vh_ iƒcvšÍ‡ii ci wbR¯^ ¯Œxb ev
c`v©q †`Lvq|
cÖPwjZ mKj gwbUi‡K is‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
1) iwOb (Color) gwbU‡i c`©vq mKj is dy‡U I‡V|

2) GKiOv ev g‡bvµg (Monochrome) gwbU‡i Kv‡jv c`vq mv`v ev Ab¨ i‡Oi A¶i dz‡U I‡V|
3) †MÖ †¯‹j (Grey scale) gwbU‡i c`v©q mKj is mv`v-K‡jv‡Z dz‡U I‡V|
cÖhyw³i Dci wfwË K‡i gwbUi‡K cÖavb `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
1. K¨v‡_vW iwk¥ wUDe (Cathode Ray Tube- CRT) gwbUi I
2. d¬¨vU c¨v‡bj (Flat Panel) gwbUvi/LCD gwbUi|
gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i (Multimedia Projector):
eZ©gvb hy‡M gvby‡li Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi †¶‡Î gvwëwgwWqvi DcKiY ev †cÖvWv±mg~‡ni f~wgKv Zzjbvnxb|
A‡bK Av‡MB gvbyl j¶ K‡i‡Q †h, †Kv‡bv Z_¨ wewfbœ wgwWqvi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv †ewk
Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±‡ii gva¨‡g †h †Kv‡bv Z_¨ wewfbœ wgwWqvi mvnv‡h¨
`k©‡Ki mvg‡b Zz‡j aiv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv GKmv‡_ wewfbœ wgwWqv eënvi K‡i
GKwU Z_¨‡K AvK©lYxq fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvwi| gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±‡ii gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii
†Kv‡bv Z_¨, wUwf †cÖvMÖvg wKsev †Kv‡bv gywf eo ¯Œx‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±‡ii
gva¨‡g wewfbœ wgwWqvi mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv, Dc¯’vc‡Ki †iKW© Kiv Dc¯’vcbvUvI cÖ`k©b
Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e gvwë wgwWqvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv g¨v‡mR ev Z_¨‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡j Zv `k©K‡ì
g‡b mn‡RB `vM Kv‡U Ges Zv g‡b ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
wcÖ›Uvi (Printer): wcÖ›Uvi n‡”Q Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AvDUcyU wWfvBm| mvaviYZ wcÖ›U ev nvW©Kwc
†bIqvi Rb¨ GwU eëüZ| mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi wcÖ›Uvi eëüZ nq| h_vÑ
1) Dot matrix,
2) Inkjet ev Bubble jet I
3) Laser Jet
Dot Matrix Bubble Jet
Laser Jet
w¯úKvi (Speaker) : gwbUi w`‡q †hgb †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq| Speaker w`‡q †Zgwb Kv‡b †kvbv hvq|
AwWI †kvbvi Rb¨ GwU eëüZ nq|
wPÎ : Speaker.
cøUvi (Plotter):
cøUvi we‡kl ai‡bi gy`ªY hš¿| Lye m~² †iLv wewkó b·v ev wP‡Îi gy`ªY †bqvi Rb¨ G ai‡bi hš¿
eënvi Kiv nq| cÖ‡¯’ K‡qK dzU Ges ˆ`‡N©¨ hZUv cÖ‡qvRb ZZUv `xN© KvM‡R cøUvi h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨
gy`ªY †bqv hvq| Gi mvnv‡h¨ mv`v-Kv‡jv Ges iwOb Dfq ai‡bi wcÖ›U Kiv m¤¢i| GwU w`‡q eo eo
MÖvwd‡·i KvR †hgb AvwK©‡UKPvivj wWRvBb, cwj mvBb, wej †evW© BZ¨vw` wcÖ›U Kiv nq| Kvco,
KvMR BZ¨vw` wewfbœ wgwWqv‡Z GwU w`‡q wcÖ›U Kiv hvq|
2.6 Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨v‡ii †kÖwYwefvM

mdUIq¨vi‡K mvaviYZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v: wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi I A¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi|
2.7 wewfbœ cÖKvi mdUIq¨vi cwiwPwZ

wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi
wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi n‡”Q Ggb ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi hv Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi¸‡jv‡K eënviKvixi
eënvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i Zzj‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GB mdUIq¨vi Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ BDwb‡Ui g‡a¨
Kv‡Ri mgš^q i¶v K‡i I eënvwiK †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg_¨©‡K mv_©Kfv‡e
wb‡qvwRZ iv‡L| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZi Dc‡hvMx K‡i wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi ˆZwi Kiv nq| ZvB
wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi wewfbœ iK‡gi nq| GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡ii Dc‡hvMx
K‡i ˆZwi mdUIq¨vi cwieZ©b K‡i bv wb‡j Ab¨ GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡i eënvi Kiv hvq bv|
wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
1) wm‡÷g g¨v‡bR‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg ev mdUIq¨vi|
2) wm‡÷g mv‡cvU© †cÖvMÖvg ev mdUIq¨vi|
3) wm‡÷g †W‡fjc‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg ev mdUIq¨vi|
wm‡÷g g¨‡bR‡g›U mdUIq¨vi

wm‡÷g g¨v‡bR‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg w`‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi, mdUIq¨vi, †WUv Ges †bUIqvK© wbqš¿Y
Kiv hvq| wm‡÷g g¨v‡bR‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg wbgœwjwLZ BDwbU¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZ| h_vÑ
1) Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Operating System)
2) †WUv‡em g¨‡bR‡g›U (Database Management) wm‡÷g I
3) †bUIqvK© g¨v‡bR‡g›U (Network Management) †cÖvMÖvg|
wm‡÷g mv‡cvU© mdUIq¨vi

wm‡÷g mv‡cvU© †cÖvMÖvg w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvix mvwf©m †cÖvMÖvg, wbivcËv cÖ`v‡bi †cÖvMÖvg Ges
Kv‡Ri wnmve-wbKvkmn BZ¨vw` KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wm‡÷g mv‡cvU© †cÖvMÖvg wb¤œwjwLZ
†cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZ| h_vÑ
1) wm‡÷g BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖvg
2) wm‡÷g cvidi‡gÝ (Performance) gwbUi †cÖvMÖvg I
3) wm‡÷g wmwKDwiwU gwbUi †cÖvMÖvg|
wm‡÷g †W‡fjc‡g›U mdUIq¨vi

eënvwiK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †cÖvMÖvg Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wm‡÷g †W‡fjc‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg eënvi Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| wm‡÷g †W‡fjc‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg‡K wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
1) †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨v½y‡qR UªvÝ‡jUi ev Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg|
2) †cÖvMÖvwgs GwWUi Ges Uzjm|
3) Kw¤úDUvi GB‡WW mdUIq¨vi BwÁwbqvwis (Computer Aided Software Engineering–

C.A.S.E) c¨v‡KRmg~n|
A¨vwcø‡Kkb ev eënvwiK mdUIq¨vi

wewfbœ KvR †hgbÑ wPwVcÎ UvBc Kiv, wej ˆZwi Kiv, GKvDw›Us-Gi wn‡me ivLv, MÖvwd· wWRvBb
Kiv, AwWI-wfwWI †kvbv BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v md&UIq¨vi Av‡Q| Gi me¸‡jvB
A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg (Application Software)| GwU Avevi `yB fv‡M wef³| †hgbÑ
1) BDRvi ev eënviKvix wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg|
2) c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg|
BDRvi ev eënviKvix wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg

Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g †h †Kv‡bv RwUj mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e| Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvix Zvi Pvwn`v
Abyhvqx †h †Kv‡bv RwUj mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i eënvwiK †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| eëmvqx ev wkí cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Zv‡ì wbR¯^ c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ eë¯’vcbv, wnmve-wbKvkmn
Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ A‡bK mgq we‡klfv‡e mdUIq¨vi ˆZwi K‡i †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| Z‡e G
Kv‡R Aek¨B GKRb AwfÁ †cÖvMÖvgv‡ii kiYvcbœ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| Ab¨vb¨ cwimsL¨vb msµvšÍ,
Z_¨mn cix¶vi djvdj ˆZwii †cÖvMÖvg, Bb‡fbUwi K‡›Uªvj ev cY¨`ª‡eï we¯ÍvwiZ Z‡_ï ZvwjKv
wbqš¿‡Yi †cÖvMÖvg, †ijI‡q ev wegv‡bi Avmb msi¶Y, Drcbœ `ª‡eï Abym~wPi †cÖvMÖvg BZ¨vw`
eënviKvix wjwLZ †cÖvMÖv‡gi D`vniY|
c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg
eënvwiK mgm¨v mgvav‡bvi Rb¨ †ek wKQy †cÖvMÖvg evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z cvIqv hvq| G ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg
w`‡q wbw`©ó ai‡bi KvR Kiv hvq| G †cÖvMÖv‡g eënvwiK mgm¨vi c~Y©v½ mgvavb †`qvi eë¯’v _v‡K|
G me †cÖvMÖvg‡K c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg e‡j| wb‡¤œ K‡qKwU c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖv‡gi D`vniY †`qv n‡jv| †hgbÑ
1| IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi|
2| †W¯‹Uc cvewjwks mdUIq¨vi|
3| †¯úÖWwkU mdUIq¨vi|
4| WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U mdUIq¨vi|
5| MÖvwdK&m, gvwëwgwWqv Ges †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi|
6| G›Uvi‡UBb‡g›U Ges GWy‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi|
7| BDwUwjwUm mdUIq¨vi|
8| KwgDwb‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi BZ¨vw`|
eënvwiK †¶‡Îi Dci wfwË K‡i c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg‡K wb¤œ wjwLZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ
1) Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi|

2) GKK cÖwµqv c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi|
Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi GKvwaK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ evwYwR¨Kfv‡e cvIqv hvq| wewfbœ
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GB ai‡bi c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨v‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgš^q mvab Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ †¯úÖWkxU, WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U, †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi cÖf„wZ|
GKK cÖwµqv c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ wbw`©ó ai‡bi mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv nq| †hgb IqvW© cÖ‡mwms
Gi Rb¨ gvB‡µvmdUIqvW©, IqvW© ÷vi, IqvW© cvi‡d± cÖf„wZ c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg eënvi Kiv nq|
GQvovI wKQy wKQy mdUIq¨vi †Kv¤úvwb Av‡Q hviv webvg~‡j¨ eënviKvix‡ì mdUIq¨vi eënvi Kivi
my‡hvM †`q, G ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi‡K wd«Iq¨vi e‡j| Avi mvgvb¨ wd‡mi gva¨‡g †h mdUIq¨vi
eënviKvix‡ì eënvi Ki‡Z †Ìqv nq Zv‡K †kqviIq¨vi e‡j|
dvg©Iq¨vi
dvg©Iq¨vi n‡”Q we‡kl ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi hv mywbw`©ó nvW©Iq¨vi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
mvaviYZ nvW©Iq¨vi cÖ¯‘ZKvix cÖwZôvb wb‡R‡ì hš¿cvwZi mv‡_ G ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi w`‡q _v‡K|
Kw¤úDUv‡i eûj eëüZ GKwU dvg©Iq¨vi n‡jv Basic Input Output System (BIOS)| GQvov
cÖ‡Z¨KwU nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mv‡_ _v‡K Zvi wbR¯^ wWfvBm WªvBfvi| dvg©Iq¨vi¸‡jv mvaviYZ †gwkb wbf©i
n‡q _v‡K| A_v©r GK GK †gwk‡bi Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v wWfvBm WªvBfv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
GB gva¨gwU nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi-Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ| Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi Kivi mgq †g‡gvwi bvgK
nvW©Iq¨v‡i wKQy ¯’vqx †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi K‡i †Ìqv nq| GwUB n‡”Q dvg©Iq¨vi| G¸wj cov hvq wKš‘
cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| GwU GK ai‡bi IC. †hgb PC-†Z eëüZ ROM BIOS (Read Only Memory
Basic Input Output System) n‡”Q GKwU dvg©Iq¨vi| GwU‡Z wKQy †cÖvMÖvg Rgv K‡i ivLv nq hv
nvW©Iq¨vi I md&UIq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM NUvq|
cÖkœgvjv-`yB
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ
1| Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi
2| Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi
3| BbcyU BDwbU Kx?
4| cÖ‡mwms wWfvBm (CPU),
5| AvDUcyU BDwbU Kx
6| ¯‹¨vbvi Kx?
7| wcÖ›Uvi jD?
8| wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi Kx?
9| A¨vwcø‡Kkb ev eënvwiK mdUIq¨vi Kx?
10| BDRvi ev eënviKvix wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg Kx?
11| c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg Kx?
12| dvg©Iq¨vi Kx?
13| BIOS Kx?
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii cv_©K¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
2| wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki KvR Kx?
3| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbqš¿Y As‡ki KvR Kx?
4| A¨vwi_‡gwUK jwRK BDwb‡Ui KvR Kx?
5| †iwR÷v‡ii KvR Kx?
6| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mdUIq¨v‡ii †kÖwYwefvM QK AvKv‡i †`LvI|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vimg~‡ni eY©bv `vI|
2| cÖ‡mmi ev CPU Gi msMVb eY©bv Ki|
3| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mdUIq¨v‡ii †kÖwYwefvM eY©bv Ki|
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi
3.1 Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi I Gi cÖKvi‡f`

gvby‡li g‡Zv Kw¤úDUv‡iiI wbR¯^ ¯§„wZ †Kvl _v‡K Ges Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ mvnvh¨Kvix ¯§„wZ‡Kvl
Av‡Q hv Kw¤úDUvi‡K wewfbœ KvR m¤úv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡ii GB ¯§„wZ‡Kvl gvby‡li
ˆZwi Ges GUv we`y¨‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ P‡j| Kw¤úDUv‡ii GB ¯§„wZ‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
(K) g~j ¯§„wZ
(L) mvnvh¨Kvix/†m‡KÛvwi ¯§„wZ
(K) g~j ¯§„wZ (Main Memory)

Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g †h †WUv I BÝUªvKk‡bi Dci eZ©gv‡b KvR Ki‡Q Zv GLv‡b mvgwqKfv‡e aviY
K‡i iv‡L| GB †g‡gvwi A‡c¶vK…Z `ªæZ Ges mivmwi wm.wc.BD. Øviv G‡·m Kiv nq| GUv
A‡c¶vK…Z †QvU †g‡gvwi| g~j ¯§„wZ‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq :
• Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
†fŠZ êwkó¨ Abyhvqx †g‡gvwii †kªwYwefvM :

K) cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ †g‡gvwi
†h ai‡bi †g‡gvwi‡Z mwÂZ Z_¨vewj gy‡Q bZzb K‡i †jLv hvq Zv‡K cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ †g‡gvwi e‡j|
†hgbÑ RAM, Magnctic Disk BZ¨vw`|
L) AcwieZ©bxq †g‡gvwi
†h ai‡bi †g‡gvwi‡Z mwÂZ Z_¨vewj gy‡Q hvq bv Zv‡K AcwieZ©bxq †g‡gvwi e‡j| †hgbÑ cvÂ
KvW©, ROM BZ¨vw`|
M) DØvqx †g‡gvwi
we`y¨rcÖevn eÜ n‡j †h †g‡gvwi †g‡gvwii mwÂZ Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq Zv‡K DØvqx †g‡gvwi e‡j| †hgbÑ RAM|
N) AbyØvqx †g‡gvwi
we`y¨ZcÖevn eÜ n‡j †h †g‡gvwii mwÂZ Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq bv Zv‡K AbyØvqx †g‡gvwi e‡j| †hgbÑ ig,
wW¯‹, †Uc BZvw`|
O) aŸvsmvZ¥K †g‡gvwi
†h †g‡gvwi cvV Kivi ci ciB G‡Z mwÂK Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq Zv‡K aŸvsmvZ¥K †g‡gvwi ejv nq|
†hgbÑ †PŠ¤^K †Kvi|
P) AaŸvsmvZ¥K †g‡gvwi
†h †g‡gvwi cvV Kivi ci ciB G‡Z mwÂZ Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq bv Zv‡K AaŸvsmvZ¥K †g‡gvwi ejv
nq| †hgbÑ ig, †PŠ¤^K †Uc, wW¯‹ BZ¨vw`|
A¨vK‡mm cÖK…wZ ev ms‡hvM cÖK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i †g‡gvwii †kªwYwefvM :

Access cÖK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i †g‡gvwi mvaviYZ wbgœwjwLZ †kªwYi n‡Z cv‡i|
K) wmKz‡qwÝqvj †g‡gvwi
†h †g‡gvwi‡Z DcvË ev Z_¨ cVb wjL‡bi ci ci ms‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K wmKz‡qwÝqvj
†g‡gvwi ejv nq †hgbÑ †PŠ¤^K †Uc †g‡gvwi|
L) i¨vÛg A¨vK‡mm †g‡gvwi (RAM)

†h †g‡gvwi‡Z DcvË I Z_¨ cVb/wjL‡bi Rb¨ mivmwi ms‡hvM m„wó Kiv nq Ges mKj
†g‡gvwii wVKvbvi A¨vK‡mm mgvb Zv‡K i¨vÛg A¨vK‡mm †g‡gvwi ejv nq| †hgbÑ i¨vg|
M) WvB‡i± A¨vK‡mm †g‡gvwi

†h †g‡gvwi‡Z Z_¨‡K cVb/wjL‡bi Rb¨ wmKz‡qÝ I i¨vÛg A¨vK‡mm ev ms‡hvM Df‡qB
eëüZ nq Zv‡K WvB‡i± A¨vK‡mm †g‡gvwi e‡j| †hgbÑwW¯‹ †g‡gvwi|
N) mvBwK¬K A¨vK‡mm †g‡gvwi

†h †g‡gvwi‡Z Z_¨‡K cVb/wjLb Kiv nq Zv‡K mvBwK¬K A¨vK‡mm †g‡gvwi ejv nq| †hgbÑ
†PŠ¤^K Wªvg †g‡gvwi|
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hv‡Mi Dci wfwË K‡i †g‡gvwii †kªwYwefvM :

cÖavb ev Af¨šÍixY †g‡gvwi
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi mshy³ †g‡gvwi‡K cÖavb ev Af¨šÍixY †g‡gvwi ejv nq| cÖwµqvKi‡Yi
Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvg I Z_¨‡K G †g‡gvwi‡Z A¯’vqxfv‡e Rgv ivLv nq| †hgbÑ i¨vg, ig BZ¨vw`|
gv`vi‡ev‡W© gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii cvkvcvwk G †g‡gvwi Ae¯’vb K‡i|
Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi 41
mnvqK ev Abvf¨šÍixY †g‡gvwi :

†h †g‡gvwii mv‡_ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii mivmwi ms‡hvM _v‡K bv, wbw`©ó K‡›Uªªv‡ji gva¨‡g ms‡hvM i¶v
K‡i Zv‡K Af¨šÍixY †g‡gvwi ejv nq| G †g‡gvwi‡K Avjv`v wWfvBm WªvBfv‡ii mvnv‡h¨
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv nq| eënviKvix fwel¨r cÖ‡qvR‡b DcvË ev †cÖvMªvg‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e mÂq
Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j G‡K mnvqK †g‡gvwi ejv nq| mvaviY †PŠ¤^K †Uc, †PŠ¤^K wW¯‹, AcwUK¨vj wW¯‹
BZ¨vw` mnvqK †g‡gvwii D`vniY|
eëüZ gva¨‡gi Dci wfwË K‡i †g‡gvwii †kªwYwefvM :

†g‡gvwi ˆZwii Rb¨ eëüZ gva¨g ev aviK Abyhvqx †g‡gvwi‡K wbgœwjwLZ †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq :
K) †PŠ¤^K †Kvi †g‡gvwi|
L) cvZjv c`©v †g‡gvwi|
M) Aa©cwievnx †g‡gvwi|
N) AwZ cwievnx †g‡gvwi|
O) †PŠ¤^K †dbv †g‡gvwi|
P) PvR©W KvcjW& †g‡gvwi|
Q) †PŠ¤^K †Uc †g‡gvwi|
R) †PŠ¤^K wW¯‹ †g‡gvwi|
S) AcwUK¨vj wW¯‹ ev Av‡jvKxq †g‡gvwi|
6) wbg©vY †KŠk‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i †g‡gvwii cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_vÑ
1. evB‡cvjvi †g‡gvwi
2. BDwb‡cvjvi †g‡gvwi
†mwgKÛv±i c`v‡_©i ˆZwi UªvbwR÷i n‡jv evB‡cvjvi wWfvBm| UªvbwR÷i ev UªvBR÷i jwRK ev
wUwUGj eënvi K‡i G ai‡bi †g‡gvwi ˆZwi Kiv nq| wbðj i¨vg, ROM Ges PROM evB‡cvjvi
†g‡gvwi| Aciw`‡K, BDwb‡cvjvi †g‡gvwi‡K †gUj A·vBW †mwgKÛv±i wdì B‡d± UªvbwR÷i ev
MOSFET w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq| MwZkxj i¨vg, BcÖg (EPROM), BGcÖg (EAPROM) n‡jv BDwb‡cvjvi
i¨v‡gi D`vniY|
cÖvBgvwi I †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwii g‡a¨ Zzjbv

cÖvBgvwi †g‡gvwi †m‡KÛ †g‡gvwi
1. G †g‡gvwi eë¯’v †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY As‡ki 1. G †g‡gvwi eë¯’v †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY As‡ki
mv‡_ mivmwi mshy³ _v‡K| ms‡hvM mivmwi mshy³ _v‡K bv|
2. Pjgvb †cÖvMÖvg, DcvË, wb‡`©k I wnmve- 2. GUv wbKU fwel¨‡Z MYbvi cÖ‡qvRb Ggb
wbKv‡ki djvdj BZ¨vw` msi¶Y K‡i| me DcvË, wb‡`©k, †cÖvMÖvg BZ¨vw` `xN© mg‡qi
Rb¨ msi¶Y K‡i|
3. wmwcBD m‡½ mivmwi mshy³ _vKvq G‡Z 3. wmwcBD m‡½ mivmwi mshy³ _vKvq bv G‡Z
cVb/wjL‡bi MwZ `ªæZ nq| cVb/wjL‡bi MwZ axi nq|
4. cÖavb †g‡gvwi DØvqx A_©vr we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ 4. †m‡KÛwi †g‡gvwi AbyØvqx A_©vr we`y¨rcÖevn eÜ
Ki‡j msiw¶Z DcvË Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq| Ki‡j G‡Z msiw¶Z DcvË I Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq bv|
5. cÖavb †g‡gvwii bvMvj mgq I aviY ¶gZv 5. †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi‡K µwgK bvMvj †g‡gvwi
Kg| Gi bvMvj mgq (80-100) b¨v‡bv ejv nq KviY, µwgK bvMvj c×wZ‡Z
†m‡KÛ| µgvbymv‡i AbymÜvb K‡i †g‡gvwi ¯’v‡bi
ms‡hvM mvab Kiv nq|
6. cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡K wmav bvMvj †g‡gvwi ejv nq 6. †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi‡K µwgK bvMvj †g‡gvwi
KviY, wmav bvMvj c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡kl ejv nq KviY, µwgK bvMvj c×wZ‡Z
Abyµ‡g AbymÜvb bv K‡i mivmwi †g‡gvwi µgvbymv‡i AbymÜvb K‡i †g‡gvwi ¯’v‡bi
¯’v‡bi ms‡hvM mvab m¤¢e| ms‡hvM mvab Kiv nq|
7. G‡¶‡Î †g‡gvwi ¯’v‡b msiw¶Z cÖwZwU weU ev 7. G‡¶‡Î we‡Ui Ae¯’vb hZ c‡i Zvi bvMvj
k‡ãi bvMvj mgq mgvb| mgqI ZZ †ewk|
8. cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z (ig) dg©Iq¨vi msiw¶Z 8. †m‡KÛvwi‡Z †g‡gvwi‡Z dg©Iq¨vi msiw¶Z
_v‡K| _v‡K bv Z‡e Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g, WvUv dvBj,
K¤úvBjvi, B›UiwcÖ›Uvi, I wewfbœ eënvwiK
†cÖvMÖvg mwÂZ _v‡K|
9. cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z mwÂZ DcvË I Z_¨vewj‡K 9. †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi‡Z mwÂZ DcvË I
wmwcBD mivmwi cÖwµqvKiY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨vewj‡K wmwcBD cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡K D‡Ëvjb
K‡i Z‡e cÖwµqvKiY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
10. cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡K cÖv_wgK ev Af¨šÍixY 10. †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi‡K mnvqK, Abvf¨šÍixY
†g‡gvwiI ejv nq| †g‡gvwiI ejv nq|
11. Aa©cwievnx †g‡gvwi, †PŠ¤^K †Kvi †g‡gvwi, 11. †PŠ¤^K †Uc, nvW©wW¯‹, d¬wcwW¯‹, K¤úv±
cvZjv c`©v †g‡gvwi BZ¨vw` n‡jv cÖavb †g‡gvwi wW¯‹, cvÂ KvW© BZ¨vw` n‡jv †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi
eë¯’vi D`vniY| eë¯’vi D`vniY|
GQvovI Kv‡Ri MwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨ Av‡iK ai‡bi †g‡gvwi eëüZ nq hv‡K K¨vk †g‡gvwi e‡j|
3.2 weU, evBU, Kw¤úDUvi IqvW© I †g‡gvwi aviY ¶gZv|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ Ges MwZ e„w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ AvKv‡ii †g‡gvwi eëüZ nq| †g‡gvwi
cwigv‡ci Rb¨ wewfbœ GKK eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ weU, evBU, wK‡jvevBU, †gMvevBU, wMMvevBU,
†UivevBU, G·vevBU BZ¨vw`|
weU (Bit) :
evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z eëüZ A¼ 0 (k~b¨) Ges 1 (GK) †K weU e‡j| Bs‡iwR Binary k‡ãi Bi
Ges Digit k‡ãi t wb‡q Bit kãwU MwVZ nq|
wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii †gwkb fvlv n‡jv weU (0 I 1)| G‡ÿ‡Î (0) weU w`‡q wb¤œ †fv‡ëR (Low
Voltage) Ges (1) weU w`‡q D”P †fv‡ëR (High Voltage) wb‡`©k Kiv nq|
evBU (Byte) :
8wU weU wg‡j 1 evBU nq| Giƒc 8 we‡Ui †KvW w`‡q †h †Kv‡bv eY©, A¼ ev we‡kl wPý‡K cÖKvk Kiv
nq| Giƒc 8 weU wewkó kã‡K evBU ejv nq|
Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi cwigv‡ci Rb¨ eëüZ wewfbœ GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©-

8 weU () = 1 evBU
1024 () = 1 wK‡jvevBU
1024 wK‡jvevBU = 1 †gMvevBU
1024 †gMvevBU = 1 wMMvevBU
1024 wMMvevBU = 1 †UivevBU
1024 †UivevBU = 1 G·vevBU
1024 G·vevBU = 1 †cUvevBU
Kw¤úDUvi IqvW© (Computer Word)

ci ci msjMœ KZK¸‡jv weU ev evB‡Ui mgwó‡K GKwU Kw¤úDUvi IqvW© e‡j| mvaviYZ 16 ev 32
we‡U 1 IqvW© aiv nq|
†g‡gvwii aviY ÿgZv (Memory Storage Capacity) :

Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi‡Z evBbvwi wWwRU, kã avi‡Yi ÿgZv‡K †g‡gvwii aviY ÿgZv ejv nq|
†g‡gvwii aviY ÿgZvi ÿz`ªZg GKK n‡jv wK‡jvevBU (Kilobyte) ms‡ÿ‡c (KB)| 1024 evB‡U 1
wK‡jvevBU nq| eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ nvW©wW‡¯‹i aviY ÿgZv 1024 wMMvevBU ev 1 †UivevBU| GQvovI 2
I 4 †UivB‡Ui nvW©wW¯‹ Ges 32 I 64 wMMvevB‡Ui †cbWªvBfI cvIqv hvq|
3.3 cÖavb †g‡gvwi (RAM I ROM)

a. Read Only Memory (ROM)
†h ¯§„wZ‡Z Z_¨ ïay cvV Kiv hvq wKš‘ †Kv‡bv bZyb Z_¨ ms‡hvRb Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K Read Only
Memory (ROM ) e‡j| ROM G Z_¨ ¯’vqxfv‡e msi¶Y Kiv nq| hLb we`y¨r P‡j hvq A_ev
Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Kiv nq ZLb †h mg¯Í Z_¨ ROM Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K Zv gy‡Q hvq bv| ROM Gi GKwU
aib PROM| †h mg¯Í ROM wP‡c eënviKvix wb‡R‡ì B”Qvg‡Zv †cÖvMÖvg msi¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡i
Zv‡K PROM wPc e‡j| PROM G GKevi †cÖvMÖvg msi¶Y Kivi ci msiw¶Z Z_¨ Avi cwieZ©b
Kiv hvq bv| ROM Gi Av‡iKwU aib n‡”Q EPROM hv PROM Gi Dch©y³ mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| GLv‡b Z_¨ gy‡Q †djv hvq Ges wPc‡K cybivq †cÖvMÖvg K‡i bZzb Z_¨ msi¶Y Kiv hvq|
b. Random Access Memory (RAM)

†h ¯§„wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv GKwU Z_¨ gy‡Q †d‡j H RvqMvq bZyb Z_¨ †jLv hvq Ges †mB Z_¨ cÖ‡qvRb
Abymv‡i eënvi Kiv hvq Zv‡K Random Access Memory e‡j| Z‡e we`y~¨r P‡j †M‡j ev
Kw¤úDUvi Ad/eÜ Ki‡j Gi Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq| cÖvBgvwi †÷v‡iR‡K mvaviYZ i¨vg e‡j KviY mivmwi
†WUv Ges BÝUªvKkb msi¶Y Ges cybiæ×vi Ki‡Z GB †g‡gvwii †h †Kv‡bv †jv‡Kkb wm‡j± I
eënvi Kiv m¤¢e| †g‡gvwii cÖ‡Z¨KwU Avjv`v Avjv`v †jv‡Kkb Ab¨ †jv‡Kk‡bi g‡ZvB G‡·m Kiv
mnR Ges GKB cwigvY mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GUv‡K wiW/ivBU †g‡gvwiI ejv nq KviY i¨vg wP‡c
Z_¨ †jLvI hvq Avevi G †_‡K Z_¨ covI hvq|
(L) mvnvh¨Kvix ev †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi

Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g eZ©gv‡b KvR Ki‡Q bv Ggb †cÖvMÖvg Ges †WUv ¯’vqxfv‡e aviY Ki‡Z GB ¯§„wZ
eëüZ nq| GUv A‡c¶vK…Z eo ¯§„wZ Ask| GUv †gBb †g‡gvwi †_‡K Kg MwZ m¤úbœ †g‡gvwi|
RAM ev g~j ¯§„wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv Z_¨ ¯’vqx fv‡e _v‡K bv| Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Ki‡j ev we`y¨r P‡j †M‡j
RAM Gi mg¯Í Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq| ïaygvÎ ROM G Z_¨ ¯’vqx fv‡e _v‡K| †mRb¨ g~j ¯§„wZ ev RAM
†K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv ¯§„wZ ¯’vqxfv‡e Z_¨ msi¶Y K‡i _v‡K hv‡Z cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i
RAM †mme ¯§„wZ †_‡K Z_¨ wb‡Z cv‡i| Avi GB me ¯§„wZ‡K mvnvh¨Kvix ¯§„wZ e‡j| †hgb
nvW©wW¯‹, †d¬vwcwW¯‹, Pz¤^Kxq †Uc BZ¨vw` mvnvh¨Kvix ¯§„wZ wnmv‡e eëüZ nq|
i¨vg (RAM) I i‡gi (ROM) g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

i¨vg (RAM) ig (ROM)
1| i¨v‡g A¯’vqxfv‡e WvUv cVb I wjLb m¤¢e| 1| mvaiYZ i‡g GKevB ¯’vqxfv‡e WvUv
msiÿY Kiv nq Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b †h †Kv‡bv mgq
msiwÿZ WvUv cVb m¤¢e|
2| i¨vg DØvqx †g‡gvwi; A_©vr we`y¨r mieivn 2| ig DØvqx †g‡gvwi bq; A_©vr we`y¨r mieivn
eÜ n‡j i¨v‡g msiwÿZ WvUv gy‡Q hvq| eÜ n‡jI i‡g isiwÿZ WvUv gy‡Q hvq bv|
3| Pjgvb †cÖvMÖvg Ge cybt cybt cwieZ©bkxj 3| mn‡R cwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv Ggb WvUv
WvUv i¨v‡g msiÿY Kiv nq| I †cÖvMÖvg i‡g msiÿY Kiv nq|
4| i¨v‡g †Kv‡bv ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg †`qv _v‡K bv| 4| i¨v‡g mvaviYZ ˆZwii mgq †cÖvMÖvg Kiv
n‡q _v‡K hv dvg©Iq¨vi bv‡g cwiwPZ|
5| i¨v‡gi AvKv‡i Dci Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri 5| i‡gi AvKv‡i Dci Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri
MwZ wbf©i K‡i| cÖ‡qvR‡b AwZwi³ i¨vg wPc ÿgZv wbf©ikxj bq Ges AwZwi³ ig wPc Kiv
ms‡hvRb K‡i aviY ÿgZv e„w× Kiv hvq| hvq bv|
3.4 i¨v‡gi †kÖwYwefvM

Acv‡iwUs †gvW Abymv‡i i¨vg‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
÷¨vwUK i¨vg (Static RAM) I
WvBbvwgK i¨vg (Dynamic RAM)
÷¨vwUK i¨vg (Static RAM)

÷¨vwUK i¨vg wd¬c-d¬c Øviv MwVZ hv evBbvwi weU 0 I 1 aviY K‡i| G aviYK…Z WvUv ZZÿY ch©šÍ
†g‡gvwi‡Z _v‡K hZÿY ch©šÍ we`y¨r mieivn _v‡K| we`y¨r mieivn eÜ Ki‡j †g‡gvwi‡Z iwÿZ WvUv
gy‡Q hvq| ÷¨vwUK i¨vg AZ¨šÍ `ªæZMwZm¤úbœ nq e‡j GUv wfwWI i¨vg, K¨vk †g‡gvwi BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î
eëüZ nq|
WvBbvwgK i¨vg (Dynamic RAM)

WvBbvwgK i¨vg-G evBbvwi weU 0 I 1 ê`y¨wZK PvR© AvKv‡i K¨vcvwmU‡i Rgv _v‡K| K¨vcvwmUi PvR©
_vK‡j 1 Ae¯’v, bv _vK‡j 0 Ae¯’v †evSvq| we`y¨r mieivn _vKv Ae¯’vqI K¨vcvwmU‡ii PvR© ax‡i
ax‡i bó n‡q hvq| ZvB K‡qK wgwj‡m‡KÛ ci ci i¨vg K‡›Uªvjv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖ‡Z¨K †g‡gvwi †Kv‡l
†jLv Z_¨ bZzb K‡i wjL‡Z nq| K¨vcvwmU‡ii cwifvlvq G‡K †g‡gvwi wi‡d«wks ejv nq|
gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb †g‡gvwi wn‡m‡e mvaviYZ WvBbvwgK i¨vg eënvi Kiv nq|
÷¨vwUK i¨v‡gi Zzjbvq WvBbvwgK i¨v‡gi myweav I Amyweav :

WvBbvwgK i¨v‡gi myweav :
• mgvb cwim‡i WvBbvwgK i¨v‡g ÷¨vwUK i¨v‡gi Zzjbvq †ewk WvUv msiÿY Kiv hvq|
• ÷¨vwUK i¨v‡gi Zzjbvq WvBbvwgK i¨v‡g kw³i AcPq Kg nq|
• WvBbvwgK i¨v‡g cÖwZ weU msiÿ‡Yi LiP ÷¨vwUK i¨v‡gi Zzjbvq Kg|
WvBbvwgK i¨v‡gi Amyweav :

• cybtcybt †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi Rb¨ WvBbvwgK i¨v‡g AwZwi³ eZ©bxi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
• mvaviYZ ÷¨vwUK i¨v‡gi Zzjbvq WvBbvwgK i¨vg †_‡K WvUv D×vi I msiÿY mgq †ewk cÖ‡qvRb nq|
• ÷¨vwUK i¨v‡gi Zzjbvq WvBbvwgK i¨v‡gi MwZ Kg nq|
G QvovI K‡qK ai‡bi i¨vg cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| †hgbÑ Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW i¨vg, PRAM, CMOS RAM BZ¨vw`|
3.5 ig (ROM)-Gi †kÖwYwefvM

Z_¨ msiÿ‡Yi †KŠk‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i ig‡K wb‡¤œv³ †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
Ggig (MROM-Mask Programmable Read Only Memory)
wcig ev cÖg (PROM-Programmable Read Only Memory)
Bwcig ev BcÖg (EPROM-Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
BBwcig ev BBcÖg (EEPROM-Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
BGcÖgig (EAPROM-Electrically Alterable Programmable Read Only Memory)
Ggig (MROM-Mask Programmable Read Only Memory)

d‡UvMÖvwd· gv¯‹ eënvi K‡i †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g G‡Z Z_¨ msiÿY Kiv nq| mvaiYZ eënviKvixi
Pvwn`v Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwb‡ZB Ggig †cÖvMÖvg Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GUv †ek e¨qeûj| Z‡e GKB ai‡bi
†cÖvMÖvg m¤^wjZ A‡bK Ggi‡gi eënvi A_©‰bwZKfv‡e jvfRbK| GKevi †cÖvMÖvg Kiv n‡j G‡Z
cybivq †cÖvMÖvg msiÿY Kiv hvq bv|
wcig ev cÖg (PROM-Programmable Read Only Memory)

mvaviYZ i‡gi Amyweav n‡jv eënviKvix G‡Z wb‡Ri B”Qvg‡Zv †cÖvMÖvg cwieZ©b Ki‡Z ev bZzb K‡i
†cÖvMÖvg wjL‡Z cv‡i bv| A_P evRv‡i †h mg¯Í †cÖvMÖvg Kiv ig cvIqv hvq Zv‡Z mKj KvR nq bv|
Gme †ÿ‡Î eënvi Kiv nq cÖg (PROM)| G c×wZ‡Z eënviKvix Zvi wbR¯^ †cÖvMÖvg‡K
gvB‡µv‡cÖvMÖv‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i cÖg-G msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡i| evRv‡i bZzb †h cÖg cvIqv hvq Zv‡Z
mg¯Í †Kv‡l GKwU K‡i wdDR jvMv‡bv _v‡K| d‡j m`¨ †Kbv GKwU cÖ‡gi mg¯Í †KvlB evBbvwi 1
_v‡K| we‡kl cÖg †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ eënviKvix cÖ‡g we‡kl we‡kl †g‡gvwi †Kv‡li wdDR¸‡jv‡Z
D”P Zwor Pvwj‡q cywo‡q w`‡q 0 K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e eënviKvix Zvi wjwLZ gvB‡µv‡cÖvMÖvg‡K
cÖ‡g msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖg‡K GKevi †cÖvMÖvg Kiv n‡j G‡Z msiwÿZ Z_¨ Avi cwieZ©b Kiv
hvq bv| A_©vr cÖg ZLb i‡g cwiYZ n‡q hvq Ges G‡Z msiwÿZ Z_¨ ïaygvÎ cvV Kiv hvq| i‡gi
b¨vq cÖgI A-DØvqx, A_©vr we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ Ki‡j G‡Z msiwÿZ Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq bv| AwaK msL¨K ig
GKB †cÖvMÖv‡g †cÖvMªvwgs Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl cÖg †cÖvMÖv‡gi hš¿ cvIqv hvq|
Bwcig ev BcÖg (EPROM-Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)

ig ev cÖ‡g GKevi Z_¨ msiÿY Kiv n‡j Avi cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| ZvB G Amyweav `~i Kivi Rb¨
GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi ig ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q hvi bvg Bwcig ev BcÖg| BcÖ‡g msiwÿZ Z_¨‡K gy‡Q
we‡kl †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Avevi bZzb K‡i †cÖvMÖvg Kiv hvq| BcÖ‡g GKwU †QvU †KvqvU©‡Ri Rvbvjv
_v‡K, Rvbvjv w`‡q Gi wmwjKb I‡qdvi (Silicon Wafer) †`Lv hvq| msiwÿZ Z_¨ gy‡Q †djvi
mg‡q GKwU AvjUªvfv‡qv‡jU j¨v‡¤úi Zjvq BcÖg‡K ivLv i¨v‡¤úi AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥ Rvbvjv w`‡q
wmwjKb I‡qdvi-Gi Dci c‡o| d‡j wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨B BcÖ‡gi Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq| cieZ©x‡Z cÖg
†cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ bZzb K‡i Avevi BcÖ‡g Z_¨ msiÿY Kiv hvq| BcÖg DØvqx bq A_©vr we`y¨rcÖevn
eÜ Ki‡j †cÖvMÖvgK…Z Z_¨ †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vq gy‡Q hvq bv| mvaviYZ †dU (FET-Field Effect
Transistor) eënvi K‡i BcÖg ˆZwi Kiv nq|
BBcÖg ev BBcÖg (EEPROM-Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory)
BcÖg-Gi cÖavb Amyweav n‡jv G‡Z msiwÿZ Z_¨ gyQ‡Z cÖvq Avav NÈv mgq jv‡M Ges AvswkKfv‡e
†Kv‡bv Z_¨ gyQv hvq bv| G Amyweav `~i Kivi Rb¨ BBcÖg ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| AwZ mn‡R G‡Z
msiwÿZ mKj Z_¨ ev cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv GK ev GKvwaK weU we`y¨r cÖevn Øviv gy‡Q cybt cybt †cÖvMÖvg
Kiv hvq| GRb¨ Gi bvg B‡jKwUªK¨vwj B‡i‡Rej †cÖvMÖv‡gej wiW Abwj †g‡gvwi ms‡ÿ‡c BBcÖg|
†cÖvMÖvg Kivi mgq G‡K Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Lyj‡Z nq| G‡Z msiwÿZ Z_¨ gyQ‡Z BcÖ‡gi Zzjbvq
A‡bK Kg mgq jv‡M|
BGcÖgig (EAPROM-Electrically Alterable Programmable Read Only Memory)

BBcÖ‡gi b¨vq BGcÖg GiI †h †Kv‡bv weU A_©vr Z_¨ we`y¨rcÖevn Øviv gy‡Q bZzb K‡i †cÖvMÖvg Kiv
hvq| Z‡e †jLv gyQvi mgq G‡K Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †ei Ki‡Z nq bv|
cÖkœgvjv-wZb
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ
1| Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi Kx?
2| cÖvBgvwi †g‡gvwi Kx?
3| †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi Kx?
4| RAM Kx?
5| ROM Kx?
6| weU Kx?
7| evBU Kx?
8| Kw¤úDUvi IqvW© Kx?
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| RAM I ROM-Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ cÖKvi †g‡gvwi eY©bv Ki|
2| i‡gi †kÖwYwefvM eY©bv Ki|
3| i¨v‡gi †kÖwYwefvM eY©bv Ki|

PZz_© Aa¨vq
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi †gŠwjK aviYv
4.1 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi D‡Ïk¨

Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Operating System) Kx?
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Operating System) g~jZ GKwU wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi (System Software)| †h
mdUIq¨vi Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg_©¨‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q
A¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g n‡”Q Ggb GKwU wm‡÷g
mdUIq¨vi hv Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi Gw·wKDkb‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges wmwWDwjs, wWevwMs, BbcyU-
AvDUcyU wbqš¿Y, wnmvei¶Y, K¤úvB‡jkb, †g‡gvwi eë¯’vcbv, †WUv eë¯’vcbv Ges msi¶Y cÖf„wZ
KvR K‡i _v‡K|
wPÎ : Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi BwZnvm

cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ˆZwi Kiv n‡qwQj †gBb †d«g Kw¤úDUvi‡ii Rb¨ 1951 mv‡j|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU hy³iv‡óªi †Rbv‡ij †gvUi wimvP© j¨ve‡iUwi KZ…K AvBweGg (IBM)
K‡cv©‡ik‡bi Rb¨ ˆZwi Kiv n‡qwQj| cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi ev gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡i Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
eëüZ n‡Z _v‡K 1971 mvj †_‡K| GB Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi bvg wQj wmwc/Gg (CP/M)|
eûj eëüZ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g¸‡jv n‡jvÑ

1. MS-DOS, PC-DOS 6. Mac OS
2. MS Windows 95,98,2000,ME, XP 7. Solaries
3. Unix 8. OS/2 Warp
4. Linux 9. MS Windows NT
5. Xenix 10. MS Windows Vista
4.2 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Kvh©vewj (Functions of Operating System)

Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Operating System)
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ cÖv‡Yi mÂvi K‡i| GUv Kw¤úDUvi I eënviKvixi g‡a¨ †mZz
eÜb ˆZwi K‡i| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡gB eënviKvix Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i
I Gi gaëZ©x e¨venvwiK mdUIq¨vimg~n Pvjv‡Z m¶g nq| Kv‡RB Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Qvov
Kw¤úDUvi GKwU avZe hš¿ Qvov Avi wKQyB bv| wb‡¤œ wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Gi ¸iæZ¡
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
wPÎ : Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Ae¯’vb
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi KvR (Functions of Operating System)

Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvKvi, MVb I cÖ‡qv‡Mi Dci wbf©i K‡i Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi MVb, AvKvi †QvU ev eo
Ges Kv‡Ri cwiwa Kg ev †ewk nq| wb‡¤œ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cÖavb KvRMy‡jv wP‡Îi gva¨‡g
Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi †gŠwjK aviYv 51
wPÎ : Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi KvRmg~n
BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm (User Interface)

BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Ggb GKwU Ask hv eënviKvixi mv‡_ wewfbœ mdU&Iq¨v‡ii
ms‡hvM, mgš^q mvab, cwiPvjbv I wb‡`©k M&ªn‡Y mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvQvov mdU&Iq¨vi¸‡jv wbqš¿Y
I wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg †jvW Kiv I KvR Kivi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i _v‡K| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g mvaviYZ wZb
ai‡bi BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm †`Lv hvq| h_vÑ KgvÛ PvwjZ, †gby¨ PvwjZ I MªvwdK¨vj BDRvi
B›Uvi‡dm|
wi‡mvm© g¨v‡bR‡g›U (Resource Management)

Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Kw¤úDUvi‡K mPj I eënvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ
wi‡mvm© †hgb, BbcyU I AvDUcyU wWfvBm (Kx‡evW©, gvDm, gwbUi, d¬wc/wmwW/nvW© wW¯‹ WªvBf, wcÖ›Uvi,
¯‹¨vbvi cÖf„wZ) I Ab¨vb¨ wWfvBm¸‡jvi wbqš¿Y, ÎæwU I Ae¯’v ch©‡e¶Y Ges mgš^q mvab K‡i|
ZvQvov †g‡gvwi g¨v‡bR‡g›U K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii `¶Zv e„w× K‡i|
wmwKDwiwU (Security)
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Kw¤úDUv‡ii wi‡mvm©‡K AbvKvw•¶Z eënviKvixi nvZ †_‡K i¶v K‡i| GUv †WUv
I Bbdi‡gkb Pzwi †iv‡aI mnvqZv K‡i|
Uv¯‹ g¨v‡bR‡g›U (Task Management)

Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Uv¯‹ g¨v‡bR‡g›U †cÖvMÖvg eënviKvixi wb‡`©k MÖnY, we‡kølY Ges e¨vP cÖ‡mwms
K‡i| G‡Z wmwcBD-Gi UvBg ¯øvBm‡K wewfbœ Uv‡¯‹i g‡a¨ eÈb K‡i Ges B›UvivÞ K‡›Uªvj K‡i
hv‡Z mKj KvRB mwVKfv‡e m¤úbœ nq|
dvBj g¨v‡bR‡g›U (File Management)

Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g dvBj g¨v‡bR‡g›U, †hgb dvBj ˆZwi, dvBj wW‡jU, A¨vK‡mm, Kwc, gyf, msi¶Y
BZ¨vw` KvR K‡i _v‡K| ZvQvov †WUv I †cÖvMÖvg g¨vwbwcD‡jkb †hgb, †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb, ¯’vbvšÍi I
msi¶‡Yi KvR K‡i _v‡K|
BDwUwjwUm (Utilities)
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g eënviKvix‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi myweav †hgb dvBj wWdªvM‡g‡›Ukb, †WUv K‡¤cÖkb,
e¨vKAvc, †WUv wi‡Kvfvwi, Gw›U-fvBivm BDwUwjwUm BZ¨vw` cÖ`vb K‡i|
4.3 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi †kÖwYwefvM

†g‡gvwi msMVb, wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg Pvjv‡bv ev Kvh©KixKiY Ges †m‡KÛvwi ev mnvqK †g‡gvwi
wWfvBm¸‡jvi Dci wbf©i K‡i mvaviYZ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g¸‡jv‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Batch Processing Operating System)

†h Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g GKwUi ci Av‡iKwU †cÖvMÖvg ch©vqµ‡g cwiPvjbv K‡i Zv‡K e¨vP cÖ‡mwms
wm‡÷g e‡j| e¨vP cÖ‡mwms-Gi êwkó¨ n‡jv GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q GwU ïay GKwU wbw`©ó KvR m¤úbœ
Ki‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b gwë‡cÖvMÖvwgs ev UvBg‡kqvwis-Gi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM †bB| Gi Av‡iKwU êwkó n‡jv
GKwU †cÖvMÖvg hLb cwiPvjbv Kiv ïiæ nq, ZLb †mUv †kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ Ab¨ †cÖvMÖvg Zvi Kvh©µg
ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
wPÎ : e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
GLv‡b I=BbcyU, P=cÖ‡mwms, O=AvDUcyU|
GB Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU †gBb‡d«g I wgwb Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖv_wgK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wQj|

gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡i eëüZ CP/M, MS-DOS Ges PC-DOS-¸‡jvI e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
B›Uvi-A¨vKwUf †gvW ev AbjvBb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Online Operating System)

AbjvBb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g gyjZ GKwU fvP©zqvj Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi DbœZ ms¯‹iY| GB wm‡÷‡gi
mvnv‡h¨ eënviKvix Zvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii mg¯Í Z_¨ AbjvBb ev B›Uv‡b‡U msi¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡i, hvi
d‡j eënviKvix hw` Zvi wbR¯^ Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU bvI _v‡K, ZeyI we‡k¦i †h †Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ †_‡K
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g fvP©yqvwj †m Zvi Kw¤úDUvi‡K eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
gvwëcÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Multiprocessing Operating System)

gvwëcÖ‡mwms ej‡Z `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wb‡`©kbv mgvšÍivjfv‡e `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †K›`ªxq cÖ‡mmi ev
wmwcBD KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ nIqv eySvq| Gme wmwcBD GKB mg‡q †Kv‡bv †cÖvMªv‡gi Avjv`v wb‡`©k
cvjb K‡i wKsev m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Avjv`v Avjv`v †cÖvMÖvgI wbe©vn Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvwëcÖ‡mwms c×wZ‡Z
Kv‡Ri MwZ AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ nq| G c×wZ‡Z GKvwaK cÖ†mmi eëüZ nq e‡j Gi Dci †ewk wbf©ikxj
nIqv hvq, KviY GKwU cÖ‡mmi Lvivc n‡q †M‡jI KvR G‡Kev‡i eÜ n‡q hvq bv| gnvKvkhvb,
we`y¨r Drcv`b‡K›`ª I eo KjKviLvbv Gme †¶‡Î gvwëcÖ‡mwms wm‡÷g eënvi Kiv nq| †h‡nZz G
c×wZ‡Z GKvwaK cÖ‡mmi _v‡K ZvB GKvwaK cÖ‡mmi hv‡Z GKmv‡_ GKB †cÖvMªvg cÖ‡mm Ki‡Z bv
cv‡i †m Rb¨ GKUv eë¯’v _v‡K hv‡K wmb‡µvbvB‡Rkb (Synchronization) e‡j| gvwëcÖ‡mwms-G
cÖwZwU †cÖvMv‡gi mv‡_ GKwU d¬¨vM weU (Flag bit) hy³ _v‡K| †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖv‡gi d¬¨vM weU k~b¨ (0)
n‡jB †Kv‡bv cÖ‡mmi †mB †cÖvMªvg cÖ‡mm K‡i Ges d¬¨vM weU GK (1) K‡i iv‡L| myZivs †h
†cÖvMÖv‡gi d¬¨vM weU GK (1) H †cÖvMvg †Kv‡bv †cÖv‡mmi cÖ‡mm Ki‡e bv|
gvwë‡cÖvMÖvwgs ev gvwëUvw¯‹s Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Multiprogramming or Multitasking)

gvwë‡cÖvMÖvwgs ev gvwëUvw¯‹s Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g GKwU Kw¤úDUvi GKmv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv †cÖvMÖvg Pvjv‡Z
cv‡i ev †WUv cÖ‡mwms Ki‡Z cv‡i| e¨vP cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g GKwU †cÖvMÖvg cÖ‡mwms-Gi ci
Av‡iKwU †cÖvMÖvg cÖ‡mwms K‡i| G †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq, Kg MwZm¤úbœ BbcyU-AvDUcyU †cwi‡divj
wWfvBmmg~n hLb †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b e¨¯Í _v‡K ZLb A‡c¶vK…Z D”PZi MwZm¤úbœ wmwcBD Ajm
n‡q e‡m _v‡K| wKš‘ gvwë‡cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi †¶‡Î i¨vg (RAM)-G GKvwaK †cÖvMªvg mwÂZ _v‡K|
wmwcBD hLb †Kv‡bv GKUv †cÖvMÖvg cÖ‡mwms K‡i ZLb BbcyU-AvDUcyU †cwi‡divj wWfvBmmg~n GKB
†cÖvMÖvg ev Ab¨ Av‡iKwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi BbcyU †bIqv wKsev AvDUcyU †Ìqvi Kv‡R nvZ †`q| Avi GB
mg‡q wmwcBD Ab¨ Av‡iKwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖ‡mwms ïiæ K‡i| myZivs wmwcBD GgbwK BbcyU-AvDUcyU
†cwi‡divj eë¯’vI KLbI Ajm Ae¯’vq _v‡K bv| wb‡¤œ †Uwe‡ji gva¨‡g GKB mv‡_ cuvPwU †cÖvMÖvg
ev R‡ei Kvh©µg gvwë‡cÖvMÖvwgs cÖwµqvq †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
†Uwej gvwë‡cÖvMÖvwgs Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
gvwë‡cÖvMÖvwgs-G GKB mg‡q Ges GKm‡½ Pvi-cuvPwU †cÖvMÖvg Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z _v‡K|
hvi d‡j †g‡gvwi A‡bK eo n‡Z nq| †g‡gvwiwU K‡qKwU As‡k fvM Kiv nq| GB fvM‡K cvwU©kb
e‡j| cÖavb †g‡gvwii GB me cvwU©k‡bi wfbœ wfbœ RvqMvq wbw`©ófv‡e wfbœ wfbœ †cÖvMÖvg _v‡K hv‡Z
GKB RvqMvq GKvwaK †cÖvMÖvg bv †jLv nq| GBfv‡e †g‡gvwi †cÖv‡UKk‡bi eë¯’v Kiv nq| GB
c×wZ‡Z AMÖvwaKvi ev cÖvBqwiwUi (Priroty) wfwË‡Z †cÖvMÖvg cÖ‡mm nq| D”P cÖvBqwiwUi †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv
cÖavb †g‡gvwii †dviMÖvDÛ (Foreground) cvwU©k‡b _v‡K Ges GB †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv‡K †dviMÖvDÛ †cÖvMÖvg
e‡j| Kg cÖvBqwiwUi †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv‡K e¨vKMÖvDÛ (Background) †cÖvMÖvg e‡j| IBM/VM,
VM/SPCMS, Mac OS, UNIX, LINUX BZ¨vw` gvwë‡cÖvMÖvwgs Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi D`vniY|
gvwëcÖ‡mwms Ges gvwë†cÖvMÖvwgs Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cv_©K¨Ñ

µg gvwëcÖ‡mwms gvwë †cÖvMÖvwgs
1 `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cÖ‡mmi mg„× GKB mv‡_ GKvwaK †cÖvMÖvg Pvjv‡bvi
wm‡÷g‡K gvwëcÖ‡mwms wm‡÷g e‡j| ÿgZv‡K gvwë †cÖvMÖvwgs e‡j|
2 GB cÖwµqv cÖ‡mm Gi Dci wbf©ikxj GB c×wZwU wWfvB‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj A_©vr
A_©vr mKj cÖ‡mmi GKmv‡_ GKwU GK KvR n‡Z Ab¨ Kv‡R cwiewZ©Z n‡Z wKQz
KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i A_ev mKj cÖ‡mmi wWfvB‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e c„_K KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3 D`vniY : UNIX, LINUX, D`vniY : WINDOWS 95, 98, 2000, NT,
WINDOWS NT BZ¨vw`| UNIX, LINUX BZ¨vw`|
wi‡qjUvBg Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Realtime Operating System)

wi‡qj UvBg wm‡÷‡g Kw¤úDUvi‡K fvjfv‡e msÁvwqZ I mywb©w`ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ cÖ‡mwms-Gi KvR
mgvavb K‡i djvdj w`‡Z nq hv‡Z eënviKvixi †Kv‡bv ¶wZ bv nq| GB c×wZwUI GKcÖKvi
AbjvBb cÖ‡mwms| Z‡e AbjvBb cÖ‡mwms-Gi †¶‡Î djvdj ev AvDUcyU w`‡Z mvgvb¨ †`wi n‡jI
eënviKvixi †Zgb Amyweav nq bv| wKš‘ wi‡qj UvB‡gi †¶‡Î wbw`ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ Aek¨B djvdj
w`‡Z n‡e bZzev eënviKvixi weivU ¶wZ nq|
UvBg †kqvwis Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Time Sharing Operating System)

UvBg †kqvwis c×wZ‡Z A‡bK eënviKvix GK m‡½ wbR wbR Uviwgbv‡ji mvnv‡h¨ g~j Kw¤úDUv‡i
KvR K‡i| g~j Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡mmi chv©qµwgK fv‡e GKwU wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi cÖ‡Z¨K eënviKvixi
KvR m¤úv`b K‡i| A_v©r G RvZxq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g cÖ‡mwms mgq‡K wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg ev
eënviKvixi g‡a¨ eÈb K‡i|
Acv‡v‡iwUs wm‡÷‡ggi †gŠwjK avviYv 55
wPÎ : UvBgg †kqvwis Acv‡iiwUs wm‡÷g
UvBg
Bg †kqvwis Acv‡iwUs
A wm
m‡÷g Ges wi‡qjUvBg
wi Acv‡iwUs
A wm
wm‡÷‡gi cv_
_©K¨-
µgg UvBgg †kqvwis Accv‡iwUs wm‡÷
÷g wi‡qjUvBBg Acv‡iwUss wm‡÷g
1 UvBg †kqqvwis c×wZ‡ZZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU †cÖ
cÖvMÖvg cwieeZ©bkxj c×wZ wZ‡Z hLb ZvrrÿwYK wb‡`©kbv
k
cÖ‡mm Kiivi Rb¨ wbw`©ó mgq _v‡K A_©
A vr cÖ‡qvvRb †hgbÑ m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui
m K
Kÿc_ wba©viYY
GB c×wZ ZwU mg‡qi Dc ci wbf©ikxj| BZ¨vvw` †ÿ‡Î wi‡qqj UvBg Acvv‡iwUs wm‡÷gg
g~j wm‡÷g
wm cwiPvj
vjbvi mv‡_ Kv
KvR K‡i|
2 wKD-G Rgv
R _vKv mKj j †cÖvMÖvg‡K D”P AMÖvwaKvi wffwË‡Z †cÖvMÖvg¸¸‡jv cÖ‡mm Kiv
K
mgvbfv‡ee cÖ‡mm Kiv nq|
n nq|
3 wm‡÷‡gi wi‡mvm© †kqvi
vi K‡i KvR Kiv
K GKwUwU wbw`©ó mg‡qqi Rb¨ KvR †kl bv nIqv
nq| ch©šÍ
šÍ wi‡mvm© eënnvi Kiv hvq bbv|
4 D`vniY-A AbjvBb dvBj j †kqvi Kivi
vi D`vnniY-wU‡KU eywKsw wm‡÷g, ††cøb cwiPvjbv
bvi
Acv‡iwUss wm‡÷g| Acv‡‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
fvP©P©qy vj †÷v‡iR
R/†gwkb Ac
cv‡iwUs wm‡÷
÷g (Virtual Storage or Machinne)
cÖavbb †g‡gvwii ¯^íZv ev mxgvee×Zv `~ixKiiY Ges mnvqZZvi Rb¨ fvP©P©qz vj †÷v‡iR ev fvP©zqvj †ggwkb
Acv‡v‡iwUs wm‡÷gg eënvi K‡ii †m‡KÛvwi †÷v‡i‡Ri
†÷ GKKwU RvqMvq mivmwi
m cÖ‡ek
k Ki‡Z †cÖvMvg‡K
MÖv
mnvqqZv K‡i Gess AbygwZ †`qq| G †¶‡Î H RvqMvwU cvBgvwi
cÖv †÷v‡iiR wWfvBm A A_©vr g~j †g‡ggvwii
g‡Zv
ZvB KvR K‡i| fvP©zqvj †÷ ÷v‡iR c×wZ‡‡Z GKmv‡_ 200
2 Gi AwaK K †cÖvMÖvg wbee©vn Kiv hvq| GB
c×wZwZ‡Z wmwcBD D- Gi mv‡_ mshy
m ³ cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡K
† wi‡‡qj †÷v‡iR Ges nvW© ev d¬wc wW‡¯‹i mv‡_
mshyy³ †g‡gvwi‡KK fvP©yqvj †÷vv‡iR e‡j| VAX/VMS,
V IBM/VM,
I D
DOS-VM, WAANG/VM BZ Z¨vw`
fvP©zqvj
q †÷v‡iR wm‡÷‡gi
w D``vniY|
†WwW‡K‡UW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Dedicated Operating System)

†Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó KvR m¤úv`b Kivi Rb¨ †h Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g eëüZ nq Zv‡K †WwW‡K‡UW
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e‡j| †hgbÑ †Kv‡bv Awd‡mi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx K‡i ˆZwiK…Z Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g hv ïaygvÎ H Awd‡mi Kv‡RB eënvi Kiv nq|
wWw÷ªweD‡UW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Distributed Operating System)

wWw÷ªweD‡UW wm‡÷g n‡PQ KwgDwb‡Kkb †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g ci¯úi mshy³ KZK¸‡jv cÖ‡mmi hv
†g‡gvwi ev K¬K †Kv‡bvwUB †kqvi K‡i bv| cÖwZwU cÖ‡mm‡ii wbR¯^ †jvKvj †g‡gvwi _v‡K hv nvB-
w¯úW evm ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv KwgDwb‡Kkb †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i
_v‡K| Kw¤úDwUs Gi AvaywbK aviv n‡jv wWw÷ªweD‡UW Kw¤úDwUs| wWw÷ªweD‡UW wm‡÷‡g cÖ‡mmi Gi
mvBR I KvR wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| wPÎ 5.8-G wZbwU mvB‡Ui g‡a¨ GKwU wWw÷ªweD‡UW wm‡÷g
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
wPÎ wWw÷ªweD‡UW wm‡÷g
KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi gva¨‡g mvBU-C Gi K¬v‡q›U mvBU A mvf©v‡ii wi‡mvm© eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Abyiƒcfv‡e GK mvB‡Ui wi‡mvm© Ab¨ mvB‡Ui eënviKvix †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
B›Uvi‡dm wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cÖKvi‡f`-

Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g¸‡jv‡Z KvR Kivi cwi‡ek Ges B›Uvi‡d‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i G‡ì‡K Avevi
`yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
1. eY©-wfwËK (Text based/Character User Interface-CUI) Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Ges
2. wPÎ-wfwËK (Graphical User Interface-GUI) Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
1. eY©-wfwËK (Text based/Character User Interface-CUI) Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g

eY©-wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Kx-†ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ eY© UvBc K‡i Ges Kx-†ev‡W©i wewfbœ †evZvg
eënvi K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wW¯‹ di‡gwUs †_‡K ïiæ K‡i dvBj
eë¯’vcbv Ges A¨vwc−‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg eënv‡ii mKj ch©v‡qi KvRB Ki‡Z nq Kx-†ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨
wewfbœ eY© UvBc K‡i Ges Kx-†ev‡W©i wewfbœ †evZvg eënvi K‡i| D`vniY: MS DOS, PC DOS,
UNIX BZ¨vw`|
2. wPÎ-wfwËK (Graphical User Interface-GUI) Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g

wPÎ-wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g wW¯‹ di‡gwUs †_‡K ïiæ K‡i dvBj eë¯’vcbv Ges A¨vwc−‡Kkb
†cÖvMÖvg eënv‡ii mKj ch©v‡qi KvRB Ki‡Z nq wewfbœ cÖKvi AvBKb (Icon) Ges cyj WvDb †gby¨
KgvÛ eënvi K‡i| AvBKb Gescyj WvDb †gby¨ KgvÛ wbe©vPb, eënvi Ges Kvh©Ki Kiv nq
gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨| wPÎ wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Kivi
ci c`©vi Dc‡i ev †W¯‹U‡c wewfbœ †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvBKb ev cÖZxKx wPÎ _v‡K| cÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖvMÖv‡gi
AvBK‡bi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q Wvej-wK¬K Ki‡jB †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy n‡q hvq| wPÎ wfwËK
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g †Kv‡bv KgvÛ gyL¯’ K‡i ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| D`vniY: MS-WINDOWS
95/98/2000/XP/Vista, WINDOWS NT, Mac OS, LINUX BZ¨vw`|
4.4 wewfbœ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cwiwPwZ

eûj eëüZ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
DB‡ÛvR (Windows) Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g

cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvix Ges cÖwZôvbwfwËK eënviKvix‡ì cÖ_g cQ‡›ì ZvwjKv‡Z Av‡Q
DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| eënv‡i myweav Ges wbZ¨bZzb wdPvi mg„× nIqvq w`b w`b Gi eënvi
†e‡oB Pj‡Q| Wm wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g gyjZ †U·U †eBR nIqvq Zv eënv‡i †ek mgm¨vi m„wó
K‡i| ZvB 1985 mv‡j gvB‡µvmdU K‡c©v‡ikb cÖ_g wPÎwfwËK B›Uv‡dm wn‡m‡e eënviKvix‡ì Kv‡Q
DB‡ÛvR 1.0 fvm©b evRv‡i Qv‡o, cieZ©x‡Z 1995 mv‡j Windows 95 c~Yv© ½ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wn‡m‡e
evRv‡i Av‡m| `ªæZ GB Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g RbwcÖqZv cvq hvi wfwË‡Z AvR ch©šÍ DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷‡gi wewfbœ fvm©b evRv‡i †ei n‡q‡Q| †mB iKg K‡qKwU fvm©b n‡jvÑ Windows 98, Windows
2000, Windows XP, Windows NT Ges Windows Vista. gyjZ eënviKvix‡ì Pvwn`vi cÖwZ j¶¨
†i‡L gvB‡µvmdU K‡c©v‡ikb DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g wewfbœ bZzb bZzb wdPvi mshy³ K‡i| †hgbÑ
1| B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡ii myweav|
2| BD.Gm.we. Ges wWwfwW mv‡cv©U|
3| FAT32 Ges NTFS dvBj wm‡÷g eënvi|
4| B›U¨vivKwUf †Mg I AbjvBb †Mg †Ljvi myweav|
cÖkœgvjv-Pvi
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ
1| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Kx?
2| wi‡qjUvBg Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
3| UvBg †kqvwis Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
4| fvP©yqvj †÷v‡iR/†gwkb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
5| †WwW‡K‡UW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
6| wWw÷ªweD‡UW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷
7| DB‡ÛvR Kx?
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi D‡Ïk¨ Kx?
2| eûj eëüZ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g¸‡jv Kx Kx?
3| gvwëcÖ‡mwms Ges gvwë†cÖvMÖvwgs Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
4| UvBg †kqvwis Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Ges wi‡qjUvBg Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸‡jv Kx Kx?
5| B›Uvi‡dm wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki|
2| wewfbœ cÖKvi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g eY©bv Ki|

cÂg Aa¨vq
A¨vwcø‡Kkb c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg
wewfbœ KvR †hgbÑwPwVcÎ UvBc Kiv, wej ˆZwi Kiv, GKvDw›Us Gi wn‡me ivLv, MÖvwd· wWRvBb
Kiv, AwWI-wfwWI †kvbv BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v md&UIq¨vi Av‡Q| Gi me¸‡jvB
A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg (Application Software)| GwU Avevi `yBfv‡M wef³| †hgbÑ
1) BDRvi ev eënviKvix wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg;
2) c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg|
BDRvi ev eënviKvix wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg

Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g †h †Kv‡bv RwUj mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e| Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvix Zvi Pvwn`v
Abyhvqx †h †Kv‡bv RwUj mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wb‡Ri gZ K‡i eënvwiK †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| eëmvqx ev wkí cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Zv‡ì wbR¯^ c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ eë¯’vcbv, wnmve-wbKvkmn
Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ A‡bK mgq we‡klfv‡e mdUIq¨vi ˆZwi K‡i †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| Z‡e G
Kv‡R Aek¨B GKRb AwfÁ †cÖvMÖvgv‡ii kiYvcbœ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| Ab¨vb¨ cwimsL¨vb msµvšÍ,
Z_¨mn cix¶vi djvdj ˆZwii Rb¨ K…Z †cÖvMÖvg, Bb‡fbUwi K‡›Uªvj ev cY¨`ª‡eï we¯ÍvwiZ Z‡_ï
ZvwjKv wbqš¿‡Yi †cÖvMÖvg, †ijI‡q ev wegv‡bi Avmb msi¶Y, Drcbœ `ª‡eï Abym~wPi Rb¨ K…Z
†cÖvMÖvg BZ¨vw` eënviKvix wjwLZ †cÖvMÖv‡gi D`vniY|
5.1 A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg

eënvwiK mgm¨ mgvav‡bvi Rb¨ †ek wKQy †cÖvMÖvg evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z cvIqv hvq| GB ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg
w`‡q wbw`©ó ai‡bi KvR Kiv hvq| GB †cÖvMÖv‡g eënvwiK mgm¨vi c~Y©v½ mgvavb †`qvi eë¯’v _v‡K|
GB me †cÖvMÖvg‡K c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg e‡j| GKRb weÁvbx hw` Zvi M‡elYv Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
mdUIq¨vi iPbv K‡ib Zv n‡j H mdUIq¨viwU n‡e Zvi Rb¨ c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg| wewfbœ ai‡bi
eënvwiK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK evwYwR¨K md&UIq¨vi wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg
evRviRvZ K‡i _v‡Kb G¸wj‡K ejv nq c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg| †hgb †jLv‡jwLi Rb¨ Iq©vW †cÖv‡mwms
†cÖmÖvg (Microsoft Word), wnmve wbKv‡ki Rb¨ †¯úÖWwmU †cÖvMÖvg (Microsoft Excel), †WUv Gw›Uª I
A¨vbvjvBwmm Gi Rb¨ WvUv‡eR (Microsoft Access) BZ¨vw` wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvgB n‡”Q c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg|
1| IqvW©cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi|
2| †W¯‹Uc cvewjwks mdUIq¨vi|
3| †¯úÖWwkU mdUIq¨vi|
4| WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U mdUIq¨vi|
5| MÖvwdK&m, gvwëwgwWqv Ges †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi|

6| G›Uvi‡UBb‡g›U Ges GWy‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi|
7| BDwUwjwUm mdUIq¨vi|
8| KwgDwb‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi BZ¨vw`|
eënvwiK †¶‡Îi Dci wfwË K‡i c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg‡K wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ
1) Bw›U‡MÖ‡UWc¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi|
2) GKK cÖwµqv c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi|
Bw›U‡MÖ‡UWc¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi GKvwaK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ evwYwR¨Kfv‡e cvIqv hvq| wewfbœ
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GB ai‡bi c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨v‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgš^q mvab Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ †¯úÖWwkU, WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U, †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi cÖf„wZ| GKK
cÖwµqv c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ wbw`©ó ai‡bi mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv nq| †hgb IqvW© cÖ‡mwms-Gi
Rb¨ gvB‡µvmdUIqvW©, IqvW© ÷vi, IqvW© cvi‡d± cÖf„wZ c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg eënvi Kiv nq| GQvovI
wKQy wKQy mdUIq¨vi †Kv¤úvwb Av‡Q hviv webvg~‡j¨ eënviKvix‡ì mdUIq¨vi eënvi Kivi my‡hvM
†`q, G ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi‡K wd«Iq¨vi e‡j| Avi mvgvb¨ wd‡mi gva¨‡g †h mdUIq¨vi
eënviKvix‡ì eënvi Ki‡Z †Ìqv nq Zv‡K †kqviIq¨vi e‡j|
dvg©Iq¨vi
dvg©Iq¨vi n‡”Q we‡kl ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi hv mywbw`©ó nvW©Iq¨vi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
mvaviYZ nvW©Iq¨vi cÖ¯‘ZKvix cÖwZôvb wb‡R‡ì hš¿cvwZi mv‡_ G ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi w`‡q _v‡K|
Kw¤úDUv‡i eûj eëüZ GKwU dvg©Iq¨vi n‡jv Basic Input Output System (BIOS)| GQvov
cÖ‡Z¨KwU nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mv‡_ _v‡K Zvi wbR¯^ wWfvBm WªvBfvi| dvg©Iq¨vi ¸‡jv mvaviYZ †gwkb
wbf©i n‡q _v‡K| A_v©r GK GK †gwk‡bi Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v wWfvBm WªvBfv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| GB
gva¨gwU nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ| Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi Kivi mgq †g‡gvwi bvgK
nvW©Iq¨v‡i wKQy ¯’vqx †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi K‡i †Ìqv nq| GwUB n‡”Q dvg©Iq¨vi| G¸‡jv cov hvq wKš‘
cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| GwU GK ai‡bi IC. †hgb PC-†Z eëüZ ROM BIOS (Read Only Memory
Basic Input Output System) n‡”Q GKwU dvg©Iq¨vi| GwU‡Z wKQy †cÖvMÖvg Rgv K‡i ivLv nq hv
nvW©Iq¨vi I md&UIq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM NUvq|
5.2 A¨vwcø‡Kkb c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖv‡gi ms¯‹iY I êwkó¨

hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Ges Pvwn`vi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ eB-cy¯Í‡Ki †hgb wbqwgZ bZzb bZzb ms¯‹iY cÖKvwkZ nq
†Zgwb A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg wbg©vZv KZ©„cÿ wbqwgZ eënviKvixi ev †µZv‡ì Pvwn`v hvPvB K‡i
A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖv‡gi bZzb ms¯‹iY ev fvm©b evRv‡i Qv‡ob| G‡K A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖv‡gi ms¯‹iY ev
fvm©b ejv nq| †hgb gvB‡µvmdU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi †W‡fjcK…Z Awdm-97, Awdm-2000, Awdm-
A¨vwcø‡Kkb c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg 61
G·wc, Awdm-2003, Awdm-2007, Awdm-2013 BZ¨vw`| mvaviYZ A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖv‡gi gvb

Dbœqb, Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b, cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i wU‡K _vKv Ges evwYwR¨Kfv‡e mdjZvi Rb¨
A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖv‡gi ms¯‹iY ev fvm©b ˆZwi Kiv nq|
A¨vwcø‡Kkb c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨v‡ii êwkó¨ :

• c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv mvaviYZ Kgb †Kv‡bv KvR ev mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ˆZwi Kiv nq|
G‡Z K‡i A‡b‡KB c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi wK‡b Zv‡ì KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
• Kv÷gvBRW ev eënviKvix wjwLZ †cÖvMÖv‡gi gZ `ÿ †h †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvix c¨v‡KR
mdUIq¨vi ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e GKKfv‡e Kv‡iv c‡ÿ c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi ˆZwi Kiv mgq
mv‡cÿ Ges e¨qeûj| KviY c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi ¸‡jvi KvwiMwi `ÿZv A‡bK †ewk nq
AvKv‡iI G¸‡jv A‡bK eo nq|
• cÄv‡KR mdUIq¨vi wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb wbqwgZ eënviKvixi ev †µZv‡ì Pvwn`v hvPvB K‡i
c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨v‡ii bZzb ms¯‹iY ev fvm©b evRv‡i Qv‡ob|
• eû †jv‡K eenvi Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j Gme mdUIq¨v‡ii RbwcÖqZvI †ewk|
• Gme mdUIq¨vi mn‡RB evRv‡i wKb‡Z cvIqv hvq|
• Kv÷gvBRW mdUIq¨vi ˆZwii Sv‡gjv I LiP †_‡K gy³|
• †QvU cÖwZôvbmg~n Kw¤úDUvi †Kbvi mgq Gme mdUIq¨vi wK‡b mv‡_ mv‡_B Zv‡ì A¨vwcø‡Kkb
Pvjv‡Z cv‡i|
• Gme mdUIq¨vi ˆZwi Kivi ci eûevi cixÿv-wbixÿv Kiv nq e‡j Gi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv Lye †ewk|
• †Kbvi mv‡_ mv‡_B Gme mdUIq¨vi eënvi Kiv hvq|
c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg I Kv÷gvBRW †cÖvMÖv‡gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg Kv÷gvBRW †cÖvMÖvg
1| wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b mKj cÖKvi 1| Kv‡Ri aib I mgm¨v Abyhvqx eënviKvix
wb‡`©k ˆZwi K‡i †`qv _v‡K, eënviKvix‡K ev †cÖvMÖvgvi KZ©„K †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z nq|
bZzb K‡i †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq bv|
2| me©R‡bi eënvi Dc‡hvMx Ges ˆ`bw›`b 2| †h mKj KvR c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨
mvaviY me mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ GB †cÖvMÖvg Kiv hvq bv †m‡ÿ‡Î Kv÷gvBRW †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi
eënvi Kiv nq| K‡i wb‡Z nq|
3| G †cÖvMÖvg wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨ `ÿ 3| G †cÖvMÖvg wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨ `ÿ
†cÖvMÖvgvi ev Kw¤úDUvi †¯úkvwj÷ nIqvi †cÖvMÖvgvi ev Kw¤úDUvi †¯úkvwj÷ nIqvi
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| cÖ‡qvRb nq|
5.3 IqvW© cÖ‡mwms, †¯úªWkxU I WvUv‡em g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g c¨v‡K‡Ri

cÖ‡qvM‡¶Î I eënv‡ii myweav
IqvW© cÖ‡mwms :
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h© †jLv‡jwL, m¤úv`bv I Ab¨vb¨ KvR K‡i cÖ‡qvRbvbyhvqx mymw¾Z K‡i KvM‡R
Qvcv‡bvi cÖwµqv‡K IqvW© cÖ‡mwms e‡j| †h me mdUIq¨vi ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g G cÖwµqvKi‡Yi
KvR Kiv nq Zv‡ì IqvW© cÖ‡mmi †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq|
evRv‡i wewfbœ IqvW© cÖ‡mwms †cÖvMÖvg cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU n‡jvÑ
• gvB‡µvmdU IqvW©
• IqvW© ÷vi
• IqvW© cvi‡d±
• IqvW© c¨vW
• †bvUc¨vW
• wWm‡cø ivBUvi BZ¨vw`
IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ I eënvi :

mwVKfv‡e WKz‡g›U ˆZwii Rb¨ †jLvi cvÛywjwc‡Z A‡bK ms‡hvRb, cwieZ©b I cwiea©b cÖ‡qvRb
nq| ZvB evi evi nv‡Z wj‡L ev UvBc K‡i DbœZgv‡bi WKz‡g›U cÖ¯‘ZKiY GKwU weiw³Ki I mgq
mv‡cÿ e¨vcvi| Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii eënvi i‡q‡Q|
¯‹j
z , K‡jR I wek^we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x I wkÿKM‡Yi cvV¨ DcKiY ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î wjLvi KvR weivU
¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| Awdm-Av`vj‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi WKz‡g›U wjLb I msiÿ‡Y IqvW© cÖ‡mmi
eënv‡i Kv‡Ri MwZ, `ÿZv I †mevi gvb DbœZ m¤¢e n‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i Awd‡mi KvR-
Kg©‡K ¯^qswµq Kivi cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii ¸iæZ¡ I eënvi me©vwaK| ¯^qswµq IqvW©
cÖ‡mm‡ii Avwef©v‡ei m‡½ m‡½ gy`ªY wk‡í eëcK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi I Ad‡mU
wcÖw›Us cÖhyw³‡K mgwš^Z K‡i gy`ª‡Yi gvb Dbœq‡b IqvW© cÖ‡mmi eënv‡ii e¨vcK ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q|
†¯úªWkxU :
Spreadsheet kãwUi AvwfavwbK A_© Qov‡bv cvZv| MÖvd KvM‡Ri b¨vq X Aÿ Ges Y Aÿ eivei
eM©vKvi N‡ii b¨vq AmsL¨ AvqZKvi Ni m¤^wjZ eo kxU‡K †¯úªWkxU ejv nq| B‡jKUªwbK
†¯úªWkxU GKwU Kw¤úDUvi wfwËK eënvwiK c¨v‡KR hv‡Z 85,585 wU †iv Ges 256wU Kjvg Av‡Q|
mvwi I Kjv‡gi mgš^‡q †mj MwVZ nq| gvB‡µvmdU G‡·‡ji mywekvj †¯úªWkx‡Ui c„ôv Kjvg I
mvwi wfwËK †m‡j wef³ _vKvq mn‡RB wewfbœ Z_¨ mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i we‡kølY Ges msiÿY Kiv mn
AwZ mn‡RB †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM, kZKiv nvZ BZ¨vw` MvwYwZK MYbv Kiv hvq| GQvov
B‡jKUªwbK †¯úªWkxU gvB‡µvmdU G‡·‡ji gva¨‡g DcvË eë¯’vcbvi cvkvcvwk †jLwPÎ ˆZwi I
m¤úv`bv Kiv hvq| G‡Z Kx NU‡Z cv‡i k‡Z©i wfwË‡Z wnmve-wbKvk msµvšÍ hveZxq Kvh©vewj
m¤úv`bv Kiv hvq|
evRv‡i wewfbœ †¯úªWkxU †cÖvMÖvg cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU n‡jvÑ
• gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j
• †jvUvm-1-2-3
• wW‡eR
• d·‡cÖv
• †Kvqv‡Uªv‡cÖv
• gvwëcøvb
• K¨vjK BZ¨vw`|
IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ I eënvi :

cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i e¨vsK, exgvmn wewfbœ cÖKvi wnmve-wbKv‡ki cÖvq cÖwZwU †ÿ‡ÎB
†¯úªWkxU †cÖvMÖvg eënvi K‡i wewfbœ myweav MÖnY Kiv n‡”Q| Zb¥‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU n‡jvÑ
1. wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì djvdj I wkÿK-Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb-fvZvi wej BZ¨vw` ˆZwi Ki‡Z|
2. ˆ`bw›`b wnmve msiÿY I we‡kølY|
3. evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ‡qvRb|
4. ev‡RU cÖYqb|
5. e¨vswKs eë¯’vcbvq hveZxq wnmve (my`Klv) welqK we‡kølY|
6. Drcv`b eë¯’vcbv|
7. AvqKi I Ab¨vb¨ wnmve ˆZwiKiY|
8. êÁvwbK K¨vjKz‡jkb|
9. †eZ‡bi wnmve ˆZwiKiY|
10. gRy` cwigvb I wbqš¿Y|
11. me ai‡bi cwimsL¨vbMZ wnmve we‡kølY|
12. me ai‡bi Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv|
13. WvUv msiÿY I eë¯’vcbvi hveZxq KvR|
14. Z_¨‡K AvKl©Yxq K‡i Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi PvU© ev MÖvd ˆZwi Kiv BZ¨vw`|
WvUv‡eR :
WvUv k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q Z_¨ ev DcvË Ges †eR k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q NuvwU ev mgv‡ek| kvwãK A‡_©
WvUv‡eR n‡”Q †Kv‡bv m¤úwK©Z wel‡qi Dci e¨cK Z_¨ ev Dcv‡Ëi mgv‡ek| Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k
ARm&ª Z_¨ ev DcvË Qwo‡q wQwU‡q Av‡Q| Z‡e G mg¯Í Z‡_ï mgv‡ek‡K WvUv‡eR ejv hv‡e bv|
KviY WvUv‡eR n‡”Q †mB mKj WvUv ev Z‡_ï mgwó hv‡ì ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b WvUv‡e‡Ri A‡bK D`vniY Av‡Q| †hgbÑ †Kv‡bv wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì
Z_¨mg~n, †fvUvi ZvwjKvq msiwÿZ †fvUvi‡ì Z_¨mg~n BZ¨vw`|
†Kv‡bv WvUv‡e‡Ri AvIZvq GK ev GKvwaK WvUv †Uwej, †Kv‡qwi, dg©, wi‡cvU©, g¨v‡µv, gwWDj
BZ¨vw` dvBj _vK‡Z cv‡i|
WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g n‡”Q ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ Z_¨ Ges †mB Z_¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖMÖv‡gi mgwó| ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ G Z_¨‡K ejv nq WvUv‡eR| G ai‡bi WvUv‡e‡R
†Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi hveZxq Z_¨ msiÿY Kiv nq| WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷‡gi cÖv_wgK jÿ¨ n‡”Q
WvUv‡e‡R Z_¨vewj msiÿY mnRZi Kiv Ges Zv eënv‡i mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
GK K_vq WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g WvUv ˆZwi, A¨vK‡mm Ges Zv iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi hveZxq
Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b A‡bK WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi Kw¤úDUv‡i
eënvi Kiv nq| G‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU n‡jvÑ
• gvB‡µvmdU A¨vK‡mm|
• gvB‡µvmdU GmwKDGj mvf©vi
• IivKj
• gvB GmwKBGj
• mvB‡eR
• wW‡eR
• d·‡cÖv
• †eR BZ¨vw`
WvUv‡e‡Ri cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ Ges eënv‡ii myweav :

ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i Z_¨ eë¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î wkí-KviLvbv, e¨vsK-exgv, eëmv I
evwYwR¨K cÖwZôv‡bi wnmve-wbKvk, Avq-e¨q wnmve, Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡ì DcvË msMÖn BZ¨vw` KvR
Ges wkÿv, cÖwkÿY, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK M‡elYv Ges †fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖKvk BZ¨vw` Kvh©vewj
m¤úv`b Kiv hvq|
WvUv‡eR mdUIq¨vi eënv‡i wb¤œewY©Z myweav cvIqv hvq-

• wewfbœ ai‡bi †Uwej Ges WvUv‡eR ˆZwi Kiv hvq hv AmsL¨ †Uwe‡ji mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK
m¤úK©hy³|
• nvRv‡iv Dcv‡q wecyj cwigvY Z_¨ msiÿY Kiv hvq|
• Kvw•¶Z †h †Kv‡bv Z_¨‡K Ly‡uR G‡b †`Lv ev wcÖ›U Kiv hvq|
• AmsL¨ AvK…wZ dig¨v‡Ui wi‡cvU© Ges †j‡ej ˆZwi K‡i wcÖ›U Kiv hvq|
• WvUv‡e‡Ri wbD‡gwiK DcvË¸‡jvi MvwYwZK wµqvKjvc ¯^qswµqfv‡eB m¤§Z nq|
• wi‡cv‡U© cQ›`g‡Zv MÖvd, PvU©, Ges Qwe ms‡hvRb Kiv hvq|
• WvUvi evbvb I msL¨vi fzj AbymÜvb I ms‡kvab|
• bZzb WvUv †iKW© ms‡hvRb Ges AcÖ‡qvRbxq WvUv/†iKW© we‡qvRb|
• fwel¨r cÖ‡qvR‡b WvUv‡eR Avc‡WU ivLv BZ¨vw`|
cÖkœgvjv-cuvP
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ
1| BDRvi ev eënviKvix wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg Kx?
2| Bw›U‡MÖ‡UWc¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi Kx?
3| c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg Kx?
4| wd«Iq¨vi Kx?
5| †kqviIq¨vi Kx?
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| A¨vwcø‡Kkb c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv Kx Kx?
2| eënvwiK †¶‡Îi Dci wfwË K‡i c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg‡K KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq I Kx Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| A¨vwcø‡Kkb c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg eY©bv Ki|
wØZxq Ask : †¯úªWkxU A¨vbvjvBwmm
lô Aa¨vq
†¯úÖWkxU
6.1 †¯úÖWkxU Kx?
Spread A_© Ges Sheet A_© cvZv| myZivs Spreadsheet kãwUi AvwfavwbK A_© Qov‡bv cvZv| MÖvd
KvM‡Ri b¨vq X Aÿ Ges Y Aÿ eivei †QvU †QvU AvqZvKvi Ni m¤^wjZ eo kxU‡K †¯úªWkxU ejv
nq| G‡·‡ji mywekvj †¯úªWkxUwU‡Z wewfbœ Z_¨ msiÿY Kiv hvq Ges MvwYwZK cwiMYbv Kiv hvq|
A_©vr G †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU mywekvj c„ôv‡K Kjvg I mvwi wfwËK †m‡j wef³ K‡i wewfbœ Z_¨
mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i we‡kølY Kiv hvq wefvq G‡K †¯úªWkxU †cÖvMÖvg e‡j| mvaviYZ †jvUvm-1-2-3,
gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv †¯úªWkxU c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖvg wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Kw¤úDUv‡i G‡·j
†cÖvMÖvg Pvjy Ki‡j cÖ_‡gB GKwU IqvK©kxU I‡cb Kq| G‡·‡ji GKwU IqvK©kx‡U 2 8 = 256 wU
Kjvg Ges 216 = 65,536 wU †iv _v‡K| G‡Z 256×65,536 = 1,67,77,216wU †mj i‡q‡Q| mywekvj
†¯úªWkxU ev IqvK©kx‡Ui GKwU ÿz`ª Ask gwbU‡ii c`©vq †`Lv hvq| GKwU LvZvq †hgb GKvwaK
c„ôvq †jLv hvq, †Zgwb G‡·‡j wfbœ wfbœ IqvK©kxU I‡cb K‡i KvR Kiv hvq|
wPÎ : †¯úªWkxU †cÖvMÖvg

6.2 †¯úÖWkxU †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ

Spreadsheet-Gi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ e¨vswKs I exgv eë¯’vcbvmn hveZxq wnmve-wbKvk AwZ `ªæZ I
wbf©yjfv‡e Kiv hvq| GK K_vq wnmve msµvšÍ cÖvq mK ai‡bi KvR AwZ mn‡RB Kiv hvq|
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2| ˆ`bw›`b wnmve-wbKvk msiÿY I we‡kølY Kiv|
3| evwl©K Avq-e¨‡qi cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Kiv|
4| ev‡RU cÖYqb|
5| e¨vswKs I exgv eë¯’vcbvq my`Klv mn hveZxq wnmve-wbKvk Kiv|
6| Drcv`b eë¯’vcbvi iÿYv‡eÿY|
7| AvqKi Ges Ab¨vb¨ wnmve ˆZwiKiv|
8| êÁvwbK Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi K¨vjKz‡jkb Kiv|
9| wej I †eZ‡bi wnmve ˆZwi Kiv|
10| mKj ai‡bi cwimsL¨vb ˆZwi Kiv|
11| mKj ai‡bi Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv|
12| Avw_©K wi‡cvU© ˆZwi Kiv|
13| Z¨_‡K AvKl©Yxq K‡i Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi PvU© ev MÖvd ˆZwi Kiv BZ¨vw`|
7.3 †¯úÖWkxU c¨v‡K‡Ri ZvwjKv

DB‡ÛvR Ges g¨vwK‡›Uvm Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g †¯úªWkxU wn‡m‡e gvB‡µvmdU G‡·‡ji eënvi me‡P‡q
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K‡qKwc cÖPwjZ †¯úªWkxU c¨v‡K‡Ri bvgÑ
1| gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j
2| †jvUvm 1-2-3
3| †Kvqv‡Uªv †cÖ
4| K¨vjK
5| gvwëcø¨vb BZ¨vw`|
†¯úÖWkxU 69
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3| gvB‡µvmdU G‡·‡j Kjvg Ges †iv msL¨v KZ?
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| †¯úªWkxU †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g Kx Kx ai‡bi KvR Kiv hvq?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| †¯úªWkxU †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
m Aa¨vvq
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Wv‡b-ev‡g ev Dc‡i-wb‡P ¯Œwjs K‡i `ªæZ c`©vq cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq|
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Kx‡Z gvDm c‡q›Uvi †P‡c ai‡j WKz‡g›U evg w`‡K mi‡e Ges evg w`‡Ki A¨v‡iv Kx‡Z gvDm
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4| Office evUb Kx?
5| Formula evi Kx?
6| Status Bar Kx?
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| Ribon U¨ve mg~n Kx Kx?
2| ¯Œjevimg~n Kx Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| dg©yjvev‡ii Uzjm mg~‡ni eënvi eY©bv Ki|

Aóg Aa¨vq
Iq©vKkx‡U KvR Kivi c×wZ
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gvB‡µvmdU G‡·‡j Kx‡evW© e¨fnvi K‡i wKQz wKQz KvR ev KgvÛ `ªæZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq|
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gvB‡µmdU G‡·j Pvjy Ki‡j IqvK©kx‡Ui Dc‡ii †KvYvq †h AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi b¨vq wPý cÖ`wk©Z nq,
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c‡q›Uvi ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv n‡j mvK©i A`„k¨ n‡q hvq| ZLb dvskb Kx F2 Pvc‡j Kvm©i †`Lv hvq| Kvm©i
ev †mj c‡q›Uvi ¯’vbvšÍi e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv m¤úv`bv ev GwWU m¤¢e bq| mvaviYZ UvB‡ci mv‡_ mv‡_
Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| gvDm Ges Kx‡evW© w`‡q †mj c‡q›Uvi ev Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq| Kx‡evW©
eënvi K‡i IqvK©kx‡U Kvm©i wewfbœ ¯’v‡b gyf Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Kx¸‡jv eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
†mj †_‡K †m‡j Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv :

• †m‡j Kvm©i evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K GK Aÿi ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ → Kx Pvc‡Z nq|
• †m‡j Kvm©i evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K GK Aÿi ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ → Kx Pvc‡Z nq|
• †m‡j Kvm©i Dc‡ii w`‡K GK jvBb ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ ↑ Kx Pvc‡Z nq|
• †m‡j Kvm©i wb‡Pi w`‡K GK jvBb ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ ↓ Kx Pvc‡Z nq|
c„ôv †_‡K c„ôvq Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv :

• †m‡j Kvm©i GK ¯Œxb wb‡Pi w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ Page Down Kx Pvc‡Z nq|
• †m‡j Kvm©i GK ¯Œxb Dc‡ii w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ Page Up Kx Pvc‡Z nq|
mvwii ïiæ Ges †k‡l Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv :

• mvwii ïiæ‡Z Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ Home Kx Pvc‡Z nq|
• mvwii †k‡l Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ End Kx Pvc‡Z nq|
IqvK©kx‡Ui ïiæ Ges †k‡l Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv :

• IqvK©kx‡Ui ïiæ‡Z Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ Ctrl+Home Kx Pvc‡Z nq|
• IqvK©kx‡Ui †k‡l Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ Ctrl+End Kx Pvc‡Z nq|
cÖ_g mvwii ïiæ Ges me©‡kl mvwi‡Z Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv :

• IqvK©kx‡U Kvm©i me©cÖ_g mvwi‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ End Kx †P‡c a‡i Down Arrow (↑)
Pvc‡Z nq|
• IqvK©kx‡U Kvm©i me©‡kl mvwi‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ End Kx †P‡c a‡i Down Arrow (↓)
Pvc‡Z nq|
cieZ©x IqvK©kx‡U Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv :

• cieZ©x IqvK©kx‡U Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ Ctrl+Page Down Kx Pvc‡Z nq|
c~e©eZ©x IqvK©kx‡U Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv :

• c~e©eZ©x IqvK©kx‡U Kvm©i ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ Ctrl+Page Up Kx Pvc‡Z nq|
8.2 IqvK©kx‡U WvUv Gw›Uª (Data Fill) Kiv

IqvK©kx‡U †h †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z cÖ_‡g WvUv Gw›Uª Ki‡Z nq| G‡·‡j eëüZ WvUvmg~n‡K cÖavbZ
Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_vÑ
(K) †U·U (Text)
(L) msL¨v ev b¤î (Number)
(M) hyw³g~jK (Logical)
(N) Gii (Error)
†U·U (Text)
mvaviYZ Letter, Number, Special Character-B n‡”Q Text| GKwU †m‡j m‡e©v”P 255 wU Aÿi †jLv
hvq| †jLv †m‡ji Zzjbvq eo n‡j c‡ii †m‡j wWm‡cø ev cÖ`wk©Z nq|
msL¨v ev b¤î (Number)

msL¨v wewfbœfv‡e dig¨vU Kiv hvq| Date and Time ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv we‡klfv‡e dig¨vU K‡i cÖ`k©b
Kiv hvq|
hyw³g~jK (Logical)
True Ges False G `yB cÖKvi Logical WvUv Gw›Uª Kiv hvq|
Gii (Error)
†Kv‡bv †m‡j †Kv‡bv fzj dg©yjv cÖ‡qvM K‡i G›Uvi Pvc‡j Gii g¨v‡mR Av‡m|
Iq©vKkx‡U KvR Kivi c×wZ 81
Worksheet-Gi cvkvcvwk †m‡j (Continious) GKB RvZxq WvUv †hgbÑ µwgK msL¨v, gv‡mi bvg
A_ev w`‡bi bvg BZ¨vw` †jLvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G Ae¯’vq 1, 2, 3 Gfv‡e wjL‡Z A‡bK mg‡qi
e¨vcvi| Data Fill Gi wbqg Abymv‡i G KvR AwZ mn‡RB Kiv hvq|
µwgK b¤î ˆZwi Kiv

• Office evU‡b wK¬K K‡i New KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e| New Workbook WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLvb
†_‡K Blank Workbook wm‡j± K‡i Create evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| duvKv Workbook Avm‡e|
• A1 I A2 †m‡j 1 I 2 wjL‡Z n‡e|
• A1 †_‡K A2 ch©šÍ wm‡j±/Block Ki‡Z n‡e|
• A2 †m‡ji wb‡P Wvbw`‡K GKwU †QvU Kvj e· () _vK‡e| GB wP‡ý gvDm c‡q›Uvi wb‡j
c‡q›UviwU cvm wP‡ý (+) iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e| GwU‡KB Fill Handle e‡j|
• Fill Handle Avm‡j, gvD‡mi evg †evZvg wK¬K K‡i wb‡Pi w`‡K WªvM K‡i A20 †m‡j G‡b †Q‡o
w`‡Z n‡e| GLb A20 †mj ch©šÍ avivevwnK msL¨v w`‡q c~Y© n‡e|
Gfv‡e A1 I A2 †m‡j 5 I 10 wj‡L Data Fill Ki‡j 5, 10, 15, 20 Gfv‡e c~Y© n‡e|
gv‡mi bvg w`‡q Data Fill

• A1 †m‡j January UvBc K‡i Enter w`‡Z n‡e|
• AveviI †mj c‡q›Uvi‡K A1 †m‡ji wb‡P Wvb w`‡Ki †QvU Kvj e‡· () Avb‡Z n‡e| cøvm
mvBb (+) ev Fill Handle Avm‡e|
• Fill Handle Avm‡j wb‡Pi w`‡K WªvM K‡i A12 †m‡j G‡m gvDm evUb †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e|
†mj¸wj, January, February, March Gfv‡e c~Y© n‡e| Fill Handle †K Row Abymv‡i WªvM
K‡iI Row Gi †mj¸wj c~Y© Kiv hv‡e|
• †h †Kv‡bv †m‡j Sunday wj‡L Data Fill Ki‡j Sunday, Monday Gfv‡e c~Y© n‡e| 01/01/04
Gfv‡e ZvwiL wj‡L Data Fill Ki‡j 01/01/04, 02/01/04, 03/01/04 Gfv‡e c~Y© n‡e|
GKvwaK wd‡ì Data Fill Kiv

GKmv‡_ GKvwaK wd‡ìI Data Fill Kiv m¤¢e|
• A1 †m‡j January, B1 †m‡j Sunday, C1 †m‡j 01/01/04 UvBc K‡i Enter w`‡Z n‡e|
• A1, B1 Gesc1 †mj eøK/wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
• C1 †m‡ji wb‡Pi Fill Handle †K WªvM K‡i C12 †mj ch©šÍ Avb‡Z n‡e|
GKvwaK Kjv‡g GKmv‡_ Data Fill n‡e|
8.3 WvUv ms‡kvab Kiv

IqvK©kx‡U WvUv Gw›Uª Kivi ci Awb”QvK…Z ev AbvKvw•¶Z †Kv‡bv fzj cvIqv †M‡j D³ WvUv ms‡kvab
ev m¤úv`bv Ki‡Z nq| Avevi KLbI KLbI WvUv cwieZ©b ev cwiea©b wKsev bZzb WvUv ms‡hvRbI
Ki‡Z nq| IqvK©kx‡U mwbœ‡ewkZ WvUv ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ †h IqvK©kx‡Ui WvUv ms‡kvab ev cwieZ©b
Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv cÖ_‡g I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici †h †m‡ji WvUv cwieZ©b ev ms‡hvRb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb
†m †m‡j Kvm©i ev gvDm c‡q›Uvi †i‡L gvD‡mi evg †evZv‡g Wvej wK¬K K‡i ev Kx‡evW© n‡Z F2
dvskb Kx †P‡c mvaviY wbq‡gB D³ Z_¨‡K mss‡kvab Kiv hvq| ms‡kvab‡hvM¨ Z_¨ m¤^wjZ †m‡j
†mj c‡q›Uvi †i‡L gvDm Wvej wK¬K Ki‡j ev F2 dvskb Kx Pvc‡j D³ Z_¨ Dc‡ii dg©j y vev‡i
cÖ`wk©Z nq Ges dg©yjvev‡i AwZwi³ `yBwU AvBKb Close (7) Ges Enter ( ) cÖ`wk©Z nq †m‡ji
fzj Z_¨‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kva‡bi ci G›Uvi Kx Pvc‡j ev (√) AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j ms‡kvwaZ Z_¨
†m‡j mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡e| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y ms‡kvab evwZj Ki‡Z PvB‡j dg©yjvev‡i cÖ`wk©Z Close (7)
AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
8.4 WvUv gyQv/†iÄ wba©viY Kiv

duvKv Cell Delete Kiv
• C5 †h †m‡ji †jLv gyQ‡Z n‡e †mB †mjwU wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
• GKvwaK †m‡ji †jLv gyQ‡Z n‡j gvDm A_ev Kx‡evW© eënvi K‡i GKvwaK †mj wm‡j±/eøK
Ki‡Z n‡e|
• †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Cells KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Delete evU‡b wK¬K K‡i
Delete Cells... KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e| Delete WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Shift Cells Left Ges Shift
Cells Up Ackb _vK‡e|
• Shift Cells Up †iwWI evUb wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
• †k‡l OK Ki‡Z n‡e| C5 †m‡j wb‡Pi cÖ‡Z¨K †m‡ji WvUv GK †mj K‡i Dc‡i D‡V Avm‡e|
GKvwaK Cell wm‡j± _vK‡j WvUv¸wj wm‡j± Kiv Cell Gi msL¨vq Dc‡i D‡V Avm‡Zv| Shift
Cell Left wm‡j± _vK‡j WvUv¸wj GK †mj K‡i ev‡g m‡i Avm‡Zv| †h †Kv‡bv Cell ev GKvwaK
Cell †K wm‡j± K‡i Kx-†evW© †_‡K Delete-Kx †cÖm Ki‡j WvUv gy‡Q hvq wKš‘ †Kv‡bv †m‡ji
WvUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq bv|
duvKv Row Delete Kiv

• 5 b¤î mvwii †h †Kv‡bv †mj-G Kvm©i ivL‡Z n‡e ev m¤ú~Y© 5 b¤î mvwi wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
• †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Cells KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Delete Ackb †_‡K Delete
Sheet Row KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
• duvKv mvwiwU gy‡Q hv‡e Ges WvUv Dc‡i D‡V Avm‡e| mg¯Í Kjvg ev mvwi wm‡j± K‡i Kx-†evW©
†_‡K Delete-Kx †cÖm Ki‡j WvUv gy‡Q hv‡e wKš‘ WvUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡e bv|
Sheet Delete Kiv

Sheet4 wm‡j± K‡i †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Cells KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Delete Ackb
†_‡K Delete Sheet KgvÛ w`‡j wb‡P Sheet Delete n‡q hv‡e|
†iÄ wba©viY Kivi c×wZ

IqvK©kx‡U wbe©vwPZ GKvwaK †mj‡K GKmv‡_ GKwU †iÄ ejv nq| IqvK©kx‡U †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †i‡Äi
Z_¨vewji Dci KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡j G‡K wba©viY K‡i wb‡Z nq| wb‡¤œi c×wZ‡Z IqvK©kx‡U
†iÄ wba©viY Kiv hvq|
(K) gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ gvDm c‡q›Uvi WªvM K‡i|
(L) Kx‡evW© n‡Z Shift Kx †P‡c Left / Right / Up / Down Arrow Kx eënvi K‡i|
8.5 Kwc, KvU I gyf Kiv

WvUv Kwc I gyf Kivi c×wZ :
WvUv Kwc Kivi wewfbœ c×wZ i‡q‡Q| †gbyëv‡ii KgvÛ Ackb A_ev Uzjev‡ii AvBKb eënvi K‡i
wm‡j± Kiv WvUv Kwc ev gyf Kiv hvq|
• †h WvUv Kwc I gyf Kivi cÖ‡qvRb Zv Select K‡Z n‡e|
Home G wK¬K K‡i Copy Kgv‡Û wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
wPÎ : WvUv Kwc I gyf Kivi Rb¨ Home Gi Copy Ackb wm‡j± Kiv|
• A_ev, Kx‡evW© n‡Z Ctrl+C Pvc‡Z n‡e|

• Gevi †h †m‡j WvUv gyf Ki‡Z n‡e †mLv‡b Kvm©i wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
• †c÷ AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| A_ev, Kx‡evW© n‡Z Ctrl+V Pvc‡Z n‡e|
WvUv KvU Cut K‡i gyf Kiv
• †h WvUv KvU I gyf Kivi cÖ‡qvRb Zv Select K‡Z n‡e|
• Home G wK¬K K‡i Cut Kgv‡Û wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
wPÎ : WvUv KvU I gyf Kivi Rb¨ Home-Gi Cut Ackb wm‡j± Kiv|
A_ev, Kx‡evW© n‡Z Ctrl+X Pvc‡Z n‡e|

• Gevi †h †m‡j WvUv gyf Ki‡Z n‡e †mLv‡b Kvm©i wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
• †c÷ AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| A_ev, Kx‡evW© n‡Z Ctrl+V Pvc‡Z n‡e|
KvU (Cut) I Kwci (Copy) g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

KvU (Cut) Kwc (Copy)
WKz‡g‡›U †Kv‡bv WvUv KvU Kivi d‡j WvUv WKz‡g‡›U †Kv‡bv WvUv Kwc Kivi d‡j WvUv
wbw`©ó ¯’vb †_‡K gy‡Q wM‡q †hLv‡b †c÷ Kiv wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b †_‡K hvq Z‡e Zvi Abyiƒc WvUv
nq †mLv‡b ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| †hLv‡b †c÷ Kiv nq †mLv‡b ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
8.6 Cell, Row Ges Column Insert Kiv

Excel-Gi Sheet-G †h †Kv‡bv mgq AwZwi³ Row, Column ev Cell ms‡hvRb ev gy‡Q †djv hvq|
g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e GKwU WvUv †Uwe‡j WvUv‡eRwU K‡qK nvRvi †jv‡Ki WvUv‡eR Kiv Av‡Q Ges 5 bs
mvwii WvUvi C Kjv‡g Address Gi N‡i fzjµ‡g Meherpur †jLv n‡q‡Q| Avi GB fzj nevi Kvi‡Y
wb‡Pi me N‡ii Address ¸‡jv fyj n‡q‡Q| KviY 6 b¤î mvwi‡Z Meherpur n‡e Ges 6 b¤^‡i †hwU
†jLv Av‡Q †mwU 7 b¤^‡i n‡e| GB †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv WvUv bv gy‡Q hw` 5 bs mvwii WvUvwU 6 b¤^‡i Ges 6
b¤^‡iiwU 7 b¤^‡i Gfv‡e gyf Kiv hvq Z‡e gvÎ GKwU Kgv‡Ûi gva¨‡gB WvUv‡eRwU mwVK K‡i †bIqv
hvq| bZzb GKwU Cell †K Insert-Gi gva¨‡g GB mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv hvq|
Office evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Open KgvÛ w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv Rup1 dvBjwU Lyj‡Z n‡e Ges Sheet1-G wK¬K
Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev Rup1 dvB‡ji WvUv‡e‡Ri g‡Zv GKwU dvBj ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
duvKv Cell †K Insert Kiv

• C5 †mj wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
• †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Cells KgvÛ MÖæc†_‡K Insert evU‡b wK¬K K‡i
Insert Cells... KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
Insert WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Shift cells right Ges Shift cells down Ackb †`Lv hv‡e|
• Shift cells down †iwWI evUb wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
• †k‡l OK Ki‡Z n‡e| C5 †mjwU duvKv n‡e Ges WvUv¸wj GK †mj K‡i wb‡P †b‡g hv‡e|
Shift cell right †iwWI evUb wm‡j± Ki‡j WvUv¸‡jv GK †mj K‡i Wv‡b m‡i †hZ| GKvwaK Cell
wm‡j± _vK‡j †mB msL¨K †m‡ji Rb¨ GKB KvR n‡Zv|
duvKv Column †K Insert Kiv

• C Kjv‡gi †h †Kv‡bv †mj wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
• †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Cells KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Insert evU‡b wK¬K K‡i
Insert Sheet Columns KgvÛ Entire w`‡Z n‡e| Columns †iwWI evUb wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
ok Ki‡Z n‡e| bZzb GKwU duvKv Kjvg ˆZwi n‡e Ges Ab¨ Kjv‡gi WvUv¸wj GK Kjvg K‡i
Wv‡b m‡i hv‡e|
GKvwaK Kjvg ev Kjv‡gi †mj wm‡j± _vK‡j GKvwaK bZzb Kjvg ˆZwi n‡Zv Ges WvUv¸wj †mB
msL¨K Kjvg Wv‡b m‡i †hZ|
duvKv Row †K Insert Kiv

• C5 †m‡j Kvm©i (c‡q›Uvi) ivL‡Z n‡e ev m¤ú~Y© 5 b¤î mvwi (Row) wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
• †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Cells KgvÛ MÖæc†_‡K Insert evU‡b wK¬K K‡i
Insert Sheet Row KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e| bZzb GKwU duvKv mvwi Avm‡e Ges WvUv¸wj GKmvwi wb‡P
†b‡g hv‡e|
GKvwaK mvwi ev mvwii †mj wm‡j± _vK‡j GKvwaK bZzb mvwi cvIqv †hZ Ges †mB Abymv‡i WvUv
m‡i †hZ|
bZzb Sheet Insert Kiv

hwÌ Excel-Gi cÖwZ Workbook-G mvaviYZ Sheet1, Sheet2 I Sheet3 _v‡K| G Ae¯’vq bZzb
Worksheet ìKvi n‡j Avbv hv‡e|
• dvB‡ji wb‡Pi w`K †_‡K Sheet3 †Z wK¬K K‡i wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
• †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Cells KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Insert Ackb †_‡K Insert
Sheet KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e| Sheet4 bv‡g bZzb GKwU Sheet cvIqv hv‡e|
8.7 IqvK©kxU †mf, wiwUªf Kiv

cÖ_g evi dvBj †mf Kivi Rb¨ Save KgvÛ w`‡j Save As WvqvjM e· Av‡m Ges dvB‡ji bvg I
†jv‡Kkb wm‡j± K‡i w`‡Z nq| cieZ©x‡Z hZeviB Save KgvÛ †Ìqv †nvK bv †Kb, Av‡Mi †Ìqv
bv‡g Ges GKB †jv‡Kk‡b †mf n‡Z _v‡K| Av‡Mi WvUv AweK…Z †i‡L Ges bZzb WvUv
ms‡hvRb/we‡qvRb K‡i Ab¨ bv‡g Ges Ab¨ †jv‡Kk‡b Ges Ab¨ fvm©‡b dvBj †mf Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi
KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
1. Quick Access Uzjevi †_‡K Office evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Wªc WvDb †gby¨ Avm‡j Save As wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| (A_ev F12 †cÖm Ki‡Z n‡e)| wewfbœ
ai‡bi Ackb Avm‡e|
Iq©vKkx‡U
K KvR Kivi
K c×wZ 89
GLvbb †_‡K Exceel Workbookk wm‡j± Ki‡‡j Excel 20110 Gi ¯^vfvwe weK dig¨v‡U †mf n‡e| Excel
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wm‡j
j± Ki‡j Binnary Format-G - †mf n‡e| ejvB evûj j¨ Excel 2010 G GZ †ewk wk cwieZ©b mvab
m
Kiv n‡q‡Q †h Gii dig¨v‡U †m
mf Kiv dvBj j Aek¨B c~‡e©ei fvm©b w`‡qq †Lvjv hv‡e bbv| †mRb¨ Excel
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wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
n
GQvoov Ab¨ dig¨¨v‡UI †mf Kiiv hv‡e|
3. Save As WvqqvjM e· Avm m‡j wbw`©ó bvgg w`‡q wbw`©ó †jv‡Kk‡b †m
mf Ki‡Z n‡ee|
Savve K‡i ivLv dvBj Opeen Kiv

wewf
fbœ mg‡q Kv‡R
Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgiv wewfbœb ai‡bi dvBj
j ˆZwi K‡i Avjv`v
A Avjv``v bvg w`‡q wbw`©
w ó
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K‡ ivwL| cieZ©
c x‡Z †mBB dvBj Ly‡j Print ev wewfbœwe
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K K‡i _vwKwK| GBgvÎ †h † dvBjwU Saave K‡i Cloose K‡i ivLv n‡jv GLb Avgiv
A
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Quick Access Uzjevi †_‡K Office evU‡b
b wK¬K K‡i Wªc WvDb Avvm‡j Open eevU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z
K
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• Open Wvqvj jM e· Avm m‡e GLvb †__‡K Rup1 wm‡j±
wm K‡i Open
O evU‡b wwK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
n
Kvw•¶Z dvBj jwU Ly‡j hv‡ee|
cÖkœgvjv-AvU
AwZ mswÿß cÖkœ
1| WvUv Gw›Uª Kx?
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| gv‡mi bvg w`‡q Data Fill Kivi c×wZ Kx?
2| GKvwaK wd‡ì Data Fill Kivi c×wZ Kx?
3| IqvK©kxU †mf Kivi Dcvq Kx?
4| IqvK©kxU wiwUªf Kivi Dcvq Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Cell, Row Ges column †K Insert I Delete Kivi c×wZ eY©bv Ki|

b Aa¨vq
beg vq
†nvg wie‡bi
wi eënvi
e
bon Gi e¨ënvi
Hoome Ribb
me RibbonwU me‡P‡q cÖ_‡g
Hom _ Aew¯’Z KviY mPivPii eëüZ KggvÛ w`‡q GBB wiebwU mvR
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Z Cut, Copyy, Paste, d‡›UUi mvBR, Boold, Itali c, U Alignment BZ
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G KgvÛ mgg~‡ni eënvii
G As‡k
A Kwc, †c
c÷, KvU Gess dig¨vU †cBB›Uvi KgvÛ¸‡j
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1. Rup1
R dvB‡jii wewfbœ As‡ki
ki WvUv‡K K‡qqKevi wm‡j±± K‡i Cut I Copy KgvÛ ww`‡Z n‡e|
2. GLb
G Clipboaard KgvÛ MÖæc æ †_‡K Passte evU‡bi wb‡Pi
wb Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡‡e| GLv‡b Paste
P
Special mn wewfb
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Offiice Clipboarrd-wUi GLv‡b
‡b me‡P‡q cwiewZ©
c Z I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨ënvi i‡q‡QQ| †c÷ Kggv‡Ûi
meaai‡bi mgm¨vii GLv‡b mgvaavb i‡q‡Q| †h † †Kv‡bv Aee‡R±‡K wm‡j±± K‡i Cut/ Copy KgvÛ w`‡j
GwU Clipboard-G - Ae¯’vb Ki‡e|Ki GLv‡b †gvU 24wU AvB‡Ug
A GKmmv‡_ ivLv hv‡ee| GB 24wU
wUi †h
†Kv‡‡bvwU, †h †Kv‡‡bv ¯’v‡b Pastte Kiv hv‡e| Aci †h †Kv‡
v‡bvwU wm‡j± K‡i
K gvD‡mi Right Clickk K‡i
Deleete K‡i †Ì Iqv hv‡e| Paaste All Kgvv‡Ûi gva¨‡g Clipboard Gi G meKqwU AvB‡Ug GK Kmv‡_
IqvKK©ey‡K †c÷ Kiv
K hv‡e| Avvevi Clear All A KgvÛ w`‡q q Clipboard †K dvuKv Kivv hv‡e|
• Clipboard KgvÛK w Wv‡b Aeew¯’Z Pvi‡Kvbbv e· ( )-G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Clipbboard
MÖæ‡ci wb‡P
Task Pane Avm‡e
A Cut/ Copy
C KgvÛ †`Ìqv AvB‡Ug¸¸wj mvRv‡bv _vK‡e| cÖ‡qvvRbxq KgvÛ w`‡Z
n‡e|
†nvgg wie‡bi eënnvi 93
9.22 Cell Form

matting/Foont KgvÛ MÖæc
GLbb Avgiv †m‡j
j Aew¯’Z Fonnt †K wewfbœfv‡e
f Formatting Ki‡ev| Nova1
N dvBjjwU Ly‡j wKQy Text
wm‡j
j± Ki‡Z n‡ee|
GLbb Font KgvÛÛ MÖæc †_‡K Bold, Italicc, Underline, eWv©i †Ìqqv, Font wm‡j
j±, d‡›Ui mvBR
m
wm‡j
j± A_ev Inccrease Font Size/Decreaase Font sizee evU‡b wK¬K K‡i d›U †QQvU/eo ev d‡›Ui
d
Kvjv
jvi BZ¨vw` cwi
wieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
Fonnt KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci

ci wb‡P Wv‡b Aew¯’Z Pvi‡K
Kvbv e‡· (F) wK¬K Ki‡Z
Z n‡e| Form
mat Cells Wvq
qvjM
e· Avm‡e Ges Font
F U¨ve wm‡‡j± _vK‡e|
Number Format/Number KgvÛ MÖæc

g~jZ MvwYwZK msL¨vi †¶‡Î Number dig¨vU eënvi Kiv nq| †hgb †Kv‡bv msL¨v‡Z % wPý,
`kwgK wPý, gy`ªv ev Currency wPý, Fraction ms‡hvM, Date, Time, Text dig¨vU BZ¨vwì Rb¨
Number KgvÛ MÖæc eënvi Kiv nq| GB KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci General Ack‡bi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K Ki‡j
we¯—vwiZ Ackb Av‡m|
2. Number KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci wb‡P Wv‡bi Pvi‡Kvbv e‡· (F) wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Format Cells e·
Avm‡e Ges Number U¨ve wm‡j± _vK‡e|
†nvg wie‡bi eënvi 95
9.3 Alignment/Cell Marge/Indent Kiv (Alignment KgvÛ MÖæc)

Excel-G †Kv‡bv WvUv wjL‡j Text-Gi †¶‡Î evgcvk †Nu‡l A_©vr Left Alignment Ges Value ev
Numaric ev MvwYwZK msL¨v wjL‡j Wvb w`K †Nu‡l A_©vr Right Alignment A‡Uv‡gwUK †mwUs _v‡K|
B”Qv Ki‡j GB Alignment cwieZ©b Kiv hvq, GQvov Text-†K Vertically ev AvovAvwofv‡e †mwUs
Kiv hvq| K‡qKwU †mj‡K gvR© K‡i GKwU †m‡j cwiYZ Kiv hvq| Horizontal Ges Vertical GB
`yB ai‡bi Align Kiv hvq| Horizontal Align †_‡K, Left A_©vr evgw`‡K em‡e, Right A_©vr Wvb
w`‡K Ges Center A_©vr mew`‡K mgvb RvqMv †i‡L gv‡S em‡e, Fill A_©vr Wvb/evg mgvb Ki‡e,
Justify A_©vr Wvb ev‡g c‡ii jvB‡bi mv‡_ mgvb Ki‡e, Gfv‡e †mwUs Kiv hv‡e| Vertical Align
†_‡K Avevi Top A_©vr Dci w`K †Nu‡l em‡e, Bottom A_©vr wb‡Pi w`K †Nu‡l em‡e, Center A_©vr
Dci/wb‡P mgvb RvqMv †i‡L em‡e, Gfv‡e †mwUs Kiv hvq| Dfq‡¶‡Î General †mwUs Ki‡j
c~e©ve¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡e|
Nova1 dvBjwU Ly‡j †h †Kv‡bv GKwU †m‡ji Text wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| Kjvg I †iv eo K‡i wb‡Z
n‡e| GLb Alignment KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Top, Middle, Bottom, Left, Right, Center †h †Kv‡bv
Alignment Ki‡Z n‡e| Indent evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Left/Right Indent Ki‡Z n‡e| Orientation
evU‡bi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K K‡i †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Orientation Ki‡Z n‡e|
dvuKv K‡qKwU Cell wm‡j± K‡i wewfbœ gvR© Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. Alignment KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci wb‡Pi Pvi‡Kvbv e‡· wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Format Cells WvqvjM e· Ges
Alignment U¨ve wm‡j± _vK‡e|
9.4 Styles MÖæc KgvÛ

GB MÖæ‡ci AvIZvq Cell I Table †K Auto Format Kiv Ges Conditional Formating Kivi
AvB‡Ug i‡q‡Q|
Auto Format Kiv

Avgiv Rvwb wbw`©ó wKQy †mj ev Range-G cQ›`g‡Zv Kvjvi, Shading, Border Ges d‡›Ui mvBR,
Kvjvi BZ¨vw` cwieZ©b K‡i B”Qvg‡Zv Format ev wWRvBb Ki‡Z cvwi| GQvovI Auto Format-Gi
gva¨‡g Av‡Mi ˆZwi K‡i ivLv Format cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvwi|
1. Nova1 dvB‡ji wKQy Ask wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Style MÖæ‡ci wØZxq evUb Formatas Table Gi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| ARmª Style Avm‡e
GLvb †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv GKwU †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|
3. Cell Style Gi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| GLv‡bI †m‡ji Rb¨ ARmª Style Avm‡e| †h
†Kv‡bv Style Gi Dci gvDm WªvM Ki‡j IqvK©kx‡Ui wm‡j± Kiv As‡k wcÖwfI †`Lv‡e| cQ‡›ì
Style wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
Conditional Formatting
Avgiv wewfbœ †m‡ji WvUv di‡gwUs Kiv BwZg‡a¨B wk‡LwQ| GB di‡gwUs-Gi †¶‡Î wba©vwiZ kZ©
mv‡c‡¶ dig¨vwUs Kiv m¤¢e| A_©vr wbw`©ó †m‡j †KejgvÎ kZ© wgj‡j Z‡eB dig¨vwUs n‡e Ab¨_vq
bigvj _vK‡e| †hgb GKwU wWcvU©‡g›Uvj †÷v‡ii K_v Kíbv Kiv hvK| wWcvU©‡g›Uvj †÷v‡i Stock
Gi wnmve ivLv nq| GKwU AvB‡Ug wewµ n‡q G‡Kev‡i †kl n‡q †M‡j Z‡e bZzb K‡i †Kbv nq bv|
wbw`©ó cwigvY ÷K _vK‡Z _vK‡ZB bZzb K‡i AveviI gv‡ji AW©vi †Ìqv nq|
aiv hvK, †Kv‡bv †m‡j WvUv 10000 Gi Kg ev 15000 Gi †ewk n‡j Kvjvi cwieZ©b n‡e| GB
k©‡Z GLb Conditional Formatting Ki‡ev|
1. †h †Kv‡bv †m‡j Kvm©i †i‡L Styles MÖæ‡ci Conditional Formatting-Gi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z
n‡e Ges Highlight Cells Rules †_‡K Greater Than wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
Value e‡· 15000 UvBc K‡i OK Ki‡Z n‡e|

2. AveviI GKB cÖwµqvq Highlight Cells Rules wm‡j± K‡i Less Than wm‡j± K‡i Value e‡·
10000 UvBc K‡i OK Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. GLb wm‡j± Kiv †m‡j 10000 Gi Kg ev 15000 Gi †ewk wjL‡j Kvjvi cwieZ©b n‡e|
GKBfv‡e wbw`©ó †m‡j Data Bar, Color Scales I Icon †mU Kiv hv‡e|
9.5 Cell KgvÛ MÖæc

GB MÖæc †_‡K Cell, Column, Row Ges Sheet †K Insert I Delete Kiv hv‡e Ges Row, Column
Gi Height, Width †K cwieZ©b Kivmn wewfbœ ai‡bi Formatting Kiv hv‡e|
9.6 Editing KgvÛ MÖæc

GB MÖæc †_‡K WvUv‡K Sum, Average BZ¨vw` MvwYwZK KvR Kiv hv‡e| Data Fill, Clear, Sort,
Filter, Find I Replace BZ¨vw` Kiv hv‡e|
MvwYwZK K¨vjKz‡jkb Kiv

GLb Avgiv wKQy MvwYwZK wnmve Ki‡ev †hgbÑ†hvMdj, me‡P‡q eo msL¨v, me‡P‡q †QvU msL¨v, Mo
BZ¨vw`|
1. Nova1 dvBjwU Ly‡j Salary wd‡ìi me‡P‡q †k‡li †m‡j (E17) Kvm©i ivL‡Z n‡e|
2. Editing MÖæ‡ci Sum Uz‡ji Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K K‡i Sum wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. E17 †mj dgy©jv Avm‡e Sum (E2:E16) Ges E2 †_‡K E16 wm‡j± _vK‡e| Enter w`‡j djvdj
cvIqv hv‡e|
Gfv‡e Average wm‡j± Ki‡j Mo, Count Number wm‡j± Ki‡j KqwU msL¨v †mwU, Max wm‡j±
Ki‡j me‡P‡q eo msL¨v Ges Min wm‡j± Ki‡j me‡P‡q †QvU msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e| More Functions
wm‡j± Ki‡j AviI A‡bK Function cvIqv hv‡e|
Formats, Contents, Comments BZ¨vw` gy‡Q †djv

Clear Kgv‡Ûi eënvi
†m‡ji g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z †U·U, MÖvd (Chart), eW©vi, dg©yjv, Comment, Format BZ¨vw` †gvQvi Rb¨
Clear KgvÛ eënvi Kiv nq| KLbI KLbI mg¯— WvUv bv gy‡Q ïay gvÎ Format ev Comment ev
Formula BZ¨vw` †gvQvi ìKvi n‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡ÎI Clear KgvÛ eënvi Kiv nq|
1. GKwU IqvK©kx‡Ui wKQy WvUv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| Editing KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Clear evU‡bi Wªc WvD‡b
wK¬K K‡i Clear All KgvÛ w`‡j mg¯— WvUv Clear n‡e|
Gfv‡e Clear Formats KgvÛ w`‡j, WvUv gyQ‡e bv wKš‘ Bold, Italic BZ¨vw` †Kv‡bv Formatting Kiv
_vK‡j †mB Format gy‡Q hv‡e| Clear Content KgvÛ w`‡j WvUv gyQ‡e wKš‘ †Kv‡bv Formula eënvi
Kiv _vK‡j †mwU gyQ‡e bv| Clear Comments KgvÛ w`‡j †m‡j †Kv‡bv gš—e¨ mshy³ _vK‡j †mwU
gy‡Q hv‡e|
Database Sort
A‡bK eo WvUv‡e‡Ri †¶‡Î wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv wel‡qi Dci WvUv Lyu‡R cvIqv GKwU `yiƒn KvR| †hgb
GKwU eo jvB‡eªwi‡Z jvL jvL eB‡qi g‡a¨ wbw`©ó bv‡gi GKwU eB Luy‡R †ei Kiv `yiƒn KvR| wKš‘
hw` eB‡qi bvg¸‡jv wWKkbvwii g‡Zv A¶i Abymv‡i mvRv‡bv _v‡K Z‡e KvRwU mnR| eo
WvUv‡e‡Ri †¶‡Î Gfv‡e mvRv‡bvi KvRwU‡KB Data Sorting e‡j| mvaviYZ `yBfv‡e WvUv mwU©s Kiv
nq, GKwU n‡”Q Ascending Order ev D”Pµg Abymv‡i A_©vr †QvU †_‡K eo †hgb, 1 †_‡K 10 ev A
†_‡K Z-Gfv‡e| AciwU n‡”Q Descending ev wbgœµg Abymv‡i A_©vr eo †_‡K †QvU, †hgb 10, 9
†_‡K 1 ev Z †_‡K A-Gfv‡e|
1. Nova1 WvUv‡eRwU Ly‡j Name wd‡ìi †h †Kv‡bv †m‡j Kvm©i ivL‡Z n‡e|
2. Editing KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Sort & Filter AvB‡U‡gi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K K‡i Sort A to Z wm‡j± Ki‡Z
n‡e|
bvg¸wj A †_‡K Z Abymv‡i kU© n‡e| Sort Z to A wm‡j± Ki‡j Dëvfv‡e kU© n‡Zv|
Data Filter WvUv‡e‡Ri mg¯Í †iKW© †_‡K wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv k‡Z©i wfwË‡Z WvUv‡K †e‡Q †ei KivB n‡”Q
Data Filter †hgb, ïaygvÎ Officer KZRb Av‡Q ev ïaygvÎ Officer Ges (And) †eZb 5000 UvKvi
Dc‡i ev ïaygvÎ Officer A_ev (Or) †eZb 5000 UvKvi Dc‡i BZ¨vw` k‡Z©i wfwË‡Z WvUv wdëvi Kiv|
1. Nova1 dvBjwU Ly‡j †h †Kv‡bv †m‡j c‡q›Uvi ivL‡Z n‡e|
2. GLb Editing KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Sort & Filter AvB‡U‡gi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K K‡i Filter wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
j¶¨ Kiv hvq cÖwZwU WvUv wd‡ìi mv‡_ GKwU WvDb Arrow mshy³ n‡q‡Q| GLvb †_‡K WvUv †e‡Q
wb‡Z n‡e| ïaygvÎ Officer-†ì WvUv †`Lv Title wd‡ìi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| GKwU WvqvjM
e· Avm‡e GLvb †_‡K Officer Qvov Ab¨ wd‡ìi wUK gvK© DwV‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
ïaygvÎ Officer-†ì WvUv †`Lv‡e| Gfv‡e wewfbœ kZ© Ry‡o w`‡q WvUv wdëvi Kiv hv‡e|
Mini Toolbar-Gi eënvi

Microsoft Office 2007 Gi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AckbwU n‡”Q Gi Mini Toolbar. IqvK©kx‡Ui †h
†Kv‡bv Ae‡R± ev Ask wm‡j± K‡i gvD‡mi Right Click Ki‡jB GB UzjeviwU mvg‡b †f‡m DV‡e|
GLvb †_‡K di‡gwUs-Gi KvR †hgb Font wm‡j± Kiv, Font-Gi mvBR wVK Kiv| d›U‡K †QvU/eo
Kiv, Bold, Italic, Align Kiv, eW©vi ms‡hvM, Fill Kvjvi †Ìqv, d‡›Ui Kvjvi †Ìqv, `kwgK,
Kv‡iwÝ wPý, kZKiv wPý, Kgv BZ¨vw` †Ìqv, †mj gvR© Kiv BZ¨vw` KvR Kiv hvq| Kv‡RB GB
Uzjevi †_‡K `ªæZ di‡gwUs-Gi KvR Kiv hvq| wm‡jKkb †_‡K gvDm mwi‡q wb‡j ev evB‡i wK¬K
Ki‡j GB Uzjevi P‡j hvq|
cÖkœgvjv-bq
AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| †nvg wieb Kx?
2| K¬xe‡evW© Kx?
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| †nvg wie‡bi KgvÛ MÖæç‡jv Kx Kx?
2| d›U KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
3| GjvBb‡g›U KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
4| bv¤^vi KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
5| ÷vBj KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
6| GwWwUs KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
7| K¬xc‡evW© Uv¯‹c¨v‡bi eënvi †jL|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| †nvg wie‡bi KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jvi KvR eY©bv Ki|
2| d›U KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jvi KvR eY©bv Ki|
3| GjvBb‡g›U KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jvi KvR eY©bv Ki|
4| bv¤^vi KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jvi KvR eY©bv Ki|
5| ÷vBj KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jvi KvR eY©bv Ki|
6| GwWwUs KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jvi KvR eY©bv Ki|
`kg Aa¨vvq
`k
BbmvU© wie‡bi eënvi
GB wie‡bi gva¨‡‡g Worksheet-G Picturee, Clipart, Shape,
S Charrt, Word Artt, Header, Fo
ooter
fbœ ai‡bi Ae‡R±,
wewf A wm¤^j Pivot Table I Pivot Chart
C mshy³ Kiv
K hvq| GBB Ribbon-G †gvU
5wU KgvÛ MÖæc i‡‡q‡Q †hgb : Tables, Illusstrations, Chharts, Links I Text.
10..1 †Uwej KgvÛ

Kg MÖæc
†Uweej KgvÛ MÖæ‡c
c Table, Pivvot Table I Pivot
P Chart KgvÛ¸‡jv
K _vv‡K| G KgvÛ
Û¸‡jv w`‡q Pivot
P
Table I Pivot Chart
C ˆZwi K‡‡i Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
10..2 Illustratiion KgvÛ MÖæc

GB KgvÛ
K MÖæc Øvviv IqvK©kx‡UU Picture, Clipart, Shapes I SmartArtt mshy³ Kiv hhv‡e|
IqvK K©kx‡U wewfbœb ai‡bi Qweii cÖ‡qvRb n‡‡Z cv‡i| Lye mn‡RB GB G Qwe ms‡hvvRb m¤¢e| wewfbœ
we
ai‡bbi Qwe ev Wªwqs
wq Av‡Q| Gii g‡a¨ Picturre n‡”Q Qwe ev B‡gR Ges Clipart, Shaapes I Smarrt Art
n‡”QQ Kw¤úDUv‡ii AuvKv nq| Microsoft Office-G Clipart C Gallaarry bv‡g Avvjv`v GKwU †QvU
mdUUIq¨vi _v‡K| GLv‡b wewf fbœ ai‡bi Qwee, wK¬c AvU©, gygwf I mvDÛ dvBj _v‡K|| Clipart Gallary-
i mgg¯Í Ae‡R±‡K K Office-Gi Ab¨vb¨ †cÖvMvg
MÖv †hgb MS-Word, MSPPowerpoint, M MS-Access, MS-
Pubblisher-BZ¨vw`
w` †cÖvMÖv‡g †k
kqvi Kiv hvvq| GB M¨vj jvwi‡K gwWd dvB K‡i Ae‡e‡R± ms‡hvRb
Rb ev
we‡qqvRb Kiv hvqq|
10..3 Chart KgvÛ

Kg MÖæc
GB KgvÛ
K MÖæ‡ci gva¨‡g wewfbœbœ ai‡bi PvU G‡b PvU© di‡‡gwUs Kiv hvqq|
10..4 ¯úvK© jvvBbm Gi KgvÛ

K MÖæc
Sparrklines KgvÛ
Û MÖæ‡c Linee, Column, Win/Loss
W KgvÛ¸‡jv
Kg _v‡K
‡K| G KgvÛ
Û¸‡jv w`‡q Line,
L
Coluumn, Win/Looss ˆZwi K‡i
i Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb
c Kiv hvq|
Arrrange Size KgvÛ

K MÖæc
GLvbb †_‡K wcKPPvi‡K Bring to Front/Bring Forwardd, Send to Baack/Send Baackword ev wewfbœ
we
ai‡bbi Flip ev Rotation
R Kiv hv‡e| Size KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K† Crop evU‡b
e wK¬K K
K‡i ev e‡· mvBR
m
wj‡LL w`‡q Qwe †K
K KvUv hv‡e| GQvov wewfbœbœ ai‡bi Aliggn I Group/U
Ungroup Kivv hv‡e|
10..5 Filter KggvÛ MÖæc

GwUii gva¨‡g wewf
wfbœ ai‡bi Data
D nced Filtermnn wewfbœ ai‡b
Sorting Ges Advan bi Filtering Kiv
hvq|
10..6 Link KggvÛ MÖæc

Inseert wie‡b Linkks MÖæc †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv ai
i‡bi Hyperliink ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
Bbm
mvU© wie‡bi e¨ënvi 105
10..7 Text Kgv

gvÛ MÖæc
GB KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K IqvK©kx‡U
kx Text Box,B Header and Footerr, WordArt, Signature wewfbœ
we
ai‡bbi Object I Symbol ms‡hhvM Kiv hv‡ee|
10..8 Signaturre Line

Signnature Line evU‡b
e wK¬K K‡i
K Microsooft Office Siggnature Linee ... KgvÛ w``‡Z n‡e| WvqqvjM
e· Avm‡j OK Ki‡Z n‡e| AveviI Siggnature Setupp WvqvjM e·
· Avm‡j WvUUv UvBc K‡ii OK
Ki‡Z
‡Z n‡e Signaature cvIqv hv‡e|
h
cÖkœgvjv-`k
AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| BbmvU© wieb Kx?
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| BbmvU© wie‡bi KgvÛ MÖæç‡jv Kx Kx?
2| †Uwej KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
3| Bjv‡÷ªkb KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
4| PvU© KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
5| wjsK KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
6| †U·U KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| BbmvU© wie‡bi KgvÛ MÖæç‡jvi KvR eY©bv Ki|
GK
Kv`k Aa¨
a¨vq
†cR
R †j-AvD
vDU wie‡
e‡bi eëenvi
GB wie‡bi gva¨‡‡g Page Setuup Ges Print msµvšÍ wewfbbœ ai‡bi †m mwUs wba©viY KKiv nq G‡Z †gvU
5wU KgvÛ MÖæc i‡‡q‡Q| Them
mes, Page Setuup, Scale to Fit, Sheet Opptions, Arrannge.
11.1 Theme KgvÛ

K MÖæc
GLvbb †_‡K Fontt Gi Kvjvi, Font,
F Font Gi
G B‡d± Gess Theme cwie
ieZ©b Kiv hv‡‡e| Theme evU‡b
e
wK¬K K‡i cÖÖPzi w_g
w_ †_‡K cQ‡‡›ìwU †e‡Q wb‡Z
wb n‡e|
108
11.2 Page Settup KgvÛ MÖæc

GLv‡‡b mswk−ó evUUb †_‡K Marrgin, Orientaation (Portraait ev Lands cape)
c Paper Size, Print Area,
A
Page Break, Ba ckgraound G Qwe Ges Iq qvK©kx‡Ui †ccR AW©vi Kx n‡e
n Zv wbavi©i©Y Kiv hv‡e| wb‡P
Wv‡bb Aew¯’Z Pvi‡‡Kvbv evU‡b wK¬
w K Ki‡j Paage Setup Wvq vqvjM e· cvI Iqv hv‡e|
11.3
3 †¯‹j Uz wdU
dU Gi KgvÛm
mg~‡ni eënnvi
11.44 kxU Ackbbm-Gi KgvÛ

Ûmg~‡ni eëenvi
11.5
5 A¨v‡iÄ-G
Gi KgvÛmg~‡ni
‡n eënvi
†cR †j-AvDU wie‡bi eënvi 109
cÖkœgvjv-GMv‡iv
AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| †cR †j-AvDU wieb Kx?
2| †cR †mU-Avc Kx?
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| †cR †j-AvDU wie‡bi KgvÛ MÖæç‡jv Kx Kx?
2| w_g KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
3| †cR †mUAvc KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
4| †¯‹j wdU KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
5| kxU Ackb KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| †cR †j-AvDU wie‡bi KgvÛ MÖæç‡jvi KvR eY©bv Ki|
Øv Aa¨vvq
Øv`k
dg©yjv wie‡bi
w eënvii
GB wie‡bi mvnv‡‡h¨ wewfbœ aii‡bi MvwYwZK
K Kvhv©ewj Ges Functionn eënvi Kivv nq| GB wiebwU
wi
Øviv mg¯Í dvskbb KgvÛ mivm mwi †Ìqv hvqq| GQvov Range
R Gi bvgg †Ìqv I AAuditing Gi KvR
Kiv hvq|
12.1 Functionn Library KgvÛ

K MÖæc
GwU Øviv mg¯Í Function
F miv
ivmwi eënvi Kiv hvq| GB G KgvÛ Mæ‡ci
MÖæ cÖ_g eevUb A_v©r Innsert
Funnction evU‡b wK¬
w K Ki‡j Innsert Function WvqvjM e·
· cv‡eb|
GLbb g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e KgvÛ MÖæÖ c †_‡K Recently

R Used evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Receently eënvi
i Kiv
dvsk
k‡bi wj÷ Avvm‡e| Avevi Math & Trig Gi Wªc WvD
D‡b wK¬K Ki‡‡j GB msµvšÍ
šÍ wj÷ Avm‡ee|
dg©yjv
j wie‡bi eëenvi 111
Matth & Trig †_

_‡K Sum wm‡j±
wm Kiv n‡‡j, Insert Function
F e· †_‡K Sum wm‡j± Ki‡j
j †h
ment WvqvjM e·
Funnction Argum e Avm‡e| †mB GKB WvvqvjM e· Avm
vm‡e|
GLbb c~‡e©i cÖwµqvq

µq KvR Kivv hv‡e|
12.2 Define Name

N KgvÛ
Û MÖæc
GLvbb †_‡K g~jZ Range Gi bvgKiY
b Kiv nq
n Ges Rangge msµvšÍ KggvÛ eënvi K
Kiv nq|
wbw`©ó Ask wm‡j± K‡i GB MÖæc †_‡K Define Name wm‡j± Ki‡j †i‡Äi bvg †Ìqvi Ackb
Av‡m| Use in Formula Ackb †_‡K bvg †Ìqv Range¸wj †mj A¨v‡Wªm-Gi cwie‡Z© bvg eënvi
K‡i Formula-†Z eënvi Kiv hvq| Create from Sele ction Ask †_‡K Select Kiv †mj †_‡KB
bvg †Ìqv hvq| Name Manager–G wK¬K Ki‡j bvgKiY Kiv †iÄ¸wji we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY Av‡m|
12.3 Formula Auditing KgvÛ MÖæc

Formula Auditing- MÖæ‡ci mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv IqvK©kx‡U dg©yjv eënvi K‡i _vK‡j †m¸wj Auditing-
Gi gva¨‡g kbv³ Kiv, Remove Kiv ev kx‡U mivmwi dg©yjv cÖÖ`k©b Kiv hvq|
12.4 Culculation Options KgvÛ MÖæc

Culculation Options–MÖæ‡ci gva¨‡g Automatic bvwK Manual- cÖwµqvq K¨vjKz‡jkb n‡e †mwU
wbavi©Y K‡i †Ìqv hvq|
cÖkœgvjv-ev‡iv
AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| dg©yjv wie‡bi KvR Kx?
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| dvskb KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
2| wWdvBÛ †bg KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci KgvÛ¸‡jv Kx Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| dg©yjv wie‡bi wewfbœ Kgv‡Ûi eY©bv `vI|
Î‡qqv`k Aaa¨vq
WvUv wie‡bi
wi eënvi
e
WvUvv wieb Øviv Data
D msµvšÍ hveZxq
h KgvÛ
Û †Ìqv hv‡ee| GB wie‡bb †gvU 5wU K
KgvÛ MÖæc i‡qq‡Q|
Get External Daata, Connectiions, Sort & Filter,
F Data Tools
T I Outline.
13.1 Get Exterrnal Data KggvÛ MÖæc

GwUii gva¨‡g Access, Web ev Form Textt As‡k Wordd Pro cessor Gi †Uwej †__‡K WvUv Bgg‡cvU©
Kiv hvq| Form Other Sourcce As‡k SQL LEBD I OD
L, Form Anaalysis Servicce, XML, OL DB C
WvUvv Bg‡cvU© Kivv hvq|
13.2 Existing Connections KgvÛ MÖæc

Exissting Conneections As‡k B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g
g wewfbœ †mvm© †_‡K WvUv
W Bg‡cvU© K
Kiv hvq| GQQvovI
Connncetions As‡‡k B›Uvi‡b‡Ui
Ui gva¨‡g WvUUv Avbvi wewfwwbœ †mvm© mshy³ Kiv hvq|
13.3
3 Sort & Fiilter KgvÛ MÖæc
GwUii gva¨‡g wewf
wfbœ ai‡bi Data
D Sorting Ges Advanced Filter mn wewfbœ ai‡b
‡bi Filteringg Kiv
hvq|
A‡bK
bK eo WvUv‡ee‡Ri †¶‡Î wbw`©w ó †Kv‡bv wel‡qi Dcii WvUv Lyu‡R cvIqv
c GKwU ``yiƒn KvR| †hgb
†
g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e GKwU G eo jvBB‡eªwi‡Z jvL jvL eB‡qi g‡a¨ wbw`©ó bv‡gi
b GKwU eB Lyu‡R †eii Kiv
`yiƒnn KvR| wKš‘ hw` eB‡qi bvg¸‡jv wWK Kkbvwii g‡ZZv A¶i Abymv‡i
m mvRv‡bv _v‡K Z‡e KvRwU K
mnRR| eo WvUv‡‡e‡Ri †¶‡Î Gfv‡e mvRvv‡bvi KvRwU‡K KB Data Soorting e‡j| mvaviYZ `yBfv‡e
B
WvUvv mwU©s Kiv nqq, GKwU n‡”QQ As cendingg Order ev D””Pµg Abymv‡ii A_©vr †QvU †_‡K eo †hggb, 1
†_‡K K 10 ev A †__‡K Z-Gfv‡ee| AciwU n‡””Q DEscending ev wb¤œµg Abymv‡i A_©_©vr eo †_‡K †QvU,
†hgbb 10, 9 †_‡KK 1 ev Z †_‡KK A-Gfv‡e|
• Rup1 WvUv‡eeRwU Ly‡j Namme wd‡ìi †h h †Kv‡bv †m‡jj Kvm©i ivL‡Z

Z n‡e|
• Editing KgvÛ
Û MÖæ‡ci Sort & Filter AvB‡‡U‡gi Wªc WvD
D‡b wK¬K K‡i Sort A to Z wm
n‡
bvg¸
¸wj A †_‡K Z Abymv‡i kU©U© n‡e| Sort Z to A wm‡j±± Ki‡j Dëvf
fv‡e kU© n‡Zvv|
Datta Filter
WvUvv‡e‡Ri mg¯Í †iKW© †_‡K wbw`©
w ó †Kv‡bv k‡Z©i wfwË‡Z Z WvUv‡K †e‡‡Q †ei KivBB n‡”Q Data Filter
F
†hgbb, g‡b Ki‡ZZ n‡e ïaygvÎÎ Officer KZ ZRb Av‡Q ev e ïaygvÎ Off
fficer Ges (A And) †eZb 5000
5
UvKvvi Dc‡i ev ïay
ï gvÎ Officer A_ev (Orr) †eZb 50000 UvKvi Dc‡‡i, BZ¨vw` k k‡Z©i wfwË‡Z WvUv
wdë
ëvi Kiv|
• Rup1 dvBjwU wU Ly‡j †h †Kvv‡bv †m‡j c‡qq›Uvi ivL‡Z n‡e|
• GLb Editing KgvÛ MÖæ‡cii Sort & Filterr AvB‡U‡gi Wc
Wª WvD‡b wK¬K K‡i Filter wm
m‡j± Ki‡Z n‡‡e|
WvUvv wie‡bi eënnvi 115
cÖwZwU
Zw WvUv wd‡ì
ìi mv‡_ GKwU
wU WvDb Arrow
w mshy³ n‡q‡‡Q| GLvb †_
_‡K WvUv †e‡QQ wb‡Z n‡e|
ïaygvÎ
g Officer--†ì WvUv †``Lv
Titlee wd‡ìi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z
K n‡e| GKwU WvqvjMM e· Avm‡e GLvb †_‡K Officer Qvovv Ab¨
wd‡ì
ìi wUK gvK© DwV‡q
D w`‡Z n‡e|
n
ïaygvÎ
g Officer-†`ì WvUv †`Lvv‡e| Gfv‡e wewfbœ
we kZ© Ry‡o w`‡q WvUv wdëvi
w Kiv hhv‡e|
13.4 Data Toolls KgvÛ MÖæc

GwUii gva¨‡g Uvbbv UvBc Kiv Text †K Kj jv‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ
Z Kiv hvq| Remove Duupli cates evU vU‡bi
gva¨¨‡g GKB WvUUv GKvwaK evivi UvBc n‡q _vK‡j †mwU gyg‡Q †djv hvq vq| GB KgvÛÛ MÖæc †_‡K Data
Valiidation, Dataa Consolidation GQvovI What-if-Ana
W alysis MÖæc †_
_‡K S cenarioo Manager, Goal
Seekk I Data Tabble KgvÛ eëenvi Kiv hvqq|
13.5 Outline KgvÛ

Kg MÖæc
Outline KgvÛ MÖæc
æ †_‡K wm‡j
jKkb Kiv wK
KQy WvUv‡K Grroup/Ungroupp Ges Subtootal Kiv hvq|
|
cÖkœgvjv-†Z‡iv
AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| WvUv wieb Kx?
2| WvUv wie‡b KqwU KgvÛ MÖæc i‡q‡Q?
3| Data Filter Kx?
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| WvUv wie‡b KgvÛ MÖæç‡jv Kx Kx?
2| Get External Data KgvÛ Kx?
3| Sort & Filter KgvÛ Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| WvUv wie‡bi KgvÛ¸‡jvi bvg I KvR eY©bv Ki|

PZz
Zz`©k Aa¨¨vq
wiwfD wie‡bi
w eënvii
GB wieb Øviv g~jZ
j Proofingg Gi KvR A_v©
A r evbvb cix ix¶v, Researrch, Thesaurrus, Translatee Gi
KvR
R, Commentss msµvšÍ welqq Ges Sheet--†K Protectioon Gi KvR Kiv
K nq| GB wie‡b †gvU wZbwUwZ
KgvÛ
Û MÖæc i‡q‡QQ|
14..1 Proofingg KgvÛ MÖæc

GwU Øviv evbvb cix¶v
c Ges G msµvšÍ wewfbœbœ KgvÛ cÖ‡qvvM Kiv hvq|
G KgvÛ
K MÖæ‡ci Spelling Uz‡j wK¬K Ki‡j Spelling WvqqvjM e· Avm
m‡e|
GQvo
ov Research,, Thesaurus Ges
G Translatte Uz‡j wK¬K Ki‡j
K Task Paane-G mswk−ó Ackb Avm‡‡e|
118
14.2 Languagee KgvÛ MÖæc

GwU Øviv Bs‡iwR evK¨‡K Ab¨vb
vb¨ fvlvq Traanslate Kiv hvq|
h
14.3
3 Commentts KgvÛ MÖæc
mments MÖæ‡c
Com ci New Com
mment Uz‡j wK¬K K‡i IqvK
K©kx‡Ui †m‡j Comment m
ms‡hvM Kiv hv‡e|
h
Deleete Uzj Øviv Comment gy‡Q †djv hv‡e|
h Previious/Next Uzj Øviv c~ee©©eZx ev ciiewZ©
Com mment-G Kvmm©i †bIqv hv‡‡e| Show/H
Hide Commeent Øviv Com
mment †K jyK Kv‡bv/ cÖ`k©b Kiv
hv‡ee| Show All Comments Øviv mg¯Í Comment-
C †K GKmv‡_ cÖ`k©
kb Kiv hv‡e|
14.4 Changes KgvÛ

K MÖæc
Chaanges KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Protecct Sheet evUb
b Øviv cvmIqqv©W w`‡q kxUU‡K †cÖv‡U± K
Kiv hv‡e| Prootect
Worrkbook evUb Øviv mg¯Í IqvK©
I kxU‡K cvmIqvW©
c Øvivv †cÖv‡U± Kivv hv‡e| Sharre Workbookk Øviv
mg¯Í
¯Í IqvK©kxU‡K K wewfbœ ai‡bbi †kqvi †ÌIqv hv‡e| Alllow Users too Edit Rangee Øviv Ab¨ BD
DRvi
m‡ev©v©”P KZUzKz GwwWU Ki‡Z cvvi‡e †mwU wbaavi©Y K‡i †Ì
Iqv hv‡e|
cÖkœ
kgvjv-†PŠ
PŠÏ
AwZ
Z msw¶ß cÖkœkœ
1| wiwfD
w wieb Kx?
2| wiwfD wie‡bbi KgvÛ¸‡j
jv Kx Kx?
3| cÖæwds Kx?
msw¶
w¶ß cÖkœ
1| cÖæwds Kgv‡Û
Ûi eënvi †j
jL|
iPbbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| wiwfD
w wie‡bbi KgvÛ¸‡j
jvi KvR eY©bv
b Ki|
cÂ
Â`k Aa¨¨vq
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wi eënvi
e
Vieew wieb
GB wieb Øviv IqqvK©kxU †Kvb View-†Z cÖ`wk©Z n‡e, Zoom
Z Kx n‡ee| GKvwaK d dvBj †Lvjv _vK‡j
_
Kxfvv‡e cÖ`wk©Z n‡e
n Ges Macrro msµvšÍ KggvÛ †Ìqv hv‡e
‡e| GB wie‡bb †gvU 5wU KggvÛ MÖæc i‡q‡QQ|
15.1 Workbook Views Kgv

gvÛ MÖæc
GB KgvÛ MÖæc Øvviv ¯Œx‡b IqvK K©eyK Kxfv‡e cÖ`Ö wk©Z n‡e †mwU K †Ìqv hv‡v‡e| Normal evUb
† wba©viY K‡i
wm‡jj± Ki‡j mg¯Í¯Í IqvK©eyK GK Kmv‡_ mvaviYYfv‡e cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Page Layout wm‡j±± Ki‡j wcÖ‡›Ui Ui ci
KvM‡‡R cÖwZwU c„ôv †hfv‡e wcÖ›U n‡e †mfv‡e IqvK©
I eyK cÖ`wk© wkZ n‡e| Pagge Break Prevview-†Z wcÖ‡›Ui
Ui ci
c„ôv †Kv_vq ˆZwi n‡e, †mB wf‡‡D‡Z IqvK©eK y cÖ`wk©Z n‡ee| Custom View-
V †Z wb‡R
Ri B”Qvg‡Zv View
V
ˆZwi
wi Kiv hv‡e| Full
F Screen View-
V †Z wiebb, Office Uzj,
j Quick Aceeess Uzjevi ev‡v‡` mg¯Í ¯Œxb Ry‡o
IqvKK©kxU †`Lv hv‡‡e| Esc †cÖm Ki‡j
K Avevi c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡e| |
15.2 Show/Hidde KgvÛ MÖæc

GwUii Øviv IqvK©eye‡K wewfbœ AvB‡Ug
A cÖ`wk©Z ev cÖ`k©b eÜ
e Kiv hv‡ee| †hgb Ruller, Formula Bar,
Griddlines, Headings I Messsage Bar hw` ` wm‡j± (√) (wUK wPýmn)) _v‡K Z‡e GG¸wj cÖ`wk©Z n‡e
Ab¨¨_vq cÖ`wk©Z n‡e
n bv|
120
15.3
3 Zoom KggvÛ MÖæc
GwU Øviv IqvK©kx‡Ui
x Zoom wbavi©
wb Y Kiv nq|n Zoom evvU‡b wK¬K Kii‡j KZ cv‡m m©›U Ryg n‡e †mwU
wbavii©‡Yi WvqvjMM e· Av‡m| 100% evU‡bb wK¬K Ki‡jj Zoom n‡e 100% Ges wwbw`©ó Ask wm‡j±
wm
K‡ii Zoom to Seelection evU‡bb wK¬K Ki‡j
j wm‡j± Kiv Ask
A Ryg n‡ee| GQvov Staatus ev‡ii ¯øvBWvi
B
WªvM K‡iI Zoom m †QvU/eo Ki
iv hvq|
15.4 Window KgvÛ

K MÖæc
GKvvwaK IqvK©eKy GKmv‡_ †LvLvjv _vK‡j GBB MÖæcwU eënnvi Kiv nq| New Windoow-†Z wK¬K Ki‡j
K
Norrmal View-†Z Z DB‡Ûv Avmm‡e| Arrangee All evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Wvq vm‡eG GLvb †_‡K
vqvjM e· Avm
Tileed, Cas cadde, Horizontaal ev Verticaal fv‡e cÖ`k©b Kiv hv‡e| IqvK©ey‡K Kvm©i †i‡L Split
evU‡‡b wK¬K Ki‡j
j †mLvb †_‡KK IqvK©eK
y fvvM n‡q hv‡e| Hide/Unhidde KgvÛ eënnvi K‡i IqvK K©kxU
†K cÖ`k©b/jyKv‡bv
bv hv‡e| Freeze Panes Øviv
iv Row/Colum mn †K wdªR Kiv
K hv‡e|
Save Workspacee Øviv IqvK©eyeK‡K †mf KivK hv‡e| Sw witch Windoows Øviv GKKvwaK dvBj †Lvjv
†
_vK‡‡j GKwU †_‡K‡K Av‡iKwU‡Z
Z hvIqv hv‡e|
15.5 Macros IqvK©

I MÖæc
GwU Øviv g¨v‡µv ˆZwi
ˆ Kiv Gees g¨v‡µv ivb Kiv‡bv hv‡e|
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AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| wfD wieb Kx?
2| wfD wie‡b KqwU KgvÛ K‡q‡Q?
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| IqvK©eyK wfD ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2| Show/Hide Kgv‡Ûi KvR Kx?
3| Zoom Kgv‡Ûi KvR Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| wfD wie‡bi KgvÛ¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|

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IqvK©k
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IqvK K©kxU cvewjwk
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kb _v‡K Gi g‡a¨ Quick Print bv‡g GK
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16.1 IqvK©kxU wcÖ›U Kiv

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† WKz‡g‡‡›Ui AvDUcyU †Ìqvi Ab¨b¨Zg Ackb n‡”Q
n wcÖ›U †Ì Iqv| A_©vr wwcÖÖ›Uvi †gwkb w`‡q
wcÖ›U Ki‡Z n‡e| †h †Kv‡bv WKz‡g‡›Ui wcÖ w ›U Kwc‡K nvW© Kwc e‡‡j| wewfbœ KKgvÛ w`‡q wewfbœ
we
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ps
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gvÛ w`‡Z n‡ee| A_ev Kx †evW©
† Ctrl+P KgvÛ w`‡j
†_‡K C
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jM e· Avm‡ee|
IqvK©kxU cvewjwks 123
16.2 Printer Selection

GKvwaK wcÖ›Uvi WªvBfvi mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j Kiv _vK‡j G Ackb †_‡K †Kv‡bv wcÖ›Uv‡i wcÖ›U Ki‡Z
n‡e Zv wm‡j± Ki‡Z nq|
16.3 Print Area Settings

Print Active Sheet Ackb †_‡K mKj c„ôv, bvwK wbw`©ó c„ôv ev wbe©vwPZ (Selection) Ask wcÖ›U
Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wm‡j± Ki‡Z nq|
Pages Ackb †_‡K KZ bs c„ôv n‡Z KZ bs c„ôv wcÖ›U Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wm‡j± Ki‡Z nq|
Orientation Ackb †_‡K Portrait bvwK Landscape wcÖ›U Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wm‡j± Ki‡Z nq|
Paper size Ackb †_‡K †h mvB‡Ri KvM‡R wcÖ›U Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wm‡j± Ki‡Z nq|
16.4 Quick Access

A Uzjevii †_‡K Prinnt KgvÛ A_ _ev Kx †evWW© †_‡K Ctrrl+P KgvÛ w`‡q
cÖ‡qvRbxq
qv Ackbb wm‡j± K‡ii Print evU‡bb wK¬K Ki‡j
j IqvK©kxU wcÖ›U n‡e|
16..5 IqvK©kxUU Prepare Option

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d wmwK
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e Kiv, Digital Signnature eënvii BZ¨vw` A‡bbK bZzb Ack kb i‡q‡Q| GRb¨
G
cÖ_‡g dvBj‡K Prepare
P K‡i wb‡Z
w nq| Offfice evU‡bi Wªc WvDb †gb gby¨ †_‡K Preppare wm‡j± Ki‡j
K
GB mg¯Í
m Ackb cvIqv hv‡e|
kb wm‡j± Kii‡j dvB‡ji bvg, mvBR BZ¨vw`

Proppertis - Ack B Ackbb cvIqv hv‡ee| GQvovI Title,
T
Authhor BZ¨vw` m¤^
m ‡Ü Rvbv hv‡v‡e, Read onnly, Hidden, Ar
A chive, Syystem BZ¨vw` Ack‡bi ÷¨vUvm
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N
Heaader/Footer BZ¨vw`
B hw` msshy³ K‡i _v‡K
Kb, Z‡e GB Ack‡bi Øviiv †`Lv hv‡e|
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wKDwiwU‡K evo
ov‡bv hv‡e|
Addd a Digital Siggnature - wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b Kvm©i †i‡L
† GB Ack
k‡bi Øviv Diggital Signaturee mshy³ Kiv hv‡e|
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GB Ack‡b
A †gvU 2wU Ackb _vK‡e|
_ dvBj
j‡K E- mail ev
e Internet Fax
F G cvVv‡bvvi Ackb _vK
K‡e|
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K
GB Ackb
A Øviv Network-
N G eënvi
e Dc‡hvvMx K‡i ˆZwi Kivi Ackbb _vK‡e|
Exccel Options
Offiice Wªc WvDb
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Option| GwU‡Z wK¬
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A G‡ZZ wewfbœ ai‡bi
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A wm‡j± Ki‡j
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eënvwiK 131
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eënvwiK 133
Re bs-2 ZvwiL : ..........................

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cviv hvq D³ Kw¤úDUv‡i Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi bvg| Avgiv mvaviY Windows Xp Windows 98,
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Professional Ackb wm‡j± Kwi|
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eënvwiK 135
wPÎ 2.3 : Add or remove Dialogue box
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wPÎ : Add Fonts Dialogue Box

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WªvBfvi, g‡Wg WªvBfvi, wfwRG KvW© WªvBfvi kbv³ Kiv hvq|
eënvwiK 137
Re bs-3 ZvwiL : ..........................

R‡ei bvg : MS Excel Pvjy K‡i Gi Screen cwiwPwZ I †K¬vR (eÜ) Kiv|
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3| Microsoft Office Excel 2007 Lyj‡e Ges h_vixwZ Excel Gi QK KvUv GKwU duvKv w¯Œb Avm‡e|
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138
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eënvwiK 139
Quick Access Uzjevi : Office evU‡biWvb cv‡k Aew¯’Z wZbwU evUb (wWdë) Ges GKwU Wªc WvDb
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eënvwiK 141
wieb‡K A¨v‡·m Kiv : Office 2007G wiebB n‡”Q me‡P‡q ¸i“c~Y© Uzj| Kx-†evW© ev gvDm †h †Kv‡bv
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Status Bar : Horizontal Scroll
Status evi| †÷Uvm ev‡i Ready †jLv _vK‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Kvm©‡ii eZ©gvb Ae¯’v †jLvi Dc‡hvMx
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eënvwiK 143
Excel †_‡K †ei nIqv : dvB‡j KvR Ki‡Z bv PvB‡j dvBj Close Kiv nq| wKš‘ Excel-G Avi KvR
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eënvwiK 145
Name, Address I Title wd‡ìi Bappi, Khulna, Director BZ¨vw` †jLv¸wj †m‡ji evgw`K †Nu‡l (Left
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2| GLvb †_‡K Save-G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Save As WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| File Name As‡k Rup1 bvg
w`‡q Save evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
eZ©gvb dvBjwU Close Kiv : eZ©gvb dvBjwU‡K BwZg‡a¨B Save Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Avgiv dvBjwU‡K
Close Kie| wb‡gœv³ KgvÛ Step by Step cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e :
1| Quick Access Uzjevi †_‡K Office evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Wªc WvDb Avm‡j me‡P‡q wb‡P Aew¯’Z Close
evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| (Home, Insert BZ¨vw` †jLv wieb/†gbyëvi me‡P‡q Wv‡b Close evU‡b (×)
wK¬K K‡iI KvRwU Kiv hv‡e)
2| †klevi †mf Kivi ci †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b K‡i _vK‡j mZK©Zv cÖkœmn (Do You want to save the
changes you made to...) WvqvjM e· G‡j Yes evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| dvBjwU eÜ n‡e wKš‘ Excel 2007 †Lvjv _vK‡e|
eënvwiK 147
Re bs-5 ZvwiL : ..........................

R‡ei bvg : c~‡e© †mf K‡i ivLv dvBj Open K‡i Cell, Row, Column Ges
Sheet-†K Insert I Delete Kiv|
Save K‡i ivLv dvBj Open Kiv : wewfbœ mg‡q Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgiv wewfbœ ai‡bi dvBj ˆZwi
K‡i Avjv`v Avjv`v bvg w`‡q wbw`©ó †jv‡Kk‡b (WªvBf Ges †dvìvi) Save K‡i ivwL| cieZ©x‡Z †mB
dvBj Ly‡j Print ev wewfbœ ai‡bi Edit-Gi KvR K‡i _vwK| GBgvÎ †h dvBjwU Save K‡i Close K‡i
ivLjvg GLb Avgiv †mB dvBjwU Lyje|
Quick Access Uzjevi †_‡K Office evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Wªc WvDb G‡j Open evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
(Wªc WvD‡bi Wvb As‡k dvB‡ji wj÷ _vK‡e †mLvb †_‡K Rup1 †K mivmwi †Lvjv hv‡e|)
Open WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K Rup1 wm‡j± K‡i Open evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Kvw•¶Z
dvBjwU Ly‡j hv‡e|
Cell, Row Ges Column-†K Insert I Delete Kiv : Excel-Gi Sheet-G

†h †Kv‡bv mgq AwZwi³ Row,
Column ev Cell ms‡hvRb ev gy‡Q †djv hvq| GKwU WvUv †Uwe‡j WvUv‡emwU K‡qK nvRvi †jv‡Ki
WvUv‡em Kiv Av‡Q Ges 5 bs mvwii WvUvi C Kjv‡g Address-Gi N‡i fzjµ‡g Meherpur †jLv
n‡q‡Q| Avi GB fzj nevi Kvi‡Y wb‡Pi me N‡ii Address-¸‡jv fyj n‡q‡Q| KviY 6 b¤î mvwi‡Z
Meherpur n‡e Ges 6 b¤^‡i †hwU †jLv Av‡Q †mwU 7 b¤^‡i n‡e| G‡¶‡Î †Kv‡bv WvUv bv gy‡Q hw` 5
bs mvwii WvUvwU 6 b¤^‡i Ges 6 b¤^‡iiwU 7 b¤^‡iÑ Gfv‡e gyf Kiv hvq Z‡e GKwUgvÎ Kgv‡Ûi
gva¨‡gB WvUv‡emwU mwVK K‡i †bIqv hvq| bZzb GKwU Cell †K Insert Gi gva¨‡g GB mgm¨vi
mgvavb Kiv hvq|
Office evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Open KgvÛ w`‡q Avcbvi ˆZwi Kiv Rup1 dvBjwU Lyjb
y Ges Sheet1-G wK¬K
Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev Rup1 dvB‡ji WvUv‡e‡mi g‡Zv GKwU dvBj ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
duvKv Cell †K Insert Kiv :

1| C5 †mj wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribbon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Cells KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Insert evU‡b wK¬K K‡i
Insert Cells... KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
Insert WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Shift cells right Ges Shift cells down Ackb †`Lv hv‡e|
3| Shift cells down †iwWI evUb wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| †k‡l OK Ki‡Z n‡e| C5 †mjwU duvKv n‡e Ges WvUv¸wj GK †mj K‡i wb‡P †b‡g hv‡e|
†iwWI evUb wm‡j± Ki‡j WvUv¸‡jv GK †mj K‡i Wv‡b m‡i †hZ| GKvwaK
Shift cell right Cell
wm‡j± _vK‡j †mB msL¨K †m‡ji Rb¨ GKB KvR n‡Zv|
duvKv Cell-†K Delete Kiv :

1| C5 †mjwU wm‡j± bv _vK‡j wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribbon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Cells KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Delete evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Delete
Cells... KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e| Delete WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Shift Cells Left Ges Shift Cells Up Ackb _vK‡e|
1| Shift Cells Up †iwWI evUb wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| †k‡l OK Ki‡Z n‡e| C5 †m‡j wb‡Pi cÖ‡Z¨K †m‡ji
WvUv GK †mj K‡i Dc‡i D‡V Avm‡e|
GKvwaK Cell wm‡j± _vK‡j WvUv¸wj wm‡j± Kiv Cell Gi
msL¨vq Dc‡i D‡V AvmZ| Shift Cell Left wm‡j± _vK‡j
WvUv¸wj GK †mj K‡i ev‡g m‡i AvmZ| D‡j−L¨, †Kv‡bv
Cell ev GKvwaK Cell-†K wm‡j± K‡i Kx-†evW© †_‡K Delete-
Kx †cÖm Ki‡j WvUv gy‡Q hvq wKš‘ †Kv‡bv †m‡ji WvUv
¯’vbvš—wiZ nq bv|
duvKv Column-†K Insert Kiv :

1| C Kjv‡gi †h †Kv‡bv †mj wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribbon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Cells
KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Insert evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Insert Sheet
Columns KgvÛ Entire w`‡Z n‡e| Columns †iwWI evUb
wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e Ges OK Ki‡Z n‡e| bZzb GKwU
duvKv Kjvg ˆZwi n‡e Ges Ab¨ Kjv‡gi WvUv¸wj GK
Kjvg K‡i Wv‡b m‡i hv‡e|
eënvwiK 149
GKvwaK Kjvg ev Kjv‡gi †mj wm‡j± _vK‡j GKvwaK bZzb Kjvg ˆZwi n‡Zv Ges WvUv¸wj †mB msL¨K
Kjv‡g Wv‡b m‡i †hZ|
duvKv Column †K Delete Kiv :

3| C Kjv‡gi †h †Kv‡bv Cell G Kvm©i (c‡q›Uvi) ivLyb ev m¤ú~Y© C Kjvg wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| †gby¨ †_‡K Cells KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Delete evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Delete Sheet Columns KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
duvKv KjvgwU gy‡Q hv‡e Ges mg¯Í WvUv GK Kjvg ev‡g m‡i Avm‡e|
duvKv Row †K Insert Kiv :

5| C5 †m‡j Kvm©i (c‡q›Uvi) ivLyb ev m¤ú~Y©
5 b¤î mvwi (Row) wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribbon wm‡j± _vKv
Ae¯’vq Cells KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Insert evU‡b
wK¬K K‡i Insert Sheet Row KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
bZzb GKwU duvKv mvwi Avm‡e Ges WvUv¸wj
GKmvwi wb‡P †b‡g hv‡e|
GKvwaK mvwi ev mvwii †mj wm‡j± _vK‡j
GKvwaK bZzb mvwi cvIqv †hZ Ges †mB Abymv‡i
WvUv m‡i †hZ|
duvKv Row †K Delete Kiv :

7| 5 b¤î mvwii †h †Kv‡bv †mj-G Kvm©i ivLyb ev m¤ú~Y© 5 b¤î mvwi wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
8| †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribbon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Cells KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Delete Ackb †_‡K Delete
Sheet Row KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
duvKv mvwiwU gy‡Q hv‡e Ges WvUv Dc‡i D‡V Avm‡e| D‡j−L¨, mg¯Í Kjvg ev mvwi wm‡j± K‡i Kx-
†evW© †_‡K Delete-Kx †cÖm Ki‡j WvUv gy‡Q hv‡e wKš‘ WvUv ¯’vbvš—wiZ n‡e bv|
bZzb Sheet-†K Insert Kiv : hwÌ Excel-Gi cÖwZ Workbook-G mvaviYZ Sheet1, Sheet2 I Sheet3
_v‡K, Z_vwc G Ae¯’vq bZzb Worksheet ìKvi n‡j Avbv hv‡e|
9| dvB‡ji wb‡Pi w`K †_‡K Sheet3 †Z wK¬K K‡i wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
10| †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribbon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Cells KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Insert Ackb †_‡K Insert
Sheet KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
Sheet4 bv‡g bZzb GKwU Sheet cvIqv hv‡e|
Sheet †K Delete Kiv :

11| Sheet4 wm‡j± K‡i †gby¨ †_‡K Home Ribbon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Cells KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Delete
Ackb †_‡K Delete Sheet KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e| Sheet Delete n‡q hv‡e|
Re bs-6 ZvwiL : ..........................

R‡ei bvg : Worksheet-G µwgK b¤î, gv‡mi bvg, GKvwaK wd‡ì Data
w`‡q c~iY Kiv|
Data Fill : Worksheet-Gi cvkvcvwk †m‡j (Continuous) GKB RvZxq WvUv †hgb µwgK msL¨v,
gv‡mi bvg A_ev w`‡bi bvg BZ¨vw` †jLvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G Ae¯’vq 1, 2, 3 Gfv‡e wjL‡Z A‡bK
mg‡qi e¨vcvi| wKš‘ Avcwb hw` Data Fill-Gi wbqg Rv‡bb Z‡e e¨vcviwU LyeB mnR|
µwgK b¤î ˆZwi Kiv :

1| Office evU‡b wK¬K K‡i New KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e| New Workbook WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
GLvb †_‡K Blank Workbook wm‡j± K‡i Create evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| duvKv Workbook Avm‡e|
2| A1 I A2 †m‡j 1 I 2 wjLyb|
3| A1 †_‡K A2 ch©šÍ wm‡j±/Block Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| A2 †m‡ji wb‡P Wvbw`‡K GKwU †QvU Kv‡jv e· () _vK‡e| GB wP‡ý gvDm c‡q›Uvi wb‡j
c‡q›UviwU cvm wP‡ý (+) iƒcvš—wiZ n‡e| GwU‡KB Fill Handle e‡j|
5| Fill Handle G‡j, gvD‡mi evg †evZvg wK¬K K‡i wb‡Pi w`‡K Wª¨vM K‡i A20 †m‡j G‡b †Q‡o
w`‡Z n‡e| GLb A20 †mj ch©šÍ avivevwnK msL¨v w`‡q c~Y© n‡e|
Gfv‡e A1 I A2 †m‡j 5 I 10 wj‡L Data Fill Ki‡j 5, 10, 15, 20– Gfv‡e c~Y© n‡e|
eënvwiK 151
gv‡mi bvg w`‡q Data Fill :

6| A1 †m‡j January UvBc K‡i Enter w`‡Z n‡e|
7| AveviI †mj c‡q›Uvi‡K A1 †m‡ji wb‡P Wvbw`‡Ki †QvU Kvj e‡· () AvbybÑ cvm mvBb (+)
ev Fill Handle Avm‡e|
8| Fill Handle G‡j wb‡Pi w`‡K Wª¨vM K‡i A12 †m‡j G‡m gvDm evUb †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e|
†mj¸wj, January, February, March Gfv‡e c~Y© n‡e| Fill Handle †K Row Abymv‡i Wª¨vM K‡iI
Row-Gi †mj¸wj c~Y© Kiv hv‡e|
9| †h †Kv‡bv †m‡j Sunday wj‡L Data Fill Ki‡j Sunday, Monday Gfv‡e c~Y© n‡e| 01/01/04
Gfv‡e ZvwiL wj‡L Data Fill Ki‡j 01/01/04, 02/01/04, 03/01/04 Gfv‡e c~Y© n‡e|
GKvwaK wd‡ì Data Fill Kiv :

GKmv‡_ GKvwaK wd‡ìI Data Fill Kiv m¤¢e|
10| A1 †m‡j January, B1 †m‡j Sunday, C1 †m‡j 01/01/04 UvBc K‡i Enter w`‡Z n‡e|
11| A1, B1 Ges C1 †mj eK/wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
12| C1 †m‡ji wb‡Pi Fill Handle †K Wª¨vM K‡i C12 †mj ch©šÍ Avbyb|
GKvwaK Kjv‡g GKmv‡_ Data Fill n‡e|

Re bs-7 ZvwiL : ..........................

R‡ei bvg : Chart ev MÖvd ˆZwi I GwWU Kiv|
†Kv‡bv wi‡cv‡U©i WvUv cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ me‡P‡q mnR Dcvq n‡jv Graph ev Chart| Excel-G wewfbœfv‡e
Chart-Gi gva¨‡g WvUv‡K Zz‡j aiv hvq Ges Chart-†K wewfbœ ÷vB‡j mvRv‡bv hvq| Excel-Gi Chart
Wizard †_‡K Avcbvi B‡”Qg‡Zv Chart cQ›` K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†Z Standard Chart Gi g‡a¨ †gvU 15 ai‡bi MÖ“c PvU© Ges Custom Chart-Gi g‡a¨ †gvU
Excel-2003
20 ai‡bi MÖæc PvU© Av‡Q| cÖwZwU MÖæ‡c Avevi GKvwaK ai‡bi mve PvU© Av‡Q|
GLb GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi Sales Report-Gi Dci GKwU c~Y©v½ PvU© ïiæ †_‡K ˆZwi Kivi cÖwµqv †`Le|
PvU©wU‡Z January, February Ges March gv‡m PC, CD I Disk wewµi Dci WvUv cÖ`k©b Kiv‡bv Av‡Q|
X-axis-G gvm (month) Ges Y-axis-G cwigvY (unit) †`wL‡q Label ms‡hvRb Kiv Av‡Q| G Qvov
Legend Gi gva¨‡g PC, CD I Disk †K gvK© Kiv Av‡Q|
GLb Avgiv wb‡Riv PvU©wU ˆZwi Kie| wb‡Pi Step-¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
ïiæ Kiv hvK :

1| Office evU‡b wK¬K K‡i New KgvÛ w`‡q GKwU bZzb Workbook Lyjyb|
2| ûeû wb‡Pi g‡Zv WvUv w`‡q Worksheet-wU c~Y© Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| A1 †_‡K D4 ch©šÍ Wª¨vM K‡i wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|

4| †gby¨ †_‡K Insert Ribbon wm‡j± K‡i Charts KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv GKwU Ackb wm‡j±
Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb, Column Wªc WvDb †gby¨ ev Av‡iv Pv‡U©i wewfbœ wWRvBb Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K
GKwU wWRvBb wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
eënvwiK 153
5| Worksheet-G Avcbvi mvg‡b Chart-wU †`Lv hv‡e|
†gbyëv‡i j¶ Ki‡Z n‡e Chart Tools-Gi wb‡P Design, Layout, Format bv‡g bZzb wZbwU †gby¨ Ackb
†hvM n‡q‡Q|
6| File-wU Chart1 bv‡g †mf Ki‡Z n‡e|
PvU© GwWU Kiv : PvU©wU‡Z Legend off/on, Title, Data Labels, Data Table, Gridline, Wall-Gi cwieZ©b,
Area wU‡K Kvjvi w`‡q Fill BZ¨vw` Ki‡Z wb‡Pi Step-¸‡jv G‡K G‡K AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
PvU©wU wm‡j± bv _vK‡j †gby¨‡Z bZzb Avmv Ribbon-mg~n _vK‡e bv|
Steps :
1| PvU©wU wm‡j± bv _vK‡j wK¬K K‡i wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| †gby¨ †_‡K Design Ribbon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Type KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Change Chart Type KgvÛ
w`‡Z n‡e|
evgw`‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi PvU© †`Lv hv‡e †hgb Column, Bar, Line, Pie BZ¨vw`| cÖwZwU AvB‡U‡g wK¬K
Ki‡j Wvbw`‡K Qwemn Chart Sub-Type Avm‡e| Chart Type Ack‡bi ¯úyjev‡i wK¬K K‡i wb‡Pi
w`‡K Aewkó PvU© UvBc †`Lv hv‡e|
1| evgw`‡Ki Ni †_‡K Column Ackb wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| Wvbw`‡Ki Ackb †_‡K cÖ_g mvwii cÖ_g jvB‡bi PZz_© AvB‡Ug 3-D Clustered Column wK¬K K‡i
eënvwiK 155
3| OK evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|

Avcbvi ˆZwi Kiv PvU©wU cwiewZ©Z n‡q 3-D Effect-mn †`Lv hv‡e|
Chart Title
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000 PC
20000 CD
10000 DISK
0
January
February
March
GLb PvU©wU‡Z c~YZ © v Avbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ Ack‡b †hgb Tile, Legend, Data Labels, Data Table,
Gridlines BZ¨vw` mshy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Pv‡U© Title ms‡hvM : GLb Pv‡U© Horizontal I Vertical UvB‡Uj ms‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| PvU©wU GKwU
†Kv¤úvwbi Sales Report-GiDci ˆZwi| myZivs g~j UvB‡Uj n‡e Sales Report Ges X-axis ev
Horizontal cwRk‡b gv‡mi bvg †jLv Av‡Q| GRb¨ X-axis G Months Ges Z-axis ev Vertical cwRk‡b
AvB‡U‡gi cwigvY †`Lv‡”Q, †m Kvi‡Y Z-axis-G Number UvB‡Uj wè|
4| †gby¨ †_‡K Layout Ribbon wm‡j± K‡i Levels KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Chart Title Ack‡b wK¬K K‡i
Above Chart KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
Chart Title bv‡gGKwU bZzb Ackb Avm‡e| GLv‡b wK¬K K‡i UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e Sales Report.
5| Levels KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Axis Titles Ack‡b wK¬K K‡i Primary Horizontal Axis Title Ackb †_‡K
Title Below Axis wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| Category (X) axis-Gi wb‡Pi e‡· Monthly UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
7| AveviI Levels KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Axis Titles Ack‡b wK¬K K‡i Primary Vertical Axis Title Ackb
†_‡K Rotated Title wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| axis Gi e‡· Number UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
eënvwiK 157
Gridlines ms‡hvM : GLb Chart G wewfbœ ai‡bi MÖxW jvBb A_©vr Horizontal Ges Vertical jvB‡bi ms‡hv‡M ˆZwi
Kiv †QvU †QvU Ni ms‡hvM Kie| GB MÖxW jvBb _vK‡j Value ev gvb eyS‡Z myweav nq| Pv‡U©i wewfbœ Axis G Major
Ges Minor bv‡g `yB ai‡bi Ackb _v‡K| Major MÖxW wKQyUv duvKv duvKv Ges Minor MÖxW A‡c¶vK…Z Nb n‡e|
8| AxisKgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Gridlines Ack‡b wK¬K K‡i Primary Horizontal Gridlines Ackb †_‡K
Major Gridlines wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
GKB wbq‡g Axis KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Gridlines Ack‡b wK¬K K‡i Primary Vertical Gridlines Ackb
†_‡K Major Gridlines wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| Preview As‡k AviI AwaK Horizontal I Vertical jvBb
cvIqv hv‡e|
Legend ms‡hvM : wewfbœ ai‡bi WvUv †gKvm© (AvB‡U‡gi bv‡gi evi) wewfbœ is ev bKkvq n‡q _v‡K|
†KvbwU w`‡q Kx †evSv‡bv nq Zv mn‡R †evSvi Rb¨ Legend eënvi Kiv nq| Pv‡U©i
Wv‡b/ev‡g/Dc‡i/wb‡P wewfbœ w`‡K Legend emv‡bv hvq| KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Legend Ack‡b Show Legend
Left, Right, Top, Bottom Ackb wm‡j± _vK‡j Legend †`Lv hvq| Show Legend wm‡j± bv _vK‡j
†Kv_vI Legend †`Lv hvq bv|
9| Levels KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Legend Ack‡b wK¬K K‡i Show Legend Left wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
Data Lables ms‡hvM : Pv‡U© WvUv †gKvm© ev wP‡Îi gva¨‡g WvUv cÖKvk Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq WvUv
†gKvm© QvovI msL¨v ev bv¤^vi WvUv †gKv‡m©i Dci wj‡L †Ìqv hvq| G‡Z MÖvdwU eyS‡Z AviI myweav
nq| †hgb None wm‡j± Ki‡j †Kv‡bv †j‡ej _vK‡e bv, Show wm‡j± Ki‡j WvUv †gKv‡m© (Column
MÖv‡di †¶‡Î j¤^v evi) †j‡ej wn‡m‡e msL¨v _vK‡e|
10| Layout Ribbon wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Levels KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Data Labels Ack‡b wK¬K K‡i Show
eënvwiK 159
Chart-Gi WvUv †gKv‡m©i Dci msL¨v †`Lv hv‡e|
Table ms‡hvM : †h WvUv †Uwe‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i PvU© ev MÖvdwU ˆZwi Kiv nq, Pv‡U©i mv‡_ †mB
†UwejwUI mshy³ Kiv hvq| G‡Z Qwei gva¨‡g Z_¨ cvIqvi cvkvcvwk †UwejwUI _v‡K|
11| Levels KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Data Tables Ackb †_‡K Show Data Table Ackb wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
12| Pv‡U©i mv‡_ WvUv †UwejwUI †`Lv hv‡e| †`Lyb, wewfbœ Ackbmn GKwU PvU© cvIqv hv‡e|
13| cÖ‡qvR‡b Worksheet-Gi MÖvdwU‡Z wK¬K K‡i †h †Kv‡bv Kb©vi c‡q›U Wª¨vM K‡i GKUz eo Ki‡Z
n‡e| †k‡l dvBjwU †mf Ki‡Z n‡e|
eënvwiK 161
Re bs-8 ZvwiL : ..........................

R‡ei bvg : Save As, Home Ribbon, WvUv Transpose/Paste Special
Kgv‡Ûi eënvi Kiv|
cÖ_g evi dvBj †mf Kivi Rb¨ Save KgvÛ w`‡j Save As WvqvjM e· Av‡m Ges dvB‡ji bvg I
†jv‡Kkb wm‡j± K‡i w`‡Z nq| cieZ©x‡Z hZeviB Save KgvÛ †Ìqv †nvK bv †Kb, Av‡Mi †Ìqv
bv‡g Ges GKB †jv‡Kk‡b †mf n‡Z _v‡K| Av‡Mi WvUv AweK…Z †i‡L Ges bZzb WvUv
ms‡hvRb/we‡qvRb K‡i Ab¨ bv‡g Ges Ab¨ †jv‡Kk‡b Ges Ab¨ fvm©‡b dvBj †mf Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi
KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
1| Quick Access Uzjevi †_‡K Office evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| Wªc WvDb †gby¨ G‡j Save As wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e (A_ev F12 †cÖm Ki‡Z n‡e)| wewfbœ ai‡bi
Ackb Avm‡e|
GLvb †_‡K Excel Workbook wm‡j± Ki‡j Excel 2007 Gi ¯^vfvweK dig¨v‡U †mf n‡e| Excel
Macro-Enabled Workbook wm‡j± Ki‡j XML dig¨v‡U †mf n‡e| Excel Binary Workbook wm‡j±
Ki‡j Binary Format-G †mf n‡e| ejvB evûj¨ Excel 2007 G GZ †ewk cwieZ©b mvab Kiv n‡q‡Q
†h, Gi dig¨v‡U †mf Kiv dvBj Aek¨B c~‡e©i fvm©b w`‡q †Lvjv hv‡e bv| †mRb¨ Excel 97 †_‡K
2003 ch©šÍ †h †Kv‡bv fvm©‡b †Lvjvi Rb¨ Excel 97-2003 Workbook wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| G Qvov Ab¨
dig¨v‡UI †mf Kiv hv‡e|
3| Save As WvqvjM e· G‡j wbw`©ó bvg w`‡q wbw`©ó †jv‡Kk‡b †mf Ki‡Z n‡e|
Home Ribbon Gi eënvi : Home Ribbon-wU me‡P‡q cÖ_‡g Aew¯’Z KviY mPivPi eëüZ KgvÛ
w`‡q GB wiebwU mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q| mvaviYZ Cut, Copy, Paste, d‡›Ui mvBR, Bold, Italic, Underline,
Alignment BZ¨vw` mPivPi eëüZ Kgv‡Ûi mgš^‡q GB wiebwU MwVZ n‡q‡Q| GwU‡Z Clipboard,
Font, Alignment, Number, Styles, Cells I Editing KgvÛ MÖyc i‡q‡Q|
WvUv Transpose/Paste Special BZ¨vw` KgvÛ :

WvUv Transpose-Gi A_© Row-Gi WvUv Kjv‡g ev Kjv‡gi WvUv Row-†Z Kwc Kiv| GwU Paste
Special Gi Ask|
1| Rup1 dvB‡ji wewfbœ As‡ki WvUv‡K K‡qK evi wm‡j± K‡i Cut I Copy KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
2| GLb Clipboard KgvÛ MÖyc †_‡K Paste evU‡bi wb‡Pi Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b Paste
Special-mn wewfbœ ai‡bi KgvÛ Avm‡e| Paste Special wm‡j± Ki‡j Paste Special WvqvjM e·
Avm‡e|
Clipboard Taskpane-Gi eënvi : Office Clipboard-wUi GLv‡b me‡P‡q cwiewZ©Z I ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

eënvi i‡q‡Q| †c÷ Kgv‡Ûi me ai‡bi mgm¨vi GLv‡b mgvavb i‡q‡Q| †h †Kv‡bv Ae‡R±‡K
wm‡j± K‡i Cut/Copy KgvÛ w`‡j GwU Clipboard-G Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| GLv‡b †gvU 24wU AvB‡Ug
GKmv‡_ ivLv hv‡e| GB 24wUi †h †Kv‡bvwU, †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b Paste Kiv hv‡e| Aci †h †Kv‡bvwU
wm‡j± K‡i gvD‡mi Right Click K‡i Delete K‡i †Ìqv hv‡e| Paste All Kgv‡Ûi gva¨‡g Clipboard
eënvwiK 163
Gi meKqwU AvB‡Ug GKmv‡_ IqvK©ey‡K †c÷ Kiv hv‡e| Avevi Clear All KgvÛ w`‡q Clipboard-†K
duvKv Kiv hv‡e|
1| Clipboard KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci wb‡P Wv‡b Aew¯’Z Pvi‡Kvbv e· ( )-G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Clipboard
Task Pane Avm‡e Cut/Copy KgvÛ †Ìqv AvB‡Ug¸wj mvRv‡bv _vK‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
Re bs-9 ZvwiL : ..........................

R‡ei bvg : Cell Formatting/Font, Number Format/Number,
Alignment Ges Styles MÖyc KgvÛ wb‡q KvR Kiv|
GLb Avgiv †m‡j Aew¯’Z Font-†K wewfbœfv‡e Formatting Kie| Rup1 dvBjwU Ly‡j wKQy Text wm‡j±
Ki‡Z n‡e| GLb Font KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Bold, Italic, Underline, eW©vi †Ìqv, Font wm‡j±, d‡›Ui
mvBR wm‡j± A_ev Increase Font Size/Decrease Font size evU‡b wK¬K K‡i d›U †QvU/eo ev d‡›Ui
Kvjvi BZ¨vw` cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci wb‡P Wv‡b Aew¯’Z Pvi‡Kvbv e‡· (

Font ) wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Format Cells WvqvjM
e· Avm‡e Ges Font U¨ve wm‡j± _vK‡e|
eënvwiK 165
Number Format/Number KgvÛ MÖyc : g~jZ MvwYwZK msL¨vi †¶‡Î Number dig¨vU eënvi Kiv
nq| †hgb †Kv‡bv msL¨v‡Z % wPý, `kwgK wPý, gy`ªv ev Currency wPý, Fraction ms‡hvM, Date,
Time, Text dig¨vU BZ¨vwì Rb¨ Number KgvÛ MÖæc eënvi Kiv nq|
GB KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci General Ack‡bi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K Ki‡j we¯—vwiZ Ackb Av‡m|
NumberKgvÛ MÖæ‡ci wb‡P Wv‡bi Pvi‡Kvbv e‡· ( ) wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Format Cells e· Avm‡e
Ges Number U¨ve wm‡j± _vK‡e|
Alignment/Cell Marge/Indent Kiv (Alignment KgvÛ MÖæc) : Excel-G †Kv‡bv WvUv wjL‡j Text-Gi
†¶‡Î evgcvk †Nu‡l A_©vr Left Alignment Ges Value ev Numeric ev MvwYwZK msL¨v wjL‡j Wvbw`K
†Nu‡l A_©vr Right Alignment A‡Uv‡gwUK †mwUs _v‡K| B”Qv Ki‡j GB Alignment cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|
G Qvov Text-†K Vertically ev AvovAvwofv‡e †mwUs Kiv hvq| K‡qKwU †mj‡K gvR© K‡i GKwU †m‡j
cwiYZ Kiv hvq| Horizontal Ges Vertical GB `yB ai‡bi Align Kiv hvq| Horizontal Align †_‡K,
Left A_©vr evgw`‡K em‡e, Right A_©vr Wvbw`‡K Ges Center A_©vr mew`‡K mgvb RvqMv †i‡L gv‡S
em‡e, Fill A_©vr Wvb/evg mgvb Ki‡e, Justify A_©vr Wv‡b/ev‡g c‡ii jvB‡bi mv‡_ mgvb Ki‡eÑ
Gfv‡e †mwUs Kiv hv‡e| Vertical Align †_‡K Avevi Top A_©vr Dci w`K †Nu‡l em‡e, Bottom A_©vr
wb‡Pi w`K †Nu‡l em‡e, Center A_©vr Dci/wb‡P mgvb RvqMv †i‡L em‡eÑ Gfv‡e †mwUs Kiv hvq|
Dfq‡¶‡Î General †mwUs Ki‡j c~e©ve¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡e|
Rup1 dvBjwU Ly‡j †h †Kv‡bv GKwU †m‡ji Text wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| Kjvg I †iv eo K‡i wbb|
GLb Alignment KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Top, Middle, Bottom, Left, Right, Center †h †Kv‡bv Alignment
Ki‡Z n‡e| Indent evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Left/Right Indent Ki‡Z n‡e| Orientation evU‡bi Wªc WvD‡b
wK¬K K‡i †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Orientation Ki‡Z n‡e| duvKv K‡qKwU Cell wm‡j± K‡i wewfbœ gvR©
Ki‡Z n‡e|
AlignmentKgvÛ MÖæ‡ci wb‡Pi Pvi‡Kvbv e‡· wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Format Cells WvqvjM e· Avm‡e
Ges Alignment U¨ve wm‡j± _vK‡e|
eënvwiK 167
Styles MÖyc KgvÛ : GB MÖæ‡ci AvIZvq Cell I Table-†K Auto Format Kiv Ges Conditional
Formating Kivi AvB‡Ug i‡q‡Q|
Re bs- 10 ZvwiL : ..........................

R‡ei bvg : Auto Format, Conditional Format Ges MvwYwZK K¨vjKz‡jkb Kiv|
Avgiv Rvwb, wbw`©ó wKQy †mj ev Range-G cQ›`g‡Zv Kvjvi, Shading, Border Ges d‡›Ui mvBR,
Kvjvi BZ¨vw` cwieZ©b K‡i B‡”Qg‡Zv Format ev wWRvBb Ki‡Z cvwi| G QvovI Auto Format-Gi
gva¨‡g Av‡Mi ˆZwi K‡i ivLv Format cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvwi|
1| Rup1 dvB‡ji wKQy Ask wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| Style MÖæ‡ci wØZxq evUb Format as Table Gi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| ARmª Style Avm‡e,
GLvb †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv GKwU †e‡Q wbb|
3| Cell Style-Gi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| GLv‡bI †m‡ji Rb¨ ARmª Style Avm‡e| †h †Kv‡bv
Style-Gi Dci gvDm Wª¨vM Ki‡j IqvK©wk‡Ui wm‡j± Kiv As‡k wcÖwfD †`Lv‡e| cQ‡›ì Style wm‡j±
Ki‡Z n‡e|
eënvwiK 169
Conditional Formatting : Avgiv wewfbœ †m‡ji WvUv dig¨vwUs Kiv BwZg‡a¨B wk‡LwQ| GB dig¨vwUs
Gi †¶‡Î wba©vwiZ kZ©mv‡c‡¶ dig¨vwUs Kiv m¤¢e| A_©vr wbw`©ó †m‡j †KejgvÎ kZ© wgj‡j Z‡eB
dig¨vwUs n‡e Ab¨_vq bigvj _vK‡e| †hgb GKwU wWcvU©‡g›Uvj †÷v‡ii K_v Kíbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
wWcvU©‡g›Uvj †÷v‡i Stock Gi wnmve ivLv nq| GKwU AvB‡Ug wewµ n‡q G‡Kev‡i †kl n‡q †M‡j
Z‡e bZzb K‡i †Kbv nq bv| wbw`©ó cwigvY ÷K _vK‡Z _vK‡ZB bZzb K‡i AveviI gv‡ji AW©vi
†Ìqv nq| †Kv‡bv †m‡j WvUv 10000 Gi Kg ev 15000 Gi †ewk n‡j Kvjvi cwieZ©b n‡e| GB k‡Z©
GLb Conditional Formatting Kie|
1| †h †Kv‡bv †m‡j Kvm©i †i‡L Styles MÖæ‡ci Conditional Formatting Gi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e
Ges Highlight Cells Rules †_‡K Greater Than wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
Value e‡· 15000 UvBc K‡i OK Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| AveviI GKB cÖwµqvq Highlight Cells Rules wm‡j± K‡i Less Than wm‡j± K‡i Value e‡·
10000 UvBc K‡i OK Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| GLb wm‡j± Kiv †m‡j 10000 Gi Kg ev 15000 Gi †ewk wjL‡j Kvjvi cwieZ©b n‡e| GKBfv‡e
wbw`©ó †m‡j Data Bar, Color Scales I Icon †mU Kiv hv‡e|
GB MÖyc †_‡K Cell, Column, Row Ges Sheet-†K Insert I Delete Kiv hv‡e Ges
Cell KgvÛ MÖyc :
Row, Column-Gi Height, Width †K cwieZ©b Kivmn wewfbœ ai‡bi Formatting Kiv hv‡e|
Editing KgvÛ MÖyc : GB MÖyc †_‡K WvUv‡K Sum, Average BZ¨vw` MvwYwZK KvR Kiv hv‡e| Data Fill,
Clear, Sort, Filter, Find I Replace BZ¨vw` Kiv hv‡e|
MvwYwZK K¨vjKz‡jkb Kiv : GLb Avgiv wKQy MvwYwZK wnmve Kie †hgb †hvMdj, me‡P‡q eo
msL¨v, me‡P‡q †QvU msL¨v, Mo BZ¨vw`|
1| Rup1 dvBjwU Ly‡j Salary wd‡ìi me‡P‡q †k‡li †m‡j (E17) Kvm©i ivLyb|
2| Editing MÖæ‡ci Sum Uz‡ji Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K K‡i Sum wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| E17 †mj dgy©jv Avm‡e Sum (E2:E16) Ges E2 †_‡K E16 wm‡j± _vK‡e| Enter w`‡Z n‡e|
djvdj cvIqv hv‡e|
eënvwiK 171
Gfv‡e Average wm‡j± Ki‡j Mo, Count Number wm‡j± Ki‡j KqwU msL¨v †mwU, Max wm‡j± Ki‡j
me‡P‡q eo msL¨v Ges Min wm‡j± Ki‡j me‡P‡q †QvU msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e| More Functions wm‡j±
Ki‡j AviI A‡bK Function cvIqv hv‡e|
Formats, Contents, Comments BZ¨vw` gy‡Q †djv :

Clear Kgv‡Ûi eënvi : †m‡ji g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z †U·U, MÖvd (Chart), eW©vi, dgy©jv, Comment, Format
BZ¨vw` †gvQvi Rb¨ Clear KgvÛ eënvi Kiv nq| KLbI KLbI mg¯Í WvUv bv gy‡Q ïaygvÎ Format ev
Comment ev Formula BZ¨vw` †gvQvi ìKvi n‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡ÎI Clear KgvÛ eënvi Kiv nq|
1| GKwU IqvK©wk‡Ui wKQy WvUv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| Editing KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Clear evU‡bi Wªc WvD‡b
wK¬K K‡i Clear All KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e| mg¯Í WvUv Clear n‡e|
Gfv‡e Clear Formats KgvÛ w`‡j, WvUv gyQ‡e bv wKš‘ Bold, Italic BZ¨vw` †Kv‡bv Formatting Kiv
_vK‡j †mB Format gy‡Q hv‡e| Clear Content KgvÛ w`‡j WvUv gyQ‡e wKš‘ †Kv‡bv Formula eënvi
Kiv _vK‡j †mwU gyQ‡e bv| Clear Comments KgvÛ w`‡j †m‡j †Kv‡bv gš—e¨ mshy³ _vK‡j †mwU gy‡Q
hv‡e|
Re bs- 11 ZvwiL : ..........................

R‡ei bvg : Database Sort Ges Filter Kiv|
A‡bK eo WvUv‡e‡mi †¶‡Î wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv wel‡qi Dci WvUv Lyu‡R cvIqv GKwU `yiƒn KvR| †hgb
GKwU eo jvB‡eªwi‡Z jvL jvL eB‡qi g‡a¨ wbw`©ó bv‡gi GKwU eB Luy‡R †ei Kiv `yiƒn KvR| wKš‘
hw` eB‡qi bvg¸‡jv wWKkbvwii g‡Zv A¶i Abymv‡i mvRv‡bv _v‡K Z‡e KvRwU mnR| eo
WvUv‡e‡mi †¶‡Î Gfv‡e mvRv‡bvi KvRwU‡KB Data Sorting e‡j| mvaviYZ `yBfv‡e WvUv kwU©s Kiv
nqÑ GKwU n‡”Q Ascending Order ev D”Pµg Abymv‡i A_©vr †QvU †_‡K eo †hgb 1 †_‡K 10 ev A
†_‡K Z– Gfv‡e; AciwU n‡”Q Descending ev wbgœµg Abymv‡i A_©vr eo †_‡K †QvU †hgb 10, 9
†_‡K 1 ev Z †_‡K AÑ Gfv‡e|
1| Rup1 WvUv‡emwU Ly‡j Name wd‡ìi †h †Kv‡bv †m‡j Kvm©i
ivLyb|
2| Editing KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Sort & Filter AvB‡U‡gi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K
K‡i Sort A to Z wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
bvg¸wj A †_‡K Z Abymv‡i kU© n‡e| Sort Z to A wm‡j± Ki‡j
Dëvfv‡e kU© n‡Zv|
Data Filter : WvUv‡e‡mi mg¯Í †iKW© †_‡K wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv

k‡Z©i wfwË‡Z WvUv‡K †e‡Q †ei KivB n‡”Q Data Filter †hgb
ïaygvÎ Officer KZRb Av‡Q ev ïaygvÎ Officer Ges (And)
†eZb 5000 UvKvi Dc‡i ev ïaygvÎ Officer A_ev (Or) †eZb
5000 UvKvi Dc‡i, BZ¨vw` k‡Z©i wfwË‡Z WvUv wdëvi Kiv|
1| Rup1 dvBjwU Ly‡j †h †Kv‡bv †m‡j c‡q›Uvi ivLyb|
2| GLb Editing KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Sort & Filter AvB‡U‡gi Wªc WvD‡b
wK¬K K‡i Filter wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖwZwU WvUv wd‡ìi mv‡_ GKwU WvDb Arrow mshy³ n‡q‡Q|
GLvb †_‡K WvUv †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|
ïaygvÎ Officer-†ì WvUv †`Lv :

Titlewd‡ìi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| GKwU WvqvjM e·
Avm‡e, GLvb †_‡K Officer Qvov Ab¨ wd‡ìi wUK gvK© DwV‡q
w`‡Z n‡e| ïaygvÎ Officer-†ì WvUv †`Lv‡e| Gfv‡e wewfbœ
kZ© Ry‡o w`‡q WvUv wdëvi Kiv hv‡e|
eënvwiK 173
Re bs- 12 ZvwiL : ..........................

R‡ei bvg : Mini Toolbar, Insert Ribbon Gi eënvi Kiv|
Microsoft Office 2007 Gi
me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AckbwU n‡”Q Gi Mini Toolbar. IqvK©wk‡Ui †h †Kv‡bv
Ae‡R± ev Ask wm‡j± K‡i gvD‡mi Right Click Ki‡jB GB UzjeviwU Avcbvi mvg‡b †f‡m DV‡e|
GLvb †_‡K dig¨vwUs-Gi KvR †hgb Font wm‡j± Kiv, Font-Gi mvBR wVK Kiv, d›U‡K †QvU/eo
Kiv, Bold, Italic, Align Kiv, eW©vi ms‡hvM, Fill Kvjvi †Ìqv, d‡›Ui Kvjvi †Ìqv, `kwgK, Kv‡iwÝ
wPý, kZKiv wPý, Kgv BZ¨vw` †Ìqv, †mj gvR© Kiv BZ¨vw` KvR Kiv hvq| Kv‡RB GB Uzjevi
†_‡K `ªyZ dig¨vwUs-Gi KvR Kiv hvq| wm‡jKkb †_‡K Ki‡j GB Uzjevi P‡j hvq|
Insert Ribbon Gi eënvi : GB wie‡bi gva¨‡g Worksheet-G Picture, Clipart, Shape, Chart, Word
Art, Header, Footer wewfbœ ai‡bi Ae‡R±, wm¤^j Pivot Table I Pivot Chart mshy³ Kiv hvq| GB
Ribbon-G †gvU 5wU KgvÛ MÖyc i‡q‡Q †hgb Tables, Illustrations, Charts, Links I Text.
Illustration KgvÛ MÖc

y : GB KgvÛ MÖyc Øviv IqvK©wk‡U Picture, Clipart, Shapes I Smart Art mshy³
Kiv hv‡e|
IqvK©wk‡U wewfbœ ai‡bi Qwei cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| Lye
mn‡RB GB Qwe ms‡hvRb m¤¢e| wewfbœ ai‡bi Qwe ev
Wªwqs Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ Picture n‡”Q Qwe ev B‡gR Ges
Clipart, Shapes I Smart Art n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡i AuvKv nq|
Microsoft Office-G Clipart Gallarry bv‡g Avjv`v GKwU
†QvU mdUIq¨vi _v‡K| GLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi Qwe, wK¬c
AvU©, gywf I mvDÛ dvBj _v‡K| Clipart Gallary-i mg¯Í Ae‡R±‡K Office-Gi Ab¨vb¨ †cÖvMÖvg †hgb MS-
Word, MS-PowerPoint, MS-Access, MS-Publisher BZ¨vw` †cÖvMÖv‡g †kqvi Kiv hvq| GB M¨vjvwi‡K gwWdvB
K‡i Ae‡R± ms‡hvRb ev we‡qvRb Kiv hvq|
Arrange Size KgvÛ MÖyc : GLvb †_‡K wcKPvi‡K Bring to Front/Bring Forward, Send to Back/Send
Backword ev wewfbœ ai‡bi Flip ev Rotation Kiv hv‡e| Size KgvÛ MÖyc †_‡K Crop evU‡b wK¬K K‡i
ev e‡· mvBR wj‡L w`‡q Qwe‡K KvUv hv‡e|
G Qvov wewfbœ ai‡bi Align I Group/Ungroup Kiv hv‡e|
Chart KgvÛ MÖyc : GB KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi PvU© G‡b PvU© dig¨vwUs Kiv hvq|
Link KgvÛ MÖyc : AveviI Insert wie‡b wd‡i Avmyb| Links MÖyc †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Hyperlink
ˆZwi Kiv hv‡e|
Text KgvÛ MÖyc :GB KgvÛ MÖyc †_‡K IqvK©wk‡U Text Box, Header and Footer, WordArt, Signature
wewfbœ ai‡bi Object I Symbol ms‡hvM Kiv hv‡e|
evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Microsoft Office Signature Line ... KgvÛ w`‡Z
Signature Line : Signature Line
n‡e| WvqvjM e· Avm‡j OK Ki‡Z n‡e| AveviI Signature Setup WvqvjM e· Avm‡j WvUv UvBc
K‡i OK Ki‡Z n‡e Signature cvIqv hv‡e|
eënvwiK 175
Re bs- 13 ZvwiL : ..........................

R‡ei bvg : Page Layout wie‡bi eënvi Kiv|
GB wie‡bi gva¨‡g Page Setup Ges Print msµvšÍ wewfbœ ai‡bi †mwUs wba©viY Kiv nq| G‡Z †gvU
5wU KgvÛ MÖyc i‡q‡QÑ Themes, Page Setup, Scale to Fit, Sheet Options, Arrange.
Theme KgvÛ MÖyc :GLvb †_‡K Font Gi Kvjvi,

Font, Font Gi B‡d± Ges Theme cwieZ©b Kiv
hv‡e| Theme evU‡b wK¬K K‡i cÖPzi w_g †_‡K
cQ‡›ìwU †e‡Q wbb|
Page Setup KgvÛ MÖyc : GLv‡b mswk−ó evUb
†_‡K Margin, Orientation (Portrait ev
Landscape) Paper Size, Print Area, Page Break,
Background G Qwe Ges IqvK©wk‡Ui †cR AW©vi
Kx n‡e Zv wbavi©Y Kiv hv‡e| wb‡P Wv‡b
Aew¯’Z Pvi‡Kvbv evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Page Setup
WvqvjM e· cvIqv hv‡e|
Re bs- 14 ZvwiL : ..........................

R‡ei bvg : Formula wieb Gi eënvi|
GB wie‡bi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi MvwYwZK Kvh©vewj Ges Function eënvi Kiv nq| GB wiebwU Øviv
mKj dvskb KgvÛ mivmwi †Ìqv hvq| G Qvov Range Gi bvg †Ìqv I Auditing Gi KvR Kiv hvq|
Function Library KgvÛ MÖyc : GwU Øviv mKj Function mivmwi eënvi Kiv hvq| GB KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci
cÖ_g evUb A_v©r Insert Function evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Insert Function WvqvjM e· cv‡eb|
GLb KgvÛ MÖyc †_‡K Recently Used evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Recently eënvi Kiv dvsk‡bi wj÷ Avm‡e|
Avevi Math & Trig-Gi Wªc WvD‡b wK¬K Ki‡j GB msµvšÍ wj÷ Avm‡e|
Math & Trig †_‡K Sum wm‡j± Kiv n‡j, Insert Function e· †_‡K Sum wm‡j± Ki‡j †h Function
Argument WvqvjM e· Avm‡e, †mB GKB WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLb c~‡e©i cÖÖwµqvq KvR Kiv hv‡e|
eënvwiK 177
Define Name KgvÛ MÖyc : GLvb †_‡K g~jZ Range Gi bvgKiY Kiv nq Ges Range msµvšÍ KgvÛ
eënvi Kiv nq|
wbw`©ó Ask wm‡j± K‡i GB MÖyc †_‡K Define Name wm‡j± Ki‡j †i‡Äi bvg †Ìqvi Ackb Av‡m|
Use in Formula Ackb †_‡K bvg †Ìqv Range-¸‡jv †mj A¨v‡Wªm-Gi cwie‡Z© bvg eënvi K‡i
Formula-†Z eënvi Kiv hvq| Create from Selection Ask †_‡K Select Kiv †mj †_‡KB bvg †Ìqv
hvq| Name Manager-G wK¬K Ki‡j bvgKiY Kiv †iÄ¸wji we¯—vwiZ weeiY Av‡m|
Formula Auditing-MÖæ‡ci mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv IqvK©wk‡U dgy©jv eënvi K‡i _vK‡j †m¸wj Auditing-Gi
gva¨‡g kbv³ Kiv, Remove Kiv ev wk‡U mivmwi dgy©jv cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq|
Culculation Options-MÖæ‡ci gva¨‡g Automatic bvwK Manual cÖwµqvq K¨vjKz‡jkb n‡e †mwU wbavi©Y
K‡i †Ìqv hvq|
Re bs-15 ZvwiL : ..........................

R‡ei bvg : Data Ribbon Gi eënvi Kiv|
GB wieb Øviv Data msµvšÍ hveZxq KgvÛ †Ìqv hv‡e| GB wie‡b †gvU 5wU KgvÛ MÖyc i‡q‡QÑ Get
External Data, Connections, Sort & Filter, Data Tools I Outline.
Get External Data KgvÛ MÖyc :GwUi gva¨‡g Access, Web ev Form Text As‡k Word Processor-Gi
†Uwej †_‡K WvUv B‡¤úvU© Kiv hvq| Form Other Source As‡k SQL, Form Analysis Service, XML,
OLEBD I ODBC WvUv B‡¤úvU© Kiv hvq| Existing Connections As‡k B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wewfbœ
†mvm© †_‡K WvUv B‡¤úvU© Kiv hvq| G QvovI Conncetions As‡k B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g WvUv Avbvi
wewfwbœ †mvm© mshy³ Kiv hvq|
GwUi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi

Sort & Filter KgvÛ MÖyc :
Data Sorting Ges Advanced Filter-mn wewfbœ ai‡bi
Filtering Kiv hvq|
Data Tools KgvÛ MÖyc : GwUi gva¨‡g Uvbv UvBc Kiv

Text †K Kjv‡g iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv hvq| Remove Duplicates
evU‡bi gva¨‡g GKB WvUv GKvwaK evi UvBc n‡q _vK‡j
†mwU gy‡Q †djv hvq| GB KgvÛ MÖyc †_‡K Data
Validation, Data Consolidation QvovI What-if-Analysis
MÖyc †_‡K Scenario Manager, Goal Seek I Data Table
KgvÛ eënvi Kiv hvq|
†k‡l Outline KgvÛ MÖyc †_‡K wm‡jKkb Kiv wKQy WvUv‡K Group/Ungroup Ges Subtotal Kiv hvq|
eënvwiK 179
Re bs- 16 ZvwiL : ..........................

R‡ei bvg : Review, View wieb-Gi eënvi Kiv|
GB wieb Øviv g~jZ Proofing-Gi KvR A_v©r evbvb cix¶v, Research, Thesaurus, Translate-Gi KvR,
Comments msµvšÍ welq Ges Sheet-†K Protection-Gi KvR Kiv nq| GB wie‡b †gvU wZbwU KgvÛ
MÖyc i‡q‡Q|
Proofing KgvÛ MÖyc : GwU Øviv evbvb cix¶v Ges GB msµvšÍ wewfbœ KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq|
GB KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Spelling Uz‡j wK¬K Ki‡j Spelling WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|

G Qvov Research, Thesaurus Ges Translate
Uz‡j wK¬K Ki‡j Task Pane-G mswk−ó Ackb
Avm‡e| Comments MÖæ‡ci New Comment
Uz‡j wK¬K K‡i IqvK©wk‡Ui †m‡j Comment
ms‡hvM Kiv hv‡e| Delete Uzj Øviv Comment
gy‡Q †djv hv‡e| Previous/Next Uzj Øviv
c~e©eZ©x ev cieZx© Comment-G Kvm©i †bIqv
hv‡e| Show/Hide Comment Øviv Comment
†K jyKv‡bv/cÖ`k©b Kiv hv‡e| Show All
Comments Øviv mg¯Í Comment-†K GKmv‡_ cÖ`k©b Kiv hv‡e|
Changes KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Protect Sheet evUb Øviv cvmIqvW© w`‡q wkU‡K †cÖv‡U± Kiv hv‡e| Protect
Workbook evUb Øviv mg¯Í IqvK©wkU‡K cvmIqvW© Øviv †cÖv‡U± Kiv hv‡e| Share Workbook Øviv
mKj IqvK©wkU‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi †kqvi †Ìqv hv‡e| Allow Users to Edit Range Øviv Ab¨ BDRvi
m‡e©v”P KZUzKz GwWU Ki‡Z cvi‡e †mwU wbavi©Y K‡i †Ìqv hv‡e|
View wieb Gi eënvi : GB wieb Øviv IqvK©wkU †Kvb View-†Z cÖ`wk©Z n‡e, Zoom Kx n‡e|
GKvwaK dvBj †Lvjv _vK‡j Kxfv‡e cÖ`wk©Z n‡e Ges Macro msµvšÍ KgvÛ †Ìqv hv‡e| GB wie‡b
†gvU 5wU KgvÛ MÖyc i‡q‡Q|
Workbook Views KgvÛ MÖyc : GB KgvÛ MÖyc Øviv w¯Œ‡b IqvK©eyK Kxfv‡e cÖ`wk©Z n‡e †mwU wba©viY
K‡i †Ìqv hv‡e| Normal evUb wm‡j± Ki‡j mg¯Í IqvK©eyK GKmv‡_ mvaviYfv‡e cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
Page Layout wm‡j± Ki‡j wcÖ‡›Ui ci KvM‡R cÖwZwU c„ôv †hfv‡e wcÖ›U n‡e †mfv‡e IqvK©eyK cÖ`wk©Z
n‡e| Page Break Preview-†Z wcÖ‡›Ui ci c„ôv †Kv_vq ˆZwi n‡e, †mB wf‡D‡Z IqvK©eK y cÖ`wk©Z
n‡e| Custom View-†Z wb‡Ri B‡”Qg‡Zv View ˆZwi Kiv hv‡e| Full Screen View-†Z wieb, Office
Uzj, Quick Aceess Uzjevi ev‡` mg¯Í w¯Œb Ry‡o IqvK©wkU †`Lv hv‡e| Esc †cÖm Ki‡j Avevi c~‡e©i
Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡e|
eënvwiK 181
Show/Hide KgvÛ MÖc

y : GwUi Øviv IqvK©eyK wewfbœ AvB‡Ug
cÖ`wk©Z ev cÖ`k©b eÜ Kiv hv‡e| †hgb Ruler, Formula
Bar, Gridlines, Headings I Message Bar hw` wm‡j± (9)
(wUK wPýmn) _v‡K Z‡e G¸wj cÖ`wk©Z n‡e, Ab¨_vq
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e bv|
Zoom KgvÛ MÖyc : GwU Øviv IqvK©wk‡Ui Zoom wbavi©Y Kiv
nq| Zoom evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j KZ cv‡m©›U Ryg n‡e †mwU
wbavi©‡Yi WvqvjM e· Av‡m| 100% evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Zoom
n‡e 100% Ges wbw`©ó Ask wm‡j± K‡i Zoom to Selection
evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j wm‡j± Kiv Ask Ryg n‡e| G Qvov Status
ev‡ii ¯−vBWvi Wª¨vM K‡iI Zoom †QvU/eo Kiv hvq|
Window KgvÛ MÖyc : GKvwaK IqvK©eyK GKmv‡_ †Lvjv _vK‡j GB MÖycwU eënvi Kiv nq| New
Window-†Z wK¬K Ki‡j Normal View †Z DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| Arrange All evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j WvqvjM e·
Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K Tiled, Cascade, Horizontal ev Vertical-fv‡e cÖ`k©b Kiv hv‡e| IqvK©ey‡K Kvm©i
†i‡L Split evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j †mLvb †_‡K IqvK©eyK fvM n‡q hv‡e| Hide/Unhide KgvÛ eënvi K‡i
IqvK©kxU‡K cÖ`k©b/jyKv‡bv hv‡e| Freeze Panes Øviv Row/Column-†K wd«R Kiv hv‡e|
Save Workspace Øviv IqvK©eyK‡K †mf Kiv hv‡e| Switch Windows Øviv GKvwaK dvBj †Lvjv
_vK‡j GKwU †_‡K Av‡iKwU‡Z hvIqv hv‡e|
Macros IqvK© MÖyc : GwU Øviv g¨v‡µv ˆZwi Kiv Ges g¨v‡µv ivb Kiv‡bv hv‡e|
Microsoft Excel-Gi cÖ‡R±
cÖ‡R±-1 : Wages (gRywi) wbY©q|

GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Wages ev gRywi wba©viY Kiv hvK| g‡b Kwi cÖwZw`b mvaviY Kg©NÈv n‡”Q 8 Ges
8 ev Zvi Kg Kg©NÈvi Rb¨ gRywi 20 UvKv| GQvov †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvix B”Qv Ki‡j Ifvi UvBg Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Ifvi UvB‡gi Rb¨ cÖ_g 8 NÈvi c‡i cÖwZ NÈvi Rb¨ gRywi 25 UvKv| myZivs †KD 6 NÈv
KvR Ki‡j gRywi cv‡e 6×20=120 UvKv| Avevi †KD 8 NÈv KvR Ki‡j gRywi cvv‡e 8×20=160
UvKv| Avevi †KD 11 NÈv KvR Ki‡j cv‡e cÖ_g 8 NÈvi Rb¨ 8×20=160 UvKv Ges cieZ©x 3
NÈvi Rb¨ cv‡e 3×25=75 UvKv myZivs †gvU 11 NÈvi Rb¨ 160+75= 235 UvKv| Gfv‡e GKwU
cÖwZôv‡bi wKQy Kg©Pvixi †gvU Kg©NÈvi Dci GKwU Wages Sheet ˆZwi Ki‡ev| wb‡Pi Step-¸‡jv
AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
Steps
• ûeû wb‡Pi g‡Zv GKwU Worksheet ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
GLb C2 †m‡j dg©yjv wjL‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î B2 †m‡j Aew¯’Z Kg©NÈv hw` 8 NÈvi †ewk nq Z‡eB
Ifvi UvBg cvIqv hv‡e| bZzev Ifvi UvBg wn‡m‡e †Kv‡bv NÈv MYbv n‡e bv| A_v©r 0 NÈv MYbv
n‡e| G‡¶‡Î Avgiv IF bv‡gi GKwU Ki‡ev| GB Statement-G GKwU kZ© eënvi Kiv nq Ges
kZ©wUi †¶‡Î 2wU djvdj D‡j−L K‡i w`‡Z nq| A_©vr kZ©wU mwZ¨ n‡j (hw` Kg©NÈv 8 NÈvi †ewk
nq) GKwU djvdj D‡j−L Ki‡Z nq| Ges kZ©wU mwZ¨ bv n‡j (hw` Kg©NÈv 8 NÈvi Kg nq)
Av‡iKwU djvdj D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq Ges IF KgvÛ wj‡L kZ©wU wjL‡Z nq (†hgb hw` Kg©NÈv 8 NÈvi
†ewk nq (IF (B2>8)), dg©yjvwU †Ìqv hvK|
eënnvwiK 183
2. †mj
†m c‡q›Uvi C2 †m‡j ivL‡
L‡Z n‡e Ges dg©yjv UvBc Ki‡Z
K n‡e
=IFF(B2>8,B2-8,0) Ges Enteer w`‡Z n‡e|
wb‡PP dg©yjvi e¨vL¨

L¨v j¶¨ Ki‡Z
Z n‡e|
Dc‡‡i IF Gi c‡ii eªv‡K‡Ui g‡‡a¨ cÖ_‡g kZ©

Z© (B2>8) †ÌIqv Av‡Q| c‡i
c Kgv (,) w` w`‡q cÖ_g djjvdj
(B2-8) †Ìqv n‡‡q‡Q Ges Aveevi Kgv w`‡qq wØZxq djvddj k~b¨ (0) †Ìqv
† n‡q‡QQ| kZ©wU hw` mwZ¨
nq A_©
A ¨vr B2 †mm‡j msL¨vi gvb
g hw` 8 Gii eo nq Z‡e ‡e cÖ_g djvddj (B2-8) c cvIqv hv‡e| Avi
kZ©wU
wU mwZ¨ bv n‡j
j wØZxq djvd
vdj (k~b¨) cvvIqv hv‡e|
• D2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi
c †i‡L AveviI UvBc
c Ki‡Z n‡e
= IFF( C2>0, C2*25+8*20,B2*20) Ges G›Uvi
G w`‡Z n‡‡e|
m~‡Îi
Î e¨vL¨v : hw`
h C2 †m‡j
j 0 i †ewk (8
NÈvii †ewk) msL¨
L¨v _v‡K, Z‡ee C2 †m‡jii
msL¨¨vi mv‡_ 25 ¸Y K‡i Zvii mv‡_ Avevii
8×20=160
2 †hvMM Ki‡Z n‡ee, bZzev B22
†m‡j
ji msL¨vi mv‡__ mivmwi 20 w`‡q
w` ¸Y Ki‡Z
Z
n‡e| BwZg‡a¨B D2
D †m‡j djvdj dj Avm‡e|
4. GLb
G C2 †_‡‡K D2 †mj ch©šÍ wm‡j±±
K‡ii Edit> Copyy KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
n
5. C3
C †_‡K D7 ch©c šÍ wm‡j± K‡i
K Edit>Paste KgvÛ w`‡Z
‡Z n‡e|
mg¯Í
¯Í †m‡j mwVK djvdj Avm
m‡e|
cÖ‡R±-2 : Commission wbY©q

GKwU weµq dv‡g©i Kwgkb evi Kiv hvK| G‡¶‡Î weµq Kg©x‡ì wewµi cwigv‡Yi Dci Kwgkb
wba©viY Kiv n‡e| kZ© n‡”Q hw` weµq 10,000 UvKvi Kg nq Z‡e Kwgkb 5%| hw` weµq 20,000
UvKv ev Zvi Kg nq Z‡e Kwgkb 7%| hw` weµq 30,000 UvKv ev Zvi Kg nq Z‡e 10%| hw`
weµq 40,000 UvKv ev Zvi Kg nq Z‡e Kwgkb 12% Ges hw` weµq 50,000 UvKv ev Zvi †ewk nq
Z‡e Kwgkb 15%|
Steps
• ûeû wb‡Pi g‡Zv GKwU Worksheet ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. C2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e

=IF(B2<10000,B2*5%,IF(B2<=20000,B2*7%,IF(B2<=30000,B2*10%,
IF(B2<=40000,B2*12%,IF(B2<=50000,B2*15%))))) Ges Enter w`‡Z n‡e|
C2 †m‡j djvdj cvIqv hv‡e|
3. GLb Fill Handle eënvi K‡i C Kjv‡gi Ab¨vb¨ djvdj wbY©q Kiv hv‡e|
eënvwiK 185
cÖ‡R±-3 : Income Tax wbY©q

GLb Avgiv GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KZ©v‡ì Income Tax wbY©q Ki‡ev| kZ© n‡”Q Basic †eZb hw`
1500 UvKv ev Zvi wb‡P nq Z‡e †Kv‡bv U¨v· KvUv hv‡e bv| Basic hw` 3000 UvKv ev Zvi wb‡P nq
Z‡e 2% U¨v· KvUv hv‡e| Basic hw` 4500 UvKv ev Zvi wb‡P nq Z‡e 4% U¨v· KvUv hv‡e| Basic
hw` 6000 UvKv ev Zvi wb‡P nq Z‡e 6% U¨v· KvUv hv‡e| Basic hw` 7500 UvKv ev Zvi wb‡P nq
Z‡e 8% U¨v· KvUv hv‡e| Avi †ewmK hw` 7500 UvKvi Dc‡i nq Z‡e 10% U¨v· KvUv hv‡e|
wb‡Riv Income Tax SheetwU ˆZwi Kwi|
Steps
1. ûeû wb‡Pi Workbook-Gi gZ GKwU Workbook ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. C2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|

=IF(B2<=1500,B2*0%,IF(B2<=3000,B2*2%,IF(B2<=4500,B2*4%,IF(B2<=6000, B2*6%,
IF(B2<=7500, B2*8%, IF(B2>7500, B2*10%)))))) Ges Enter w`‡Z n‡e|
C2 †m‡j djvdj cvIqv hv‡e|
3. GLb Fill Handle eënvi K‡i C Kjv‡gi Ab¨vb¨ djvdj wbY©q Kiv hv‡e|
cÖ‡R±-4 : Electrecity Bill wbY©q

we`y¨r we‡ji †¶‡Î BDwbU eënv‡ii Dci wej ˆZwi Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î eëüZ BDwb‡Ui cwigv‡Yi
Dci wej wbf©i K‡i| kZ© n‡”Q- we`y¨r LiP 1 †_‡K 200 ch©šÍ 1.75 UvKv cÖwZ BDwbU, 201 †_‡K
400 BDwbU ch©šÍ 2.50 UvKv cÖwZ BDwbU 401 †_‡K 500 BDwbU ch©šÍ 3.75 UvKv Ges 500
BDwb‡Ui Dc‡i n‡j 4.50 UvKv cÖwZ BDwbU| we`y¨r wejwU ˆZwi Kiv hvK
Steps
• ûeû wb‡Pi g‡Zv GKwU Workbook ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
• D2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e =IF( C2<=200, C2*1.75, IF( C2<=400, C2*2.50,
IF( C2<=500, C2*3.75, IF( C>500, C2*4.50)))) Ges Enter w`‡Z n‡e|
• D2 †m‡j djvdj cvIqv hv‡e|
• GLb Fill Handle eënvi K‡i C Kjv‡gi Ab¨vb¨ djvdj wbY©q Kiv hv‡e|
eënvwiK 187
cÖ‡R±-5 : Salary Sheet ˆZwi

GLb Avgiv GKwU Salary Sheet ˆZwi Ki‡ev| cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki GKwU Basic †eZb _vK‡e| evwofvov ev
House Rent (H. Rent) n‡e Basic-Gi 50%, Medical Allowance (Medical) n‡e Basic Gi 20%,
hvZvqvZ LiP ev Convence n‡e Basic Gi 15% Ges Ab¨vb¨ LiP (Others) eve` Basic Gi 5%
cÖ‡Z¨‡K cv‡e| Basic, H.Rent, Medical, Convence Ges Others †hvM K‡i Gross Salary evi
Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi ci Income Tax KvUv hv‡e Basic-Gi Dci wfwË K‡i| †hgb Basic hw` 1500
UvKv ev Zvi Kg nq Z‡e †Kv‡bv Income Tax KvUv hv‡e bv| Basic hw` 3000 UvKv ev Zvi wb‡P nq
Z‡e 2% U¨v· KvUv hv‡e| Basic hw` 4500 UvKv ev Zvi wb‡P nq Z‡e 4% U¨v· KvUv hv‡e| Basic
hw` 6000 UvKv ev wb‡P nq Z‡e 6% U¨v· KvUv hv‡e| Basic hw` 7500 UvKvi Dc‡i nq Z‡e 10%
U¨v· KvUv hv‡e| Gfv‡e Income Tax †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| Provident Fund (P.Fund) KvUv hv‡e
Basic-Gi 10%| Gfv‡e Provident Fund Ges Income Tax †hvMdj evi K‡i Total Payable
(Total Pay) evi Kiv n‡e| Gi ci Gross Salary †_‡K Total Pay ev` w`‡jB Net Pay cvIqv
hv‡e| Salary Sheet wU ˆZwi Kiv hvK|
Steps
• ûeû wb‡Pi gZ GKwU Workbook ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
• GLb D2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e = C2*50% Ges Enter w`‡Z n‡e| Basic-Gi
50% evwofvov cvIqv hv‡e|
• E2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e = C2*20% Ges Enter w`‡Z n‡e| Basic Gi 20%
Medical Allouance cvIqv hv‡e|
• F2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e = C2*15% Ges Enter w`‡Z n‡e| Basic Gi 15%
Convence cvIqv hv‡e|
• G2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e = C2*5% Ges Enter w`‡Z n‡e| Basic Gi 5%
Ab¨vb¨ LiP cvIqv hv‡e| GLbB GB cÖvß djvdj †hvM K‡i Total Ki‡ev|
• H2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e =Sum(D2:G2) Ges Enter w`‡Z n‡e|
GLb Basic †eZ‡bi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ cÖvc¨ LiP †hvM K‡i Gross Salary evi Ki‡ev|
• I2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e = C2+H2 Ges Enter w`‡Z n‡e| I2 †m‡j Gross
Salary cvIqv hv‡e| GLb Income Tax evi Ki‡Z n‡e|
• J2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e =IF( C2<=1500, C2*0%,IF( C2<=3000,
C2*2%,IF( C2<=4500, C2*4%,IF( C2<=6000, C2*6%,IF( C2<=7500, C2*8%, IF(
C2>7500, C2*10%)))))) Ges Enter w`‡Z n‡e| J2 †m‡j Income Tax cvIqv hv‡e|
• K2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e| = C2*10% Ges Enter w`‡Z n‡e| Provident
Fund cvIqv hv‡e| GLb Income Tax I Provident Fund †hvM K‡i Total Payable gvb †ei
Ki‡ev|
• L2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e =Sum(J2:K2) Ges Enter w`‡Z n‡e|
• M2 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L =I2-L2 UvBc K‡i Enter w`‡Z n‡e| e¨vm Net Salary cvIqv hv‡e|
GLb Fill Handle eënvi K‡i C Kjv‡gi Ab¨vb¨ djvdj wbY©q Kiv hv‡e|
eënvwiK 189
cÖ‡R±-6 : Marksheet ˆZwi Kiv

S.S. C cix¶vi gvK©kx‡Ui g‡Zv GKwU gvK©kxU ˆZwi Ki‡ev| GLv‡b †iRvë A‡Uv‡gwUK Avm‡e|
cÖ_g evi GKwU gvK©kxU ˆZwi Kivi ci, bvg cwieZ©b K‡i Ges cÖvß b¤î cwieZ©b K‡i, GKvwaK
e¨w³i gvK©kxU ˆZwi K‡i wcÖ›U †Ìqv hv‡e| gvK©kxUwU‡Z Avgiv MÖxW jvBb ivL‡ev bv Ges wb‡R‡ì
B”Qvg‡Zv eW©vi †è|
Steps
• ûeû wb‡Pi g‡Zv GKwU Workbook ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
mg¯Í K¨vjKz‡jkb I †iRv‡ëi ci SheetwU †`L‡Z wb‡Pi gZ n‡e|
GLb Avgiv kx‡Ui wewfbœ ai‡bi †hvM/we‡qvM eW©vi BZ¨vw` ms‡hvRb Ki‡ev|
• A1 †mj †_‡K K3 †mj ch©šÍ wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Alignment KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Marge and Center evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e
A_ev Alignment KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Wvb cv‡k †QvU e‡· wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Format Cell WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
e‡·i wbP †_‡K Marge Cell Ackb †PK gvK© (√) K‡i OK Ki‡Z n‡e|
• ‘Dhaka College, Dhaka, Bangladesh’ †jLv †U·wU wm‡j± K‡i Font= Arial, Font Style=
Bold Ges Font Size= 20 Ki‡Z n‡e|
• AveviI ‘Dhaka College, Dhaka, Bangladesh’ †jLv †mj wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq †gby¨ †_‡K
Format> Cells>Alignment KgvÛ w`‡q Horizantal= Center Ges Vertical= Center wm‡j±
Ki‡Z n‡e| †U·wU GLb wVK gv‡S Ae¯’vb Ki‡e|
eënnvwiK 191
• B4 As‡k bvgg, G4 As‡k GKwU

G Roll Number
N Ges K4
K As‡k Ceenter (†hgbÑDhaka) UvBc
c
K‡i Enter w`‡Z
w` n‡e|
Ab¨vvb¨ wewfbœ As‡‡ki †U·U‡K Alignment

A wVK
VK Kivi Av‡M Avgiv Calcullation-Gi KvR
RwU †m‡i †be|
• B11 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L =B7+B9 UvBc U K‡i Enter
E w`‡Z n‡e|
n‡ G‡Z B11 †m‡j evsj sjv‡Z
cÖvß Part1 I Part2 Gi †hhvMdj cvIqvv hv‡e|
• C11 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi
c †i‡L = C7+ C9 UvBcU K‡i Ennter w`‡Z n‡ee| G‡Z C11 †m‡j Bs‡iwwR‡Z
cÖvß Part1 I Part2 Gi †hhvMdj cvIqvv hv‡e|
• E11 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡LL =E7+E9 UvBc U K‡i Ennter w`‡Z n‡ee| G‡Z E C Conomics-G cÖvß
Part1 I Partt2 Gi ZË¡xq wel‡qi
w †hvMddj cvIqv hvv‡e|
• E12 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi
c †i‡LL =E8+E10 UvBcU K‡i Ennter w`‡Z n‡ee G‡Z E Connomics-Gi e`‡je
Ab¨ mve‡R±± n‡j Ges eënvwiK
e cixx¶vq †Kv‡bv bv¤^vi _vK‡jj †mwUi Partt1 Ges Part22 Gi
eënvwiK cix¶vi
ci †hvMd dj cvIqv hv‡‡e|
• GKB cÖwµqvvq F6 †m‡j (Logic) Aeew¯’Z wel‡qi †hvMd‡ji Rb¨ R F11 †m‡ m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L
=F7+F9 UvB Bc K‡i Enterr w`‡Z n‡e Ges F12 †m‡j j c‡q›Uvi †ii‡L =F8+F100 UvBc K‡i Enter
E
w`‡Z n‡e|
• G6 †m‡j Aeew¯’Z wel‡qi (History) †hhvMd‡ji Rb¨ b¨ G11 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡‡L =G7+G9 UvBc U
K‡i Enter w`‡Z
w` n‡e Gess G12 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡LL =G8+G10 UvBc U K‡i Ennter w`‡Z n‡ee|
• H6 †m‡j Aew ew¯’Z PZz_© wel‡
l‡qi ( Civics) †hvMd‡ji Rb¨
R H11 †m‡j j c‡q›Uvi †i‡
i‡L =H7+H9 UvBc
U
K‡i Enter w`‡
`‡Z n‡e Ges H12H †m‡j c‡q ‡q›Uvi †i‡L =H
H8+H10 UvBc c K‡i Enter ww`‡Z n‡e|
mg¯Í wel‡qi ZË¡xq I eënvwiK wel‡qi †hvMdj Avjv`v Avjv`vfv‡e cvIqv †Mj| GLb ZË¡xq I
eënvwiK wel‡qi †hvMdj evi Ki‡ev|
• GLb E13 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L =E11+E12 UvBc K‡i Enter w`‡Z n‡e| G‡Z E13 †m‡j ZË¡xq
I eënvwiK cix¶vq cÖvß †gvU bv¤^v‡ii †hvMdj cvIqv hv‡e|
• GKBfv‡e F13 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L =F11+F12, G13 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L =G11+G12 Ges
H13 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L =H11+H12 UvBc K‡i Enter w`‡Z n‡e|
• GLb PZz_© wel‡q cÖwZ cv‡U© hw` †KD 40 Gi AwZwi³ bv¤^vi cvq A_©vr `yB cv‡U© hw` 80
Gi †ewk cvq †mwU †gvU b¤^‡ii mv‡_ †hvM n‡e| IF Kgv‡Ûi gva¨‡g GLb Avgiv †mwU
K¨vjKz‡jkb Ki‡ev|
• I8 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e =IF(H13>80,H13-80,0) Ges Enter w`‡Z n‡e| GLb
me©‡gvU bv¤^v‡ii †hvMdj evi Ki‡Z n‡e|
• J7 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e =B11+ C11+E13+F13+G13+I8 Ges Enter w`‡Z
n‡e| me©‡gvU cÖvß bv¤^vi cvIqv hv‡e|
GLb Avgiv me©‡gvU cÖvß bv¤^v‡ii Dci †MÖwWs ˆZwi Ki‡ev| hw` me©‡gvU bv¤^vi 333 Gi Kg nq Z‡e
D, hw` 449 ev Zvi Kg nq Z‡e C hw` 599 ev Zvi Kg nq Z‡e B hw` 799 ev Zvi Kg nq Z‡e A
Ges hw` 800 ev Zvi †ewk nq Z‡e A+.
Gevi dg©yjv UvBc Kiv hvK|

K7 †m‡j c‡q›Uvi †i‡L UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
=IF(J7<333,”D”, IF(J7<=449,” C”, IF(J7<=599,”B”, IF(J7<=799, “A”, IF(J7>799,”A+”)))))
GLb Enter w`‡j K7 †m‡j cÖvß djvdj cvIqv hv‡e|
GLb Avgiv cÖ‡qvRbxq †m‡j Allignment Ges eW©vi ms‡hvRb Ki‡ev| GKvwaK †mj‡K gvR© Kivi
ci hw` Center Ki‡Z nq Z‡e †gby¨ †_‡K Format> Cells...KgvÛ †Ìqvi ci Format WvqvjM
e· Avm‡j Allignment U¨ve †_‡K Horizontal Center Ges Verti cal KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
19. A5 Ges A6 †mj wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Uzjevi †_‡K Merge and Center evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z
n‡e A_ev †gby¨ †_‡K Format> Cells...>Alignment U¨ve wm‡j± K‡i Horizantal= Center, Verti
cal= Center Ges wb‡Pi MerGes Cells Ack‡b wUK gvK© K‡i OK Ki‡Z n‡e|
eënvwiK 193
20. A7 I A8 †mj wm‡j± K‡i GKB cÖwµqvq Merge I Center Ki‡Z n‡e|
21. A9 I A10 wm‡j± K‡i GKB cÖwµqvq Marge I Center Ki‡Z n‡e|
22. A11 †_‡K A13 ch©šÍ wm‡j± K‡i Marge I Center Ki‡Z n‡e|
23. GKB Dcv‡q B11 †_‡K B13, C11 †_‡K C13, B7 †_‡K B8, B9 †_‡K B10, C7 †_‡K C8,
C9 †_‡K C 10, E5 †_‡K G5, H5 †_‡K I5, I6 †_‡K I7, J5 †_‡K J6, K5 †_‡K K6, I8 †_‡K I13,
J7 †_‡K J13 Ges K7 †_‡K K13 wm‡j± K‡i GKB cÖwµqvq Marge I Center Ki‡Z n‡e|
GLb Avgiv Sheet †_‡K MÖxW Zz‡j w`‡q Border ms‡hvRb Ki‡ev|
24. †gby¨ †_‡K Page Layout Ribon wm‡j± K‡i Sheet Options KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Gridlines
Ack‡bi View-Gi †PK e‡· wK¬K K‡i wUK gvK© Zz‡j w`‡Z n‡e| A_ev Sheet Options-Gi cv‡ki
†QvU e‡· wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Page Setup WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
25. GLvb †_‡K Gridlines Ack‡bi Gi †PK e‡· wK¬K K‡i wUK gvK© Zz‡j w`‡Z n‡e|
26. †k‡l OK Ki‡Z n‡e| mg¯Í MÖxW jvBb D‡V hv‡e|

GLb eW©vi ms‡hvM Ki‡ev|

27. A5 †_‡K K13 ch©šÍ wm‡j± K‡i Home Ribon Gi Font KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K eW©vi evU‡b wK¬K
Ki‡Z n‡e| Wªc WvDb Avm‡e|
28. mvZ b¤î Ackb A_©vr Pvi w`‡K eW©vi wPýmn evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| A_ev
29. †gby¨ †_‡K Font KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci cv‡ki †QvU e‡· wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Format Cells WvqvjM e·
Avm‡e| Border U¨ve wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
eënvwiK 195
30. Outline Ackb wm‡j± K‡i OK Ki‡Z n‡e|

31. 5 †_‡K K13 ch©šÍ wm‡j± K‡i eW©vi evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Wªc WvDb †_‡K Qq b¤î evUb
A_©vr wfZ‡i I evB‡i mew`‡K eW©vimn evUbwU wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
32. Gfv‡e A9 †_‡K H10 ch©šÍ wm‡j± K‡i Uzjevi †_‡K eW©vi evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Wªc WvDb G‡j bq
b¤î evUb A_©vr ïaygvÎ wb‡Pi w`‡K Wvej eW©vimn evUb wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
33. Gfv‡e mg¯Í kx‡U cÖ‡qvRbxq eW©vi ms‡hvRb K‡i Marksheet bv‡g dvBjwU †mf Ki‡Z n‡e|

wØZxq cÎ
cÖ_g Aa¨vq
WvUv‡eR Ges Gi Dcv`vb
1.1 WvUv‡eR (Database)
WvUv (Data) k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q DcvË Ges †eR (Base) k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q NuvwU ev mgv‡ek| ci¯úi
m¤úK©hy³ GK ev GKvwaK WvUv †Uwej ev dvB‡ji mgwó n‡”Q WvUv‡eR|
A_©vr, "database is a collection of related data" -Elmarsi & Navathe
†Kv‡bv GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi mgMÖ WvUv H cÖwZôv‡bi WvUv‡e‡R msiw¶Z _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b WvUv‡e‡Ri AvIZvq
GK ev GKvwaK WvUv †Uwej, †Kv‡qwi, dg©, wi‡cvU©, g¨v‡µv, gwWDj BZ¨vw` dvBj _vK‡Z cv‡i|
Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k ARmª Z_¨ I DcvË Qwo‡q-wQwU‡q Av‡Q| Z‡e G mg¯— Z‡_ï mgv‡ek‡K WvUv‡eR
ejv hv‡e bv| KviY WvUv‡eR n‡”Q †mB mKj WvUv ev Z‡_ï mgwó hv‡ì ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ m¤úK©
i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ †fvUvi ZvwjKvq msiw¶Z †fvUvi‡ì Z_¨mg~n, †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvix‡ì
e¨w³MZ dvB‡ji †iKW©mg~n BZ¨vw` WvUv‡eR dvB‡j msi¶Y Kiv hvq| A_©vr WvUv‡eR n‡”Q
WvUvmg„× GK ev GKvwaK dvB‡ji mgwó|
1.2 WvUv‡e‡Ri eënvwiK †¶Îmg~n

• WvUv‡eR eënv‡ii Pvwn`v AwZ `ª“Z e„w× cv‡”Q| wb‡gœ WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g eënv‡ii
wKQy †¶Î D‡j−L Kiv n‡jvÑ
• e¨vsK I exgvi MÖvnK‡ì wnmve-wbKvk msi¶Y Kiv hvq|
• nvmcvZv‡j †ivMx‡ì †iKW© msi¶Y|
• †ijI‡q‡Z I Gqvi jvB‡Ý wUwKwUs I d¬vB‡Ui wmwWDwjs Kiv|
• wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b ÷y‡W›U Bbdi‡gkb wm‡÷g ˆZwi|
• e„nr cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©x‡ì †iKW© msi¶Y|
• B‡jK‡UªvwbK Kgv‡m© (B-Kgvm©)|
• RbmsL¨v Z_¨ msi¶Y|
• †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi Bb‡f›Uwi g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g ˆZwi BZ¨vw`|
• miKvwi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi WvUv‡eR ˆZwi|
• Av`gïgvwi I †fvUvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kivi †¶‡Î|
• nvmcvZv‡j †ivMx Ges G msµvš— Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ msi¶Y I eë¯’vcbvi Kv‡R|
198
• †fŠ‡MvwjK Z_¨
Z msi¶Y, we‡k−we lY Kv‡R|
• e¨vcK Z_¨ mmsi¶Y I cÖwµqvKiY
wµ Kv‡R
R|
• eo cÖwZôv‡bii hveZxq Kvhh©µg cwiPvjbbv Kivi Kv‡R
R|
1.2..1 K‡c©v‡iU WvUv‡eR

W (Coorporate Database)
D
K‡c©
c©v‡iU WvUv‡eR
R n‡”Q †Kv‡bbv wkí/cÖwZôv‡‡bi ïi“ †_‡K K eZ©gvb ch©h©š— mKj ai‡bbi D‡`¨vM I KvR
m¤úúwK©Z Z_¨| G‡Z G †Kv‡bv eëmv‡qi mgg¯— Kvh©Kjv‡‡ci Z_¨ _v‡K K| GLv‡b cÖwZôv‡bi BwZ wZnvm
m¤úúwK©Z Z_Ï _v‡K| eo eo e¨vsK I wkí-KjKvviLvbv, miKv Kvwi, †emiKvwwi cÖwZôvb Avš—
A t
†hvMMv‡hvM eë¯’viv Rb¨ GK K ai‡bi WvUUv‡eR mdUI Iq¨vi eënvii K‡i| G ai‡bi WvUv Uv‡eR
mdUUIq¨vi‡K Kii‡cv‡iU WvUvv‡eR e‡j| Ki‡cv‡iUK WvUv‡eR
Wv IqvK© wfwËK n‡q _v‡K| d‡j
†bUI
mn‡R R †nW‡KvqvU©U©v‡ii mvf©vi WvUv‡e‡Ri
W mv‡‡_ mve-Awdmm¸‡jv †hvMv‡hhvM i¶v Ki‡Z‡Z cv‡i|
wb‡PP GKwU cÖwZôv
ôv‡bi †bUIqvK K© wfwËK Ki‡‡cv‡iU WvUv‡eeR-Gi wPÎ †``qv n‡jvÑ
wPÎ 6.11 : K‡c©v‡iU WvUvv‡eR c×wZ
Dc‡‡ii wP‡Î HQ Q and SAL LES bv‡g `yBwU WvUv‡eR

R eënvi Kivv n‡q‡Q| K¬vv‡q›Uiv
‡ mivmwwi ev
c‡ivv¶fv‡e WvUv‡‡e‡Ri mv‡_ mshy
m ³ n‡Z cvv‡i|
eëmmvqx D‡`¨v‡MMi cÖviw¤¢K mgq

m
†Kv‡‡bv D‡`¨v‡Mi eëmv ïi“i mgq
m Zvi wbeÜ
eÜb I Av‡ivI
I wKQy kZ©vewj
wj ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡‡q I‡V|
K. eëmv ïi“i AvBwb cÖ‡qvR Rb
L. wgkb I `„wówee„
ów wZ
WvUv‡eR Ges Gi Dcv`vb 199
M. j¶¨ Ges eëmvwqK D‡Ïk¨

N. we¯—vi I êwPÎ¨Zv m¤úwK©Z WvUv‡eR|
Acv‡ik‡bi mgq
eëmvq Acv‡ik‡bi mgq Acv‡ikb m¤úwK©Z mg¯— Z_¨ i¶v Kiv nq| eëmvq Kvh©µg mwVKfv‡e
Pjvi Rb¨ wewfbœ wefv‡M fvM Kiv nq †hgb : wdb¨vÝ, gv‡K©wUs, Drcv`b, wnDg¨vb wi‡m©vm BZ¨vw`|
G mKj Kvh©µg m¤úwK©Z wKQy Z_¨ n‡”QÑ
K. eëmvi GKvD›U
L. Kg©Pvix WvUv‡eR
M. wWcvU©‡g‡›Ui WvUv‡eR
N. cÖwZØ›Øx WvUv‡eR
O. e„w× WvUv‡eR
Ki‡cv‡iU WvUv‡e‡Ri eënvi

1| wewfbœ Ki‡cv‡iU cÖwZôvb †hgb wkí-KviLvbvq Drcv`b, gRy` cwigvY, †÷vi BZ¨vw` we‡k−l‡Yi
Rb¨ WvUv‡eR eënvi Kiv nq|
2| KjKviLvbvq Avq-e¨q wn‡m‡ei RbÏ WvUv‡eR eënvi Kiv nq|
3| KjKviLvbvq Pvwn`v-AW©vi we‡k−l‡Yi Rb¨ WvUv‡eR eënvi Kiv nq|
4| Ki‡cv‡iU cÖwZôvb (†hgb Gqvi jvBbm) wewfbœ †`‡ki wegv‡bi wiR©v‡fkb I wmwWDwjs BZ¨vwì
ˆZwii †¶‡Î WvUv‡eR eënvi Kiv nq|
5| K…wl Dbœqb K‡c©v‡ikb K…wl msµvš— hveZxq Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ WvUv‡eR eënvi Kiv nq|
1.2.2 miKvwi cÖwZôv‡b WvUv‡eR (Database in Government Organization)

e¨vswKs Ges A_©‰bwZK cÖwZôv‡bi WvUv‡eR
AvaywbK Z_¨cÖhyw³i e¨vsK Ges A_©‰bwZK cÖwZôv‡b e¨vcKfv‡e WvUv‡eR eënvi Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b
Avgv‡ì †`kI A‡bK e¨vsK AbjvBb e¨vswKs eë¯’vcbv Pvjy Kivq WvUv‡eR eënv‡ii ¸i“Z¡
†e‡o‡Q| AbjvBb e¨vswKs eë¯’vq GKRb †nvìvi †h‡Kv‡bv kvLv †_‡K ATM (Automated Teller
Machine) ey‡_i gva¨‡g UvKv †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cvi‡Q WvUv‡eR eënv‡ii d‡j| wb‡gœ GKwU Ab jvBb
e¨vswKs WvUv‡e‡Ri wPÎ †`qv n‡jvÑ
200
wPÎ 6..12 : Ab jvBb e¨vswKs Datab

base Tables Gi
G MVb
e¨vsw
swKs Ges A_©
_©‰bwZK cÖwZôôv‡b WvUv‡e‡R ‡Ri eënvi
1| cÖwZôv‡b Kg©g©Pvix‡ì cÖ‡qqvRbxq Z_¨veewj (WvUv‡eR R †hgbÑ bvgg, wcZvi bvg, gvZvi bvg,, Rb¥
ZvwiL, eqm, RvZxq cwiwP wPwZ b¤î BZ¨vvw`) msi¶‡Yii Rb¨ GKaii‡bi WvUv‡eRR eënvi Kiv nq|
2| MÖvn‡Ki cÖ‡qqvRbxq Z_¨veewj (†hgb bvg,
b wcZvi bvg, b gvZvi bvg,b Rb¥ Zvwi wiL, eqm, RvZxq
R
cwiwPwZ b¤î,
i GKvD›U weeeiYx msi¶‡YYi Rb¨ e¨vswK Ks WvUv‡eR eënvi
e¨ Kiv nqq|
3| MÖvn‡Ki GKvDvD›U weeiYx msi¶‡Yi
m Rb¨¨ e¨vswKs WvUv
Uv‡eR eënvi Kiv nq|
4| e¨v‡jÝ msi¶ ¶‡Yi Rb¨ e¨vvswKs WvUv‡eRR eënvi Kivv nq|
5| †jvb weeiYx msi¶‡Yi Rbb¨ e¨vswKs WvU vUv‡eR eënvii Kiv nq|
1.2..3 WvUv‡eR eënv‡ii

e myweav
we (Advan ntages of Using Databbase)
WvUvv‡eR eënv‡i‡ii myweav¸‡j
jv wb‡P D‡j−L Kiv n‡jvÑÑ
1. AwZ `ª“Z WvUUv Dc¯’vcb Kiv
K hvq|
2. AZ¨š— `¶Zvvi mv‡_ WvUv cwiPvjbv Kiiv hvq|
3. msiw¶Z WvUv Uv‡K cieZ©x‡Z
Z Avc‡WU Kiiv hvq|
4. WvUv‡e‡Ri Z_¨mg~
Z n‡K cÖ‡qvR‡b A¨v‡m
mwÛs (Ascennding) I wW‡mwÛs
wW (Desscending) AW©
A v‡i
mvRv‡bv hvq|
5. Aí mg‡q WvvUvi web¨vm NUv‡bv
NU hvq|
1.3 WvUv‡e‡Rii wewfbœ Dcv` v`vb (Elemeents of Dataabase)

WvUvv‡e‡Ri wewfbœb Dcv`vbmg~n n‡jvÑ
1. WvUv (Data)
2. Z_¨ (Information)
3. †iKW© (Record)
4. wdì (Field)
5. †iv (Row)
6. Kjvg (Column)
7. WvUv †Uwej (Data Table)
8. WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g (DBMS)
9. wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g (RDBMS)
10. wWw÷«weD‡UW WvUv‡eR g‡Wj (Distributed Database Model)
wb‡P G¸‡jv msw¶ß eY©bv †`qv n‡jvÑ

1. WvUv (Data) : Data kãwU j¨vwUb kã Datum-Gi eûePb| Datum A_© n‡”Q Z‡_ï Dcv`vb
(an item of information)| Z‡_ï Aš—f³ y© ¶y`Z
ª i Askmg~n n‡”Q WvUv ev DcvË| cÖwµqvKiY
K‡i Z‡_¨ cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ WvUv †Uwe‡ji wewfbœ wd‡ì Avgiv hv wKQy BbcyU Kwi ZvB WvUv|
D`vniY¯îƒc wb‡Pi †Uwe‡ji Jabbar GKwU WvUv hv Name wd‡ìi Aax‡b Av‡Q| Dhaka Ab¨
GKwU WvUv hv Address wd‡ìi Aax‡b Av‡Q Ges Officer Avi GKwU WvUv hv Job Title wd‡ìi
Aax‡b Av‡Q| Dch©y³ WvUv †Uwe‡ji wewfbœ wd‡ìi Aax‡b Gw›UªK…Z me Z_¨B n‡jv WvUv|
2. Z_¨ (Information) : cÖwµqvKiY K‡i Z‡_¨ cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv BbcyU Kiv
nq| Kw¤úDUvi g~jZ WvUv‡K cÖ‡mm K‡i Z‡_¨ iƒcvš—wiZ K‡i| †hgbÑ †Kv‡bv GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi
Kg©x‡ì †c-†ivj ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì bvg, c`we, †KvW bs, g~j †eZb BZ¨vw` n‡jv WvUv|
WvUv wewfbœ fvlvi cÖZxK, †hgbÑ A, K, f 1, 3 BZ¨vw` A_ev †Kv‡bv Qwe, †hgbÑ P›`ª, m~h©, Mvwo
ev Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv wKQy n‡Z cv‡i| G cÖZxK¸‡jv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlvq WvUv ejv nq|
3. †iKW© (Record) : A‡bK¸‡jv wd‡ìi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq GKwU †iKW©| mvaviYfv‡e cy‡iv GKwU
†iv ev mvwi‡KB Avgiv †iKW© wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kwi| hw` †Kv‡bv †Uwe‡j MÖvn‡Ki bvg I wVKvbv
wjwce× _v‡K Z‡e †m MÖvn‡Ki bvg I wVKvbv wg‡j n‡e GKwU †iKW©| GiKg hZRb MÖvn‡Ki
bvg-wVKvbv GKwU †Uwe‡j wjwce× _vK‡e †m †Uwe‡j ZZ¸‡jv †iKW© Av‡Q e‡j aiv n‡e|
4. wdì (Field) : †iK‡W©i ¶y`ªZg Ask n‡jv wdì| †iK‡W©i cÖwZwU Dcv`vb †hgbÑ bvg, wVKvbv,
†Uwj‡dvb b¤î BZ¨vw`‡K GK GKwU wdì wn‡m‡e aiv nq| cÖwZwU wdì mvaviYZ Kjvg †nwWs
wn‡m‡e _v‡K| Kjv‡gi GKwU †m‡ji (Cell) WvUv‡K Avgiv GKwU wdì wn‡m‡e awi Ges cy‡iv
KjvgwU‡Z _v‡K GKB ai‡bi WvUv|
5. †iv (Row) : m¤úK©hy³ WvUv‡e‡R †iv ev mvwi n‡”Q GKwU †Uwe‡ji WvUv †iKW©| cÖ‡Z¨K mvwi
GKB MV‡bi g‡a¨ wewfbœ WvUv aviY K‡i|
6. Kjvg (Column) : m¤úK©hy³ WvUv‡e‡R Kjvg n‡”Q GKwU †Uwe‡ji WvUv f¨vjyi GKK aib|
Kjvg †Uwe‡ji WvUv msÁvwqZ K‡i|
7. WvUv †Uwej (Data Table) : mgRvZxq mKj WvUv‡K GK GKwU †Uwe‡j msi¶Y K‡i ivLv nq|
†hgb, aiv hvK GKwU Awd‡mi wZbwU kvLv Av‡Q h_vÑ cÖkvmb kvLv, wnmve kvLv I weµq kvLv|
cÖkvmwbK Kg©Kv‡Ûi Rb¨ GKwU †Uwej wbw`©ó Kiv Av‡Q †hLv‡b H kvLvi mKj DcvË msiw¶Z
Av‡Q| wnmve kvLvi Rb¨ Avevi Avjv`v GKwU †Uwe‡j Awd‡mi Avq-e¨q ev Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb-fvZvi
wnmve msiw¶Z Av‡Q Ges weµq kvLvi Rb¨ Avi GKwU †Uwe‡j ˆ`bw›`b weµq msµvš— bw_cÎ
wjwce× Av‡Q| wZbwU †UwejB wKš‘ _vK‡e GKwU g~j dvBj ev WvUv‡e‡Ri Aax‡b|
8. WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g (Database Management System-DBMS) : WvUv‡eR
g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g (DBMS) n‡”Q ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ Z_¨ Ges †m Z_¨ ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgwó|
• A_©vr, A DBMS is a collection of programs that enable users to create & maintain
a dtabase. - Elmarsi & Navathe
9. wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g (Relational Database Management
System-RDBMS) : GKwU WvUv‡e‡R GKvwaK †Uwej _vK‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó
wd‡ìi Dci wfwË K‡i `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv‡K wi‡jkbwkc ejv
nq| wi‡jkb ˆZwi Kiv †Uwej †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq WvUv wb‡q Avjv`v WvUv †Uwej ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
wi‡jkb Kiv WvUv †Uwe‡ji mgš^‡q MwVZ WvUv‡eR‡K wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR ejv nq| AvaywbK
WvUv‡eR mdUIq¨vi ej‡Z mvaviYZ wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g‡KB eySvq|
A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a collection of tables that
are linked together by keys to create relationship between data entities.
10. wWw÷«weD‡UW WvUv‡eR g‡Wj (Disrtibuted Database Model) : G c×wZ‡Z GKvwaK
eënviKvix Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© wm‡÷‡gi gva¨‡g †K›`ªxq †Kv‡bv WvUv‡eR eënvi K‡i A_ev
wb‡R‡ì WvUv‡e‡Ri gva¨‡g WvUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwU
K¬v‡q›U/workstation †_‡K eënviKvix cÖ‡qvR‡b Zvi bZyb WvUv‡eR ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i,
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i ev †K›`ªxq WvUv‡e‡Ri mv‡_ ms‡hvM i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i|
1.4 WvUv‡eR mdUIqvi (Database Software)

†h mdUIq¨v‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv WvUv msi¶Y K‡i cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i H¸‡jv mvRv‡bv ev Kv‡R jvMv‡bv
hvq Zv‡K WvUv‡eR mdUIq¨vi ejv nq|
1.4.1 WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g (Database Management System-DBMS)

wWweGgGm WvUv‡eR I WvUv‡eR eënviKvixi g‡a¨ mgš^qKvix mdUIq¨vi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷‡g wewfbœ A¨vwc−‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg _v‡K| wWweGgGm WvUv‡eR ˆZwi,
A¨vK‡mm (Access) Kiv Ges Zv i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi hveZxq Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| wWweGgGm
eënviKvix Ges WvUv‡e‡Ri g‡a¨ mgš^qKvix wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| eZ©gv‡b A‡bK WvUv‡eR
g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g Kw¤úDUv‡i eënvi Kiv nq| †hgbÑ IivKj (Oracle), gvBGmwKDGj
(MySQL), gvB‡µvmdU G‡·m (Microsoft Access) BZ¨vw`|
DBMS- Gi cÖavb wZbwU KvR n‡”Q-

1. WvUv‡eR m„Rb ˆZwi
2. WvUv‡eR B›Uv‡iv‡Mkb I
3. WvUv‡eR i¶Yv‡e¶Y|
1. WvUv‡eR m„Rb : WvUv‡e‡R m„R‡bi mv‡_ Dcv‡Ëi MVb I Zv‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úK© Ges WvUv‡e‡R
Dcv‡Ëi msMVb BZ¨vw` we‡klfv‡e RwoZ|
2. WvUv‡eR B›Uv‡iv‡Mkb : cÖkœ-DËi ixwZi gva¨‡g WvUv‡eR n‡Z Z_¨ AvniY Kiv wKš‘ Z‡_ï †Kv‡bv
cwieZ©b bv Kivi cÖwµqv‡K dvBj ev WvUv‡eR B›Uv‡iv‡Mkb ejv nq| †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ WvUv‡eR
n‡Z eënviKvixi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ AvniY I wi‡cvU© cÖ¯Z ‘ Kiv hvq| †hgb : wegv‡bi wmU
wiRv‡f©kb msµvš— Z_¨ A_ev e¨vs‡K wbw`©ó GKvD‡›U KZ UvKv Av‡Q †m Z_¨ Rvbv hvq|
3. WvUv‡eR i¶Yv‡e¶Y : DcvË ms‡hvRb, ms‡kvab, DcvË gy‡Q †`qv cÖf…wZ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g
WvUv‡eR AvaywbKxKiY Kiv nq| WvUvi Abby‡gvw`Z eënvi‡iva, WvUvi mwVKZv wbðqZv cÖ`vb
cÖf…wZ wbivcËvg~jK KvRI WvUv‡eR i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Aš—f©y³|
1.4.2 DBMS-Gi cÖv_wgK KvRmg~n (Primary Functions of Database

Management System)
WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷‡gi cÖv_wgK KvR¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
1. cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx WvUv‡eR ˆZwi Kiv|
2. bZyb WvUv/ †iKW© Aš—f©y³ Kiv|
3. WvUvi evbvb I msL¨vi fyj AbymÜvb I ms‡kvab Kiv|
4. wbw`©ó †iKW© mvwP©s ev AbymÜvb I ms‡kvab Kiv Ges AcÖ‡qvRbxq WvUv/ †iKW© ev` †`qv|
5. WvUv †Kv‡qwi Kiv|
6. wi‡cvU© ˆZwi I wcÖ›U Kiv|
7. cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx m¤ú~Y© WvUv‡eR‡K †h †Kv‡bv wd‡ìi wfwË‡Z mvRv‡bv (sorting)|
8. cÖ‡qvR‡b m¤ú~Y© WvUv‡eR ev WvUv‡e‡Ri Askwe‡kl wcÖ›U Kiv|
9. WvUv‡eR nvjbvMv` (update) Kiv h_vm¤¢e WvUv Wywc−‡Kkb Kgv‡bv|
1. cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx WvUv‡eR ˆZwi Kiv|
2. bZyb WvUv/†iKW© Aš—f©y³ Kiv|
3. WvUvi evbvb I msL¨vi fyj AbymÜvb I ms‡kvab Kiv|
4. wbw`©ó †iKW© mvwP©s ev AbymÜvb I ms‡kvab Kiv Ges AcÖ‡qvRbxq WvUv/†iKW© ev` †`qv|
5. WvUv †Kv‡qwi Kiv|
6. wi‡cvU© ˆZwi I wcÖ›U Kiv|
7. cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx m¤ú~Y© WvUv‡eR‡K †h †Kv‡bv wd‡ìi wfwË‡Z mvRv‡bv (sorting)|
8. cÖ‡qvR‡b m¤ú~Y© WvUv‡eR ev WvUv‡e‡Ri Askwe‡kl wcÖ›U Kiv|
9. WvUv‡eR nvjbvMv` (update) Kiv h_vm¤¢e WvUv Wywc−‡Kkb Kgv‡bv|
1.4.3 wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi (Relational Database

Management System-RDBMS)
wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g mvf©v‡i WvUv‡eR BwÄb eënvi Kivi Rb¨ evRv‡i A‡bK
mdUIq¨vi cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| h_vÑ gvB‡µvmdU G‡·m (Microsoft Access), IivKj (Oracle),
gvBGmwKDGj (MySQL), GmwKDGj mvf©vi (SQL Server) Ges Bbdiwg· (Informix) BZ¨vw`|
WvUvv‡eR Ges Gii Dcv`vb 205
1.4..4 wi‡jkbvj j WvUv‡eR g¨¨v‡bR‡g›U wm m‡÷‡gi êwk wkó¨ (Characcteristics of RDBMS)

wi‡j
jkbvj WvUv‡eeR g¨v‡bR‡g›U ›U wm‡÷‡gi êwkó¨¸‡jv
ê wbgœ
wb iƒc-
1. mn‡R †Uwej ˆZwi K‡i WvvUv Gw›Uª Kiv hvq| h
2. WvUv †Uwe‡jii mv‡_ Ab¨ GK G ev GKvwaK K WvUv †Uwe‡jji g‡a¨ wi‡jk
jkb ˆZwi Kivv hvq|
3. AmsL¨ WvUvii ga¨ †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq WvUv Uv‡K Lyu‡R †eii Kiv hvq|
4. WvUv f¨vwj‡W Wk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ h¨ WvUv Gw›Uª wbqš¿
wb Y Kiv hvqq|
5. mn‡R GK WvUv‡eR
Wv †_‡K Ab¨ WvUv‡e‡R ‡Ri mv‡_ Z_¨¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vbb Kiv hvq|
6. msL¨vevPK WvUvmg~
W ‡n m~² MvwYwZK KvR R Kiv hvq|
7. mn‡R bvbv di‡g‡Ui
d wi‡c
cvU© ˆZwi Kiv hvq I Zv gy`ª`Yª Kiv hvq|
8. cÖ‡qvRbxq Z__¨ wb‡q †j‡ej ej ˆZwi Kiv hvqh Ges Qvcvv‡bv hvq|
9. Gw›Uª dg© ˆZwi
wi Kiv hvq|
10. wewfbœ ai‡bii PvU© ˆZwi Kiiv hvq|
11. †cÖvMÖvg‡K evBBbvwi †Kv‡W iƒcvš—
i i K‡i Executable
E (exe) dvBj ˆZwi Kiv hvqq|
12. †gby¨ weìv‡iii mvnv‡h¨ Abbvqv‡mB †gby¨ ˆZwi Kiv hvqq|
13. AvKl©Yxq WvUUv Gw›Uª dg© ˆZ Zwi Kiv hvq|
14. Ab¨vb¨ WvUv‡eeR †cÖvMÖvg (†hhgbÑ d·‡cÖv,v G‡·j BZ¨vvw`) †_‡K Z_¨ _¨ ev WvUv G‡bb eënvi Kiv hvq|
h
15. mn‡R Gwc−‡Kkb
K mdUIq¨¨vi/†cÖvMÖvg ˆZ Zwi Kiv hvq|
GQvoov AviI A‡bbK my‡hvM-myweav
we ev êwkó¨¨ i‡q‡Q, hv Kv‡Ri
K wewfbœ ch©
c v‡q eyS‡Z myweav n‡e|
1.5 WvUv‡eR DBB‡Ûv cwiwPwZ

Z (Introducction to Dattabase Win ndow)
WvUvv‡eR GKwU K‡›Ubvi
K ev DB‡Ûv
D AvKv‡ii _v‡K, Zv‡Z
Z WvUv‡e‡Ri GKB RvZxqq Ae‡R±¸‡jv jv Mªc
y
wfwË
Ë‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i|
K wb‡P eûûj eëüZ gvBB‡µvmdU G‡‡·m WvUv‡eRR DB‡Ûvi wPÎÎ †`qv n‡jv|
WvUv‡eR DB‡Ûv‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv U¨ve _v‡K| wewfbœ U¨v‡ei AvIZvq WvUv‡eR †Uwejmg~n I Ab¨vb¨
Ae‡R±¸‡jv aviY K‡i †h RvZxq Ae‡R± ˆZwi Kiv n‡e, WvUv‡eR DB‡Ûv †_‡K †m RvZxq U¨ve
wbe©vPb K‡i wb‡Z nq|
1.6 WvUv‡eR DB‡Ûvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb (Elements of Database Window)

wb‡P WvUv‡eR DB‡Ûvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi msw¶ß cwiPq †`qv n‡jv|
• Tables : G U¨v‡ei AvIZvq †Uwej¸‡jv msiw¶Z _v‡K| GLvb †_‡K †Kv‡bv †Uwej cwieZ©b,
ms‡kvab, wKsev bZyb WvUv‡eR ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
• Queries : G U¨ve †_‡K eZ©gvb WvUv‡e‡Ri mKj †Kv‡qwii ZvwjKv cvIqv hv‡e| GLvb †_‡K
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡qwi cwiPvjbv Kiv, †Kv‡qwi cwieZ©b, ms‡kvab ev bZyb †Kv‡bv †Kv‡qwi ˆZwi Kiv
hvq|
• Forms : G U¨ve †_‡K eZ©gvb WvUv‡e‡Ri mKj wi‡cvU© I dg© cvIqv hv‡e| GLvb †_‡K †Kv‡bv
wi‡cvU© ms‡kvab ev †Kv‡bv bZyb wi‡cvU© ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
• Report : wi‡cvU© n‡”Q eënviKvix‡ì cQ›` g‡Zv di‡gU Z_¨vewj cÖ`k©b ev gy`ªY Kiv|
• Page : B›Uvi‡bU ev B›Uªv‡bU (Internet/Intranet)-G gvB‡µvmdU A¨vK‡mm ev SQL mvf©v‡i
msiw¶Z WvUv wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨ WvUv‡eR Access Page ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
• Macro : g¨v‡µv n‡”Q GK ai‡bi †QvU †cÖvMÖvg| G U¨v‡e wK¬K Ki‡j eZ©gvb WvUv‡e‡Ri mKj g¨v‡µv
†cÖvMÖvg¸‡jvi ZvwjKv Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K †Kv‡bv g¨v‡µv ms‡kvab ev bZyb g¨v‡µv ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
• Module : †cÖvMÖv‡gi GK ev GKvwaK cÖwmwWDi‡K GK GKwU gwWDj ejv nq| Module U¨v‡e
wK¬K Ki‡j eZ©gvb WvUv‡e‡Ri †cÖvMÖvwgs gwWDj¸‡jvi ZvwjKv cvIqv hv‡e| GLvb †_‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq †KvW †jLv hvq ev ms‡kvab Kiv hvq| †KvW †jLvi Rb¨ wfRy¨qvj †ewmK GwWUi
eëüZ nq|
1.7 WvUv‡eR †Uwej ˆZwi Kiv (Creating a Database Table)

GKB RvZxq WvUvmg~n wb‡q GKwU WvUv‡eR ˆZwi Kiv nq| †hgbÑ †Kv‡bv Awd‡mi Kg©Pvix‡ì
hveZxq Z_¨ mgš^‡q †Kv‡bv WvUv‡eR ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR †cÖvMÖv‡g KZK¸‡jv
ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z Ae‡R‡±i mgš^‡q WvUv‡eR MwVZ nq| †h mKj Ae‡R‡±i mgš^‡q WvUv‡eR MwVZ
Zv n‡”Q †Uwej, †Kv‡qwi, dg©, wi‡cvU©, g¨v‡µv Ges gwWDj| wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR wm‡÷‡g WvUv‡eR
ˆZwi Kivi wewfbœ c×wZ i‡q‡Q| †hgb, gvB‡µvmdU G‡·‡m WvUv‡eR †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g wZbfv‡e
WvUv‡eR ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
cÖkœgvjv
AwZ msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. WvUv‡eR Kx?
2. wdì Kx?
3. †iKW© Kx?
4. †Kv‡qwi k‡ãi A_© Kx?
msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. m¤úK©hy³ ev wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. WvUv‡eR ˆZwii D‡Ïk¨ Kx?
3. WvUv‡eR c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖv‡gi myweav Kx?
4. K‡c©v‡iU WvUv‡eR Kx?
5. WvUv Ges Z‡_ï g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx?
6. wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vimg~n Kx Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. DBMS-Gi cÖv_wgK KvRmg~n †jL|
2. DBMS-Gi cÖavb wZbwU KvR eY©bv Ki|
3. WvUv‡eR DB‡Ûvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb¸‡jv eY©bv Ki|
4. wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷‡gi êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki|
wØZxq Aa¨vq
WvUvUvBc, wdì †cÖvcviwUR I †Uwej ˆZwi
2.1 WvUv UvBc (Data Type)
WvUv‡eR wWRvBb Kivi mgq WvUv‡e‡Ri wd‡ìi UvBc A_©vr wd‡ì Gw›UªK…Z WvUvi UvBc ev cÖK…wZ
wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| WvUv‡eR eën‡ii D‡Ï‡kï Dci wbf©i K‡i WvUv‡e‡R Aš—f©y³ wd‡ìi bvg, WvUv
UvBc, WvUvi di‡gU I wd‡ìi ˆ`N¨©|
2.2 WvUv UvB‡ci cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Data Type)

wd‡ìi UvBc ev WvUvi UvBc wewfbœ cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i|
wb‡gœ wewfbœ cÖKvi wdì UvBc ev WvUv UvBc m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ
• Text/Character : mvaviYZ eY©wfwËK WvUvi †¶‡Î G WvUv UvBc eënvi Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ
Name, Father's Name, Designation, Address BZ¨vw`| G wd‡ì e‡Y©i mv‡_ mv‡_ msL¨vI
†jLv hvq| Z‡e H me msL¨vi Dci †Kv‡bv MvwYwZK wnmve-wbKvk Kiv hvq bv| G wd‡ì m‡e©v”P
256 wU eY©/A¼ eënvi Kiv hvq|
• Number/Numeric : msL¨vwfwËK ev msL¨v RvZxq WvUvi †¶‡Î G WvUvUvBc eënvi Kiv
nq| G wd‡ì wPýmn c~Y©msL¨v wKsev `kwgK msL¨v †jLv hvq| G wd‡ì †Kv‡bv eY© †jLv hvq
bv| G wd‡ìi wewfbœ di‡gU n‡q _v‡K| †hgbÑ Byte, Integer, Lonzg Integer, Single,
Double, Replication ID BZ¨vw`| †hgb : Roll, GPA, Age, Subject code etc.
• Auto Number : GwU GKwU Number Data UvBc wdì| G WvUv UvBc mvaviY avivevwnK ev
wmwiR RvZxq WvUvi †¶‡Î eënvi Kiv nq| †hgbÑ Sl No, ID No, Roll No BZ¨vw`| G WvUv
UvB‡ci myweav n‡”Q GB wd‡ì WvUv Gw›Uª Ki‡Z nq bv, ¯^qswµqfv‡e avivevwnK WvUv Gw›Uª n‡q hvq|
• Currency : Bnv GKwU Number Data UvBc wdì| †h msL¨v wfwËK WvUv Øviv †Kv‡bv †`kxq
gy`ªv ev A_© RvZxq WvUvi †¶‡Î G WvUv UvBc eënvi Kiv nq| †hgbÑ Tuition Fee, Salary,
Exam Fee, Service Charge BZ¨vw`|
• Data/Time : ZvwiL I mgq RvZxq WvUvi †¶‡Î G WvUv UvBc eënvi Kiv nq| †hgbÑ Date
of Birth, Joining Date, Admission Date BZ¨vw`|
• Logical : †h mg¯— WvUv †KejgvÎ nu¨v ev bv Øviv m¤ú~Yi© ƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq, H RvZxq WvUvi
†¶‡Î G Data Type eënvi Kiv nq| †hgb : Present-Absent, Married-Unmarried,
Skilled-Unskilled BZ¨vw`|
• Memo : GwU GKwU Conditional Data UvBc A_©vr G RvZxq wd‡ì eY©, msL¨v, wPý, ZvwiL
BZ¨vw` 65,536 msL¨v eY© eënvi K‡i †jLv hvq| mvaviYZ gš—e¨ (Remark) wd‡ì G WvUv
UvBc eënvi Kiv nq|
WvUvU
vUvBc, wdì †cÖ
† vcviwUR I †Uwej ˆZwi 209
• OLE Objeect : Gi c~Yiƒci© n‡”Q Object Linkingg and Embeddding| †h m mg¯— Z_¨ WvUUv‡eR
bq Ggb md dUIq¨v‡i Av‡‡Q Link-Gi gva¨‡g ¯^qswwµqfv‡e †m¸
¸‡jv WvUv‡e‡R
R †bqvi †¶‡‡Î G
WvUv UvBc eënvi
e Kiv nq| †hgbÑÑ GgGm-Iqv qvW©, GgGm-G
G‡·j, GgG Gm-cvIqvi c‡q›U
c
BZ¨vw` †cÖvMÖvg
v †_‡K Z_¨ WvUv‡e‡R †bq
bqvi Rb¨ G WvUv
W UvBc eëenvi Kiv hvq|
• Hyperlink k : mvaviYZ WvUv‡eR
W †cÖvMÖv‡gi mv‡_ I‡qe
I †c‡Ri †Kv‡bv
† dvBj wKsev Ab¨ †K
Kv‡bv
eënvwiK †cÖ
cvMÖ
v v‡gi dvBj
j wj¼ ev wi‡jk
jkb m„wó Kivii Rb¨ G WvUvv UvBc eënvii Kiv nq|
• Look up Wizard
W : G RvZxq wd‡ì ì mivmwi WvUUv Gw›Uª bv K‡‡i †Kv‡bv wj÷
÷ †_‡K cQ›`
›`K…Z
WvUv BbcyU Kivi
K Rb¨ eëenvi Kiv nq|
2.3 wdì †cÖvcvwU

wU©R (Field Properties)
P
cÖwZwU
Zw wd‡ìi Rb¨
R KwZcq †cÖ † vcvwU© _v‡K
K| WvUv Typpe-Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i F Field Properties
cÖ`wk
wk©Z nq| †cÖvcvwU©
v R †_‡K wd‡ìi AvK…wZ, w WvUvmg~n Kxfv‡e cÖ`wkwk©Z I wbqwš¿
šZ Z n‡e Zv wbba©viY
Kiv nq| wb‡Pi wP‡Î
wP Text WvUUv UvB‡ci R‡‡b¨ †cÖvcvwU©Rmg~
Rm n cÖ`wk©Z n‡”Q|
wPÎÎ : WvUv †cÖvcvwU

wU©R
wb‡PP KwZcq cÖcvwU©

vw wb‡q Av‡jv
jvPbv Kiv n‡j
jv|
• Field size : wd‡ìi AvKv Kvi KZ K¨v‡i±±vi n‡e GLv‡‡b Zv wba©viY Kiv hvq|
• Formate : †U·U Z_¨vew ewj Kxfv‡e, wK di‡g‡U cÖ`wk©
` Z n‡e Zv GLvb †_‡K wwba©viY Kiv hvq|
h
wb‡P †U·U di‡g‡U
d eënvvi‡hvM¨ K‡qK
KwU wm¤^j D‡j−
j−L Kiv n‡jv|
wm¤^j djvdj
@& ïay K¨v‡i±vi BbcyU MÖnY K‡i|
†h‡Kv‡bv msL¨v ev K¨v‡i±vi BbcyU MÖnY K‡i|
< A¶i‡K †jvqvi‡KU (†QvU nv‡Zi A¶‡i) K‡i|
> A¶i‡K Avcvi‡KU (eo nv‡Zi A¶‡i) K‡i|
• Input Mask : Text, Number, Date/Time Ges Currency RvZxq WvUvi R‡b¨ Input
Mask cÖcvwU© i‡q‡Q| G mKj wd‡ì Kxfv‡e WvUv BbcyU Kiv n‡q _v‡K Zv Input Mask Øviv
wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq|
• Caption : Datasheet view-†Z †Kv‡bv wd‡ìi R‡b¨ †nwWs cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z PvB‡j G cÖcvwU©
wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| †nwWs m‡e©v”P 255 K¨v‡i±vi ch©š— n‡Z cv‡i|
• Default Value : Auto number Ges OLE object e¨ZxZ mKj wd‡ìi R‡b¨ wWdë f¨vjy
wba©viY Kiv hvq| †Kv‡bv wd‡ìi R‡b¨ †Kv‡bv Kgb WvUv _vK‡j Zv‡K Default Value wn‡m‡e
D‡j−L K‡i †`qv hvq hv‡Z †iKW© BbcyU Kivi mgq D³ wd‡ì Default Value wb‡R †_‡K
BbcyU n‡e|
• Validation Rule and Validation Text : cÖ‡Z¨K wd‡ìi R‡b¨ Dnvi wbR¯^ Validation
Rule Ges Validation Text cÖcvwU© i‡q‡Q| wd‡ì †Kv‡bv WvUv BbcyU Kivi mgq Validation
Rule WvUv Kbdvg© K‡i| Validation Rule †Kv‡bv WvUv Kbdvg© bv Ki‡j ZLb Validation
Rule cÖ`wk©Z nq|
• Required : G cÖcvwU© †Kv‡bv wd‡ì WvUv BbcyU AZ¨vek¨Kxq wKbv Zv wba©viY K‡i| WvUv
BbcyU Kivi mgq G WvUv‡K Blank †i‡L Ab¨ wd‡ì hvIqv hv‡e bv|
• Allow Zero Length : wR‡iv Length w÷«s BbcyU Kiv hvq| wR‡iv Length w÷«s " " (Wvej
†Kv‡Ukb) Øviv Ave× _v‡K|
• Index : Bb‡W· Kivi Rb¨ G cÖcvwU© eënvi Kiv nq|
2.4 WvUv †Uwej ˆZwi Kiv (Creating a Data Table)

†Uwej n‡”Q WvUv‡e‡Ri GKwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb| GwU †iv Ges Kjv‡gi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq| †Uwe‡j
WvUv‡e‡Ri Z_¨mg~n aviY K‡i| †Uwe‡j GK ev GKvwaK Kjvg _v‡K| cÖ‡Z¨K †Uwe‡ji GKwU
BDwbK bvg _v‡K Ges cÖwZwU Kjv‡giI Avjv`v-Avjv`v bvg Ges WvUv UvBc D‡j−L Ki‡Z nq|
WvUvU
vUvBc, wdì †cÖ
† vcviwUR I †Uwej ˆZwi 211
w : WvUv †Uwej
wPÎ j
GKvvwaK †Uwe‡jii g‡a¨ BDwbK

K Kx wd‡ìi Dci
D wfwË K‡ii m¤úK© ¯’vcbb Kiv‡bv hvq|
2.5 WvUv‡e‡R WvUv

Wv mwbœ‡ekbb (Insertig Data D into a Database))
WvUvv‡eR ˆZwi K‡‡i Gi Aax‡bb †Kv‡bv WvUvv †Uwej ˆZwii K‡i Zv‡Z WvUvW Gw›Uª Kiiv hvq| WvUv Gw›Uª
K‡ii †mf K‡i WvUvW †Uwej †_‡K † †ei n‡‡q cieZ©x mg‡q
m B‡”Q Ki‡j
K WvUv †UUwe‡j Avevi WvUv
mwbœ‡ewkZ
‡ Kiv hvvq| WvUv mwbœb‡ewkZ
‡ Kivi Rb¨
R wb‡Pi c`‡¶c
c` wb‡Z n‡eÑ
n
1. WvUv‡eRwU
W I‡‡cb Ki‡Z n‡‡e|
2. Tables
T U¨v‡e wK¬
w K K‡i cÖw`wk©
`w Z ZvwjKv †__‡K WvUv †Uwe
wejwU‡Z Wvej wK¬ cb Ki‡Z n‡e|
w K K‡i I‡cb
3. †UwejwUi
† me †k‡li †iK‡W W©i wb‡Pi mvwi
wii cÖ_g wd‡ì bZb WvUv Gw›UªUª Ki‡Z n‡e|
ì wK¬K K‡i bZy
4. WvUv
W †UwejwU †K¬vR K‡i †eei n‡q †M‡j Gw›Uª Kiv WvUUv ¯^qswµqfv‡‡e msiw¶Z nn‡e|
Gw›UªUª †mf Kiv (S

Save an Enntry)
†Kv‡‡bv †iKW© BbbcyU ev ms‡kvvab Kiv mgvßß n‡jB †iK
KW©wU Avcbv-AAvcwb †mf nn‡q hvq| GQQvovI
Reccord †gby¨ †_ _‡K Save Record
R K Save UUyjm-G wK¬K K‡i
wbe©vPbb K‡i A_ev Uyj evi †_‡K
†mf
f Kiv hvq|
2.6 mwU©s (Sorrting)

WvUvv ÷«vKPvi ˆZw
Zwi K‡i Zv‡Z Z A‡bK WvUv Gw›Uª K‡i WvUv‡eR
Wv ˆZwi Kiv nq| WvvUv‡e‡R WvUv Gw›Uª
evwnKZv gvbv nq bv| †hgbb : cix¶vq AskMÖ
Kivii mgq avivev A nYKvixx cix¶v_©x‡ìi †iRvëkxU ˆZwi
Kivii Rb¨ WvUv Gw›Uª Kivi mgqm Acv‡iUi Uiiv †h me‡PP‡q †ewk bv¤^¤^vi †c‡q‡Q ZZvi †iKW© cÖ_‡g,
Zvicci wØZxq †ewwk bv¤^vi cÖvß cix¶v_©xi †iKW©
† , Zvicii Z…Zxq Gfv‡‡e WvUv Gw›Uª K‡ib bv| Gfv‡e
G
j¶ j¶ cix¶vv_©x‡ì †iKW© W© mvwR‡q (mmU© K‡iv) Gw›Uª Kiv Kómómva¨ Ges m mgqmv‡c¶| wKš‘
Kw¤úDUvi eë¯’vcbv wewfbœ WvUv‡eR †cÖvMÖvg (†hgb : d·‡cÖv, G‡·m) Gi mvnv‡h¨ j¶ j¶ WvUvi
WvUv‡eR ˆZwi K‡i mU© ev Bb‡W· wb‡`©k w`‡q GK ev GKvwaK wd‡ìi wfwË‡Z †iKW©mg~n‡K mU© ev
Bb‡W· Kiv hvq|
†iKW©mg~n‡K `yÕfv‡e mU© Kiv hvq| †hgb :
1| Ascending (D”P µgvbymv‡i) - †QvU †_‡K eo AvKv‡i
2| Descending (wbgœ µgvbymv‡i) - eo †_‡K †QvU AvKv‡i
G‡·‡m WvUv mvRv‡bv ev mwU©s Kiv

WvUv †Uwe‡ji WvUv¸‡jv‡K †QvU †_‡K eo ev eo †_‡K †QvU AvKv‡i mvRv‡bv hvq| †h wd‡ìi Dci
mwU©s Ki‡Z n‡e †mwU‡K wm‡j± K‡i-
• Record †gby¨ †_‡K Sort-Ascending G wK¬K Ki‡j WvUv¸‡jv Ascending order G mw¾Z n‡e|
• Record †gby¨ †_‡K Sort-Descending G wK¬K Ki‡j WvUv¸‡jv Descending order G mw¾Z n‡e|
wPÎ 6.5 wPÎ 6.6
2.7 †iKW© Avc‡WU

WvUv dvB‡j BbcyUK…Z WvUv‡K wbw`©ó wbq‡g mvRv‡bvi c×wZ‡K ejv nq Bb‡Ww·s| †Kv‡bv dvB‡ji
WvUv Bb‡W· Kivi A_© n‡”Q †mB dvB‡ji †iKW©¸‡jv‡K Av‡ivnx (Ascending) ev Ae‡ivnx
(Descending) Abymv‡i µgbyvhvqx mvRv‡bv| WvUv dvBj †_‡K †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó WvUv‡K `ª“Z Lyu‡R
cvIqvi Rb¨ dvB‡ji †iKW©mg~n‡K Bb‡W· K‡i ivL‡Z nq| mU© K‡i WvUv‡e‡Ri †iKW©mg~n‡K
†Kv‡bv wd‡ìi wfwË‡Z D”Pµgvbymv‡i A_ev wbgœgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv hvq| Z‡e,
• mU© Kiv dvBj‡K Ab¨ bv‡g WvUv‡eR dvBj wn‡m‡e msi¶Y Kiv nq|
• cieZ©x‡Z WvUv‡e‡Ri †Kv‡bv †iKW© ms‡kvab ev ms‡hvRb Ki‡j mU© Kiv dvB‡j Zv Avc‡WU nq bv|
mU© Kivi b¨vq Bb‡W· K‡i WvUv‡e‡Ri †iKW©mg~n‡K D”P ev wbgœµgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv hvq| cieZ©x‡Z
WvUv‡e‡Ri †Kv‡bv †iKW© ms‡kvab ev ms‡hvRb Ki‡j Bb‡W· Kiv dvB‡jI Zv Avc‡WU nq| ZvQvov
Bb‡W· m‡U©i †P‡q `ª“ZZi| †mRb¨ eZ©gv‡b mU© bv K‡i Bb‡W· K‡iB WvUv‡e‡Ri †iKW©mg~n D”P
ev wbgœµgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv nq|
WvUvUvBc, wdì †cÖvcviwUR I †Uwej ˆZwi 213
2.7.1 Bb‡Ww·s-Gi myweavmg~n

wb‡gœ Bb‡Ww·s-Gi gva¨‡g †iKW© mvRv‡bvi myweav¸‡jv D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv :
1| WvUv mvRv‡bvi Rb¨ mgq Kg jv‡M|
2| WvUv dvBj‡K Bb‡W· Kivi ci bZyb †iKW© hy³ Kiv n‡j Zv wb‡R †_‡KB mvRv‡bv n‡q hvq|
3| WvUv dvBj‡K Bb‡W· Kivi ci GKwU Bb‡W· dvBj ˆZwi nq Ges g~j †Uwej dvBj AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
4| GKvwaK dvB‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© ˆZwi mnR nq|
2.7.2 Bb‡Ww·s-Gi Amyweav

Bb‡Ww·s-Gi gva¨‡g †iKW© mvRv‡bvi myweavi cvkvcvwk wKQy Amyweav Av‡Q| wb‡gœ Zv D‡j−L Kiv n‡jvÑ
1| Bb‡Ww·s-Gi gva¨‡g †iKW©¸‡jv‡K mvRv‡bv n‡j g~j †Uwej dvBj AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K
2| m‡U©W WvUv¸‡jv wb‡q Bb‡W· dvBj ˆZwi nq|
3| Bb‡W· dvBj‡K msi¶Y Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ‡Z AwZwi³ RvqMv jv‡M|
2.7.3 Bb‡Ww·s I mwU©s-Gi cv_©K¨mg~n

Bb‡Ww·s mwU©s
1| G‡jv‡g‡jv WvUv‡K myweb¨¯—fv‡e mvRv‡bvi 1| G‡jv‡g‡jv WvUv‡K myweb¨¯—fv‡e mvRv‡bvi
Rb¨ mgq Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg jv‡M| Rb¨ Bb‡Ww·s-Gi †P‡q mgq †ewk jv‡M|
2| GB c×wZ‡Z WvUv dvBj‡K Bb‡W· Kivi 2| GB c×wZ‡Z WvUv dvBj‡K mU© Kivi ci
ci bZyb †iKW© hy³ Kiv n‡j Zv wb‡R bZyb †iKW© hy³ Kiv n‡j bZyb K‡i Avevi
†_‡KB mwVK Ae¯’v‡b e‡m| dvBjwU‡K mU© Ki‡Z nq|
3| Bb‡Ww·s c×wZ‡Z WvUv dvBj‡K mU© Kiv 3| mwU©s c×wZ‡Z WvUv dvBj‡K mU© Kiv n‡j
n‡j g~j †Uwe‡j dvB‡ji †iK‡W©i wmwiqvj g~j †Uwej dvB‡ji †iK‡W©i wmwiqvj wVK
wVK _v‡K| _v‡K bv|
4| WvUv dvBj‡K Bb‡W· Kiv n‡j bZyb 4| WvUv dvBj‡K mU© Kiv n‡j g~j †Uwej
Bb‡W· dvBj ˆZwi nq Ges g~j †Uwej dvBjwUB m‡U©W Ae¯’vq ¯§…wZ‡Z Rgv nq|
dvBj AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
5| Bb‡Ww·s-Gi gva¨‡g mU© Kiv AwZwi³ 5| mwU©s-Gi gva¨‡g mU© Kiv n‡j g~j †Uwej
Bb‡W· dvBj ˆZwi nq e‡j ¯§…wZ‡Z dvBj cwiewZ©Z nq e‡j AwZwi³ RvqMvi
AwZwi³ RvqMv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
6| Alphabetically, Numerically, 6| Ascending, Descending order-G
Indexing Kiv hvq| sorting Kiv hvq|
2.8 †iKW© †gvQv (Delete Record)

1. †h †iKW©wU gyQ‡Z n‡e Zv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Edit †gby¨ †_‡K wWwjU †iKW© G wK¬K Ki‡j gvB‡µvmdU G‡·m WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
3. Yes evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j †iKW©wU gy‡Q hv‡e|
cÖkœgvjv
AwZ msw¶ß :
1. WvUv UvBc Kx?
2. wdì †cÖvcvwU©R Kx?
3. mwU©s Kx?
4. wd‡ìi aib Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
5. Bb‡Ww·s-Gi myweavmg~n Kx?
msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. WvUv‡e‡R WvUv mwbœ‡ek Kiv hvq Kxfv‡e?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. Bb‡Ww·s I mwU©s-Gi cv_©K¨mg~n †jL|
2. wdì †cÖvcvwU©R m¤ú‡K© wjL|
3. WvUv UvB‡ci cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki|
4. WvUv‡e‡Ri Bb‡Ww·s Kx? Bb‡Ww·s-Gi myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Ki|
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
bgybv WvUv‡eR Abyhvqx †Uwej ˆZwi
3. bgybv WvUv‡eR Abyhvqx †Uwej ˆZwi
Kw¤úDUv‡i Gg Gm G‡·m †cÖvMÖv‡g wKQy bgybv WvUv‡eR cvIqv hvq hv †h †Kv‡bv wk¶K A‡bK
QvÎQvÎxi Z_¨ msi¶‡Y eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G ai‡bi bgybv WvUv‡eR MV‡bi gva¨‡g Avgiv kZ
kZ QvÎQvÎxi Z_¨ ivL‡Z Ges Zv‡ì wi‡cvU© I Ab¨vb¨ dg© AvKv‡i cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvwi| G ai‡bi
bgybv QvÎQvÎx‡ì First and Last Names, Student ID, Level, Complete Address, Date of
Birth, Home Phone, Mobile Phone, Notes BZ¨vw` WvUv ivL‡Z my‡hvM †`q| G ai‡bi Z_¨
cÖ‡Z¨K Qv‡Îi Ae¯’v Ges Zv‡ì m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
3.1 ¯‹yj WvUv‡e‡Ri wdì I †iKW©mg~n wba©viY

Avgiv Rvwb WvUv‡eR dvB‡ji wewfbœ Ask¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
K. K¨v‡iKUvi ev A¶i
L. wdì
M. †iKW©
N. dvBj
O. WvUv‡eR
g‡b Kwi, G‡·m †cÖvMÖv‡g studdent bv‡g Avg vgv‡ì GKwU WvUv‡eR
W i‡q‡
q‡Q|
wb‡PP Gi wdì I †iKW©
† mg~n wbaa©viY Ki‡Z n‡eÑ
n
WvUv wd‡ì ìi bvg wd‡ìi aib
Zv‡iK bvg eY©
Bmjvg Dcvwvwa eY©
QvÎ †ckkv eY©
Mwbcyi MÖvg eY©
†eMgMÄ Dc‡‡Rjv eY©
†bvqvLvjx †Rj jv eY©
120 †ivjj bs msL¨v
01715--- †gveevBj b¤î msL¨v
GLv‡‡b bvg, Dcvwwa, †ckv BZ¨Z¨vw` n‡”Q wdì ì Ges me¸‡‡jv wd‡ìi mw¤§wjZ
m Z_¨¸¸‡jv n‡jv †iKiKW©|
cÖ‡Z
Z¨KwU wd‡ìi cv‡k ev Aax‡‡b Z‡_ï wbw`© w`©ó Ask wjwcee× ev UvBc Ki‡ZK nq| Kw
Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUUv‡eR
dvBj j ˆZwii mg‡‡q DcwiD³ MVbM ev QK Aby A hvqx WvUv eve DcvË UvBc c Kiv hvq| g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb
‡q
Dcvwwa wd‡ìi bvgg, bvg wd‡ì Dcvwa ev MÖv‡‡gi bvg UvBc c Ki‡j I Kw¤úDUvi
Kw fyjwU ai‡Z cvi‡‡ebv|
MÖv‡ggi bvgwU hw` bvg
b wd‡ìi Aaxb
A Kjv‡g UvBc Uv Kiv nq Kw¤úDUvi
K MÖv‡‡gi bvg‡KB ggvby‡li bvg wn‡m‡e
wn
we‡eP
ePbv Ki‡e| Avevi
A hw` †Uwj wj‡dvb bv¤^vi‡KK Av‡qi wd‡ìì ivLv nq Z‡ee †Uwj‡dvb bvv¤^vi‡K Avq wn‡m‡e
wn
a‡i wb‡e| A_©vr Kw¤úDUvi
K wellqe¯—y, A_© evv aib ¯^Zš¿fv‡e
v eyS‡Z cv‡‡i bv| Kv‡RBB WvUv‡eR dvBB‡ji
MVbb Kivi mgq e‡je‡ w`‡Z n‡e †Kvb wd‡ìi Aax‡b
A Kx Z_¨¨ ev welq _vK
K‡e|
3.2 ¯‹yj WvUv‡eR R ˆZwi

we`¨v¨vj‡qi wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b WvUv‡v‡eR ˆZwi Z__¨cÖhyw³i GK
KwU Ae`vb| QQvÎQvÎx‡ì wewfbœ
we
Z_¨¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i msi¶Y K‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq m eënvi Ki‡Z WvUv‡ee‡Ri Zyjbv †bB| wb‡P Avgiv A
GKUUv ¯‹yj WvUv‡eeR Kivi c×wZ
wZ Zy‡j aiwQÑÑ
starrt → all proograms → Microsoft
M O
Office → Microsoft
M Offfice Accesss 2003 ev 2007
bgybv WvUv‡eR Abyhvqx †Uwej ˆZwi 217
GRb¨ Gg Gm GK‡mm †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb Kivi ci †Zvgvi Kv‡Q GKwU †cR I‡cb n‡e| hv‡Z Zywg AbjvBb
†_‡K ˆZwi Kiv WvUv‡eR wb‡Z cv‡iv ev bZyb WvUv‡eR ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi| Avgiv †h‡nZy cÖ_g †_‡K ïi“
KiwQ ZvB bZyb WvUv‡eR ˆZwi Ki‡ev| GRb¨ wm‡j± Ki| A_ev Zywg Ab¨fv‡eI bZyb WvUv‡eR ˆZwi
Ki‡Z cvi| GRb¨ †Zvgvi GK‡mm †gbyëv‡i wK¬K K‡i bZyb WvUv‡eR ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Blank Access database G wK¬K Kivi ci OK G wK¬K Kivi ci New File Database WvqvjM
e· Avm‡e| †mLv‡b File name e‡· we`¨vj‡qi cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i dvB‡ji bvg †hgb Student
bv‡g msi¶Y Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e| Gevi Create G wK¬K Ki‡j Student bv‡g GKwU
dvBj m„wó n‡e|
cÖkœgvjv
1. WvUv‡Uwej Kx?
2. wdì Kx?
3. †iKW© Kx?
msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. WvUv‡eR dvB‡ji wewfbœ Ask¸wj Kx?
2. WvUv‡eR MV‡bi mgq Kx D‡j−L Ki‡Z n‡e?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. WvUv, wd‡ìi bvg Ges aib m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2. ¯‹yj WvUv‡eR ˆZwii cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki|
PZy_© Aa¨vq
WvUv‡eR wi‡jkb
4.1 WvUv‡eR wi‡jkb (Database Relation)
WvUv‡e‡Ri Aš—M©Z GKvwaK WvUv dvBj †_‡K WvUv wb‡q KvR Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡b WvUv dvBjmg~‡ni g‡a¨
ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i wb‡Z nq| wewfbœ WvUv dvBj †_‡K WvUv wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨ Giƒc ms‡hvM ¯’vcb
Kiv‡bv‡K WvUv‡eR wi‡jkbwkc ejv nq|
wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡e‡Ri Rb¨ Kxfv‡e WvUv‡eR ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Zvi Rb¨ c~e© cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRb|
mgMÖ Kg©KvÊ‡K WvUvi †kªwYwefvM Abyhvqx wewfbœ WvUv‡e‡R fvM Ki‡Z nq Ges cieZ©x‡Z †m mKj
WvUv‡e‡Ri g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó wel‡qi Ici wi‡cvU© ev mvgwMÖKfv‡e eënvi‡hvM¨
†Kv‡bv wi‡cvU© ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| †h mKj WvUv‡e‡Ri g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e Zv‡Z Aš—Z GKwU
Kgb wdì _vK‡Z n‡e| G Kgb wd‡ìi Dci wfwË K‡iB wi‡jkb cÖwZwôZ n‡e|
WvUv‡e‡Ri wi‡jkbwk‡ci kZ©mg~n
wb‡gœ WvUv‡eR wi‡jkbwk‡ci kZ©¸‡jv †`qv n‡jv :
1| WvUv dvBj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Kgb cÖvBgvwi Kx wdì _vK‡Z n‡e|
2| Kgb cÖvBgvwi Kx wd‡ìi bvg mKj dvB‡j GKB n‡Z n‡e|
3| Kgb cÖvBgvwi Kx wd‡ìi mvBR GKB n‡Z n‡e|
4| cÖvBgvwi Kx wd‡ìi WvUv UvBc mKj dvB‡j GKB n‡Z n‡e|
4.2 WvUv‡eR wi‡jkbwk‡ci myweav

WvUv dvB‡ji mgwó‡K ejv nq WvUv‡eR| cÖwZwU WvUv dvB‡j c„_K c„_K wel‡qi WvUv Rgv ivLv hvq
Ges cÖwZwU dvBj‡K cÖ‡qvRb n‡j cÖvBgvwi Kx wd‡ìi wfwË‡Z GKwÎZ Kiv hvq| WvUv cÖ‡mwms‡qi
Rb¨ eëüZ WvUvmg~n‡K c„_K c„_K dvB‡j Rgv ivLv n‡j †iKW© AbymÜvb Ges AvaywbKxKi‡Yi KvR
`ª“Z nq| cÖwµqvKi‡Yi `ª“ZZvi cÖ‡qvR‡b †iKW©mg~n‡K c„_K c„_K dvB‡j Rgv ivLv nq Ges
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx WvUv‡eR wi‡jkbwkc ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡ì‡K GKwÎZ Kiv hvq|
4.3 wi‡jk‡bi cÖKvi‡f`

GKvwaK WvUv dvB‡ji g‡a¨ DcvË cÖwµqvKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖvBgvwi Kx wd‡ìi wfwË‡Z wi‡jkbwkc ¯’vcb
Kiv hvq| WvUv‡e‡Ri Aš—MZ
© WvUv dvB‡ji ga¨Kvi wi‡jkbwkc‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ
• One to One wi‡jkbwkc
• One to Many wi‡jkbwkc
• Many to One wi‡jkbwkc
• Many to Many wi‡jkbwkc
One to One wi‡jkbwkc

hw` †Kv‡bv WvUv‡e‡Ri †Kv‡bv GKwU dvB‡ji GKwU †iKW© Aci GK ev GKvwaK dvB‡ji GKwU
†iK‡W©i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †h wi‡jkbwkc ¯’vcb Kiv hvq Zv‡K ejv nq One to
One wi‡jkbwkc| †hgb : K‡jR WvUv‡e‡Ri Exam dvB‡ji GKwU †iKW© Personal dvB‡ji
†Kej GKwU m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ n‡Z cv‡i|
Exam File Student info
Name Roll No Marks Roll No Phone no
Sony 1001 75 1001 01711213141
Jony 1002 85 1002 01811314151
Moni 1005 88 1005 01911516171
Rony 1006 81 1006 01551617181
wPÎ 6.7 : One to One wi‡jkbwkc
One to Many wi‡jkbwkc

hw` †Kv‡bv WvUv‡e‡Ri †Kv‡bv GKwU dvB‡ji GKwU †iKW© Ab¨ GK ev GKvwaK dvB‡ji GKvwaK
†iK‡W©i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡ì g‡a¨ One to Many wi‡jkbwkc ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e| †hgb :
Business Center bvgK WvUv‡e‡Ri we‡µZv‡ì Z‡_ï Rb¨ Sales dvB‡ji GKwU †iKW©,
†µZv‡ì Z‡_ï Rb¨ eëüZ Custome dvB‡ji GKvwaK †iK‡W©i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z n‡Z cv‡i| KviY
GKRb we‡µZv GKvwaK †µZvi Kv‡Q wRwbm wewµ K‡i _v‡K| wb‡gœ Salers File Ges Custom
dvB‡ji g‡a¨ One to Many wi‡jkbwkc †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
Sales File Customer File
Sale Person Name Address Sale Person Customer Amount
Id. No Id. No Name
101 Tasif U.K 101 Jakir 5000
102 Rume Bangladesh 102 Kalam 30000
103 Joha U.S.A 101 Salim 5000
101 Abid 5000
102 Adil 10000
wPÎ 6.8 : One to Many wi‡jkbwkc
Many to One wi‡jkbwkc

GB wi‡jkbwkc n‡”Q One to Many wi‡jkbwk‡ci wecixZ| hw` †Kv‡bv GKwU dvB‡ji GKvwaK
†iKW© Aci GK ev GKvwaK dvB‡ji GKwU †iK‡W©i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z nq ZLb Zv‡ì ga¨Kvi
wi‡jkbwkc‡K Many to One wi‡jkbwkc ejv nq| †hgb : Home WvUv‡e‡Ri Child dvB‡ji
GKvwaK †iKW© Parent dvB‡ji GKwU †iK‡W©i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Child Ges Parent
WvUv‡eR wi‡jkb 221
dvB‡ji g‡a¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b Many to One wi‡jkbwkc Kiv hvq|

Child File Parent File
Name Id No. Father's Id Father's Id. Name Address
No
Jarin 101 201 201
Mant 102 202 202
Tasif 103 201 203
Rukiga 104 201 204
Rahat 105 202
wPÎ 6.9 : Many to One wi‡jkbwkc
Many to Many wi‡jkbwkc

hw` †Kv‡bv WvUv‡e‡Ri Aš—M©Z GKvwaK WvUv dvB‡ji cÖ‡Z¨KwUi GKwU †iKW© Aci †Kv‡bv dvB‡ji
GKvwaK †iK‡W©i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z nq Z‡e Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †h wi‡jkbwkc m„wó nq Zv‡K Many to Many
wi‡jkbwkc ejv nq| Many to Many wi‡jkbwkc ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j Z…Zxq GKwU †Uwej ˆZwi
Ki‡Z nq| GB Z…Zxq †UwejwU‡K Rvskb †Uwej ejv hvq| Rvskb †UwejwU One to Many-Gi g‡Zv
KvR K‡i| wb‡gœ Order Table I Product Table Gi g‡a¨ Many to Many wi‡jkb ˆZwi Ki‡Z
Order Details Table ˆZwi Kiv n‡jv, hv Rvskb †Uwej wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
Employee Table Product Table
Employee Name Employee Id Product Id Product Name Unit Price
Rajib 201 501 Printer 5000
Niluy 202 502 Scanner 6000
Akas 203 503 Monitor 9000
Order Details Table

Order Id Product Id Employee Id Quantity Total price
101 501 201 2 6000
101 502 201 1 4000
101 503 201 2 10000
102 501 202 3 9000
102 502 202 2 8000
102 503 202 1 5000
103 501 203 1 3000
103 503 203 2 10000
wPÎ 6.10 : Many to Many wi‡jkbwkc
4.4 Kx (Key) wdì

mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv GKwU wd‡ìi Dci wfwË K‡i dvB‡ji †iKW© kbv³KiY, AbymÜvb, m¤úK© ¯’vcb
BZ¨vw` KvR¸‡jv Kiv nq| GB wdì‡K Kx wdì e‡j| †hgb K¬v‡m QvÎ‡ì †ivj b¤^‡ii wfwË‡Z
kbv³KiY, djvdj †NvlYv I ¯‹jviwkc weZiY Kiv nq, ZvB †ivj b¤î‡K Kx wdì ejv hvq| GK
ev GKvwaK Ae¯’v ev NUbv eY©bvi Rb¨ Kx wdì eënvi Kiv nq| Kx wd‡ìi mvnv‡h¨ WvUv‡eR †_‡K
†iKW© AbymÜvb Kiv, `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK dvB‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv, WvUv‡e‡Ri †iKW© kbv³ Kiv
BZ¨vw` KvR Kiv hvq|
Kx wdì cÖavbZ wZb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i h_v:
1. cÖvBgvwi Kx (Primary Key)
2. K‡¤úvwRU cÖvBgvwi Kx (Composite Primary Key)
3. d‡ib Kx (Foreign Key)
4.4.1 cÖvBgvwi Kx (Primary Key)

†h wdì †Kv‡bv GKwU †iKW©‡K AwØZxqfv‡e (Unique) kbv³ K‡i Zv‡K cÖvBgvwi Kx e‡j| †Kv‡bv
dvB‡j mvaviYZ GK ev GKvwaK wdì _v‡K| GB wdì¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Kgc‡¶ GKwU wdì _vK‡e hvi
WvUv¸‡jv AwØZxq A_©vr H wd‡ìi cÖwZwU WvUv wfbœ wfbœ n‡e| †hgbÑ GKwU ‡kªwY‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì
‡ivj b¤î GKwUB _v‡K| †Kv‡bv dvB‡j †h mKj wd‡ìi WvUv¸‡jv AwØZxq nq †m mKj wdìB
cÖvBgvwi Kx nIqvi †hvM¨|
†Kv‡bv GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi MÖvnK‡ì ZvwjKvi dvBj wbgœiƒcÑ
Kw¤úDUvi cvewj‡KkÝ
MÖvnK‡ì ZvwjKv dvBj
MÖvnK b¤î bvg eqm ‡dvb ZvwiL
454 Ave`yi ingvb 28 8996252 03/07/87
889 mvBdyj Bmjvg 23 9500898 19/08/92
307 †kdvwj †eMg 18 7334848 28/02/97
109 mvBdyj nK 17 7959620 07/12/98
007 Avwgi †nv‡mb 27 9299657 29/07/88
MÖvnK b¤î Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wdì‡K cÖvBgvwi Kx ejv hv‡e bv KviY bvg wd‡ì GKB bvg GKvwaKevi
_vK‡Z cv‡i wKsev eqm ev Ab¨vb¨ wd‡ìi GKB WvUv evi evi _vK‡Z cv‡i| cÖvBgvwi Kx Gi mvnv‡h¨
GKvwaK dvB‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR ˆZwi Kiv nq|
4.4.2 d‡ib Kx (Foreign Key)

wi‡jkb †Uwe‡ji †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv GKwU †Uwe‡ji cÖvBgvwi hw` Ab¨ †Uwe‡j eëüZ nq ZLb H Kx‡K
d‡ib Kx e‡j| d‡ib Kxi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU †Uwe‡ji mv‡_ Ab¨ †Uwe‡ji m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
wb‡gœ GKwU eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi WvUv‡eR †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
4.4.3 cÖvBgvwi Kx Ges d‡ib Kx-Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

Difference between Primary Key and Foreign Key
pাiমাির কী ফেরন কী
1. †h Kx w`‡q †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó GbwUwUi †Kv‡bv 1. GKwU †Uwe‡ji cÖvBgvwi Kx Ab¨ WvUv †Uwe‡j
GbwUwU †mU‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c kbv³ Kiv hvq mvaviY Kx wn‡m‡e eëüZ (G Kx)- n‡j Zv‡K
Zv‡K cÖvBgvwi Kx ejv nq| d‡ib Kx ejv nq|
2. G wd‡ìi cÖ‡Z¨KwU f¨vjy Unique ev AwØZxq| 2. GwU me©`v cÖvBgvwi Kx-†K †idvi K‡i|
3. GwU NULL bq| 3. GwU NULL|
4. GwU Parent A_©vr wcZv| 4. GwU Child A_©vr wkï|
5. WvUv kbv³Ki‡Y eëüZ nq| 5. `ywU †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ wi‡jkb ˆZwi Ki‡Z eëüZ nq|
6. GKwU †Uwe‡j GKwU gvÎ cÖvBgvwi Kx 6. GKwU †Uwe‡j wewfbœ †Uwe‡ji GKvwaK d‡ib
_v‡K| Kx _vK‡Z cv‡i|
4.5 WvUvi GbwUwU Ges GwUªweDU (Data Entity and Attribute)

GbwUwU (Entity)
Entity n‡”Q mËv hv w`‡q Ae‡R±‡K wPwýZ Kiv hvq| †Kv‡bv WvUv †Uwej‡K wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨
†Uwe‡ji Rb¨ †h bvg †Ìqv nq ZvB n‡”Q WvUvi GbwUwU| GbwUwUi ev¯—e Dcw¯’wZ _vK‡Z cv‡i
A_ev GwU ïaygvÎ aviYvi Dci wfwË K‡i n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡Pi wP‡Î GKwU WvUv †Uwej‡K Employee
data bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

G Employee data n‡”Q †UwejwUi GbwUwU| Ggwbfv‡e H cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KZ©v‡ì dvBj, MÖvnK‡ì
dvBj, Drcvw`Z c‡Yï dvBj BZ¨vw` ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU †¶‡Î G¸‡jv GK GKwU GKK
wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡e| A_©vr cÖwZwU GKKB GK GKwU GbwUwU| wb‡Pi wPÎ Employee data
dvBjwUi GbwUwU I GwUªweDU wb‡`©k K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
GbwUwU †mU (Entity Set)

GKB RvZxq GbwUwU‡K GbwUwU †mU (Entity Set) ejv nq| GKwU WvUv‡eR‡K GbwUwU †mU ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
GwUªweDU (Attribute)
GKwU GbwUwU-Gi êwkó¨ cÖKv‡ki †h mg¯— wdì ev AvB‡Ug ev Dcv`vb eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv
nq GwUªweDU| Employee data GbwUwU‡Z cvuPwU wdì i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv bvg, Kv‡R †hvM`v‡bi
ZvwiL, c`we, eqm Ges wVKvbv| Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU GK GKwU GwUªweDU| †Kv‡bv GKRb Kg©Pvixi
Dwj−wLZ cvuPwU wd‡ìi †h Z_¨ cvIqv hv‡e, †mB cvuPwU Z‡_ï mgwó‡K ejv nq GbwUwU †mU ev
†iKW©| †hgbÑ Rv‡f` Avn‡g`, 5/3/02, Acv‡iUi, 31, cwievM G cvuPwU wdì GKwU GbwUwU †mU|
f¨vjy (Value)
cÖ‡Z¨KwU GwUªweDU-Gi †h gvb _v‡K Zv‡K ejv nq f¨vjy| †hgbÑ bvg GwUªweDU-Gi f¨vjy n‡”Q
Rv‡f` Avn‡g`, Kv‡R †hvM`v‡bi ZvwiL GwUªweDU Gi f¨vjy n‡”Q 05/03/09|
GLv‡b Kg©Pvwi Z_¨ GbwUwU-Gi GwUªweDU I f¨vjy †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ

GwUªweDU f¨vjy
bvg : Rv‡f` Avn‡g`
Kv‡R †hvM`v‡bi : 05/05/16
ZvwiL
c`we : Acv‡iUi
eqm : 31
wVKvbv : cwievM
4.6 G‡·‡m `y‡Uv WvUv‡eR †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© ˆZwii c×wZ

Kgb wd‡ìi Dci wfwË K‡i `ywU WvUv‡e‡Ri g‡a¨ m¤úK© ˆZwi K‡i Zv cÖ`k©b I msi¶‡Yi eë¯’v
Kivi mnR Dcvq G‡·‡m i‡q‡Q| †mRb¨ wbgœwjwLZ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e :
• WvUv‡eRwU I‡cb K‡i Query U¨v‡e wK¬K K‡i Create query in Design View-†Z Wvej wK¬K
Ki‡Z nq| Show Table DB‡Ûv cvIqv hv‡e| GLvb †_‡K †h †Uwejmg~‡ni wfwË‡Z †Kv‡qwi
Ki‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jv wbe©vPb K‡i Add G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Close G wK¬K K‡i WvqvjM e·wU
eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| Query : Select Query cvIqv hvq| GwUB `y‡Uv WvUv‡e‡Ri g‡a¨ m¤úK©
ˆZwi K‡i Zv cÖ`k©b I msi¶‡Yi ˆZwii g~j DB‡Ûv|
• Dfq †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mva‡bi Rb¨ cÖ_g †Uwe‡ji Kgb wdìwU W«vM K‡i wØZxq †Uwe‡ji
Kgb wd‡ìi Dci †Q‡o w`‡j †Uwej `y‡Uvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ˆZwi n‡e|
• Gevi Field, Table, Sort, Show, Criteria wbe©vPb K‡i †Kv‡qwi dvBjwU †`Lvi Rb¨ Query
Run wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
• dvBjwU †K¬vR Ki‡j msi¶Y Kivi evZ©v Avm‡e| msi¶Y Ki‡Z PvB‡j bvg w`‡q Save Ki‡Z
n‡e|
cÖkœgvjv
1. WvUv‡eR wi‡jkb Kx?
2. WvUv‡eR wi‡jkb KZ cÖKvi?
3. Kx (Key) wdì Kx?
4. cÖvBgvwi Kx Kx?
5. WvUvi GbwUwU Kx?
6. GwUªweDU Kx?
7. f¨vjy Kx?
msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. wi‡jkb WvUv‡eR Kx?
2. WvUv‡e‡Ri g‡a¨ wi‡jk‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx?
3. `ywU †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ wi‡jkb ˆZwiKi‡Yi kZ© Kx?
4. D`vniYmn One to One wi‡jkbwkc eY©bv Ki|
5. One to Many wi‡jkbwkc Kv‡K e‡j?
6. D`vniYmn Many to Many wi‡jkbwkc eY©bv Ki|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. cÖvBgvwi Kx Ges d‡ib Kx Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ eY©bv Ki|
2. G‡·‡m `y‡Uv WvUv‡eR †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© ˆZwii c×wZ eY©bv Ki|
cÂg Aa¨vq
WvUv‡eR †Kv‡qwi
5.1 †Kv‡qwi (Query)
WvUv‡e‡R e¨vcK Z_¨ msM„nxZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| G e¨vcK AvqZ‡bi Z‡_ï ga¨ †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq †iKW©
ev †iKW©mg~n †Kv‡bv kZ© ev êwk‡óï wfwË‡Z Lyu‡R †ei Kiv‡K †Kv‡qwi ejv nq| †Kv‡qwi‡Z
Expression, Operator, Filter BZ¨vw` eënvi Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv WvUv †Kv‡qwi Kivi Rb¨ hyw³g~jK
G·‡cÖkb (Logical Expression) w`‡q kZ© wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z nq| †h mKj †iKW© kZ© c~iY K‡i
†m †iKW©¸‡jvB †Kv‡qwii djvdj wn‡me cvIqv hv‡e| †hgbÑ aiv hvK, †Kv‡bv WvUv- †Uwe‡j City
bvgK GKwU wd‡ì wewfbœ kn‡ii bvg Av‡Q| G‡¶‡Î †h mKj †iK‡W©i City wd‡ìi gvb ‘Dhaka’
Av‡Q, †m †iKW©¸‡jv †Kv‡qwi Kivi Rb¨ City = ‘Dhaka’ G iKg G·‡cÖkb ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
†Kv‡qwi‡Z G·‡cÖkb ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ Acv‡iUi eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
5.2 WvUv‡e‡R †Kv‡qwi ˆZwii ¸i“Z¡

WvUv‡e‡R †Kv‡qwi ˆZwi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask| GKwU wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡e‡Ri Avmj kw³ n‡jv WvUv
`ª“Z D×vi Kiv Ges Z_¨ we‡k−lY Kivi ¶gZv| GKwU †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ WvUv ev Z_¨ Ly‡u R cvIqvi Rb¨
wm¤új mvP© ev wdëv‡ii †P‡q †Kv‡qwi †ewk Kv‡R †`q| †Kv‡qwi A‡bK †Uwej †_‡K Z_¨ ev WvUv
AbymÜvb Ki‡Z cv‡i| hw` Avgiv †Kv‡bv Qv‡Îi bvg w`‡q mvaviY mvP© ev wdëvi eënvi Kwi Zvn‡j
G‡ì †Kv‡bvwUB Qv‡Îi Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ ev WvUv GKm‡½ †`Lv‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kv‡qwii gva¨‡g AwZmn‡R
Qv‡Îi bvg, wVKvbv, †gvevBj bs BZ¨vw` GKmv‡_ †ei Ki‡Z cvwi|
SQL †Kv‡qwi
SQL Gi cy‡iv A_© n‡”Q Structured Query Language| GwU GKwU Abb¨ kw³kvjx WvUv
†gwbcy‡jkb I †Wwd‡bkb j¨vs¸‡qR| wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR A¨vK‡mm Kivi Rb¨ SQL n‡”Q GKwU
nvwZqvi| AZx‡Z SQL †Kej †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUv‡i eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| eZ©gv‡b †W¯‹Uc
Kw¤úDUv‡iI wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR c−vUdg© eëüZ nIqvi d‡j SQL eënvi ïi“ n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv GK
ev GKvwaK WvUv‡eR, †Uwej, Kjvg Bb‡W· BZ¨vw`‡Z cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| AwaKvsk SQL †÷U‡g›UB
djvdj wn‡m‡e GK †mU †iKW© cÖ`vb K‡i| SQL †Kv‡qwi cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ SQL DB‡Ûv I‡cb
K‡i wb‡Z nq| 1974 mv‡j IBM (International Business Machine) Gi Research Center G
SQL ˆZwi Kiv nq|
SQL wdPvi myweav

• SQL Bs‡iwR fvlvi KvQvKvwQ GKwU †Kv‡qwi j¨v½y‡qR| G‡Z SELECT, INSERT,
DELETE G iKg kã Øviv KgvÛ †mU ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
• SQL GKwU non-procedural j¨v½y‡qR| †h Z_¨vewj ìKvi †Kej Zv e‡j w`‡jB nq, Kxfv‡e
†Kv‡qwi Kiv hv‡e Zv ejvi ìKvi nq bv|
• SQL GKB mg‡q GK GKwU †iKW©‡K cÖ‡mm bv K‡i eis GK †mU †iKW© cÖ‡mm K‡i|
• SQL wewfbœ †kªwYi eënviKvix eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ WvUv‡eR GWwgwb‡÷«Ui, †cÖvMÖvgvi,
g¨v‡bR‡g›U ev wewfbœ G¨vÛ BDRviMY|
• SQL wewfbœ †kªwYi Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ
- WvUv †Kv‡qwi Kiv|
- WvUv mwbœ‡ek, Avc‡WU ev gy‡Q †djv|
- WvUv‡eR Ae‡R± ˆZwi, ms‡kvab ev gy‡Q †djv|
- WvUv‡eR Ae‡R± A¨vK‡mm wbqš¿Y|
- WvUv‡eR Consistency-Gi wbðqZv cÖ`vb|
†Kv‡qwi G·‡cÖkb (Query Expression)

†h †Kv‡bv †Kv‡qwi ˆZwi Ki‡Z G·‡cÖkb eënvi Ki‡Z nq| G G·‡cÖk‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i †Kv‡qwi
djvdj wbe©vwPZ nq| †hgbÑ City = ‘Dhaka’ GKwU G·‡cÖkb| †h mKj †iK‡W©i City wd‡ìi
gvb Dhaka Av‡Q †Kej †m mKj †iKW©B wbe©vwPZ n‡e| G G·‡cÖkb ˆZwi Ki‡Z mvaviYZ Literal
Ges Acv‡iUi eëüZ nq| wb‡P G mKj Dcv`vb Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
Literal Ges Constant

†h mKj †fjy¨‡K WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U h_vh_fv‡e †mB †fjy¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i Zv‡K Literal
e‡j| †Kv‡bv †fjy¨‡K Literal G·‡cÖkb wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv hvq, Avevi cÖ‡qvRb‡eva Literal †_‡K
Constant ev Varible wn‡m‡e Assign Kiv hvq|
WvUv‡eR †Kv‡qwi 229
†Kv‡bv †fjy¨‡K Literal wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Ki‡Z PvB‡j wb‡gœv³ wWwjwgUvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
• †U·‡Ui †¶‡Î Wej †Kv‡Ukb w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb ‘Hello’
• Zvwi‡Li †¶‡Î # (wWwjwgUvi) Øviv Ave× Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb #05-19-99#
• msL¨vi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv wWwjgvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
Constant n‡”Q †Kv‡bv AcwieZ©bxq †U·U ev msL¨v| G·‡cÖkb ˆZwi Ki‡Z wb‡gœi Kb÷¨v›U †fjy¨
eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• ÔÔ ÕÕ Gi †Kv‡bv dvuKv w÷«s mv‡_ g¨vwPs K‡i|
• Null †h‡Kv‡bv dvuKv G·‡cÖk‡bi mv‡_ g¨vwPs K‡i|
• False jwR¨Kvj G·‡cÖk‡b †Kv‡bv djvdj wg_¨v n‡j Zvi mv‡_ g¨vwPs K‡i|
• True jwRK¨vj G·‡cÖk‡bi †Kv‡bv djvdj mZ¨ n‡j Zvi mv‡_ g¨vwPs K‡i|
5.3 †Kv‡qwii cÖKvi‡f`

Query wewfbœ cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i| h_vÑ
i. Select Query
ii. Crosstab Query
iii. Make Table Queries
iv. Action Query BZ¨vw`|
G¸‡jvi we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv wb‡gœ ewY©Z n‡jv|

1. Select Queries :
Select Queries-Gi gva¨‡g Avgiv Table (†Uwej)-Gi Aš—M©Z cQ›`g‡Zv wbw`©ó wKQy
Column (Kjvg)-†K †Lv‡R Avjv`v K‡i †`L‡Z cvwi|
2. Crosstab Queries :
Crosstab Queries-Gi gva¨‡g Avgiv Table (†Uwej)-Gi Aš—M©Z Column (Kjvg) ¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ †h †Kv‡bv wZbwU Column (Kjvg)-†K †Uwe‡j †h iKg Av‡Q wVK †m iKg ivL‡Z cvwi
Ges H †Uwe‡ji Aš—M©Z Ab¨ GKwU Column (Kjvg)-†K cvwU©kvb Ki‡Z cvwi|
3. Make Table Queries :
Make Table Queries-Gi gva¨‡g Avgiv GKvwaK Table (†Uwej)-Gi Aš—M©Z Column
(Kjvg) ¸‡jv‡K †Uwe‡j †h iKg Av‡Q wVK †m iKg Lyu‡R GKwÎZ K‡i cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvwi|
4. Action Queries :
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡qwii djvdj w`‡q hLb †Uwe‡ji WvUvmg~‡ni cwieZ©b Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Action
Queries e‡j| wZb ai‡bi Action Queries-Gi eY©bv wb‡P †Ìqv n‡jvÑ
• Update Queries : GB Option-Gi mnvqZvq Table †_‡K Record Query K‡i cÖwZ¯’vcb
Kiv hvq|
• Append Queries : GB Option-Gi mnvqZvq Table †_‡K Record Query K‡i ms‡hvRb
ev †hvM Kiv hvq|
• Delete Queries : †Kv‡bv Table †_‡K wbw`©ó wKQy Record gy‡Q †djvi Rb¨ G †Kv‡qwi
eëüZ nq|
5.4 wm‡j± †Kv‡qwi Ges A¨vKkb †Kv‡qwii djvdj ev¯—evqb

5.4.1 wm‡j± †Kv‡qwii djvdj ev¯—evqb
WvUv‡eR †_‡K WvUv Zy‡j G‡b †`L‡Z SELECT †÷U‡g›UwU eënvi nq| †hgbÑ
G‡Z cy‡iv test bv‡gi †UwejwUi me WvUv (hw` _v‡K) Avcbvi mvg‡b nvwRi K‡i †dj‡e|
Gi RvqMvq hw` †Kv‡bv Kjv‡gi bvg †`b Zvn‡j ïay IB Kjvg¸wj †`Lv‡e| †hgbÑ
SELECT †÷U‡g›U w`‡q †Uwe‡ji wbw`©ó K‡qKwU mvwi Zy‡j G‡b †`L‡Z cv‡ib A_¨©vr wVK K‡i
w`‡Z cv‡ib KZUyKz Avcwb †`L‡Z Pvb| †hgb ai“b ‘test’ †UwejwU‡Z 20 wU mvwi (row) Av‡Q GLb
Avcwb cÖ_g 5wU mvwi †`L‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j
AvDUcyU
5.4.2 A¨vKkb †Kv‡qwii djvdj ev¯—evqb

†Kv‡bv †Kv‡qwii djvdj w`‡q hLb †Uwe‡ji WvUvmg~‡ni cwieZ©b Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Action
Queries e‡j| wZb ai‡bi Action Queries Gi eY©bv wb‡P †Ìqv n‡jvÑ
• Update Queries : GB Option-Gi mnvqZvq Table †_‡K Record Query K‡i cÖwZ¯’vcb
Kiv hvq|
• Append Queries : GB Option-Gi mnvqZvq Table †_‡K Record Query K‡i ms‡hvRb
ev †hvM Kiv hvq|
• Delete Queries : †Kv‡bv Table †_‡K wbw`©ó wKQy Record gy‡Q †djvi Rb¨ G †Kv‡qwi eëüZ nq|
SQL w`‡q †Uwe‡ji WvUv Avc‡WU wWwjU Kiv mnR| GB †Uwe‡ji wKQy WvUv Avc‡WU wWwjU K‡i
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
Avc‡WU (UPDATE)
ai“b ‘students’ †Uwe‡ji me row-Gi ‘number’ Kjvg Avc‡WU Kie|
Dc‡ii †Kv‡qwiwU ‘students’ †Uwe‡ji me row Gi number Kjv‡g †h gvb Av‡Q †mUvi mv‡_ 2
†hvM Ki‡e|
GB †Kv‡qwi †Uwe‡ji me row Gi number Gi mv‡_ 2 †hvM Ki‡e| hw` PvB 1g 2wU row-†Z
†Kv‡bv Avc‡WU Kie Zvn‡j LIMIT eënvi Ki‡Z cvwi †hgbÑ
Dc‡ii †Kv‡qwiwU ‘students’ †Uwe‡ji cÖ_g 2wU row-Gi ‘number’ Kjv‡g †h gvb Av‡Q †mUvi
mv‡_ 2 †hvM Ki‡e|
hw` PvB 2 b¤î row †_‡K 6 b¤î row ch©š— Avc‡WU Kie Zvn‡j wKš‘ Dc‡ii gZ †Kv‡qwi wjL‡j
KvR Ki‡e bv| ZLb wb‡Pi g‡Zv mve‡Kv‡qwi eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e, KviY LIMIT G Ad‡mU KvR
K‡i bv UPDATE Gi mv‡_|
Dc‡ii †Kv‡qwiwU ‘students’ †Uwe‡ji cÖ_g 2 †_‡K 8g row ch©š— (6wU row) number Kjv‡gi
gvb 20 K‡i †`‡e|
wWwjU (DELETE)
†h‡Kv‡bv row gy‡Q w`‡Z †mB row-Gi GKwU Kjvg (mvaviYZ id Kjvg w`‡q Gme Kiv nq)
WHERE K¬‡R w`‡q DELETE Kiv hvq| †hgb Avwg hw` PvB ‘students’ †UwejwUi 5 bs AvBwW
m¤^wjZ row wU gy‡Q †è| Zvn‡j
Dc‡ii †Kv‡qwiwU ‘students’ †Uwe‡ji H row wU gy‡Q w`‡e hvi id n‡e 5|

hw` PvB †kl 3wU row gy‡Q †è Zvn‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv wjL‡Z cv‡ib
Gfv‡e †h‡Kvb WvUv B‡”Qg‡Zv wdëvi K‡i †mUv gy‡Q w`‡Z wKsev Avc‡WU Ki‡Z cv‡ib GmwKD‡qj
w`‡q| GB KvR¸wj Aek¨ mdUIq¨vi w`‡qI Kiv hvq| †hgb : phpMyAdmin w`‡q †h‡Kvb †Uwej
wm‡j± Ki“b Zvn‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv †`Lv‡eÑ
GLv‡b †`L‡ZB cv‡”Qb cÖwZwU row †ZB ‘Edit’, ‘Delete’ BZ¨vw` wjsK Av‡Q Ges Gm‡e wK¬K K‡i
†h‡Kvb WvUv m¤úv`bv ev Avc‡WU Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
5.5 WvUv †Uwej Ges †Kv‡qwi wiUvbW †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨Ñ

WvUv †Uwej Ges †Kv‡qwi wiUvb©W †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ KvQvKvwQ g‡b n‡jI wKQy cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ
G¸‡jv †`qv n‡jv|
1. WvUv wdwRK¨vwj †Kv‡qwi‡Z mwÂZ nq bv, Ab¨w`‡K GKwU †Uwej n‡”Q wdwRK¨vj WvUv AvK©vBf|
2. GKwU †Kv‡qwi‡Z WvUv cybt criteria and sorting cÖ‡qvM e¨ZxZ MwZkxjfv‡e k„•LwjZ Ges
wdëvW© Kiv hvq|
3. bZyb wdì m„wó Ki‡Z †Kv‡qwi‡Z G·‡ckb wj‡L MYbv Kivi Rb¨ dg©j y v Ges dvskb eënvi Kiv
hvq| G·‡mm 2010 fvm©‡b CalculateÕ data type w`‡q GKwU †Uwe‡j WvUv MYbv Kiv hvq|
4. GKwU †Kv‡qwi‡Z †Kv‡qwi wjswKs-Gi gva¨‡g wi‡jkbwk‡ci Rb¨ GKvwaK †Uwej †_‡K wdì
Avbv hvq|
5.6 †Kv‡qwi wi‡jkbvj Acv‡iUi

†Kv‡qwi Kgv‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †iKW© AbymÜvb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges AbymÜvb I Dc¯’vcbvi
Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi kZ© Av‡iv‡ci Rb¨ bvbv ai‡bi Acv‡iUi eënvi Kiv nq| wewfbœ ai‡bi Acvi‡Ui
i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ
1. wi‡jkb Acv‡iUi
2. jwRK¨vj Acvi‡Ui
3. MvwYwZK Acvi‡Ui
4. String Acvi‡Ui
WvUv‡e‡R †Kv‡qwii Rb¨ wi‡jkb Acv‡iUi ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| †Kv‡bv WvUv ev †iKW© Luy‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨
G·‡cÖkb ˆZwi Ki‡Z GB Acv‡iUiwU cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| wb‡P wi‡jkb Acv‡iUimg~n Ges G‡ì
e¨vL¨v †`qv n‡jv|
Acv‡iUi eY©bv
= mgvb wPý
> Amgvb
< Acv‡iU‡ii evg Ask Wvb As‡ki †Q‡q †QvU
<= Acv‡iU‡ii evg Ask Wvb As‡ki mgvb ev †QvU
> Acv‡iU‡ii evg As‡ki Zyjbvq Wvb Ask eo ev mgvb
>= Acv‡iU‡ii evg As‡ki Zyjbvq Wvb Ask eo ev mgvb
$ mve-w÷«s Gi g‡a¨ Zyjbv K‡i
5.7 µmU¨ve †Kv‡qwi wWRvBb

†Uwej †_‡K Z_¨ AbymÜvb ev ev` †Ìqvi Rb¨ †Kv‡qwi Lye ¸i“Z¡c~Y© nvwZqvi| GwUGKwU WvUv‡e‡R
wewfbœ KvR ev Acv‡ikb m¤úv`b K‡i Ges Pvwn`v Abyhvhvqx djvdj enb K‡i| gvB‡µvmdU
A¨v‡·m µmU¨ve †Kv‡qwi †¯cÖWkxU-Gi Abyiƒc Ges eënviKvix‡K GKwU K¤ú¨v± web¨v‡m Z_¨
ms‡¶c Ki‡Z m¶g K‡i|
D`vniY¯îƒc : Avcwb wewfbœ †Kv‡m© QvÎ‡ì myiw¶Z bv¤^vi we‡k−lY Ki‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j wm‡j±
†Kv‡qwi Øviv GwU we‡k−lY Kiv KwVb n‡e, †hLv‡b Avcwb GKwU wbw`©ó Qv‡Îi we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡Z wb‡P
¯Œwjs Ki‡Z n‡e|
wb‡P †`Lv‡bv mviwY‡Z, wZbRb QvÎ Av‡Q hviv wbR wbR †Kv‡m© wewfbœ myiw¶Z bv¤^vi aviY K‡i|
GLb Avcwb hw` cÖwZwU wk¶v_©xi wewfbœ †Kv‡m© cÖvß bv¤^vi cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z Pvb, Zvn‡j †iK‡W©i GKwU
msw¶ß wKš‘ m¤ú~Y© wfD †c‡Z Avgiv wk¶v_©x‡ì bvg column or field heading-G Ges †Kv‡m©i
bvg row heading cwieZ©b Kie| µmU¨ve †Kv‡qwi‡Z, Aš—Z GK mvwi row heading, GKwU
column heading I GKwU value wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvB GB †¶‡Î QvÎ bv‡gi wdì‡K row
heading, †Kv‡m©i bvg‡K row column heading Ges bv¤^vi‡K assign value cwieZ©b Kie|
†Kv‡qwi ˆZwii Rb¨ †Kv‡qwi U¨ve wK¬K Ki| wWRvBb wfDi Rb¨ Query design wK¬K Ki| welq e¯—y
†`L‡Z †Uwej hy³ K‡iv|
GLb Design tab Gi w`‡K ZvKvI Ges µmU¨ve evU‡b wK¬K Ki|
Avcwb j¶¨ Ki‡eb `ywU bZyb mvwi Crosstab and Total bv‡g wb‡Pi field pane hy³ n‡q‡Q| GLb
µmU¨ve mvwi‡Z options-Gi Rb¨ small drop-down button evUb wK¬K Ki“b Ges †Kvm© wdì
wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ Row Heading wm‡jKU Ki| bvg wd‡ìi wb‡P c‡ii mvwi‡Z, W«c-WvDb Ackb
†_‡K Column Heading wm‡j± Ki| gvK©m wd‡ìi Rb¨ Value Ges corresponding row wm‡j±
Ki Ges W«c-WvDb Ackb †_‡K Sum wbe©vPb Ki|
GLb †Kvm©, hv Av‡M column heading wQj Zv row heading G iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q‡Q| Ges Zvi Av‡M
wk¶v_©x‡ì bvg hv Av‡M row heading wQj Zv column headings G cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| G‡Z GwU
msw¶ßZv AR©b K‡i‡Q Ges GLb Avgiv †Kv‡bv Qv‡Îi we¯—vwiZ †`L‡Z wb‡P ¯Œj Ki‡Z n‡e bv|
Dc‡i †`Lv‡bv cÖ`k©bx‡Z †QvU cwigv‡Yi WvUv i‡q‡Q| µmU¨ve †K¨vqvwii ev¯—e eënvi, †`Lv hv‡e
Z‡_ï wekvj WvUv kx‡U KvR Kivi mgq|
cÖkœgvjv
1. †Kv‡qwi Kx?
2. SQL †Kv‡qwi Kx?
3. G·‡cÖkb eënvi Ki‡Z nq KLb?
4. Literal Ges Constant Kx?
5. SQL Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. Acv‡iUi Kx? MvwYwZK Acv‡iUi eY©bv Ki|
2. †Kv‡qwi KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
3. wm‡j± †Kv‡qwii G·‡cÖkb KqwU?
4. wm‡j± †Kv‡qwi Kv‡K e‡j?
5. c¨vivwgUvi †Kv‡qwi Kv‡K e‡j?
6. A¨vKkb †Kv‡qwi Kv‡K e‡j?
7. Append †Kv‡qwi Kv‡K e‡j?
8. Delete †Kv‡qwi Kv‡K e‡j?
9. Update †Kv‡qwi Kv‡K e‡j?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. †Kv‡qwi Kx? wewfbœ ai‡bi †Kv‡qwi eY©bv Ki|
2. †Kv‡qwi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? †Kv‡qwi G·‡cÖkb Kv‡K e‡j? †Kv‡qwi‡Z eëüZ Acv‡iUi¸‡jv
eY©bv Ki|
3. Acv‡iUi Kx? wi‡jkb WvUv‡e‡R eëüZ wewfbœ Acv‡iU‡ii eY©bv Ki|
lô Aa¨vq
dg© ˆZwi
6.1 dg©
Avgiv †cÖvMÖv‡gi wfbœ As‡k †h DB‡Ûv †`wL, †m ai‡bi DB‡Ûv ˆZwii Rb¨ dg© eënvi Kiv nq|
†cÖvMÖvg ˆZwii mgq GB d‡g© wewfbœ Ae‡R± ev K‡›Uªvj cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i mshy³ K‡i †cÖvMÖv‡gi
B›Uvi‡dm ˆZwi Kiv nq| Gici cÖwZwU Ae‡R‡±i Rb¨ Dchy³ †KvW wj‡L †cÖvMÖvg‡K Kv‡Ri
Dc‡hvMx Kiv nq|
dg© eënv‡ii myweav :

WvUv cÖ`k©b eë¯’v wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ dg© eëüZ nq| WvUv †Uwe‡ji b¨vq d‡g©I WvUv Gw›Uª Kiv
hvq| GRb¨ Av‡M dg© wWRvBb Ki‡Z nq| d‡g© MÖvwd·, wPÎ I †U·‡Ui mg¤^q m¤¢e nq| ZvB
mvaviY WvUv †Uwe‡ji mKj wd‡ìi WvUv‡K DB‡Ûv‡Z cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ dg© myweavRbK| dg© ˆZwii Rb¨
mvaviYZ †h mKj K‡›Uªvj¸‡jv eëüZ nq †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
• †j‡fj (Lebel)
• †U·U e· (Text Box)
• wj÷ e· (List Box)
• †PK e· (Check Box)
• KgvÛ evUb (Command Button)
• K‡¤^v e· (Combo Box)
• Ackb evUb (Option Button)
• Mªyc evUb (Group Button)
• U¨ve K‡›Uªvj (Tab Control)
• B‡gR (Image)
• mve dg©/ mve wi‡cvU© (Sub Form/Sub Report)
• Ae‡R± dg© (Object Form) BZ¨vw`
Avgiv †`‡LwQ †Uwe‡j cÖwZwU Record GKB jvB‡b Ges cÖwZwU Field GKB Kjv‡g cÖ`wk©Z nq| G
Ae¯’vq GKB mv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv Record Screen G cÖ`k©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡jI GKwU Record-Gi
me¸‡jv Field-†K cÖ`k©b Kiv m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Avi GRb¨B cÖ‡qvRb Forms wWRvB‡bi| cy‡iv
GKwU Record-Gi me¸‡jv Field-†K mvwR‡q GKB mv‡_ GKwU Screen-G cÖ`k©b Ki‡j ¯^fveZB
GwU `„wób›`b I AvKl©Yxq n‡e| d‡g© Qwe ms‡hvM Kiv hvq| wb‡Pi WvUv‡eRwU j¶¨ KiÑ
WvUv‡eRwU eo nIqvq WvUvkxU wfD‡Z WvUv‡eRwUi me¸‡jv wdì c`©vq †`Lv hv‡”Q bv| Giƒc †Kv‡bv
WvUv‡eR A‡bK eo n‡j WvUvkxU wfD‡Z m¤ú~Y© WvUv‡eR GKB mg‡q c`©vq †`Lv hvq bv| wKš‘
WvUv‡eRwU d‡g© GKwU K‡i m¤ú~Y© †iKW© †`Lv hvq| †hgbÑ
†Kv‡bv Database Table Open Kivi ci ev Forms Open Kivi ci Uyjev‡ii evg †Kv‡Y View
Tools cÖ`wk©Z nq G¸‡jv Menu Bar-Gi View Click Ki‡jI cÖ`wk©Z nq| G¸‡jvi gva¨‡g
Data wewfbœ fv‡e cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq|
• Design View : dg©wUi wWRvBb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z PvB‡j GB Option wU eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
• From View : From View AvKv‡i Data ¸‡jv‡K cÖ`k©b Kivi Rb¨ GB Option eënvi
Ki‡Z nq|
dg© ˆZwi 239
• Data Sheet View : Database-†K Table AvKv‡i cÖ`k©b Kivi Rb¨ GB Option wU eënvi
Ki‡Z nq|
wewfbœ c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i Forms ev wWRvBb ˆZwi Kiv hvq| Avgiv GLv‡b Wizard eënvi K‡i
From ˆZwi Kiv|
6.2 Wizard eënvi K‡i Form ˆZwi Kiv :

Auto Form ˆZwi Kivi mgq Aek¨B g‡b c‡o‡Q ev †Lqvj K‡i‡Qv †Uwe‡ji me¸‡jv Field B
¯^qswµqfv‡e G‡m hvq| B‡”Q K‡i wKQy Field ev` †`qv hvq bv hw` wKQy Field ev` w`‡q wbw`ó wKQy
Field cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z PvB Z‡e Wizard eënvi K‡i Form ˆZwii gva¨‡g Kiv m¤¢e|
GRb¨ cÖ_‡g †h †Kv‡bv GKwU Database Window Open K‡i Form Tab Select Kwi Zvici
New Click Ki‡j New Form Dialog Box Avm‡e| ZLb Dc‡ii Box G Form Wizard
Select Kwi Ges wb‡Pi Box G †Kv‡bv Database Table †_‡K From ˆZwi Kie Zv Select K‡i
Ok Click Ki‡jB Form Wizard Dialig Box Avm‡e ZLb Table/Query Box †_‡K Table ev
Query Select Change Ki‡Z cvwi| Zvici H Table ev Query Gi Field Name ¸‡jv cÖ`wk©Z
n‡e| ZLb Button Gi gva¨‡g Available Fields Box †_‡K cQ›`g‡Zv Field ¸‡jv Selected
Fields G Select Kwi|
Next Click K‡i †h †Kv‡bv GKwU Layout cQ›` Kivi ci Next Click K‡i †h †Kv‡bv Style
Select K‡i|
Next Click K‡i Dc‡i Box G †h bv‡g Save Kie ev From ˆZwi Kie †mB bvg wj‡L| Finish
Click Ki‡j kZ©g‡Zv Form ˆZwi n‡e Ges Close Button (x) Click Ki‡jB P‡j hv‡e|
6.3 wWRvBb Kiv dg© ivb Kiv

c~‡e© wWRvBb Kiv Form †h bv‡g Save Kiv n‡e †mB Save Kiv bvg Click K‡i Open Ki‡jB H
From cÖ`wk©Z ev ivb n‡e|
6.4 wWRvBb wfD‡Z dg© cwieZ©b

Wizard Form-G AwaKvsk KvRB Access Program wb‡R †_‡KB K‡i| d‡j wb‡Ri wbqš¿‡Yi
g‡a¨ wKQy _v‡K bv| wKš‘ Custom Form wWRvBb Kiv hvq Ges Dc¯’vcb †k‡l Print Kiv hvq|
Custom Form-Gi mvnv‡h¨ Form wWRvBb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g GKwU Form ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Zvici Form Tab Select K‡i †h Form Gi Design Ki‡Z PvB †mB Form NamewU Select
K‡i Design Click Ki‡j Design View †Z Form wU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e ZLb Box-Gi mv‡_ Tool
Box cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
cÖkœgvjv
msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. dg© Kx?
2. wWRvBb wfD Kx?
3. dg© wfD Kx?
3. WvUvkxU wfD Kx?
4. Forms wWRvBb Ki‡Z nq †Kb?
5. wi‡cvU© I d‡g©i cv_©K¨ Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. dg© Kx? d‡g©i wewfbœ K‡›Uªvj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2. DBRvW© eënvi K‡i dg© ˆZwi Kivi c×wZ eY©bv Ki|
3. wWRvBb wfD‡Z dg© cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq Kxfv‡e?
mßg Aa¨vq
wi‡cvU© ˆZwi
7.1 wi‡cvU© Kx
†Kv‡bv Database-Gi DcvËmg~‡ni AvDUcyU n‡”Q Report| †Kv‡bv Table/Query-Gi Dci wfwË
K‡i Report ˆZwi Kiv nq| e„nr Database-Gi AmsL¨ Record †_‡K ïaygvÎ cÖ‡qvRbxq Record
mgyn wb‡q Roport ˆZwi K‡i Print w`‡Z cvwi|
7.1.1 wi‡cv‡U©i cÖKvi‡f`

wi‡cvU© K‡qK ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| h_vÑ
1| wW‡UBj wi‡cvU© (Detail Reports)
2| mvgvwi wi‡cvU© (Summary Reports)
3| µm-U¨vey‡jkb wi‡cvU© (Cross-Tabulation Reports)
4| wi‡cvU©m DB_ MÖvwd· GÛ PvU© (Reports with Graphics and Charts)
5| wi‡cvU©m DB_ dg©m (Reports with Forms)
6| wi‡cvU©m DB_ †j‡ej (Reports with Labels)
7.2 wi‡cv‡U©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

wi‡cv‡U© WvUvmg~n B‡”QgZ mvwR‡q my›ìfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| eënviKvix wi‡cv‡U© Zvi cÖ‡qvRb
Abyhvqx WvUv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wi‡cv‡U©i mvnv‡h¨ Lye mn‡R ¸YMZ wi‡cvU© ˆZwi, cÖ`k©b I gy`ªY
Kiv hvq|
7.3 dg© I wi‡cv‡U©i cv_©K¨

d‡g©i Øviv WvUv‡eR cÖwµqvK…Z ev P~ovš—fv‡e g‡bvbxZ WvUv cÖ`k©b eë¯’v wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| mvaviYZ
d‡g©i gva¨‡gB WvUv‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K, WvUv‡eR †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq WvUvmg~n cÖwZ‡e`b
AvKv‡i cÖ`k©‡bi eë¯’v‡K wi‡cvU© e‡j| WvUv †Uwe‡ji b¨vq d‡g©I WvUv Gw›Uª Kiv hvq| wKš‘ wi‡cv‡U©
†mwU m¤¢e bq| cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv dg© wWRvBb K‡i wb‡j d‡g© MÖvwd·, wPÎ I †U·‡Ui mgš^q Kiv hvq
wKš‘ wi‡cv‡U© †mwU m¤¢e bq|
7.4 DBRvW© eënvi K‡i wi‡cvU© ˆZwi

Auto Report ˆZwi Kivi †ejvq †Uwe‡ji me¸‡jv Field-B ¯^qswµqfv‡e G‡m hvq| wb‡R B‡”Q
g‡Zv wKQy Field ev` †`qv hvq bv| hw` wKQy Field ev` w`‡q cQ›`g‡Zv wbw`©ó wKQy Field cÖ`k©b
Ki‡Z PvB Ges Print Ki‡Z PvB Z‡e Wizard eënvi K‡i Repart ˆZwii gva¨‡g Kiv m¤¢e|
GRb¨ cÖ_‡g †h †Kv‡bv GKwU Database Window Open Kwi Zvici Report Tab Select K‡i
New Click Ki‡j New Report Dialouge Box Avm‡e| ZLb Dc‡ii Box G Report
Wizard Select Kwi Ges wb‡Pi Table/Query-G †Kv‡bv Database Table/Query †_‡K
Report ˆZwi Kie Zv Select Kwi|
Ok evUb Click Ki‡jB Report Wizard Dialig Box Avm‡e ZLb Table/Query Box †_‡K
Select Change Ki‡Z cvwi| ZLb †h Table/Query Select Kie Zvi Field Name ¸‡jv
Available Fields Box-G cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| ZLb Button-Gi gva¨‡g Available Fields Box †_‡K
cQ›`gZ Field ¸‡jv Selected Fields Box-G Select Kwi, Next Click K‡i Select K…Z Field
Name ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Grouping Ki‡Z PvB Z‡e †h Field Grouping Kie Button-Gi gva¨‡g
Select K‡i Next Click K‡i evwK Field ¸‡jvi Ascending And Descending Select K‡i
Next Click K‡i cQ›`g‡Zv Preview †`‡L Style Select Kwi|
Zvici Next Click K‡i †h bv‡g D³ Report Save Kie Zv wj‡L Finish Click Ki‡j Report
wU H bv‡g Save n‡e|
7.5 wi‡cvU© cÖ`k©b

Report Tab Select K‡i H bv‡g Select K‡i Preview Click Ki‡j Report Preview †Z open
n‡e| Design Click Kwi‡j Report Design open n‡e|
wi‡cvU© ˆZwi 243
7.6 wWRvBb wfD‡Z wi‡cvU© cwieZ©bÑ

Report Click K‡i New Click Ki‡j New Report Dialog Box Avm‡e| ZLb Design View
Click K‡i †h Table/Query †_‡K Report ˆZwi Ki‡Z PvB †mB Table/Query wU Select K‡i
Ok Click Ki‡jB Report Design View-†Z P‡j hv‡e| ZLb Field List Box wU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e
(cÖ`wk©Z bv n‡j View Menu †_‡K Field List Box wU cÖ`wk©Z Ki‡Z n‡e) ZLb Field List
Box wU n‡Z Mouse Øviv Field Move K‡i g‡bi B‡”Qg‡Zv Report Design View-†Z ¯’vcb
Kwi| cieZ©x‡Z GB ˆZwiK…Z Report wU Design Ki‡Z cvie| Ab¨me Report Gi g‡ZvB ˆZwi
Kivi ci Save Gi gva¨‡g msi¶Y Ki‡j c‡i cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv Report Tab †_‡K Open Kiv hv‡e|
7.7 wi‡cv‡U©i wewfbœ †mKkb

GKwU c~Y©v½ Report-G 6wU †mKkb _v‡K| G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1. Report Header : GLvb hv wKQy wjLv n‡e ïaygvÎ cÖ_g c„óvi kxl©‡`‡k cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Report
m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv Z_¨ ev UvB‡Uj A_©vr hv ïay cÖ_g c„ôvi kxl©‡`‡k Print Kiv cÖ‡qvRb ZvB
Report Header-G Setting Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Page Header : GLv‡b hv wKQy wjLv n‡e Zv cÖ‡Z¨K c„ôvi kxl©‡`‡k cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLv‡b
†Kv‡bv †nwWs, Page Number, Date & Time Setting Kiv hvq|
3. Group Header : GB †mKkb me mgq cÖ‡qvRb nq bv Ges memgq cÖ`wk©Z nq bv| hw`
†Kv‡bv Fild Gi Dci Grouping wba©viY Kiv _v‡K Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K Group Gi kx‡l© †Kv‡bv wKQy
wjLvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j GB Section G Setting Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgiv hLb Wizard eënvi K‡i
Report ˆZwi Kwi ZLb Grouping Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| myZivs Group Header †c‡Z n‡j
Wizard eënvi K‡i Grouping cÖ‡qvMmn GKwU Report ˆZwi K‡i Design View-†Z P‡j
†M‡jB Group Header cvIqv hv‡e|
4. Detail : Database Table/Query-Gi Data ¸‡jv GLv‡b cÖ`wk©Z nq| GB †mKk‡b
Database Field Name Gi ¯’vbvš—i Ki‡j Print Preview-†Z cwieZ©b Avm‡e Ges †mB
Abymv‡i Print n‡e|
5. Page Footer : GLv‡b hv wKQy †jLv n‡e Zv cÖ‡Z¨K c„ôvi wbgœcÖv‡š— cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLv‡b Page
Number †nwWs Date & Time BZ¨vw` Setting Kiv hvq|
6. Report Footer : GLv‡b hv Setting Kiv n‡e Zv me©‡kl c„ôvi me©wbgœ cÖv‡š— cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
†Kv‡bv Report Design Kivi mgq Gi me©‡kl hv wKQy cÖ‡qvRb Zv GLv‡b †mwUs Ki‡Z n‡e|
7.8 wi‡cvU© wdì †hvM Kiv

g‡b Ki Zywg †Zvgvi cÖwZôv‡bi employee’s last name, first name, street address, zip code,
week Ges KZ N›Uv KvR K‡i‡Q Zv wb‡q GKwU †Kv‡qwi Ki‡e| Zvici Zywg †mB †Kv‡qwi w`‡q wi‡cvU©
evbv‡e last name Ges first name MÖ“wcs K‡i| GLb wdì †hvM Ki‡Z wb‡Pi cØwZ¸‡jv †`L|
1. Next wK¬K Ki|

2. Summary Option G †Kv‡bv †hvM Kivi ìKvi †bB| Next wK¬K Ki|
3. Stepped wm‡j± Ki|
4. Landscape wm‡j± Ki|
5. Check mark wK¬K K‡i Adjust the field width so all fields fit on a page Ki|
6. Office wm‡j± Ki| Next wK¬K Ki|
7. GKwU UvB‡Uj `vI (Hours Worked by Employees ). Finish wK¬K Ki|
wb‡Pi g‡Zv wPÎ Avm‡e-
7.9 wi‡cv‡U© ZvwiL, mgq I c„ôv b¤î ms‡hvRb

ZvwiL ms‡hvRb
Report Gi Page Footer G GwU memgq cÖ`wk©Z nq| hw` GwU Change Ki‡Z PvB Z‡e Design
View-†Z Ae¯’vbKv‡j GwU Select K‡i Delete Kivi ci Insert Click, Data Time Click K‡i
†h †Kv‡bv GKwU Date Design Click K‡i Ok Click Ki‡j Avgiv Print Preview-†Z †`L‡Z
cvB|
mgq ms‡hvRb
Report-Gi Page Footer-G GUv memgq cÖ`wk©Z nq| hw` Bnv Change Ki‡Z PvB Z‡e Design
View-†Z Ae¯’vbKv‡j GwU Select K‡i Delete Kivi ci Insert Click, Data & Time Click
K‡i †h †Kv‡bv GKwU Time Design Click K‡i Ok Click K‡i Avgiv Print Preview-†Z †`L‡Z
cvB|
c„ôv b¤î ms‡hvRb

Page Number, Page Header/Page Footer-Gi g‡a¨ ms‡hvRb Kiv hvq †hLv‡b ms‡hvRb Kie
Select K‡i Insert Click, Page Number Click K‡i Page Number wU Report Design Gi
†Kvb w`‡K Kxfv‡e cÖ`k©b Kie Ges Print †è Zv Select Kwi| Zvici Ok click Ki‡j Page
Number Setting g‡Zv Report Design cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| hv Print Preview-†Z Ae¯’vbKv‡j Avgiv
†`L‡Z cve| Form G Apply Kiv hvq|
7.10 wbw`©ó †iKW© wcÖ›U Kiv

hw` Zywg GKwU DBRvW© eënvi K‡i GKwU wbw`©ó †iK‡W©i wi‡cvU© I‡cb Kivi evUb m„wó Ki‡Z PvI,
Zywg †KvW gwWdvB Ki‡Z cvi DoCmd.OpenReport method G WHERE CONDITION hy³
K‡i| primary key hw` numeric nq, Zvn‡j †iKW©wU wcÖ›U Ki‡Z wb‡Pi g‡Zv †KvW †jL|
CODE
Dim strWhere as String
strWhere = "[PrimaryKeyFieldName]=" & Me.txtPriKeyControlName
DoCmd.OpenReport stDocument, acPreview, ,strWhere
primary key hw` text nq ,Z‡e
CODE
Dim strWhere as String
strWhere = "[PrimaryKeyFieldName]=""" & Me.txtPriKeyControlName & """"
DoCmd.OpenReport stDocument, acPreview, , strWhere
7.11 †j‡ej wi‡cvU© ˆZwi Kiv

Form Ges Report Design Kivi g‡ZvB †h Lable Gi Design Kie †mwU Select K‡i Design
Click Ki‡j Lable Design View-†Z cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLv‡b c~‡e©i g‡Zv Tool Box-Gi mvnvh¨
wb‡Z cvie| Design View-†Z Ae¯’vb Kv‡j Fild Name Select K‡i Formatting Tool Bar
Gi mvnv‡h¨ Lebel Design Ki‡Z cvie| Design Kiv †kl n‡j Save Ki‡Z n‡e|
Figure A Gi dg©wU Figure B Gi †Kv‡qwii Ici wfwË K‡i n‡q‡Q| G‡·m 2007 eënvi K‡i
example form m„wó Ki‡Z Navigation Pane G Figure B Gi †Kv‡qwi wm‡j± Ki| Gici
Forms group G Form wK¬K Ki| CustomerID value jyKv‡Z bound control's Visible
property No Ki| GQvov form's header G GKwU KgvÛ evUb hy³ Ki Ges Gi bvg `vI
cmdPrintLabel.
d‡g©i Print Label button Kv‡i›U †iK‡W©i cÖvBgvwi Kx f¨vjy‡K †j‡fj wi‡cv‡U© wb‡q hvq, †hwU
f¨vjy‡K wdëvi wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i| †Zvgvi dg© me WvUv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e bv hv Zywg wcÖ›U Ki‡Z PvI,
wKš‘ †Kv‡qwi †m¸‡jv me aviY Ki‡e| Ab¨w`‡K, dg© †Zvgvi wcÖ‡›Ui B”Qvi †P‡qI AwaK WvUv aviY
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GB DBRvW©wU †Zvgv‡K †j‡ej wi‡cvU© ˆZwii w`‡K wb‡q hv‡e| Figure C-†Z †`Lv‡bv †j‡ej
wi‡cvU©wUi bvg `vI| wi‡cv‡U© CustomerID hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv wbwðZ nI| ¯§iY ivLv cÖ‡qvRb
†h †Zvgvi GwU wWm‡cj ev wcÖ›U Kiv ìKvi †bB| Zywg Gi Visible property-†K No Ki|
Unfiltered Ae¯’vq wi‡cvU© cÖ‡Z¨K †iK‡W©i GKwU †j‡ej‡K Customers table G †`Lvq|
Figure C
†j‡ej wi‡cvU© wdëvi

example form G label report wdëvi Ki‡Z dg©wU‡K Form view †Z I‡cb Ki| GKwU
customer wm‡j± Ki Print Label command button wK¬K Ki| evU‡bi wK¬K ch©v‡q †j‡ejwUi
wdëvi Kiv wi‡cvU© Avm‡e| hw` dg©wUi Kv‡i›U †iKW© Alfreds Futterkiste nq Z‡e wdëvwis
†÷U‡g›U CustomerID = 'ALFKI'-†Z wb‡e| G‡Z †j‡ej wi‡cvU© ïaygvÎ Alfreds Futterkiste
Gi bv‡g cÖ`k©b Ki‡e Figure D Gi g‡Zv|
Figure D
GB †j‡ej wi‡cvU©wU me¸‡jv WvUv ev GKwU wbw`©ó WvUv wcÖ›U Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
cÖkœgvjv
msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. wi‡cvU© Kx?
2. wi‡cvU© KZ cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i|
3. wi‡cv‡U©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †Kb?
4. wi‡cvU© cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq Kxfv‡e|
5. wi‡cv‡U© KqwU †mKkb _v‡K|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. wi‡cv‡U©i wewfbœ †mKkb eY©bv Ki|
2. wWRvBb wfD‡Z wi‡cvU© cwieZ©b Kivi wbqg eY©bv Ki|
3. GKwU di‡g‡UW wi‡cv‡U© mvaviYZ Kx Kx Ask _v‡K eY©bv `vI|
Aóg Aa¨vq
Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs
8.1 Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs I †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv
Computer Programming & Programming Language
A programme is a set of instructions that makes the computer work.
†cÖvMÖvg n‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e mvRv‡bv KZK¸‡jv wb‡`©‡ki mgwó hv Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i| Avi
fvlv n‡”Q †mBme wb‡`©kvewj †jLvi ms‡KZ ev †KvW| A_©vr †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv n‡”Q †mB †KvW hv Øviv
Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Kiv hvq| wKQy Kx-IqvW© (key-words) ev wiRvf©W IqvW© (reserved
words) w`‡q GB mKj wb‡`©kvewj †jLv nq G‡ì we‡kl wKQy KvR Av‡Q Zv wb‡P †`qv n‡jvÑ
c`©v cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z (Clearing the screen)
• c`©vq WvUv wjL‡Z (Writing data to the screen)
• eënviKvixi wbKU †_‡K BbcyU †_‡K (Getting user input)
• jyc wbe©vn Ki‡Z (Executing loops)
• c`©vi is cwieZ©b Ki‡Z (Changing colours)
• kã ˆZwi‡Z (Playing sounds)
• dvBj ˆZwi‡Z (Opening files) BZ¨vw`|
wewfbœ ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv Av‡Q, wKQy Av‡Q hv †kLv I eënvi Kiv KwVb, wKQy Av‡Q hv‡ì we‡kl
D‡Ï‡k¨ eënvi Kiv nq| †hgbÑ êÁvwbK wnmve, AsKb wKsev I WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U|
G‡ì evB‡i wKQy †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv Av‡Q hv‡ì D‡Ïk¨ (Purpose) Ges Difficulty wbgœiƒc –
Programming language Purpose Difficulty
C/C++ General Difficult
PASCAL Educative Medium
LOGO Drawing for Children Very Easy
COBOL Business Medium
FORTRAN Scientific Medium
BASIC General Easy
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ gvby‡li †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g n‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv n‡”Q
Avm‡j †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv| e¯—yZ †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv‡K Avgiv GK mgv‡bi wb‡`©k ev †KvW wn‡m‡e wPwýZ
Ki‡Z cvwi| KviY GUv †Kvb KvR Kxfv‡e Ki‡Z nq Zvi wb‡`©kbv `vb K‡i| †gvUvgywU G ai‡bi
aviYv I wPš—v-fvebv †_‡KB †cÖvMÖv‡gi wewfbœ fvlvi D™¢e nq| Kv‡RB †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv ej‡Z Avgiv
eywS wKQy wb‡`©kvewj hv Kw¤úDUvi‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡e Ges Kw¤úDUvi Kx ai‡bi KvR Ki‡e, †Kv_vq
WvUvmg~n ivL‡e, djvdj Kx n‡e cÖf…wZ wba©viY K‡i|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv ïay Kw¤úDUviB ey‡S| Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv Ávb AZ¨š— mxwgZ| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Yes
(On) Ges No (Off) Qvov Kw¤úDUvi Avi wKQyB †ev‡S bv| GB Yes (On) Ges No (Off) w`‡q
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi welqwU eywS‡q w`‡Z nq Kw¤úDUvi‡K| Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨vb¨ B‡jKUªwbK h‡š¿i g‡Zv
jwRK †M‡Ui mgš^‡q MwVZ| GUvI †KejgvÎ `yBwU jwR‡Ki Ici KvR K‡i 0 (k~b¨) Ges 1 (GK),
nu¨v ev bv, mZ¨ ev wg_¨v| KvR Kivi GB c×wZ n‡jv evBbvwi c×wZ| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj KvRB GB
evBbvix c×wZ‡Z m¤úbœ nq| GB c×wZ‡Z eëüZ 0 (k~b¨) ev 1 (GK) GB `ywU †gŠwjK msL¨v‡K
Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlvq weU (bit) e‡j| Ges G‡ì B‡jKUªwbK mvwK©‡U `yBwU †fv‡ëR †j‡fj Øviv wbw`©ó
Kiv hvq|
8.2 wewfbœ cÖKvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv

1945 mvj †_‡K ïi“ K‡i G hveZ eû †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi D™¢e n‡q‡Q| êwkó¨ Abyhvqx GB mKj
fvlv‡K cuvPwU ¯—‡i ev cÖR‡b¥ fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| h_vÑ
1| cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i fvlv (1945) : †gwkb fvlv (Machine Language)
2| wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i fvlv (1950) : A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv (Assembly Language)
3| Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i fvlv (1960) : D”PZi fvlv (High Level Language)
4| PZy_© cÖR‡b¥i fvlv (1970) : AwZ D”PZi fvlv (Very High Level Language)
5| cÂg cÖR‡b¥i fvlv (1980) : ¯^vfvweK ev b¨vPvivj fvlv (Natural Language)
†gwkb fvlv I A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv‡K †jv-†j‡fj fvlv ejv nq| KviY G¸‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlvi (0 ev
1) KvQvKvwQ| Ab¨w`‡K nvB-†j‡fj ev D”PZi fvlv gvby‡li fvlvi KvQvKvwQ| †hgbÑ Bs‡iwR|
8.2.1 †gwkb fvlv (Machine Language)

Kw¤úDUvi †gwk‡bi wbR¯^ fvlv‡K †gwkb fvlv ev wbgœ¯—‡ii fvlv ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †gŠwjK fvlv
n‡jv GB wbgœ¯—‡ii fvlv| G fvlvq evBbvwi msL¨v (1 Ges 0) A_ev †n·v‡Wwmgvj c×wZ eënvi
K‡i mewKQy †jLv nq| Kw¤úDUvi ïaygvÎ †gwkb fvlvB eyS‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg
iPbv Kiv n‡j Kw¤úDUvi Kvh©wbe©v‡ni Av‡M Dchy³ Abyev`‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ Zv‡K †gwk‡bi fvlvq
cwiYZ K‡i †bq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨š—ixY Kvh©wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ we`y¨r Zi‡½i cvi¯úwiK wµqv-
Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs 251
cÖwZwµqvi mv‡_ †gwk‡bi fvlvi mivmwi wgj i‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨š—ixY Kv‡Ri mwZ¨Kvi
cÖwZdjb n‡jv GB fvlv|
cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i mKj Kw¤úDUv‡i †gwk‡bi fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg Kiv n‡Zv| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b cÖvq me †cÖvMÖvgB
D”PZi fvlvq iPbv Kiv nq| GQvov GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ †gwkb fvlvq Kiv †cÖvMÖvg
Ab¨ †Kv¤úvwbi Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi Kiv hvq bv| Dciš‘ ïaygvÎ 0 Ges 1 w`‡q G fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg
wjLv nq hv AZ¨š— RwUj I kªgmva¨ e¨vcvi| GmKj Kvi‡Y †gwkb fvlv‡K †jv-†j‡fj j¨v½y‡qR ev
wbgœ¯—‡ii fvlv ejv nq|
†gwk‡bi fvlvq eëüZ wb‡`©kvewj‡K Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ
1| MvwYwZK (Arithmetic) A_©vr †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y I fvM|
2| wbqš¿Y (Control) A_©vr †jvW (Load), †÷vi (Store) I Rv¤ú (Jump)
3| BbcyU-AvDUcyU A_©vr co (Read) I †jL (Write)
4| cÖZ¨¶ eënvi (Direct Use) A_©vr Avi¤¢ Ki (Start), _vg (Halt) I †kl Ki (End)
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ evBbvwi msL¨vq wb‡`©k mvwR‡q †gwk‡bi fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiv nq| GKwU
wb‡`©‡k GK ev GKvwaK kã ev kãvsk _vK‡Z cv‡i| g~j ev cÖ_g AskwU‡K e‡j Opcode Ges
cieZ©x AskwU‡K ejv nq Operand| †gwk‡bi fvlv n‡”Q †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlvi GK`g cÖv_wgK Ae¯’v|
†gwk‡bi fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg wjL‡Z n‡j Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨v‡ii Dci fv‡jv Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e|
cÖ‡KŠkwjK Kv‡R G fvlvi eënvi AZ¨vek¨K| Kw¤úDUvi cÖ‡KŠkjx‡ì G fvlv Rvbv ìKvi| G
fvlvq eënviKvixi Rb¨ `yB ai‡bi mgm¨v m„wó nq|
1| wewfbœ WvUv I Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ 0 (k~b¨) Ges 1 (GK)-Gi mgš^q eySv Ges g‡b ivLv
LyeB KwVb|
2| †h‡nZy wewfbœ †gwk‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ iKg †gwk‡bi fvlv Av‡Q ZvB GKRb †cÖvMÖvgvi‡K †gwk‡bi
mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ Avjv`v-Avjv`v fvlv wjL‡Z n‡e|
†gwkb fvlvi myweav

1| Kw¤úDUvi eZ©bxi fyj-ÎywU ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ GB fvlv w`‡q eZ©bx mivmwi †g‡gvwi A¨v‡W«‡mi mv‡_
ms‡hvM mvab m¤¢e|
2| me‡P‡q Kg cwigvY jwRK I Kg †g‡gvwi‡Z GB fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg wbe©vn Kiv hvq|
3| †gwk‡bi fvlvi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨š—ixY msMV‡bi LyuwUbvwU aviYv AR©b Kiv hvq|
4| †gwkb fvlv Ab¨vb¨ fvlv †_‡K `ª“Z KvR K‡i|
†gwkb fvlvi Amyweav

1| GB fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg †jLv AZ¨š— K¬vwš—Ki I mgqmv‡c¶| KviY GB fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg wjL‡Z n‡j
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖwZwU wb‡`©k I †g‡gvwi ¯’v‡bi cÖK…Z Ae¯’vi cwi®‹vi aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
2| GK ai‡bi †gwk‡bi Rb¨ wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg Ab¨ ai‡bi †gwk‡b eënvi Kiv Am¤¢e|
3| †gwkb fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg wjL‡Z `¶ †cÖvMÖvgvi cÖ‡qvRb|
4| †gwkb fvlv wWevM Kiv ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj-ÎywU kbv³ I ms‡kvab Kómva¨|
8.2.2 A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv (Assembly Language)

Assembly languages are a family of low-level languages for programming computers.
It implements a symbolic representation of the numeric machine codes and other
constants needed to Programme a particular CPU architecture.
A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv n‡”Q †gwkb fvlvi cieZ©x †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv| †gwkb fvlvi mxgve×Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨
cÂv‡ki `k‡K A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi cÖPjb ïi“ nq| GB fvlv wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡i eënvi Kiv
n‡Zv hv †gwk‡bi fvlv †_‡K DbœZ, msw¶ß Ges eënviKvixi Rb¨ mnR‡eva¨| A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv‡K
†gwk‡bi fvlvq iƒcvš—wiZ Kivi Rb¨ A¨v‡m¤^jvi bvgK GK ai‡bi UªvÝ‡jUi ev Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg
eënvi Kiv nq| A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv wewfbœ ms‡KZ mgš^‡q †jLv n‡q _v‡K| GRb¨ A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv‡K
mvs‡KwZK fvlvI (Symbolic Language) ejv nq| KviY A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi †¶‡Î wb‡`©k I WvUvi
A¨v‡W«m evBbvwi ev †n· msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ bv w`‡q wewfbœ ms‡K‡Zi mvnvh¨ †`qv nq| GB ms‡KZ‡K
e‡j mvs‡KwZK †KvW (Symbolic Code) ev †b‡gvwbK (Nemonic), hvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv eo msL¨v
ev K_v‡K g‡b ivLvi myweav nq| †hgbÑ A¨vwKDgy‡jU‡i †jvW Kiv ev ivLvi †b‡gvwbK n‡”Q LDA|
A¨v‡m¤^jx fvlvi cy‡iv wb‡`©‡k mvaviYZ PviwU Ask _v‡K| h_vÑ
1| †j‡ej : †j‡e‡ji g‡a¨ wb‡`©‡ki mvs‡KwZK A¨v‡W«m _v‡K| †hgbÑ Rv‡¤úi mgq cieZ©x
wb‡`©‡ki A¨v‡W«m †j‡e‡j †`qv nq| Z‡e memgq †j‡ej bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| †j‡e‡j GK †_‡K
`yBwU AvjdvwbD‡gwiK eY© _v‡K, GB e‡Y©i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv duvKv _v‡K bv| A¨v‡m¤^jx fvlvi KgvÛ
ev Bb÷«vKk‡bi †b‡gvwbK (†hgbÑ LDA) wKsev †Kv‡bv †iwR÷v‡ii bvg †j‡ej wn‡m‡e eënvi
Kiv hvq bv| †j‡e‡ji cÖ_g eY© memgqB A¶i n‡e|
2| Ac-†KvW ev Acv‡ikb †KvW : Acv‡ikb †Kv‡W Bb÷«vKkb ev Kgv‡Ûi †b‡gvwbK _v‡K| G
†b‡gvwbK¸‡jv wewfbœ Kw¤úDUv‡i wewfbœ n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB †b‡gvwbK¸‡jv wb‡Pi
g‡Zv nqÑ
wb‡`©k A_©
STO msi¶Y Kivi KgvÛ|
STA †÷vi : Store Accumulator (†gwkb fvlvq Abyiƒc), A_©vr A¨vKzgy‡jU‡ii
WvUv‡K Ab¨ Pj‡K msi¶Y|
CLR wK¬qvi : Clear Accumulator, A¨vKzgy‡jUi cwi®‹viKiY KgvÛ|
ADD †hvM : ADD cÖavb †g‡gvwii wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡bi msL¨v A¨vKzgy‡jU‡ii msL¨vi
m‡½ †hvM K‡i †hvMdj A¨vKzgy‡jU‡i ivLvi KgvÛ|
SUB we‡qvM : SUB cÖavb †g‡gvwi wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡bi msL¨v A¨vKzgy‡jU‡ii msL¨v †_‡K
we‡qvM K‡i we‡qvMdj A¨vKzgy‡jU‡i ivLvi KgvÛ|
MUL ¸Y : MUL, ¸Y Kivi wb‡`©k|
DIV fvM : DIV, cÖavb †g‡gvwi wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡bi msL¨v A¨vKzgy‡jU‡ii msL¨v‡K fvM
K‡i fvMdj A¨vKzgy‡jU‡i ivLvi KgvÛ|
JMP wbkZ© Rv¤ú : cieZ©x wb‡`©‡ki Rb¨ cÖavb †g‡gvwii wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b hvI|
INP BbcyU : Input, co A_©vr Bbcy‡Ui WvUv I wb‡`©k cÖavb †g‡gvwii wbw`©ó
Ae¯’v‡b ivL|
OUT AvDUcyU : Output, cÖavb †g‡gvwii wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡bi welq AvDUcy‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Ki|
STP _vg : STP †cÖvMÖvg‡K _vgv‡bvi wb‡`©k|
3| Acv‡iÛ : GLv‡b mvaviYZ AvjdvwbD‡gwiK e‡Y©i Øviv Acv‡i‡Ûi Ae¯’v‡bi A¨v‡W«m
†evSv‡bv nq| †hgbÑ A, B, A1, B2, AB, MN BZ¨vw`|
4| gš—e¨ : gš—e¨ eëüZ nq †cÖvMÖv‡gi wb‡Ri myweavi Rb¨| gš—e¨ †gwk‡bi fvlvq Abyw`Z nq
bv| gš—e¨ n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨K wb‡`©‡ki e¨vL¨v hv‡Z fwel¨‡Z †cÖvMÖvgvi ev Ab¨ †KD †cÖvMÖv‡gi mwVK
A_© mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡i| gš—e¨ bv _vK‡j †cÖvMÖvgv‡ii c‡¶ wb‡Ri †jLv †cÖvMÖvgI wKQyw`b c‡i
†evSv KwVb n‡q c‡o|
A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi myweav (Advantage of Assembly Language)

1| †gwk‡bi fvlvi g‡Zv `¶ I msw¶ß †cÖvMÖvg iPbv m¤¢e|
2| †cÖvMÖvg iPbvq †g‡gvwi A¨v‡W«‡mi cy•Lvbycy•L weeiY cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
3| †gwk‡bi fvlvi Zyjbvq G fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Zyjbvg~jK mnR|
4| †gwk‡bi fvlvi Zyjbvq wWevwMs mnRZi|
A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi Amyweav (Disadvantage of Assembly Lungage)

1| GB fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg wjL‡Z n‡j †gwk‡bi Af¨š—ixY MVb m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e|
2| GB fvlvi †cÖvMÖvg †gwk‡bi msMV‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| A_©vr GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡i wjwLZ
†cÖvMÖvg Ab¨ ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡i bvI Pj‡Z cv‡i|
3| GB fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg †jLv †gwk‡bi fvlvi Zyjbvq mnRZi n‡jI h‡_ó K¬vwš—Ki I mgq mv‡c¶|
4| Abyev`K †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
8.2.3 ga¨g ¯—‡ii fvlv

Mid-Level Language
Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi wbqš¿Y I wm‡÷g †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi Rb¨ weU ch©v‡qi †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv n‡”Q ga¨g
¯—‡ii fvlv| G fvlvq D”PZi fvlvi myweav cvIqv hvq| Avevi wbgœ¯—‡ii fvlvqI †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv
hvq| wm (C) G ¯—‡ii fvlv|
ga¨g ¯—‡ii fvlvi myweav (Advantage of Mid-Level Language)

1. GB fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg †evSv †cÖvMÖvgvi‡ì Kv‡Q mnRmva¨|
2. †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi wbe©vn Kiv m¤¢e|
3. GKevi wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg cieZ©x‡Z cwiewZ©Z Kiv mnR|
4. fyj nIqvi m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡K|
5. fyj ms‡kvab Kiv m¤¢e|
ga¨g ¯—‡ii fvlvi Amyweav (Disadvantage of Mid-Level Language)

1. Abyev`K †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
2. GB fvlv †gwkb eyS‡Z cv‡i bv|
3. D”PZi fvlvi Zyjbvq GB fvlv KwVb|
8.2.4 D”PZi fvlv (High Level Language)

†gwkb ev A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi cÖavb Amyweav n‡jv, GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvg Ab¨ ai‡bi
Kw¤úDUv‡i eënvi Kiv hvq bv| ZvQvov †jv-†j‡fj fvlvq (†gwkb I A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv) †cÖvMÖvg wjLv
KóKi I kªgmva¨ e¨vcvi| Kw¤úDUv‡ii c‡¶ †jv-†j‡fj fvlv †evSv m¤¢e n‡jI gvby‡li c‡¶ †jv-
†j‡fj fvlv †evSv mnRmva¨ bq| GB Amyweav †_‡K Ae¨vnwZi Rb¨ D”PZi fvlvi D™¢e nq| GB ¯—‡ii
fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg wewfbœ ai‡bi †gwk‡b eënvi Kiv m¤¢e|
D”PZi fvlv gvby‡li fvlvi (†hgbÑ Bs‡iwR fvlv) mv‡_ wgj †i‡L ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| D”PZi fvlvi
g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU fvlv n‡”Q- BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, PASCAL, C++,
JAVA, PROLOG BZ¨vw`| K¤úvBjvi ev B›Uvi‡cÖUvi bvgK †cÖvMÖvg eënvi K‡i G fvlvq wjwLZ
†cÖvMÖvg †gwk‡bi fvlvq Abyev` Kiv nq| Gici Kw¤úDUvi G RvZxq †cÖvMÖvg eyS‡Z cv‡i| D”PZi
fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg †jLvi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvgvi‡K evBbvwi †KvW m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv ìKvi †bB| evBbvwi Ávb
e¨wZ‡i‡KB †cÖvMÖvgviMY GB fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
D”PZi fvlvi myweav (Advantage of High Level Language)

1| D”PZi fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg †h‡Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUv‡i eënvi Kiv hvq|
2| G fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg iPbv mnR I hyw³wbf©i|
3| †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj wbY©q I ms‡kvab A‡c¶vK…Z mnR|
4| †gwkb fvlvq ev A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvq †hLv‡b GKwU mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK¸‡jv wb‡`©‡ki
cÖ‡qvRb nq, †mLv‡b D”PZi fvlvq GKwUgvÎ wb‡`©‡k †mB KvR Kiv hvq|
5| D”PZi fvlvq AmsL¨ jvB‡eªwi dvsk‡bi myweav Av‡Q|
6| †cÖvMÖvg †jLvi mgq Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨š—ixY MVb m¤ú‡K© aviYvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
D”PZi fvlvi Amyweav (Disadvantage of High Level Language)

1| Kw¤úDUvi mivmwi G fvlv eyS‡Z cv‡i bv|
2| G fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i Pvjv‡Z n‡j Abyev`K †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
3| †cÖvMÖvg ivb Ki‡Z †ewk mgq cÖ‡qvRb nq|
4| †jv-†j‡fj fvlvi Zyjbvq Flexibility Kg|
5| †jv-†j‡fj fvlvi Zyjbvq `¶Zv Kg|
6| †ewk †g‡gvwii cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
K‡qKwU D”PZi fvlv m¤ú‡K© aviYv

wm (†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv)
`¨ wm †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨v½y‡qR, eªvqvj Kvwb©M¨vb I †Wwbm wiwPi †jLv g~j ms¯‹i‡Yi cÖ”Q`; GB eBwU
my`xN© mgq a‡i fvlvwUi GKwU A-cÖwgZ weeiY wn‡m‡e aiv n‡Zv|
c¨vivWvBg : wb‡`©kg~jK (c×wZg~jK) wm‡÷g&m ev¯—evqb fvlv
†h eQi ˆZwi Kiv nq : 1972
whwb wWRvBb K‡i‡Qb : †Wwbm wiwP
†W‡fjcvi : †Wwbm wiwP Ges †ej j¨ve&m
Aaybv cÖKvk : wm 11/wW‡m¤î, 2011
UvBwcs wWwmwc−b : w¯’i, `yej©
cÖavb ev¯—evqbmg~n : †K¬s, wRwmwm, GgGmwfwm, †evij¨vÛ wm, IqvUKg wm
hvi Øviv cÖfvweZ : we (wewmwcGj, wmwcGj), A¨vjMj 68, A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv
hv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q : AK, wm †k−, wm++, wm kvc©, Ae‡Rw±f wm, weU wm,
wW, KbKv‡i›U wm, Rvfv, Rvfvw¯ŒÞ, wj‡¤^v, cvj©, wcGBPwc
wm (†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv)
wmÕ GKwU †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv| wm wbg©vY K‡ib †Wwbm wiwP, †ej j¨v‡e 70-Gi `k‡K KvR Kivi mgq|
fvlvwU ˆZwii cÖ_g D‡Ïk¨ wQj BDwb· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g-Gi †KvW †jLvq Gi eënvi, wKš‘ AwP‡iB
GwU GKwU eûj eëüZ fvlvq cwiYZ nq| wm++ I Rvfvmn cieZ©xKv‡ji A‡bK †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi
Ici wmÕi Mfxi cÖfve c‡o‡Q| wm Gi me‡P‡q AvKl©Yxq w`K n‡”Q Gi enb‡hvM¨Zv| wm w`‡q iwPZ
†cÖvMÖvg †h‡Kvb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Kw¤úDUv‡i Pvjv‡bv hvq| 70 Ges 80 `k‡Ki w`‡K wm Gi
RbwcÖqZv evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi A‡bK¸‡jv fvm©b ˆZwi nq| 1983 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvb gvbwbqš¿K
ms¯’v Sta wm Gi 1wU Av`k© fvm©b ˆZwii Rb¨ KwgwU MVb K‡i| `xN© 6 eQi c‡i 1989 mv‡j †mB
Av`k© wm fvlvwU ˆZwi nq, hv Av‡gwiKvb gvbwbqš¿K ms¯’v wm bv‡g cwiwPZ| ciewZ©‡Z Avš—R©vwZK
gvbwbqš¿K ms¯’v In 1990 mv‡j wm Gi GB Av`k© fvm©bwU MÖnY K‡i, hv ÔÔwm 90ÕÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
gyjZ ÔÔwm 89ÕÕ Ges ÔÔwm 90 C 89” GKB fvlv|
BwZnvm
weqv‡b© †÷«vf&÷ªyc (Bjarne Stroustrup) 1979 mv‡j ÔwmÕ wb‡q M‡elYv ïi“ K‡ib| wc. GBP. wW
wWwMÖ AR©‡bi Rb¨ M‡elYv Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb bZyb †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv ˆZwi Kivi K_v fv‡eb| weqv‡b©
†÷«vf&÷«yc †Lqvj K‡ib †h, eo cwim‡ii mdUIq¨vi Dbœq‡b Simula †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv †ek Kvh©Ki|
wKš‘ fvlvwU Abykxj‡bi †¶‡Î †ek axi MwZi, Avevi BCPL †ek `ª“Z wKš‘ eo cwim‡ii mdUIq¨vi
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †Zgb kw³kvjx bq| weqv‡b© †÷«vf&÷«yc hLb AT & T Bell Labs G KvR ïi“ K‡ib
ZLb UNIX kernel wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Z wM‡q †ek mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nb| wZwb ÔwmÕ †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvq
Simula-Gi myweav¸‡jv Aš—f©y³ Kivi Kv‡R wb‡qwRZ nb| G Kv‡R ÔwmÕ †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv‡K wbe©vPb
Kiv nq KviY GwU mnR, `ª“ZZi, mn‡R enb‡hvM¨ Ges Gi eënvi e¨vcK| wm Ges simula QvovI
wZwb Av‡iv wKQy †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv wb‡q M‡elYv K‡ib| †hgb : ALGOL 68, Ada, CLU Ges ML.
wm++ bvgwU G‡m‡Q wm bvgK †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv †_‡K| wm fvlv‡Z ci ci `ywU †hvM wPý eënvi Kivi
A_© n‡jv †Kv‡bv wKQyi gvb GK evov‡bv| A‡bKUv †mB A‡_©B wm †cÖvMÖvwgs-GK GK avc Dc‡ii
GKwU †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv wn‡m‡e wm++ bvgKiYwU G‡m‡Q|
wm++ (D”PviY wm cjvm cjvm)

GK ai‡bi Ae‡R± Iwi‡q‡›UW †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv| 1980 mv‡j weqv‡b© †÷«vf&÷«yc (Biarne
Stroustrup) hy³iv‡ó«i GwUGÛwU †ej j¨ve‡ivUwi‡Z (AT&T Bell Laboratary) GwU †W‡fjc
K‡ib| g~jZ wmgjv 67 Ges wm †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi myweavRbK êwkó¨¸‡jvi mgš^q mvab K‡i wm++
ˆZwi nq|
GwU GKwU ga¨g †kªYxi †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv hv‡Z D”P †kªwY Ges wbgœ‡kªwYi fvlv¸‡jvi myweav mshy³
Av‡Q| GwU me©Kv‡ji Ab¨Zg RbwcÖq †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv Ges mdUIq¨vi wk‡í GwU eûj eëüZ nq|
†hgbÑwm‡÷g mdUq¨vi, A¨vwc−‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi, wWfvBm W«vBfvi, G‡¤^‡WW mdUIq¨vi, D”P gv‡bi
mvf©vi I K¬vBë A¨vwc−‡Kkb, we‡bv`b mdUIq¨vi| †hgbÑ wfwWI †Mg BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î wm++ eëüZ
n‡”Q| wm++ Gi wewfbœ gy³ Ges gvwjKvbvaxb K¤úvBjvi Av‡Q hv wewfbœ `j †hgbÑ wRGbBD cÖKí,
gvB‡µvmdU, B‡›Uj Ges †evij¨vÛ mieivn K‡i| wm++ cieZ©x mg‡q wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q hvi g‡a¨ me©v‡c¶v D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡”Q Rvfv|
wm Gi mv‡_ GLv‡b hv mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ wKQy n‡jvÑ cÖ_‡g †kªYx (classes),
cieZ©x‡Z fvP©yqvj dvskb, Acv‡iUi Ifvi‡jvwWs, gvwëcj Bb‡nwi‡UÝ, †Ug‡cjUm BZ¨vw`|
wfRyqvj †ewmK
GK bR‡i wfRyqvj †ewmK
wfRyqvj †ewm‡Ki †jv‡Mv- Pvi i‡Oi PviwU †PŠ‡KvYv ev· Ges G‡ì Dc‡ii `ywU W«v‡gi g‡Zv wPý
WvUv‡e‡Ri mv‡_ ms‡hvM wb‡`©k K‡i|
wfRyqvj †ewmK 6 lDE Gi Qwe
c¨vivWvBg : Ae‡R± wbf©i †cÖvMÖvwgs GB B‡f›U ev NUbv PvwjZ †cÖvMÖvwgs
†W‡fjcvi : gvB‡µvmdU
me©‡kl cÖKvk : VB6/ 1998
UvBwcs wWwmwqb : ÷¨vwUK, ÷«s
hvi Øviv cÖfvweZ : wKD‡ewmK ev KzBK †ewmK
hv‡K K‡i‡Q : wfRyqvj †ewmK WU †bU, Rv¤^vm, wiqvj †ewmK
IGm : gvB‡µvmdU DB‡ÛvR, GgGm-Wm
wfRyqvj †ewmK (ms‡¶‡c wfwe ev VB) GKwU Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i NUbv PvwjZ (event-driven) †cÖvMÖvwgs
fvlv Ges gvB‡µvmd‡Ui ÔÔKgÕÕ ev K‡¤úv‡b›U Ae‡R± g‡Wj (COM –Component Object
Model) Gi AvBwWB (IDE-integrated development environment)| gvB‡µvmdU GB fvlv‡K
evRv‡i Av‡b cyivZb †ewmK fvlvi DbœZ ms¯‹iY wn‡m‡e| `„k¨gvb ev MÖvwdKvj êwkó¨ Ges †ewmK
fvlvi DËivwaKvi wfwe‡K Zyjvbvg~jKfv‡e mn‡R AvqI Ges eënvi Kivi myweav cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|
wfRyqvj †ewm‡Ki †kl cÖKvkbv wQj 1998 mv‡ji ms¯‹iY 6 (Version 6)| gvB‡µvmd‡Ui ewa©Z
mn‡hvwMZv 2008-Gi gvP© gv‡m †kl n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b GB fvlvwU wfRyqvj †ewmK WU †bU Øviv
cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|
wfRyqvj †ewm‡Ki AvMgb †ewmK fvlv †_‡K| wfwe wRBDAvB-MÖvwdKvj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm (GUl-
graphical user interface) ev eënviKvixi Rb¨ `„k¨gvb eënvi eë¯’vi i¨vwcW A¨vwc−‡Kkb
†W‡fjc‡g›U ev i¨vW (RAD-rapid application development) A¨vwc−‡Kkb Pvjy K‡i‡Q|
GQvovI WvUv A¨vK‡mm Ae‡R±, wi‡gvU WvUv Ae‡R± BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g WvUv‡eR KvR Kivi Ges
AvKwUfG· (Activex) wbqš¿K I Ae‡R± ˆZwi Kivi myweav w`‡q‡Q| wfweG (VBA), wfwew¯ŒÞ
BZ¨vw` w¯ŒwÞs fvlv wm›U¨v‡·i w`K †_‡K wfRyqvj †ewm‡Ki g‡ZvB, wKš‘ KvR K‡i wfbœfv‡e|
GKRb †cÖvMÖvgvi wfRyqvj †ewm‡Ki mv‡_B w`‡q †`qv K‡¤úv‡b‡›Ui Øviv GKwU A¨vwc−‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg
ùvo Kiv‡Z cvi‡eb| wfRyqvj †ewm‡K †jLv †cÖvMvg mivmwi DB‡ÛvR GwcAvB eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i
wKš‘ †m‡¶‡Î ÔÔG·Uvb©vj dvskbÕÕ wee„Z Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
Rvfv
GK bR‡i Rvfv
c¨vivWvBg : e¯—y mswk−ó, ÷«vKPvW©, Bg‡civwUf
Awef©ve : 1995
wWRvBb K‡i‡Qb : mvb gvB‡µvwm‡÷g (eZ©gv‡b IivKj K‡c©v‡ikb Gi gvwjKvbvaxb)
me©‡kl cÖKvk : Rvfv ÷¨vÛvW© ms¯‹iY 6 (1.6.0-21)/RyjvB 7, 2010
UvBwcs wWwmwqb : ÷¨vwUK, wbivc`, kw³kvjx, bwg‡bwUf
cÖavb ev¯—evqb : AmsL¨
hvi Øviv cÖfvweZ : Ae‡Rw±f-wm, wm++, ¯§jUK, AvB‡dj, wm +
hv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q : wm ++, wW, †R +, AvWv 2005, BwmGg Gwl&µÞ, ¯‹¨vjv
IGm : Avš—-c−vUdg©
êacÎ : Mby †Rbv‡ij cvewjK jvB‡mk/Rvfv KwgDwbU †cÖv‡mm
Rvfv GKwU †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv| mvb gvB‡µvwm‡÷g 90-Gi `k‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K Rvfv wWRvBb Kivi
ci GwU AwZ `ª“Z we‡k¦i me‡P‡q RbwcÖq †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi GKwU‡Z cwiYZ nq| Rvfvi GB
RbwcÖqZvi g~j KviY Gi enb‡hvM¨Zv (portability) wbivcËv, Ges Ae‡R± Iwi‡q‡›UW †cÖvMvwgs I
I‡qe †cÖvMvwgs Gi cÖwZ cwic~Y© mv‡cvU©|
Rvfvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K¸‡jv

enb‡hvM¨Zv (portability)
RvfvÕi c~e©Zb †cÖvMvwgs fvlv¸‡jv‡Z mvaviYZ GK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨ †jLv †cÖvMÖvg Ab¨
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Pvjv‡bv †hZ bv| Rvfvq †jLv †cÖvMÖvg †h‡Kv‡bv Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Pvjv‡bv hvq
ïay hw` †mB Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨ GKwU Rvfv iv›UvBg Gbfvqib‡g›U (Rvfv fvP©yqvj †gwkb)
†_‡K _v‡K| GB myweav Rvfv‡K GKwU Abb¨ c−¨vUd‡g© cwiYZ K‡i| we‡kl K‡i B›Uvi‡b‡U, †hLv‡b
AmsL¨ Kw¤úDUvi hy³ _v‡K Ges Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv wewfbœ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g eënvi K‡i _v‡K †mLv‡b
Rvfvq †jLv A¨vc‡jU¸‡jv mKj Kw¤úDUv‡i Pj‡Z cv‡i Ges Gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv we‡kl eë¯’v wb‡Z nq
bv| Rvfvi myweav‡K ejv nq enb‡hvM¨Zv|
Ae‡R± Iwi‡q›UW †cÖvMÖvwgs

Ae‡R± Iwi‡q‡›UW †cÖvMÖvwgs Rvfvi LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K| †cÖvMÖvwgs RM‡Z g~jZ wmgyjv 67 (†cÖvMÖvwgs
fvlv) Ges ¯§jUK (†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv) Gi gva¨‡g Ae‡R± Iwi‡q‡›UW †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi m~Pbv n‡jI Rvfvi
gva¨‡gB GwU cwic~Y©fv‡e weKwkZ n‡Z †c‡i‡Q| Ae‡R± Iwi‡q‡›UW †cÖvMvwgs-Gi Kvi‡Y Rvfvi
AwZ`xN© †cÖvMÖvg †jLv Ges µwUgy³ (debug) Kiv A‡bK mnR n‡q‡Q|
g~jbxwZ
1. GwU n‡e Ôimj, Ae‡R± Iwi‡q‡›UW Ges cwiwPZÕ
2. GwU n‡e Ôejevm Ges myiw¶ZÕ
Rvfv †cÖvMÖvg Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i

Rvfv‡Z †jLv †KvW K¤úvBj n‡q mivmwi †gwkb †KvW-G iƒcvš—wiZ nq bv| Ges Zv evBU †KvW
bvgK we‡kl gaëZ©x Ae¯’vq Av‡m ev class dvB‡j _v‡K| GB K¬vm dvBj mivmwi Pj‡Z cv‡i bv
G‡K Pvjv‡Z †M‡j Rvfv fvP©yqvj †gwkb Gi gva¨‡g Pvjv‡Z nq|
evKïxwZ
Rvfvi evKïxwZ g~jZ wm++ †_‡K †bqv| wm++ Gi g‡Zv GZ evKïxwZ i‡q‡Q ÷«vKPviW, †R‡bwiK
Ges Ae‡R± Iwi‡q‡›UU †cÖvMvwgs-Gi Rb¨| Z‡e wm++ weï× Ae‡R± Awi‡q‡›UW bv n‡jI Rvfv
weï× Ae‡R± Awi‡q‡›UW †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv|
WvUv KvVv‡gv/÷«vKPvi
Rvfv‡Z G¸‡jvi Rb¨ Avjv`v evKïxwZ i‡q‡Q| D‡j−L¨, G‡i Ges w÷«s mvaviY/ primitive WvUv
UvBc bq, Zviv reference WvUv UvBc Ges Zv‡ì †K java. Iang. Object †_‡K Avbv nq|
mvaviY// primitive WvUv UvBç‡jv
integer UvBç‡jv
byte 8- weU
short 16-weU
int 32-weU
long 64-weU
Floating-point UvBç‡jv
float 32-weU
double 64-weU
Characters
char 16-weU BDwb‡KvW
Boolean
boolean true ev false
†dviUªvb
†dviUªvb (Bs‡iwR- Fortran) Avw`Zg D”P¯—‡ii wb‡`©kg~jK †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv| Rb evKvm I Abïv
AvBweGg-G Kg©iZ Ae¯’v 1950-Gi `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS GwU ˆZwi K‡ib| †dviUªv‡bi me‡P‡q
¸i“Z¡c~Y© ms¯‹iY¸‡jv n‡”Q †dviUªvb I, †dviUªvb II, †dviUªvb iv, †dviUªvb 77, Ges †dviUªvb 90|
G‡ì g‡a¨ †k‡li `yBwUi weeiY A¨vbmvB gvb AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| †dviUªvb 77-B me‡P‡q
†ewk cÖPwjZ| Z‡e †dviUªvb 90-G fvlvwUi e¨vcK ms¯‹vi Kiv n‡q‡Q; G‡Z cybive„wË, c‡q›Uvi,
bZyb wbqš¿Y msMVb Ges A‡bK bZyb A¨v‡i Acv‡ikb †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †dviUªv‡bi GKwU webvg~j¨
ev¯—evqb wd« mdUIq¨vi dvD‡Ûkb mieivn K‡i‡Q|
eënvi
†dviUªvb w`‡q AmsL¨ MvwYwZK wnmve mn‡RB Kiv hvq| wk¶v, e¨vswKs, eëmv BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î wewfbœ
cÖ‡qvRbxq wnmve I cwiKíbv Kivi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wnmve Kiv hv‡e GwU w`‡q| GQvov wfwWI †Mg
†cÖMÖvwgs, Gqvi UªvwdK K‡›Uªvj, wewfbœ êÁvwbK I mvgwiK Lv‡Z I M‡elYvi Kv‡RI †dviUªvb
e¨veüZ n‡q‡Q| †dviUªvb w`‡q BwÄwbqvwis wnmve-wbKvk Kiv hvq|
K¨v‡i±vi †mU
†dviUªvb 95 ms¯‹i‡Y i‡q‡Q 86 wU A¶i| 03 fvm©‡b †gvU A¶i 97 wU| †dviUªvb †KBm-†m‡ÝwUf
bq| Zvi gv‡b Avcvi‡KBm I †jvqvi‡KBm e‡Y© (Bs‡iwR eo I †QvU nv‡Zi) †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB|
mviwY :
cÖZx‡Ki msL¨v aib gvb
26 eo nv‡Zi Bs‡iwR A-Z
26 †QvU nv‡Zi Bs‡iwR a-z
10 msL¨v 0-9
01 AvÛvi‡¯‹vi
05 MvwYwZK cÖZxK + - */**
17 wewea cÖZxK (). =, $:!%&; < >? blank
11 Õ03 fvm©‡b evowZ /[ ] ' ^ { } / # @
ALGOL : (Avj‡MvwiwdwbK fvlv msw¶ß, n‡jv AbyÁvmyPK Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi GKwU
cwievi hv 1950 Gi ga¨fv‡M DbœZ nq|
Oracle : Oracle WvUv‡eR (mvaviYZ IivKj RDBMS wn‡m‡e A_ev †Kej IivKj wnmv‡e D‡j−L
Kiv nq) nq GKwU Ae‡RK wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g hv IivKj K‡c©v‡ikb Øviv
Drcw`Z Ges evRviRvZ nq|
cvB_b (†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv)

cvB_b (Python) GKwU e¯—y-mswk−ó (object-oriented) D”P¯^‡ii †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv| 1991 mv‡j
¸B‡Wv f¨vb †ivmvg GwU cÖ_g cÖKvk K‡ib| cvB_b wbg©vY Kiv mgq †cÖvMÖvg‡K cVb‡hvM¨Zvi Ici
†ewk †Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b †cÖvMÖvgv‡ii cwikªg‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii †P‡q †ewk ¸i“Z¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q|
cvB_‡bi †Kvi wmbU¨v· I †mgvw›U· LyeB msw¶ß, Z‡e fvlvwUi ÷¨vÛvW© jvB‡eªwi A‡bK mg„×|
cvB_b †cÖvMÖvgvi‡ì mgvR †_‡K cvB_b `k©b Gi m~Pbv n‡q‡Q|
cvB_b GKwU eû-c¨vivWvBg †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (dvskb-wfwËK, e¯—y-mswk−ó I wb‡`k©g~jK) Ges GwU
GKwU cy‡ivcywi Pjgvb †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv hvi ¯^wbqwš¿Z †ggwi eë¯’vcbv i‡q‡Q| Gw`K †_‡K GwU cvj©,
i“we cÖf…wZi g‡Zv|
cvB_b fvlvi gy³, KwgDwbwU-wfwËK Dbœqb g‡Wj i‡q‡Q, hvi `vwq‡Z¡ Av‡Q cvB_b mdUIqvi dvD‡Ûkb
bv‡gi GKwU AjvfRbK cÖwZôvb| GB fvlvwUi wewfbœ As‡ki wewae× êwkó¨ I Av`k© _vK‡jI cy‡iv
fvlvwU‡K GL‡bv m¤ú~Y© wewae× Kiv nqwb| Z‡e Kvh©Z wmcvB_b fvlvwUi Av`k© ev¯—evwqZ iƒc|
bvgKiY
GB †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvwUi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q weªwUk ig¨ †kv Ôgw›U cvB_bÕ Gi bv‡g|
BwZnvm
1980 `k‡Ki w`‡K cvB_‡bi Rb¥ †`b †b`vij¨v‡Ûi CWI-Gi M‡elK ¸B‡Wv f¨vb †ivmvg| g~jZ
GwewmÕi DËim~wi wn‡m‡e cvB_‡bi Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q hv G‡·ckb n¨vÛwjs Ki‡Z Ges A¨vwgev Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷‡gi mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z m¶g wQj| f¨vb †ivmvg cvB_‡bi cÖavb †jLK Ges eZ©gvb cvB_‡bi Dbœq‡b
wZwb cÖavbZ †bZ…Z¡ w`‡”Qb| Zv‡K cvB_‡bi AvRxeb cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e m¤§vb †`qv n‡q‡Q|
1991 mv‡j f¨vb †ivmvg cvB_‡bi †KvW cÖKvk K‡ib (fvk©b 0.9.0)| cvB_b wWRvB‡bi GB av‡cB
K¬vm Bb‡nwi‡UÝ, G‡·ckb n¨vÛwjs, dvskb I cÖavb WvUv UvBc list, dict, str cÖfw… Z mshy³ wQj|
GB cÖv_wgK cÖKv‡k wQj gWjv-3 †_‡K avi Kiv gwWDj wm‡÷g, f¨vb †ivmvg GB gwWDj‡K
ÔÔcvB_‡bi g~j †cÖvMÖvwgs BDwb‡Ui GKwUÕÕ AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| cvB_‡bi G‡·ckb g‡WjwUI
A‡bKUv gWyjv-3Õi g‡Zv hv‡Z †Kej AwZwi³ else hy³ n‡q‡Q| 1994 mv‡j cvB_‡bi cÖavb †dvivg
comp.lang.python (news://com.lang.python) MwVZ nq Ges cvB_‡bi eënviKvix‡ì Rb¨
Zv gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nq|
1994 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi cvB_b 1.0 ms¯‹i‡Y cÖ‡ek K‡i| GB ms¯‹i‡Y †h cÖavb welqvw` hy³ nq Zv
n‡jv dvskb †cÖvMÖvwgs Uyjm lambda, map, filter I reduce| f¨vb †ivmvg e‡jb ÔÔcvB_b lambda,
reduce, filter, I map AwaKvi K‡i‡Q, (Avwg wek¦vm Kwi) GKRb wj¯ú n¨vKv‡ii KvQ †_‡K †h
wb‡R‡K G¸‡jv †_‡K ewÂZ g‡b KiwQj Ges Kg©¶g c¨vP¸‡jv mieivn K‡i‡Q|ÕÕ Gi cÖavb
Ae`vbKvix wQ‡jb Ag„Z †cÖg, Ges Gi cÖKvk †bv‡U †m mgq †Kv‡bv wj¯ú †cÖvMÖv‡gi DËim~wi nIqvi
D‡j−L Kiv nqwb|
wmWwejDAvB †_‡K cÖKvwkZ me©‡kl ms¯‹iY n‡”Q cvB_b 1.2| 1995 mv‡j f¨vb †ivmvg fvwR©wbqvi
K‡c©v‡ikb di b¨vkbvj wimvP© Bwbwk‡qwUfm (wmGbAviAvB) cÖwZôvb †_‡K cvB_‡bi Ici Zvi KvR
Pvwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡Kb Ges GLvb †_‡K mdUIq¨viwUi K‡qKwU ms¯‹iY †ei K‡ib|
1.4 ms¯‹i‡Yi g‡a¨ cvB_‡bi wKQy bZyb êwkó¨ †hvM Kiv nq| Gi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv gWyjv-3
†_‡K DØy× n‡q MÖnY Kiv bZyb wKIqvW© AvM©y‡g›U (Keyword argument) (hv Kgb wj¯ú Gi
wKIqvW© AvM©y‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ A‡bKUv †g‡j) Ges RwUj msL¨vi Rb¨ Af¨š—ixY mg_©K| GQvov Z_¨
jyKv‡bvi RbÏ GKwU we‡kl eë¯’v wQj, hwÌ Zv KwVb wKQy wQj bv|
eënvi
†h mKj eo eo cÖK‡í cvB_b eëüZ n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ †Rvc A¨vwc−‡Kkb mvf©vi, Gg‡bU
wWw÷«weD‡UW dvBj †÷vi, BDwUDe Ges g~j weUU‡i›U K¬v‡q›U D‡j−L‡hvM¨| †h mg¯— eo cÖwZôvb
cvB_b eënvi K‡i Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ¸Mj I bvmv D‡j−L‡hvM¨|
Z_¨ wbivcËv wk‡í cvB_‡b eûwea eënvi j¶Yxq| Gi g‡a¨ BwgDwbwU wmwKDwiwUi wKQy Uyjm, †Kvi
wmwKDwiwUi wKQy Uyjm, I‡qe A¨vwc−‡Kk‡bi wbivcËv ¯‹¨vbvi IqvwcwU I dvRvi wUGIGd we‡klfv‡e
D‡j−L‡hvM¨| mvaviYZ `ª“Z mdUIq¨vi wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ cvB_b eëüZ nq|
8.2.5 PZy_© cÖR‡b¥i fvlv (4GL) ev AwZ D”PZi fvlv

4GL gv‡b 4th Generation Language ev PZy_© cÖR‡b¥i fvlv| GwU wewfbœ ai‡bi fvlvi mgš^‡q
MwVZ, hv GLbI c~Y©v½ iƒc avi‡Y m¶g nqwb| †gvUvgywU †h 4wU fvlvi mgš^‡q GwU MwVZ nq
†m¸‡jv n‡”Q -
- Natural Language
- Very High Level Language
- Non-Procedural Language o
- Actrol Language
G fvlv‡K †gwk‡bi †evaMg¨ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e GKwU B‡›Uwj‡R›U K¤úvBjvi| gvB‡µvmd‡Ui
KY©avi wej †MUm& G ai‡bi fvlvi ¯^cœ A‡bK Av‡MB cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| eZ©gv‡b Gi cÖm&ËwZ cÖwµqv
`ª“ZMwZ‡Z GwM‡q hv‡”Q| QBE, SQL, ADF, CSP cÖf…wZ 4GL fvlv| Rvfv, HTML cÖfw… Z fvlv
eZ©gv‡b †bUIqvwK©smn mKj †¶‡Î eëüZ n‡”Q hv C++ fvlviB wfbœ iƒc|
4GL ev AwZ D”PZi fvlvi myweav

- D”PZi fvlvi Zyjbvq G fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg †jLv Lye mnR Ges AwZ msw¶ß|
- G fvlvi cy•Lvbycy•L ev we¯—vwiZfv‡e cÖwµqvKi‡Yi eY©bv w`‡Z nq bv|
- G fvlvi mvnv‡h¨ mn‡RB wewfbœ eënvwiK †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
- K‡_vcK_b ixwZ‡Z cÖkœ DË‡ii gva¨‡g eënviKvix WvUv‡e‡Ri mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ges WvUv
Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8.2.6 ¯^vfvweK fvlv (Natural Language)

b¨vPvivj j¨vs¸‡qR A‡bKUv Bs‡iwR ev gvby‡li fvlvi g‡Zv| K…wÎg eyw×gËv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q gvby‡li
fvlvi g‡Zv ¯^vfvweK fvlv Kw¤úDUv‡i eënv‡ii Rb¨ A‡bK cix¶v-wbix¶v Pj‡Q| G ai‡bi fvlv‡K
†gwk‡bi fvlvq iƒcvš—‡ii Rb¨ eëüZ Abyev`K‡K Bb‡Uwj‡R›U K¤úvBjvi ejv nq| Gfvlv cÂg
cÖR‡b¥i †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
8.3.1 †cÖvMÖv‡gi msMVb (Organization of Programme)

cÖ‡Z¨K †cÖvMÖv‡gi wZbwU Ask _v‡K, hv‡ì cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i mgš^‡q c~Y©v½ †cÖvMÖv‡g iƒc jvf
K‡i| Ask wZbwU n‡jvÑ
1| BbcyU (Input)
2| cÖwµqv (Process)
3| AvDUcyU (Output)
BbcyU (Input) : †h mKj WvUv ev wb‡`©k Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq|

cÖwµqv (Process) : BbcyU Abyhvqx cÖwµqvKiY Kiv|
AvDUcyU (Output) : cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ci †h djvdj cvIqv hvq|
wb‡Pi †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z †cÖvMÖv‡gi msMV‡bi wZbwU Ask‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡jv

8.3.2 †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwii avcmg~n (Steps of Dveloping a Programme)

GKwU †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Ki‡Z wbgœwjwLZ avcmg~n cÖ‡qvRb nq|
1| mgm¨v wbw`©óKiY (Problem Specification)
2| mgm¨v we‡k−lY (Problem Analysis)
3| †cÖvMÖvg wWRvBb (Programme Design)
4| †cÖvMÖvg Dbœqb (Programe Development)
5| †cÖvMÖvg ev¯—evqb (Programme Implementation)
6| †cÖvMÖvg WKz‡g‡›Ukb (Programme Documentation)
7| †cÖvMÖvg i¶Yv‡e¶Y (Maintenance)
1| mgm¨v wbw`©óKiY (Problem Specification)
†cÖvMÖvgwU Kx mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ iPbv Kiv n‡e †m mgm¨vwUi GKwU cwi®‹vi eY©bv ˆZwi Kiv nq|
GRb¨ me iKg Z_¨vbymÜvb Ki‡Z nq| Z_¨vbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ mgm¨v mswk−ó e¨w³‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv
K‡i mgm¨vi eY©bv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡j †cÖvMÖv‡gi Avkvbyiƒc djvdj Avm‡Z cv‡i|
2| mgm¨v we‡k−lY (Problem Analysis)
mgm¨v wbw`©ó Kivi ci mgm¨v mswk−ó mKj WvUv we‡k−lY Ki‡Z n‡e| WvUv we‡k−lY Kivi Rb¨ PvU©,
MÖvd, ZvwjKv BZ¨vwì mvnvh¨ wb‡q mgm¨v‡K †QvU †QvU fv‡M wef³ K‡i wb‡Z nq| GQvov mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi cÖ‡qvRb wKbv Zv wbY©q, mgm¨vi KvVv‡gvMZ eY©bv cÖm&ËZ Ges m¤¢e n‡j
mgm¨vi MvwYwZK g‡Wj cÖm&ËZ Ki‡Z nq|
3| †cÖvMÖvg wWRvBb (Programme Design)
†cÖvMÖvg wWRvBb n‡jv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ eZ©gvb wm‡÷‡gi cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvab K‡i bZyb
wm‡÷‡gi g~j iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb| mgm¨vi g‡Wj A_ev MVbMZ eY©bv n‡Z myweavRbK A¨vjMwi`g ev
wm×vš—µg wba©viY Ges cÖevn wP‡Îi mnvqZvq †cÖvMÖv‡gi c~Y©v½ cwiKíbv Ki‡Z nq| wewfbœ As‡ki
cvi¯úwiK mgš^q Ges bZyb wm‡÷‡g †h Avw_©K mswk−óZv Av‡Q ZvI we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| †cÖvMÖvg
wWRvB‡bi mv‡_ wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv Aš—f©y³-
- BbcyU wWRvBb
- AvDUcyU wWRvBb Ges
- BbcUy I AvDUcy‡Ui g‡a¨ m¤úK© wWRvBb|
wWRvB‡bi †¶‡Î A¨vjMwi`g, †d¬vPvU© I my‡Wv‡Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ mgm¨vi mgvavb w`‡Z n‡e|
4| †cÖvMÖvg Dbœqb (Programme Development)
A¨vjMwi`g Ges †d¬vPv‡U©i mnvqZvq Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlvq wb‡`©kmg~n mvwR‡q †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Ki‡Z nq|
G‡K ejv nq †KvwWs| †KvwWs Kivi c~‡e© †h welqwU AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡jv
mgm¨vwUi cÖK…wZ wba©viY| KviY mgm¨vwUi cÖKw… Z Abyhvqx fvlv wbe©vP‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| †hgbÑ
êÁvwbK †Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j mvaviYZ FORTRAN fvlvwU wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
Abyiƒcfv‡e eëmv msµvš— Kv‡Ri Rb¨ COBOL, †bUIqvK© g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui Rb¨, JAVA BZ¨vw`|
5| †cÖvMÖvg ev¯—evqb (Programme Implementation)

†cÖvMÖvg iPbvi ci cÖ_‡g †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖwZwU Ask Ges c‡i m¤ú~Y© †cÖvMÖvg cix¶v K‡i †`L‡Z nq| G
mgq cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kva‡bi gva¨‡g †cÖvMÖvg‡K cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ Dchy³ K‡i m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ˆZwi K‡i
†bqv nq| †cÖvMÖvg ev¯—evq‡b `ywU avc i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ
K. †cÖvMÖvg †Uw÷s (Programme Testing)
L. †cÖvMÖvg wWevwMs (Programme Debugging)
K. †cÖvMÖvg †Uw÷s (Programme Testing)

†cÖvMÖvg †Uw÷s n‡”Q †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg †jLv m¤úbœ Kivi ci †cÖvMÖvgwU †h D‡Ï‡k¨ †jLv, †m D‡Ïk¨
mvab n‡”Q wK bv, †cÖvMÖvgwU wVKg‡Zv ivb Ki‡Q wK bv, mgm¨vwUi Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv Rvbv gvb wb‡q
wn‡me K‡i †`Lv †h, djvdj mwVK Av‡m wK bv BZ¨vw` KvR Kiv| Zvici †mB GKB gvb
Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyU wn‡m‡e w`‡q ˆZwi †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ wbe©vn K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e c~‡e© wnmve Kiv gvb
Ges †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ wbe©vnK…Z gvb GKB Av‡Q wK bv| hw` GKB nq Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e †cÖvMÖvgwU
mwVK Av‡Q; Ab¨_vq †cÖvMÖvgwU fyj Av‡Q e‡j a‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
• †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj (Error of Programme)

†cÖvMÖvg †KvwWs Kivi mgq fyj UvBc Kivi Rb¨, †cÖvMÖv‡gi A`¶Zvi Rb¨, fyj wnmve-wbKvk Kivi Rb¨
wKsev †cÖvMÖv‡g fyj hyw³ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖv‡gi ARv‡š—B †cÖvMÖv‡gi g‡a¨ wewfbœ fyj n‡Z cv‡i| fyj-ÎywU
`~i K‡i †cÖvMÖvg mwVKfv‡e ivb bv Ki‡j †cÖvMÖv‡gi Avmj D‡Ïk¨ I Kvh©KvwiZv e¨vnZ n‡Z cv‡i|
†cÖvMÖv‡g mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi fyj cwijw¶Z nq|
1. e¨vKiYMZ fyj (Syntax Error)
2. wbe©vn fyj (Execution Error)
3. †hŠw³K fyj (Logical Error)
1. e¨vKiYMZ fyj (Syntax Error) : †h fvlvq †cÖvMÖvgwU †jLv n‡e †mB fvlvq †h wbqgbxwZ †g‡b
†cÖvMÖvgwU †jLvi K_v †m¸‡jv †g‡b †cÖvMÖvg bv †jLv n‡q _vK‡j Zv‡Z wKQy fyj cwijw¶Z nq hv
e¨vKiYMZ fyj wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| †hgbÑ PRINT-Gi ¯’‡j PRIMT wjL‡j, CLS-Gi cwie‡Z©
CSL wjL‡j A_ev AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv Kgv BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i _vK‡j| e¨vKiYMZ fyjmg~n Kw¤úDUvi
Error Message w`‡q Rvwb‡q †`q †cÖvMÖv‡gi †Kv_vq Kx ai‡bi fyj n‡q‡Q| hv ms‡kvab Kiv
mv‡c‡¶ Kw¤úDUvi wbe©vn Ki‡e; Ab¨_vq Ki‡e bv|
2. wbe©vn fyj (Execution Error) : wbe©vn fy‡ji Kvi‡Y †cÖvMÖvg ivb Ki‡jI fyj djvdj †`q
Avevi A‡bK mgq †Kv‡bv AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq bv| †h mKj Kvi‡Y wbe©vn fyj nq Zv n‡jvÑ
1| †Kv‡bv fv‡Mi Kv‡R fvR‡Ki gvb hw` k~b¨ (Divide by Zero) nq|
2| Infinite ev Amxg jyc _vK‡j|

3| FYvZ¥K msL¨vi eM©g~j Ki‡j|
4| A¨vi‡ii Rb¨ wba©vwiZ RvqMv AwZµg Ki‡j BZ¨vw`|
3. †hŠw³K fyj (Logical Error) : †cÖvMÖv‡g hw` †Kv‡bv Logic wjL‡Z fyj nq Zvn‡j †mwU‡K
†hŠw³K fyj wn‡m‡e aiv nq| G ai‡bi fyj n‡j Kw¤úDUvi †Kv‡bv Error Message †`q bv Dciš‘
fyj djvdj †`q, †hgbÑ A > B ¯’‡j A < B A_ev A + B ¯’‡j A B BZ¨vw`|
L. †cÖvMÖvg wWevwMs (Programme Debugging)
Bug A_© †cvKv| Debugging A_© †cvKv `~i Kiv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g †h fyj-ÎywU _v‡K Zv `~i
Kiv‡K wWevwMs (Debugging) ejv nq| 1945 mv‡j gvK©-1 Kw¤úDUv‡i GKwU g_ †cvKv Xy‡K
hvIqvq Zv APj n‡q c‡o| ZLb †_‡K Debugging kãwUi DrcwË| †cÖvMÖvg wWevwMs‡qi Rb¨
cÖ_‡g †cÖvMÖv‡g Kx ai‡bi fyj n‡q‡Q Zv wbY©q K‡i †m †gvZv‡eK cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvab Ki‡jB P‡j|
Syntax Error n‡j Zv wbY©q Kiv Ges ms‡kvab Kiv mnR| Logical Error kbv³ Kiv KwVb|
G‡¶‡Î wKQy bgybv WvUv wb‡q hvi djvdj Rvbv Av‡Q, †cÖvMÖvg cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges djvdj wfbœ
n‡j †cÖvMÖvg‡K K‡qKwU As‡k fvM K‡i cÖwZwU As‡ki djvdj †`‡L †Kv_vq fyj Av‡Q Zv wbY©q
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvab Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| †cÖvMÖvg WKz‡g‡›Ukb (Programme Documentation)

fyj ms‡kva‡bi ci †cÖvMÖvg mwVKfv‡e KvR Ki‡j Zv‡K Run programme ejv nq Ges G
†cÖvMÖvg‡K fwel¨‡Z Ges i¶‡Yi Rb¨ wjwce× Ki‡Z nq| G wjwce× †cÖvMÖvg‡K WKz‡g‡›Ukb e‡j|
AvaywbKxKiY Kivi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖv‡gi mwVK WKz‡g‡›Ukb ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq A_©vr †cÖvMÖv‡gi weeiYx
¯’vqxfv‡e wjwce× Ki‡Z nq| †m‡¶‡Î †cÖvMÖvg‡K mwVKfv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j Gi
AvaywbKxKiY KwVb n‡q c‡o| †ccvi, g¨vM‡bwUK wW¯‹ BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g †cÖvMÖvg‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e msi¶Y
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKwU Complete †cÖvMÖvg WKz‡g‡›Ukb †h mKj welq _vKv ìKvi Zv n‡jvÑ
- †cÖvMÖv‡gi eY©bv|
- †cÖvMÖv‡gi †d¬vPvU©|
- †KvwWs|
- †cÖvMÖvg wbe©vnKvjxb mg‡q KiYxq Kv‡Ri ZvwjKv|
- cix¶Y I djvdj|
7| †cÖvMÖvg i¶Yv‡e¶Y (Programme Maintenance)

wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b I †cÖvMÖv‡gi DbœwZK‡í †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvaywbKxKiY, cwieZ©b, cwiea©b, †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj
ms‡kvab BZ¨vw` †cÖvMÖvg i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kv‡Ri Aš—f©y³| eënvwiK myweav Ges Avw_©K welq we‡ePbv
K‡i A‡bK mgq bZyb †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi bv K‡i we`¨gvb †cÖvMÖvg‡K AvaywbKxKiY Kiv AwaK myweavRbK|
8.4.1 A¨vjMwi`g (Algorithm)

An algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, an explicit, step-by-step procedure
for solving a problem, often used for calculation and data processing.
A¨vjMwi`g A_© av‡c av‡c mgm¨v mgvavb| A_©vr GKwU mgm¨v‡K K‡qKwU av‡c †f‡O cÖ‡Z¨KwU avc
ch©vqµ‡g mgvavb K‡i mgMÖ mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv| mgm¨v mgvav‡bi GB †hŠw³K ch©vqµg‡K
A¨vjMwi`g ejv nq| Ab¨ K_vq, †h c×wZ‡Z av‡c av‡c AMÖmi n‡q †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó mgm¨vi
mgvavb Kiv nq Zv‡K A¨vjMwi`g ejv nq|
A¨vjMwi`g n‡”Q GKwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi cwiKíbv I †hŠw³K web¨v‡mi wjwLZ eY©bv| A_©vr mgm¨vi we‡k−lY,
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcvË msMÖn, WvUv ev Kv‡Ri cÖevn, kZ©v‡ivc BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv ch©vqµ‡g A¨vjMwi`‡g
D‡j−L Kiv _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y †cÖvMÖvgviMY †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi c~‡e© A¨vjMwi`g ˆZwi K‡i _v‡Kb|
A¨vjMwi`‡gi êwkó¨
1. A¨vjMwi`‡g k~b¨, GK ev GKvwaK BbcyU _vK‡Z n‡e|
2. Aek¨B Kgc‡¶ GKwU AvDUcyU _vK‡Z n‡e|
3. cÖ‡Z¨KwU avc ¯úó n‡Z n‡e|
4. A¨vjMwi`g mnR‡eva¨ n‡Z n‡e|
5. wbw`©ó msL¨K av‡c mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡Z n‡e|
6. G‡K e¨vcKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
7. †g‡gvwi‡Z Kg ¯’vb †bqv DwPZ|
D`vniY
wZbwU msL¨vi †hvMdj Ges Mo wbY©‡qi A¨vjMwi`g|
avc-1 : ïi“|
avc-2 : msL¨v wZbwU co|
avc-3 : msL¨v wZbwUi †hvMdj †ei Ki|
avc-4 : †hvMdj‡K 3 Øviv fvM K‡i Mo wbY©q Ki|
avc-5 : †hvMdj Ges Mo QvcvI|
avc-6 : †kl Ki|
8.4.2 †d¬vPvU© (Flowchart)

Graphical representation of the steps of an algorithm is called flowchart. A flowchart
is a graphic map of the path of control of data through the operation in a Programme
or an information based system.
A¨vjMwi`‡gi wPÎiƒc n‡jv †d¬vPvU© ev cÖevnwPÎ| †d¬vPvU© †cÖvMÖv‡gi cÖK…wZ I avivevwnKZv eyS‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i| †d¬vPvU© ˆZwii †¶‡Î wbw`©ó wKQy cÖZxK ev ejK eënvi Kiv nq Ges †m¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì
µgvbymv‡i web¨¯— K‡i Zxi wPý Øviv mshy³ K‡i †d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| †d¬vPv‡U©i Dci wbf©i K‡i
†cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv nq| Z‡e †d¬vPvU© †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvq †jLv DwPZ bq| GKwU †d¬vPv‡U©i
wWRvBb e¨w³ †_‡K e¨w³‡Z Avjv`v n‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ GKRb †cÖvMÖvgvi‡K m‡e©vËg bv n‡jI †Póv
Kiv DwPZ GKwU fv‡jv †d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Kivi|
†d¬vPv‡U©i êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Flowchart)

GKwU DbœZgv‡bi †d¬vPv‡U© wbgœwjwLZ êwkó¨mg~n we`¨gvb| †hgb ―
1| †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj wbY©‡q mnvqZv K‡i|
2| †cÖvMÖvg cwieZ©b Ges cwiea©‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
3| mn‡R †cÖvMÖv‡gi D‡Ïk¨ eySv hvq|
4| mn‡R I ms‡¶‡c RwUj †cÖvMÖvg †jLv hvq|
5| †cÖvMÖvg iPbvq mnvqZv K‡i|
A¨vjMwi`g I †d¬vPv‡U©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

A¨vjMwi`g (Algorithm) †d¬vPvU© (Flowchart)
1| †h c×wZ‡Z av‡c av‡c AMÖmi n‡q 1| †h c×wZ‡Z wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ KZK¸‡jv wPý
†Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó mgm¨vi mgvavb eënvi K‡i mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv nq Zv‡K
Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq A¨vjMwi`g| ejv nq †d¬vPvU©|
2| GwU eY©bvg~jK| 2| GwU wPÎwfwËK|
3| A¨vjMwi`g †jLvi †¶‡Î wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv 3| †d¬vPvU© ˆZwii †¶‡Î wbw`©ó wPý ev e¯—y‡K
kã ev evK¨ eënvi Kiv nq bv| eënvi Kiv nq|
4| Gi gva¨‡g †cÖvMÖvg †evSv KwVb| 4| Gi gva¨‡g †cÖvMÖvg eySv mnR|
5| †cÖvMÖvg cÖev‡ni w`K eySv hvq bv| 5| †cÖvMÖvg cÖev‡ni w`K mn‡R eySv hvq|
6| †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj-ÎywU `~i Kiv KwVb| 6| †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj-ÎywU `~i Kiv mnR
7| A¨vjMwi`‡gi †Kv‡bv †kªwY wefvM †bB| 7| †d¬vPvU©‡K cÖavbZ wm‡÷g †d¬vPvU© I †cÖvMÖvg
†d¬vPvU© GB `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
†d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Kivi wbqgvewj (Rules of Drawing Flowchart)

†d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ wbgœewY©Z wbqgvewj AbymiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgbÑ
1| †d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ cÖPwjZ cÖZxK eënvi Kiv DwPZ| cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖZx‡Ki mv‡_ gš—e¨ †`qv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
2| †d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Kivi mgq ms‡hvM wPý hZ Kg nq ZZB fv‡jv| †ewk ms‡hvM †iLvi ¯’‡j ms‡hvM
cÖZxK eënvi Kiv fv‡jv|
3| cÖwZwU wP‡ýi †jLv ms‡¶c I mnR‡eva¨ nIqv DwPZ|
4| cÖevn †iLvi †Q` b¨~bZg nIqv evÃbxq|
5| GKvwaK cÖevn‡iLv ci¯úi †Q` Ki‡jI Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv jwRK¨vj m¤úK© †evSv‡e bv|
6| Zxi wPý WvUv ev wb‡`©‡ki cÖev‡ni w`‡K mvaviYZ Dci †_‡K wb‡P A_ev evg n‡Z Wvb w`‡K
AMÖmi nq|
7| wPý¸‡jvi AvKvi †QvU ev eo n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e ÷vBj ev êwkó¨ AvK…wZi cwieZ©b n‡e bv|
8| †d¬vPv‡U©i †Kv‡bv As‡k we¯—vwiZ eY©bv cÖ‡qvRb n‡j †m As‡ki Rb¨ c„_Kfv‡e †d¬vPvU© eënvi
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†d¬vPv‡U©i cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Flowchart)

1| wm‡÷g †d¬vPvU© (System Flowchart)
2| †cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPvU© (Programme Flowchart)
wm‡÷g †d¬vPvU© (System Flowchart)

wm‡÷g †d¬vPvU© WvUv cÖ‡mwms wm‡÷‡gi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ cÖevn †`Lv‡Z eëüZ nq| wm‡÷g
†d¬vPv‡U© eëüZ cÖZxK¸‡jv wbgœiƒc-
cÖZxK A_© cÖZxK A_©
Processing Extract
Documnt Stored Data
Merge Manual Operation
Display Magnetic Disk
Sorting Connector
Punched Tape Summing Junction
Input/Output Decision
Punch Card Direct Access Memory

Sequential
Or
Access
wb‡gœ wm‡÷g †d¬vPv‡U©i gva¨‡g Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb wnmve Kivi c×wZ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv−
†cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPvU© (Programme Flowchart)

Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg †jLvi Rb¨ GB †d¬vPvU© eënvi Kiv nq| GB †d¬vPvU© cÖwµqvKi‡Yi avcmg~n
wek`fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv nq| †cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPvU© eëüZ cÖZxK¸‡jv A_©mn †`qv n‡jvÑ
cÖZxK A_© cÖZxK A_©

Start/End Processing
Predefined
Decision
process
Input/Output Connector
Direction of data
Sort note
flow
wb‡Pi †cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPv‡U©i gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb wnmve Kivi c×wZ †`Lvb n‡jvÑ
†d¬vPv‡U©i †gŠwjK MVb (Basic Structure of Flowchart)

1| mij Abyµg (Simple Sequence)
2| wbe©vPb (Selection)
3| jyc ev Pµ (Repetition or Loop)
4| Rv¤ú (Jump)
1| mij Abyµg (Simple Sequence)
GUv GKwU mij ÷«vKPvi| GB ÷«vKPv‡i mKj wb‡`©k¸‡jv wbe©v‡ni Abyµ‡g mvRv‡bv _v‡K|
wPÎ : mij Abyµg

2| wbe©vPb (Selection)
†h mKj †¶‡Î wm×v‡š—i cÖ‡qvRb nq ev Zyjbv K‡i Kvh©wbe©vn Ki‡Z nq †m‡¶‡Î GB ÷«vKPvi
eëüZ nq|
wPÎ : wbe©vPb
3| jyc ev Pµ (Repetition or Loop)

†cÖvMÖv‡g GKB ai‡bi KvR evievi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j jyc ev Pµ eënvi Kiv nq|
wPÎ : jyc ev Pµ
4| Rv¤ú (Jump)
†cÖvMÖv‡g mij Abyµg‡K f½ K‡i †cÖvMÖv‡gi g‡a¨ GK jvBb †_‡K cieZ©x jvB‡b bv wM‡q Dc‡i ev
wb‡P Ab¨ †Kv‡bv jvBb †_‡K KvR ïi“ Ki‡j Zv‡K Rv¤ú e‡j|
wPÎ : Rv¤ú (Jump)
D`vniY 1 : 1+2+3-------------------- + N wmwiRwUi †hvMdj wbY©‡qi Rb¨ A¨vjMwi`g Ges

†d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Ki|
A_ev, 1 †_‡K N ch©š— mKj µwgK msL¨vi †hvMdj wbY©‡qi Rb¨ A¨vjMwi`g Ges †d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Ki|
A¨vjMwi`g Start
avc-1 : ïi“
INPUT N
avc-2 : †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU msL¨v N Gi gvb MÖnY Ki|
S=0:J=1
avc-3 : †hvMdj wbY©‡qi Rb¨ PjK S Ges 1, 2,3
BZ¨vw` wbw`©ó Kivi Rb¨ PjK J hv‡ì gvb
h_vµ‡g 0 Ges 1 ai| S=S+I
avc-4 : S Ges J †hvM K‡i †hvMdj S G ivL| Y
I=J+1
avc-5 : J Gi gvb 1 K‡i e„w× Ki| N
avc-6 : J Gi gvb N †_‡K †QvU ev N Gi mgvb n‡j J<=N
avc-4 G hvI|
PRINT S
avc-7 : †hvMdj S QvcvI|
avc-8 : †kl Ki| Stop
D`vniY 2 : 1+3+5------------------------ + N wmwiRwUi

Start
†hvMdj wbY©‡qi Rb¨ A¨vjMwi`g Ges †d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Ki|
A_ev, 1 †_‡K N ch©š— mKj µwgK we‡Rvo msL¨vi †hvMdj
INPUT N
wbY©‡qi Rb¨ A¨vjMwi`g Ges †d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Ki|
S=0:J=1
A¨vjMwi`g
avc-1 : ïi“
S=S+J avc-3 : †hvMdj wbY©‡qi Rb¨ PjK S Ges 1, 3, 5 BZ¨vw` wbw`©ó
I=J+2
Kivi Rb¨ PjK J hv‡ì gvb h_vµ‡g 0 Ges 1 ai|
avc-4 : S Ges J †hvM K‡i †hvMdj S G ivL|
Y
J<=N
avc-5 : J Gi gvb 2 K‡i e„w× Ki|
N
avc-6 : J Gi gvb N †_‡K †QvU ev N Gi mgvb n‡j avc-4 G
PRINT S hvI|
Stop avc-8 : †kl Ki|
D`vniY 3 : 2 + 4 + 6 + ------------- + 100 wmwiRwUi

†hvMdj wbY©‡qi Rb¨ A¨vjMwi`g Ges †d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Ki|
A_ev, 2 †_‡K 100 ch©š— mKj µwgK †Rvo msL¨vi †hvMdj Start
wbY©‡qi Rb¨ A¨vjMwi`g Ges †d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Ki|
S=0:J=2
A¨vjMwi`g
avc-1 : ïi“
ac-2 : N Gi gvb 100 ai| S=S+J
avc-3 : †hvMdj wbY©‡qi Rb¨ PjK S Ges 2,4,6 BZ¨vw` wbw`©ó
J=J+2
Kivi Rb¨ PjK J hv‡ì gvb h_vµ‡g 0 Ges 2 ai|
avc-4 : S Ges J †hvM K‡i †hvMdj S G ivL| Y
J<=100
avc-5 : J Gi gvb 2 K‡i e„w× Ki| N
ac-6 : J Gi gvb N †_‡K †QvU ev N Gi mgvb n‡j avc 4-G hvI| PRINT S
avc-8 : †kl Ki| Stop
Start
D`vniY 4 : 52+72+92+............... + N2 wmwiRwUi
INPUT N †hvMdj wbY©‡qi Rb¨ A¨vjMwi`g Ges †d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Ki|
S=0:J=5 A¨vjMwi`g
avc-1 : ïi“
S = S + J2 avc-3 : †hvMdj wbY©‡qi Rb¨ PjK S Ges 5,7,9
BZ¨vw` wbw`©ó Kivi Rb¨ PjK 1 hv‡ì gvb
J=J+2 h_vµ‡g o Ges 5 ai|
Y
avc-4 : S Ges J2 †hvM K‡i †hvMdj S G ivL|
J<=N avc-5 : J Gi gvb 2 K‡i e„w× Ki|
N av4-6 : J Gi gvb N †_‡K †QvU ev N Gi mgvb n‡j
PRINT S
avc-4 G hvI|
Stop
avc-8 : †kl Ki|
8.4.3 my‡Wv‡KvW (Pseudocode)

my‡Wv GKwU wMÖK kã, hvi A_© n‡jv QÙ ev hv mZ¨ bq| †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi Av‡M Gj‡Mvwi`g I †d¬vPvU©
eënvi K‡i †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó fvlvq †cÖvMÖv‡gi Lmov Kiv‡KB my‡Wv‡KvW e‡j| my‡Wv‡KvW †Kv‡bv
†cÖvMÖv‡gi wbqg †g‡b P‡j bv, Z‡e †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖv‡gi my‡Wv‡KvW co‡j †evSv hvq †KvwWs †Kgb n‡e|
†cÖvMÖvg iPbv Ges Dbœq‡b my‡Wv‡KvW GKwU RbwcÖq c×wZ|
Pseudocode GKwU AbvbyôvwbK nq D”P ch©v‡qi GKwU Acv‡iwUs bxwZ eY©bv Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg ev
Ab¨vb¨ A¨vjMwi`g|
GUv GKUv ÷«vKPvivj wbqgvewj eënvi †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv, wKš‘ gvby‡li covi e`‡j †gwk‡bi covi
Rb¨ †`qvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Kiv n‡”Q| Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg Dbœqb, cwiKíbv GQvovI wewfbœ Gj‡Mvwi`g
`wjj Ges cvVëB Ges êÁvwbK cÖKvkbvq my‡Wv‡KvW eëüZ nq|
C style pseudo code:

void function fizzbuzz {
For ( i = 1 ; i <= 100 ; i ++ ) {
set print_number to true ;
If i is divisible by 3
print "Fizz" ;
set print_number to false ;
If i is divisible by 5
print "Buzz" ;
set print_number to false ;
If print_number , print i ;
print a newline ;
}
}
cÖkœgvjv
1. cÂg cÖR‡b¥i fvlv ej‡Z Kx eyS?
2. hvwš¿K fvlv Kx?
3. my‡Wv‡KvW ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
4. †gwkb fvlvi myweav Kx?
5. †gwkb fvlvi Amyweav Kx?
6. A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv Kx?
7. A¨v‡m¤^jx fvlvi cy‡iv wb‡`©‡k mvaviYZ KZwU Ask _v‡K?
8. Acv‡iÛ Kv‡K e‡j|
9. wm †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv wbg©vY K‡ib †K?
10. †dviUªvb Kx?
11. cvB_b Kx?
12. cvB_b bvgKiY †Kv_v †_‡K Av‡m?
13. Rvfv Kx?
14. Rvfvi Avwe®‹viK †Kvb †Kv¤úvwb?
msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. WvUv UvBc cwieZ©‡bi Dcvq Kx?
2. †gwk‡bi fvlvq eëüZ wb‡`©kvewj‡K KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
3. ga¨g ¯—‡ii fvlv ej‡Z Kx eyS|
4. D”P ¯—‡ii fvlv ej‡Z Kx eyS|
5. †cÖvMÖv‡g fvlvi ¯—i KqwU|
6. wm †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv Kx?
7. wm++ Gi bvgKiY nq KZ mv‡j?
8. wfRyqvj †ewmK Kx?
9. Rvfvi evKïxwZ †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg †_‡K †bIqv?
10. cÖ‡Z¨K †cÖvMÖv‡gi KZwU Ask _v‡K?
11. †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwii avcmg~n Kx?
12. †cÖvMÖv‡g mvaviYZ KZ ai‡bi fyj cwijw¶Z nq?
13. †cÖvMÖvg wWevwMs Kx?
14. A¨vjMwi`g Kx?

15. A¨vjMwi`‡gi êwkó¨ Kx Kx?
16. †d¬vPvU© Kx?
17. †d¬vPvU‡K Kqfv‡M wef³ Kiv nq?
18. †cÖvMÖvg †d¬vPvU© Kv‡K e‡j?
19. wm‡÷g †d¬vPvU© Kv‡K e‡j?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs ej‡Z Kx eySvq? Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi A¨vwc−‡Kkb
†cÖvMÖvg ìKvi nq? we¯—vwiZ Av‡ivPbv Ki|
2. †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv Kx? †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv‡K Kqfv‡e fvM Kiv hvq? cÖwZwU fvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3. PZy_© cÖR‡b¥i †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki|
4. D”PZi fvlvi myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Ki|
5. Rvfvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki|
6. †cÖvMÖv‡gi msMVb eY©bv Ki|
7. †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwii avcmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki|
8. †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj Av‡jvPbv Ki|
9. A¨vjMwi`g Kx? Gi êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki|
10. †d¬vPvU© Kx? A¨vjMwi`g I †d¬vPv‡U©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki|
11. †d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Kivi wbqgvewj Av‡jvPbv Ki|
12. †d¬vPv‡U©i †gŠwjK MVb eY©bv Ki|
13. 1+2+3-------------------- + N wmwiRwUi †hvMdj wbY©‡qi Rb¨ A¨vjMwi`g Ges †d¬vPvU© ˆZwi
Ki|
beg Aa¨vq
wm †cÖvMÖvwgs
9.1 ÔwmÕ †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language-C)
ÔwmÕ fvlvi cÖv_wgK aviYv (Primary Concept of C Language)
Av‡gwiKvi †ej j¨ve‡iUwii †Wwbm wiwP 1970 mv‡j G fvlvi D™¢veb K‡ib| fvlvwUi bvg 'C' ivLv
n‡q‡Q KviY, B bv‡gi Aci GKwU fvlv Av‡MB ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| C hv‡Z Zvi ¸Yv¸Y bv nvivq †m Rb¨
1983 mv‡j K¤úvBjvi Ges mdUIq¨vi cÖ¯Z ‘ KviK‡ì GKwU Mªyc Av‡gwiKvb b¨vkbvj ÷¨vÛvW©
Bbw÷wUDU (ANSI)-†K C Gi Rb¨ GKwU bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi Av‡e`b Rvbvb| AZtci 1989 mv‡ji †k‡li
w`‡K wba©vwiZ KwgwU C Gi Rb¨ ANSI bxwZ wba©viY K‡i| wm‡÷g †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi †¶‡Î G fvlv AwaK
nv‡i eëüZ nq| DcvË mÂvj‡bi eY©bvi Rb¨ G fvlvi myweav A‡bK †ewk e‡j fvlvwU Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi
†P‡q A‡bK †ewk RbwcÖq| C fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUvi fvlvi RbK ejv n‡q _v‡K| G fvlviI A‡bK ms¯‹iY
i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ C, C++, ANSI C, Visual C, Turbo C cÖf…wZ| eZ©gvbKv‡ji AwaKvsk c¨v‡KR
†cÖvMÖvgB G fvlvi gva¨‡g ˆZwi Kiv n‡”Q| †h †Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î G fvlv eënvi Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| G fvlvi mvnv‡h¨ mvaviYZ wbgœwjwLZ ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg †jLv hvq|
• Operating System
• Editors
• Assemblers
• Database Programme
• Compilers
• Games
• Interpreters
• Virus and Antivirus BZ¨vw`|
Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi mKj fvlvi KvR cÖvq GKB iK‡gi| cÖwZwU fvlvB WvUv MÖnY K‡i, M„nxZ WvUv
cÖwµqvKiY K‡i Ges djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i| cÖwZwU fvlviB wKQy jvB‡eªwi dvskb _v‡K| WvUv MÖnY,
WvUv cÖwµqvKiY Ges djvdj cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ C, BASIC Ges FORTRAN Gi Library
Function-Gi Zyjbvg~jK cv_©K¨ †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
KvR C BASIC FORTRAN
WvUv MÖnY (Input) getchar() INPUT READ
scanf() gest () READ DATA
sscanf() GET
fscanf()
wm †cÖvMÖvwgs 279
WvUv cÖwµqvKiY = LET =

(Processing) if/else FOR-NAXT IF/ELSE
for IF-ELSE-ENDIF DO
while DO-WHILE
do-while
swich()
djvdj cÖ`k©b (Output) putchar () PRINT WRITE
puts () LPRINT PRINT
printif () WRITE
sprintf () PRINT USING
fprintf ()
C fvlvi êwkó¨ (Characteristics of C Language)

1| cÖwZwU dvsk‡bi wbe©vn ïi“ n‡e wØZxq eÜbx (Opening Brace) '{' Øviv|
2| C fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg wjLv nq †QvU nv‡Zi A¶i Øviv Z‡e Symbolic Name Ges Output
Staring mvaviYZ eo nv‡Zi A¶‡i wjLv nq|
3| cÖwZwU jvB‡bi cÖwZwU kã Aek¨B Kgc‡¶ GKwU †¯úm ev U¨ve ev †Kv‡Ukb wPý Øviv Avjv`v
K‡i wjL‡Z n‡e|
4| cÖwZwU †cÖvMÖvwgs †÷U‡g›U †kl Ki‡Z n‡e †mwg‡Kvjb Øviv|
5| cÖwZwU PjK eënv‡ii c~‡e©B Zv‡ì WvUv UvBc D‡j−L Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| Header dvBj¸‡jv #include Øviv hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
7| †Kv‡bv Library Function eënvi Ki‡j Aek¨B Zvi Header File hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
8| define Ges include Gi †k‡l †mwg‡Kvjb eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e bv|
9| wPýwU Compiler Derivative Ges GwU Aek¨B cÖ_g Kjv‡g wjL‡Z n‡e|
10| eÜbx ïi“ Ki‡j Aek¨B Zv †kl Ki‡Z n‡e|
11| †cÖvMÖv‡gi g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq gš—e¨ hy³ Kiv hv‡e Ges Zv /* Ges */ Gi g‡a¨ hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
12| cÖwZwU C †cÖvMÖvwgs‡q GKwU main () Function _vK‡e| GKwUi AwaK main () Function
_vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| main () Function †_‡K †cÖvMÖvg wbe©vn Kiv ïi“ n‡e|
†cÖvMÖvg K¤úvBwjs (Programme Compiling)

GLv‡b †mvm© †cÖvMÖvg‡K GKmv‡_ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †gwk‡bi fvlvq Abyev` K‡i GKwU Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖvg Ges
GKwU Gw·wKDkb dvBj ˆZwi K‡i| GLvbKvi Gw·wKDkb dvBj AZ¨š— `ª“ZZvi mv‡_ Gw·wKDU
n‡q _v‡K| K¤úvBjvi n‡jv Ggb GKwU †cÖvMÖvg, hv Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU †evaMg¨ Kivi Rb¨ D”PZi
fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖv‡gi †÷U‡g›U¸‡jv‡K 0 Ges 1 G cwieZ©b K‡i| d‡j †cÖvMÖvwgs cÖwµqv AZ¨š—
`ª“ZZi nq Ges †cÖvMÖvgvi‡K wbR nv‡Z †Kv‡bv Abyev`‡Ki KvR Ki‡Z nq bv|
wfbœ wfbœ D”PZi fvlvq †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ K¤úvBjvi eëüZ nq| KviY †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
K¤úvBjvi GKwU gvÎ D”PZi fvlvi †cÖvMÖvg‡K K¤úvBj Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ †h K¤úvBjvi C
†cÖvMÖvg‡K K¤úvBj Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB K¤úvBjvi †ewmK †cÖvMÖvg K¤úvBj Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mvaviYZ
nvB-†j‡fj fvlvi GKwU evK¨ †gwk‡bi fvlvq Pvi ev cuvPwU ev‡K¨ cwiYZ nq| K¤úvBjvi Abyev`
Kiv QvovI Drm †cÖvMÖv‡gi ¸Yv¸YI wePvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• †cÖvMÖvg K¤úvBj (Alt+F9)
• †cÖvMÖvg wbe©vn (Ctrl+F9)
K¤úvBwjs‡qi cÖavb KvR (Main Functions of Compiling)

1| Drm †cÖvMÖvg‡K Abyev` K‡i Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiv|
2| †cÖvMÖvg‡K wjsK Kiv| A_©vr †cÖvMÖv‡gi m‡½ cÖ‡qvRbxq i“wUb †hvM Kiv| i“wUb n‡jv †cÖvMÖv‡gi
†QvU Ask hv‡Z †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó KvR Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k †`qv _v‡K|
3| †cÖvMÖv‡g †Kv‡bv fyj _vK‡j Zv Rvbv‡bv|
4| cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †g‡gvwii Ae¯’vb ˆZwi Kiv|
5| cÖ‡qvR‡b Source ev Drm †cÖvMÖvg‡K Qvwc‡q †ei Kiv|
6| †cÖvMÖv‡gi †h‡Kv‡bv fyj-ÎywU ms‡kvab Kiv|
†cÖvMÖvg wWevwMs (Programme Debugging)

Bug A_© †cvKv| Debugging A_© †cvKv `~i Kiv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g †h fyj-ÎywU _v‡K Zv `~i
Kiv‡K wWevwMs (Debugging) ejv nq| 1945 mv‡j gvK©-1 Kw¤úDUv‡i GKwU g_ †cvKv Xy‡K
hvIqvq Zv APj n‡q c‡o| ZLb †_‡K Bebugging kãwUi DrcwË| †cÖvMÖvg wWevwMs‡qi Rb¨
cÖ_‡g †cÖvMÖv‡g Kx ai‡bi fyj n‡q‡Q Zv wbY©q K‡i †m †gvZv‡eK cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvab Ki‡jB P‡j|
Syntax Error n‡j Zv wbY©q Kiv Ges ms‡kvab Kiv mnR| Logical Error kbv³ Kiv KwVb|
G‡¶‡Î wKQy bgybv WvUv wb‡q hvi djvdj Rvbv Av‡Q, †cÖvMÖvg cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges djvdj wfbœ
n‡j †cÖvMÖvg‡K K‡qKwU As‡k fvM K‡i cÖwZwU As‡ki djvdj †`‡L †Kv_vq fyj Av‡Q Zv wbY©q
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvab Ki‡Z n‡e|
9.2 Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg (Translator Programme)

†mvm© †cÖvMÖvg‡K Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖv‡g cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ †h †cÖvMÖvg eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K Abyev`K
†cÖvMÖvg (Translator Programme) e‡j| A¨v‡m¤^wj ev D”PZi fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg‡K †mvm©
†cÖvMÖvg (Source Programme) Ges †gwk‡bi fvlvq Abyev` Kiv †cÖvMÖvg‡K Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖvg
(Object Programme) ejv nq| †mvm© †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv Kw¤úDUvi †ev‡S bv| ZvB †mvm© †cÖvMÖvg‡K
Pvjv‡bvi Av‡M †Kv‡bv Abyev`K †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g †gwk‡bi fvlvq Abyev` Ki‡Z nq| †gwk‡bi fvlvq
†cÖvMÖvg Abyev` Kivi Rb¨ 0 Ges 1 GB `yÕwU evBbvwi wWwRU eënvi Kiv nq| †mvm© †cÖvMÖvg‡K
Abyev` Kivi Rb¨ wZb ai‡bi Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg Av‡Q| †hgbÑ
1| K¤úvBjvi (Compiler)
2| A¨v‡m¤^jvi (Assmebler)
3| B›Uvi†cÖUvi (Interpreter)
1| K¤úvBjvi (Compiler)
†mvm© †cÖvMÖvg‡K GKmv‡_ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †gwk‡bi fvlvq Abyev` K‡i GKwU Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi K‡i
Ges GKwU Gw·wKDkb dvBj ˆZwi K‡i| GLvbKvi Gw·wKDkb dvBj AZ¨š— `ª“ZZvi mv‡_
Gw·wKDU n‡q _v‡K| K¤úvBjvi n‡jv Ggb GKwU †cÖvMÖvg, hv Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbKU †evaMg¨ Kivi
Rb¨ D”PZi fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖv‡gi †÷U‡g›U¸‡jv‡K 0 Ges 1 G cwieZ©b K‡i| d‡j †cÖvMÖvwgs
cÖwµqv AZ¨š— `ª“ZZi nq Ges †cÖvMÖvgvi‡K wbR nv‡Z †Kv‡bv Abyev`‡Ki KvR Ki‡Z nq bv|
wfbœ wfbœ D”PZi fvlvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ K¤úvBjvi eëüZ nq| KviY †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
K¤úvBjvi GKwU gvÎ D”PZi fvlvi †cÖvMÖvg‡K K¤úvBj Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ †h K¤úvBjvi
COBOL †cÖvMÖvg‡K K¤úvBj Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB K¤úvBjvi †ewmK †cÖvMÖvg K¤úvBj Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
mvaviYZ nvB †j‡fj fvlvi GKwU evK¨ †gwk‡bi fvlvq Pvi ev cvuPwU ev‡K¨ cwiYZ nq| K¤úvBjvi
Abyev` Kiv QvovI Drm †cÖvMÖv‡gi ¸Yv¸YI wePvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
K¤úvBjv‡ii cÖavb KvR

1| Drm †cÖvMÖvg‡K Abyev` K‡i Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiv|
2| cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †g‡gvwii Ae¯’vb ˆZwi Kiv|

3| Gi c‡i †cÖvMÖvg‡K wjsK Kiv| A_©vr †cÖvMÖv‡gi m‡½ cÖ‡qvRbxq i“wUb †hvM Kiv| i“wUb n‡jv
†cÖvMÖv‡gi †QvU Ask hv‡Z †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó KvR Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k †`qv _v‡K|
5| †cÖvMÖv‡gi †h‡Kv‡bv fyj-ÎywU ms‡kvab Kiv|
6| cÖ‡qvR‡b Source ev Drm †cÖvMÖvg‡K Qvwc‡q †ei Kiv|
2| A¨v‡m¤^jvi (Assembler)
A¨v‡m¤^jv‡ii KvR n‡”Q A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvq wjwLZ Drm †cÖvMÖvg A_©vr †b‡gvwbK †KvW‡K †gwk‡bi
fvlvq wjwLZ Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖv‡g iƒcvš—i Kiv| G fvlvi Ab¨Zg KvR n‡”Q cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z iw¶Z
A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi me wb‡`©k wVK Av‡Q wKbv Zv eënviKvix‡K Rvbv‡bv| G fvlvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU wb‡`©k‡K
A¨v‡m¤^jvi †gwkb fvlvi GKwU wb‡`©‡k cwiYZ K‡i| fyj ms‡kva‡bi ci G fvlv cybivq cÖ_g wb‡`©k
†_‡K Abyev‡ì KvR ïi“ K‡i|
A¨v‡m¤^jv‡ii cÖavb KvR

1| †b‡gvwbK †KvW‡K †gwk‡bi fvlvq iƒcvš—i Kiv|
2| me wb‡`©k Ges WvUv cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z Rgv ivLv|
3| B›Uvi‡cÖUvi (Interpreter)
B›Uvi‡cÖUviI K¤úvBjv‡ii g‡Zv D”PZi fvlv‡K †gwkb fvlvq iƒcvš—i K‡i, Z‡e K¤úvBjvi
†hgbÑcÖ_‡g †mvm© †cÖvMÖvg‡K Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖv‡g iƒcvš—i K‡i Ges †k‡l djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i wKš‘
B›Uvi‡cÖUvi †mvm© †cÖvMÖvg‡K Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖv‡g iƒcvš—i K‡i bv, B›Uvi‡cÖUvi GK jvBb K‡i m¤úv`b
K‡i Ges Zvr¶wYK djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i| B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii gva¨‡g †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj-ÎywU kbv³ I ms‡kvab
Kivi †¶‡Î mgq Kg jv‡M| Z‡e B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii Amyweav n‡”Q Abyev‡ì †¶‡Î GwU axi MwZm¤úbœ
Ges cÖwZevi †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni †¶‡Î cÖwZwU †÷U‡g›U bZyb K‡i †gwkb fvlvq iƒcvš—i Ki‡Z nq|
K¤úvBjvi I B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

K¤úvBjvi (Compiler) B›Uvi‡cÖUvi (Interpreter)
1| m¤ú~Y© †cÖvMÖvgwU‡K GKmv‡_ Abyev` K‡i| 1| GK jvBb GK jvBb K‡i Abyev` K‡i|
2| GwU eo AvK…wZi †cÖvMÖvg| 2| GwU †QvU AvK…wZi †cÖvMÖvg|
3| †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni MwZ Zyjbvg~jK `ª“Z| 3| MwZ Zyjbvg~jK Kg|
4| KvR Ki‡Z cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z †ewk RvqMv 4| cÖavb †g‡gvwi‡Z Kg RvqMv cÖ‡qvRb nq|
cÖ‡qvRb nq|
5| wWevwMs ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj-ÎywU kbv³ I 5| fyj-ÎywU kbv³ I ms‡kvab Kivi †¶‡Î mgq
ms‡kvab Kivi †¶‡Î mgq †ewk jv‡M| Kg jv‡M|
6| †cÖvMÖv‡gi me¸‡jv fyj GK mv‡_ cÖ`k©b K‡i| 6| cÖwZwU jvB‡bi fyj cÖ`k©b K‡i Ges fyj gvÎB
Abyev‡ì KvR eÜ K‡i †`q|
7| K¤úvBjv‡ii gva¨‡g †cÖvMÖvg‡K iƒcvš—‡ii 7| B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii gva¨‡g †cÖvMÖvg‡K iƒcvš—‡ii ci
ci Zv c~Y©v½ †gwkb fvlvq iƒcvš—wiZ nq| Zv GKwU gaëZ©x Ae¯’v‡b †cŠu‡Q| G‡K ejv
G‡K ejv nq Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖvg| nq B›UviwgwW‡qU †KvW|
8| C, Pascal †cÖvMÖv‡gi †¶‡Î K¤úvBjvi 8| QBASIC, GWBASIC cÖf…wZ †cÖvMÖv‡gi
eënvi Kiv nq| †¶‡Î B›Uvi‡cÖUvi eënvi Kiv nq|
9| eo ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡i †ewk eëüZ nq| 9| A‡c¶vK…Z †QvU Kw¤úDUv‡i †ewk eëüZ nq|
10| GKevi K¤úvBj Kivi ci wØZxqevi 10| B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii †¶‡Î cybivq iƒcvš—‡ii
K¤úvBj Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| cÖ‡qvRb nq|
9.3 †cÖvMÖv‡gi MVb (Structure of a Programme)

C †cÖvMÖvg KZK¸‡jv dvsk‡bi mgwó| GB dvskb¸‡jv‡K ejv nq mvei“wUb| C †cÖvMÖvg wjL‡Z n‡j
cÖ_‡g GK ev GKvwaK dvskb MVb Ki‡Z nq| Zvici dvskb¸‡jv‡K GKmv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z
nq| GKwU C †cÖvMÖvg GK ev GKvwaK †mKkb wb‡q MwVZ|
Documentation Section-G GK ev GKvwaK gš—e¨, †cÖvMÖv‡gi bvg, †cÖvMÖv‡gi welqe¯—y, †cÖvMÖvg
iPwqZvi bvg, †cÖvMÖvg eënv‡ii wbqg BZ¨vw` mshy³ Kiv nq|
Link Section-G K¤úvBjv‡ii mv‡_ wewfbœ jvB‡eªwii dvsk‡bi ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv nq Ges †nWvi
dvBj mshy³ Kiv nq| Definition Section-G mg¯— Symbolic Constant †NvlYv Kiv nq|
Global Declaration Section-G mg¯— Global Variable (†h Variable †cÖvMÖv‡gi mg¯— dvsk‡b
KvR K‡i) †NvlYv Kiv nq|
cÖwZwU C †cÖvMÖv‡g GKwU main() Function _vK‡eB| main() Function Gi `ywU Ask| GKwU
Declaration Part Ges Ab¨wU Execution Part| Declaration Part-G cÖ‡qvRbxq PjK hv wbe©vn
As‡k eënvi Kiv n‡e Zv †NvlYv Ki‡Z nq Ges Execution Part †cÖvMÖvg wbe©vn K‡i| GB `ywU
Ask `ywU wØZxq eÜbxi g‡a¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| Subprogramme Section G GK ev GKvwaK
eënviKvixi ˆZwi dvskb _vK‡e hv main() Function G Call Kiv n‡e|
9.4.1 WvUv UvBc (Data Type)

†h mKj wek„•Lj NUbv ev d¨v± cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq WvUv ev DcvË|
†hgbÑ QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì †iRvë cÖm&ËZ Kivi Rb¨ msM„nxZ bvg, †ivj bs, wewfbœ wel‡qi cÖvß b¤î n‡jv
GK GKwU WvUv|
C Programming Zvi WvUv UvB‡ci Rb¨ †ek mg„×| mvaviYZ WvUv UvBc †gwk‡bi Dci
wbf©ikxj| ANSI C-†Z Pvi ai‡bi WvUv eëüZ nq| h_vÑ
1. Primary (or fundamental) data types
2. User-defined data types
3. Derived data types and
4. Empty data set
mvaviYZ WvUv UvBc ej‡Z Primary (or fundamental) data types-†KB †evSv‡bv nq| mvaviYZ
WvUv UvB‡K Avevi wbgœwjwLZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq :
A. Integer Types
B. Floating Point Types
C. Character Types
wb‡P Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi data types †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
A. Integer Types
Integer n‡”Q m¤ú~Y© b¤î A_©vr ALwÊZ msL¨v| G WvUvi e¨vwß †gwk‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| mvaviYZ
Integer †g‡gvwi‡Z GKwU kã aviY K‡i †gwkb †f‡` hv 16 weU ev 32 weU RvqMv `Lj K‡i| hw`
Avgiv 16 kã ˆ`‡N©ï †gwkb eënvi Kwi Zvn‡j Integer Gi e¨vwß n‡e -32,768 (-215) n‡Z
+32,267 (+215-1) ch©š—| A_©vr GKwU WvUvi gvb hw` -32,768 †_‡K +32,767 Gi g‡a¨ nq
Z‡e Avgiv H WvUv‡K Integer wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Ki‡Z cvwi| cÖwZwU WvUv‡K GKwU bv‡g cÖKvk Ki‡Z
nq| aiv hvK, †Kv‡bv †kªwY‡Z 40 Rb QvÎ Av‡Q| GLb D³ QvÎ‡ì Roll b¤^‡ii WvUv, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, ------ 40 ch©š— Gfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î GwUi bvg †`qv hvq into roll| 1 weU eënvi n‡e
wPý weU wn‡m‡e Ges 15 weU eënvi n‡e msL¨vwU aviY Kivi Rb¨| hw` Avgiv 32weU kã ˆ`‡Nï
†gwkb eënvi Kwi Zvn‡j Integer Gi e¨vwß n‡e -214,74,83, 684 (-231) n‡Z +214, 74,
83,647 (+231-1) ch©š—| A_©vr GKwU WvUvi gvb hw` -214,74,83,648 †_‡K
+214,74,83,647 Gi g‡a¨ nq Z‡e Avgiv H WvUv‡K Integer wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Ki‡Z cvwi|
cÖwZwU WvUv‡K GKwU bv‡g cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq|
Integer WvUvi e¨vwß wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ C Programme G Integer-†K wZbwU †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q| fvM¸‡jv n‡jv, short int, int Ges long int cÖwZwU fvM‡K Avevi signed Ges
unsigned-G fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| PjK †NvlYv Kivi mgq signed †NvlYv bv Ki‡jI Zv wb‡R wb‡RB
signed wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e|
B. Floating Point Types

`kwgKhy³ msL¨v‡K Floating Point ev cÖK…Z msL¨v ejv nq| GB ai‡bi msL¨v †g‡gvwi‡Z 32 weU
(16 weU ev 32 weU †gwk‡bi) RvqMv `Lj K‡i hvi g‡a¨ `kwg‡Ki c‡ii As‡ki Rb¨ 6 weU| GB
ai‡bi msL¨v float-Gi gva¨‡g †NvlYv Ki‡Z nq| Floating msL¨vi e¨vwß (wb‡Pi †Uwej) Abyhvqx
float, double Ges long double GB wZbfv‡e †NvlYv Ki‡Z nq| Double msL¨v †g‡gvwi‡Z 64
weU RvqMv `Lj K‡i hvi g‡a¨ 14 weU `kwg‡Ki c‡ii As‡ki Rb¨ msiw¶Z _v‡K| Long Double
msL¨v †g‡gvwi‡Z 80 weU RvqMv `Lj K‡i|
C. Character Types
†Kv‡bv wPý (MvwYwZK eY©, eY© ev †Kv‡bv we‡kl eY©) cÖKvk Kiv nq Character Types WvUvi
gva¨‡g| GB ai‡bi msL¨v †g‡gvwi‡Z 8 weU (1 evBU) RvqMv `Lj K‡i| GB ai‡bi WvUv †evSv‡bvi
Rb¨ Pj‡Ki bv‡gi Av‡M char eënvi Kiv nq| signed Ges unsigned GB `yBfv‡e Character
Types WvUv cÖKvk Kiv nq| signed †NvlYv Ki‡j -128 †_‡K +127 Ges unsigned †NvlYv
Ki‡j 0 †_‡K 255 gv‡bi g‡a¨ WvUv cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
9.4.2 aª“eK (Constant)
†cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni mgq hvi gvb cwiewZ©Z nq bv Zv‡K aª“eK e‡j| aª“eK ev Kb÷¨v›U `yB cÖKvi| h_vÑ
1| msL¨v aª“eK ev msL¨vm~PK aª“eK ev wbD‡gwiK Kb÷¨v›U (Numeric Constant)
2| A¶igvjv aª“eK (Character Constant)
wbD‡gwiK Kb÷¨v›U (Numeric Constant)

GB aª“e‡Ki abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K gvb n‡Z cv‡i| aª“e‡K Kgv eënvi Kiv DwPZ bq| †hgbÑ `k
nvRvi‡K wjL‡Z nq 10000| D‡j−L¨ 10,000 †jLv fyj| C †cÖvMÖv‡g wbD‡gwiK Kb÷¨v›U‡K
Bw›URvi Kb÷¨vb ev c~Y© msL¨v, wi‡qj Kb÷¨v›U ev cÖK…Z msL¨v ev `kwgK we›`yhy³ msL¨v ev †d¬vwUs-
c‡q›U ev G·‡cv‡bwÝqvj MV‡bi msL¨v, †n·v‡Wwmgvj, AKUvj cÖf…wZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| wb‡gœ
G‡ì D`vniY †`qv n‡jv :
1| c~Y© msL¨v aª“eK (Integer Constant) : -32768 Ges +32767 Gi gaëZ©x †h‡Kv‡bv c~Y©
msL¨v †hgbÑ -287, 2, 512, 2048 BZ¨vw`|
2| wd·W-c‡q›U aª“eK (Fixed Point Constant) : -28.7, 2.0, 512.5, 2.6786, -8.5 BZ¨vw`|
3| †d¬vwUs-c‡q›U aª“eK (Floating Point Constant) : -4356E2 (A_©vr 436 102), 24.5E-
7 (A_©vr 24.5 10-7) BZ¨vw`|
4| AKU¨vj aª“eK (Octal Constant) : G ai‡bi msL¨vi c~‡e© 0 emv‡Z nq, †hgbÑ -0437,
01234 BZ¨vw`|
5| †n·v‡Wwm‡gj aª“eK (Hexadecimal Constant) : G ai‡bi msL¨vi c~‡e© Ox ev OX wjL‡Z

nq Ges As‡Ki wPý 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, a, b, c, d, e, f ev 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, A, B, C, D, E F eënvi Kiv nq| †hgbÑ OxAB65, OXFE23B BZ¨vw`|
A¶igvjv aª“eK (Character Constant)

eY©, AsK Ges Ab¨vb¨ wPý mvwR‡q GB aª“eK MwVZ nq| GB aª“eK‡K Avevi wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
1| Single Character Constant : Single Character Constant (Character Constant)
GKwU eY© hv single quote mark Øviv wbw`©ó Kiv nq| †hgbÑ 'A', '5', '<' BZ¨vw`|
2| String Constant : String Constant KZK¸‡jv e‡Y©i mgwó hv double quote mark Øviv
wbw`©ó Kiv nq| wb‡gœ K‡qKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv| †hgbÑ "MQUNATA", "33.12.5432",
"SEMONTI", "IT IS TAMAL", "Dhaka State College'', "Anika Azad" BZ¨vw`|
3| Blackslash Character Constant : C †cÖvMÖv‡g wKQy Blackslash Character Constant
eënvi Kiv nq hv AvDUcyU dvskb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| mvaviYZ Blackslash †`qvi ci GKwU
Character eënvi Kiv nq hv GKwU wbw`©ó dvskb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| cÖwZwU Blacklash
Character Avjv`v Avjv`v Kv‡R eënvi Kiv nq|
wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j wKQy Blackshash Character Constant I †m¸‡jvi A_© ev KvR †`Lv‡bv n‡jv
Constant Meaning
'\a' audible alert (bell)
'\b' back space
'\f' form feed
'\n' new line
'\r' carriage return
'\t' horizontal tab
'\v' vertical tab
'\' single quote
"/" double quote
'\?' question mark
'\\' backlash
'\0' null
9.4.3 PjK (Variable)

†cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni mgq hvi gvb cwiewZ©Z nq Zv‡K PjK e‡j| Pj‡Ki GKwU bvg w`‡Z nq| bvgwU
31 A¶‡ii g‡a¨ n‡Z n‡e| bv‡gi cÖ_g A¶i Aek¨B eY© n‡Z nq| Pj‡Ki GKwU gvb wba©viY K‡i
w`‡Z nq| gvb wba©viY bv Ki‡j wWdë wn‡m‡e Kw¤úDUvi Pj‡Ki gvb 0 ev Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv gvb a‡i
†bq| ZvB djvdj fyj nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
Pj‡Ki cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Variable)

msiw¶Z WvUvi aib ev cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i C †cÖvMÖv‡g wZb ai‡bi PjK Av‡Q| h_vÑ
1| c~Y© msL¨v PjK (Integer Variable)
2| cÖK…Z msL¨v PjK (Floating Point Variable)
3| eY©evPK PjK (Character Variable)
1| c~Y© msL¨v PjK (Integer Variable) : †h Pj‡Ki gvb c~Y© msL¨v nq Zv‡K c~Y© msL¨v PjK e‡j|
G Pj‡Ki gvb †cÖvMÖvgvi w`‡Z cv‡i A_ev †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni mgq Kw¤úDUviI Gi gvb wba©viY Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Pj‡Ki bv‡gi cÖK…wZ wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ Pj‡Ki bv‡gi Av‡M int eënvi Kiv nq| GB int
wjLv‡K UvBc wWK¬v‡ikb ejv nq| msL¨vi e¨vwß Abymv‡i int, short ev long int eënvi Kiv nq|
c~Y© msL¨v Pj‡Ki D`vniY : Int a, int qw23, short id, long salary BZ¨vw`|
2| cÖK…Z msL¨v PjK (Floating Point Variable) : †h Pj‡Ki gvb cÖK…Z msL¨vq A_©vr `kwgK
hy³ msL¨vq nq Zv‡K cÖK…Z msL¨v PjK e‡j| G Pj‡Ki gvb †cÖvMÖvgvi w`‡Z cv‡i A_ev †cÖvMÖvg
wbe©v‡ni mgq Kw¤úDUviI Gi gvb wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Pj‡Ki bv‡gi cÖK…wZ wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨
Pj‡Ki bv‡gi Av‡M float eënvi Kiv nq| GB float †jLv‡K UvBc wWK¬v‡ikb ejv nq|
msL¨vi e¨vwß Abymv‡i float, double ev long double eënvi Kiv nq| cÖK…Z msL¨v Pj‡Ki
D`vniY : float a, long id, long double salary BZ¨vw`|
3| eY©evPK PjK (Character Variable) : †h PjK ïay eY© Ges kã w`‡q MwVZ Zv‡K eY©evPK
PjK e‡j| †hgbÑ bvg, wVKvbv ev †h‡Kv‡bv e‡Y©i †¶‡Î eY©evPK PjK eëüZ nq| G‡¶‡Î
Pj‡Ki bv‡gi Av‡M char eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ char n, char address, char des BZ¨vw`|
dvskb eënv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i PjK‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_vÑ
1| †jvKvj PjK (Local Variable) Ges
2| †Mjvevj PjK (Global Variable)
1| †jvKvj PjK (Local Variable) : †h PjK dvsk‡bi wfZ‡i decleare Kiv nq Zv‡K †jvKvj
PjK e‡j| D`vniY :
main ()
{
int a = 5 ;
---------------
---------------
}
GLv‡b a = 5 n‡jv Local Variable.
2| †Mjvevj PjK (Global Variable) : †h PjK main () Gi c~‡e© decleare Kiv nq Zv‡K
Global Variable e‡j| D`vniY :
int a = 10 ;
main ()
{
-----------------
-----------------
}
GLv‡b a = 10 n‡jv Global Variable. mKj Function Øviv Global Variable n‡q _v‡K|
f¨vwi‡qej ev Pj‡Ki bvgKi‡Yi wbqgvewj (Rules for Naming Variable)

†cÖvMÖv‡gi g‡a¨ Pj‡Ki bvgKi‡Yi †¶‡Î wbgœwjwLZ wbqgvewj AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
1| Pj‡Ki cÖ_g A¶iwU Aek¨B a †_‡K z Gi g‡a¨ GK ev GKvwaK eY© n‡Z n‡e|
2| Pj‡Ki wØZxq A¶i †_‡K cieZ©x A¶i¸‡jv †h‡Kv‡bv eY© ev AsK wKsev eY© I A¼ DfqB
_vK‡Z cv‡i|
3| Pj‡Ki bv‡gi ˆ`N¨© me©vwaK 31wU A¶i n‡Z cv‡i|
4| Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ we‡kl †Kv‡bv wPý ev cÖZxK †hgbÑ +, -, *, @ = BZ¨vw` eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|
Z‡e AvÛvi‡¯‹vi eënvi Kiv hv‡e|
5| †cÖvMÖv‡gi †Kv‡bv wiRvf©W IqvW© ev msiw¶Z kã †hgb printf, scanf, include BZ¨vw` PjK
wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|
6| †cÖvMÖv‡gi †Kv‡bv †÷U‡g›U ev dvskb †hgb for, it, while BZ¨vw` bv‡gi Pj‡Ki bvgKiY Kiv hv‡e bv|
7| Pj‡Ki bv‡g †QvU nv‡Zi ev eo nv‡Zi wKsev Dfq nv‡Zi A¶i eënvi Kiv hv‡e, Z‡e GKB
Pj‡Ki bvg wn‡m‡e †QvU nv‡Zi ev eo nv‡Zi †jLv hv‡e bv| KviY Total ev total ev TOTAL
Avjv`v Avjv`v bvg †evSvq|
9.4.4 Array :
Array Kx?
Array n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi †fwi‡qej hv GKB Kv‡R eëüZ GKB WvUv UvB‡ci GKvwaK WvUv
wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|
Array wW‡K¬qvi Kiv

Array wW‡K¬qvi Kivi mvaviY wbqg n‡jv :
data-type array-name [array-size]
D`vniY :
int num [10];
float add [20];
clear name [30];
D`vniY A¨v‡ii WvB‡gbkb-Gi cÖKvi‡f` :

GKwU A¨v‡ii WvB‡gbkb GK ev GKvwaK n‡Z cv‡i| gvÎv ev WvB‡gk‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i A¨v‡i
wb‡b¥v³ `yB ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| h_vÑ
1. GKgvwÎK Av¨v‡i (One dimensional array)
2. wØgvwÎK A¨v‡iv (Two dimensional array)
GKgvwÎK Av¨v‡i (One dimensional array)

hw` †Kv‡bv Av¨v‡ii WvUv¸‡jv ïaygvÎ GKwU GKK mvwi ev Kjvg AvKv‡i Dc¯’wcZ _v‡K Ges GKwU
gvÎ mvew¯ŒÞ Øviv cÖKvwkZ nq Z‡e †mB A¨v‡i‡K GKgvwÎK A¨v‡iv ejv nq| wm j¨vs¸‡qR
GKgvwÎK A¨v‡iv ˆZwii wbqg n‡jvÑ
data_type vrible_name [size
†hgb, int roll [4]; GwU GKwU GKgvwÎK A¨v‡i| GLv‡b int n‡jv WvUv UvBc, roll n‡jv
†fwi‡qe‡ji bvg, Ges [4] n‡jv mvBR| GB A¨v‡ii g‡a¨ cvuPwU Dcv`vb (0-4) ivLv hv‡e|
wØgvwÎK A¨v‡i (Two dimensional array)

hw` †Kv‡bv A¨v‡ii WvUv¸‡jv GKK mvwi Ges Kjvg AvKv‡i Dc¯’vwcZ _v‡K Ges `yBwU mvew¯ŒÞ Øviv
cÖKvwkZ nq Z‡e †mB A¨v‡i‡K wØgvwÎK A¨v‡i ejv nq| †hgbÑ
int marks [2] [3];
GKwU wØgvwÎK A¨v‡i| KviY GB A¨v‡ii marks [0] [0], marks [0] [1], marks [0] [2], marks
[1] [0], marks [1] [1] wKsev marks [1] [2], GB 6wU Dcv`v‡bi †h †Kv‡bvwU wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨
†gvU `yÕwU msL¨v †hgb, 0,0 ev, 0, 1 ev, 0, 2 ev, 1,0 ev, 1, 1 ev, 1, 2 cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|
0 1 2
0,0 0,1 0,2
1,0 1,1 1,2
†cÖvMÖv‡g g~jZ †gwUª· A_©vr mvwi I Kjvg m¤úwK©Z Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wØgvwÎK A¨v‡i eënvi Kiv nq|
d‡j A‡bK mn‡R mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ †Kv‡bv cix¶vq cvuPwU welq Av‡Q Ges
cÖZ¨K wel‡q Pwj−kRb K‡i cix¶v_©x Av‡Q| Giƒc †¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K cix¶v_©xi cÖ‡Z¨K wel‡qi cÖvß
b¤î wnmve K‡i djvdj wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ wØgvwÎK A¨v‡i eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wØgvwÎK A¨v‡iv †NvlYvi wbqg

wm-†Z wØgvwÎK A¨v‡i †NvlYvi mvaviY dig¨vU n‡jvÑ
Data Type Array Name [RowSize] [ColumnSize];
D`vniY : int num [3] [3]

D`vniY : Kx †evW© †_‡K KZK¸‡jv msL¨v BbcyU †bqv Ges Zv‡ì †hvMdj cÖ`k©b Kivi †cÖvMÖvg|
# include < stdio.h>
# include < conio.h>
Void main ( )
{
int i n, a [20], sum = 0;
clrscr ( );
Print f ("How many numbers;”)
scan f (" % d” & n)
Print f (" Enter the % d numbers;” n)
for (i = 0; i <n; i++)
scan f ("% d " & n [i];
for (i = 0; i < n; i ++)
Sum = sum + a [i] ;
Print f ("Sum = % d”, sum;
getch ( )
}
Output :
R How many numbers : 5
Enter dthe 5 numbers : 10 20 30 40 50
sum = 150
9.4.5 dvskb (Funtion)

†cÖvMÖvg †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv †÷U‡g›U †Kv‡bv bv‡g GKwU ej‡Ki g‡a¨ ivLv
nq ZLb Zv‡K dvskb e‡j| dvskb †Pbvi mnR Dcvq n‡jv dvsk‡bi bv‡gi †k‡l GK †Rvov cÖ_g
eÜbx ( ) _v‡K|
dvsk‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Importance of Function)

1. †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg‡K dvsk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ msw¶ß Kiv hvq|
2. eënviKvix cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx dvskb ˆZwi K‡i KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. eo †cÖvMÖvg‡K A‡bK¸‡jv fv‡M fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU fvM‡K dvskb AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i †cÖvMÖvg
iPbv Ki‡j †cÖvMÖv‡gi fyj ms‡kvavb Kiv mnRZi nq|
4. †cÖvMÖvwgs wWfvwMs Kiv AwaK mnR nq|
C †cÖvMÖv‡g dvskb‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v -

1| jvB‡eªwi dvskb (Library Function)
2| eënviKvix KZ©…K ˆZwiK…Z dvskb (User defined function)
jvB‡eªwi dvskb (Laibrary Function)

†h mKj dvskb we‡kl wKQy Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ C †cÖvMÖv‡gi weë-Bb Av‡Q Zv‡K jvB‡eªwi dvskb
(Library Function) e‡j|
jvB‡eªwi dvskb eënv‡ii wbqg

jvB‡eªwi dvskb¸‡jvi †NvlYv Zv‡ì †nWvi (.h) dvB‡j Ges we¯—vwiZ eY©bv mswk−ó jvB‡eªwi (.Lib)
dvB‡j †`qv _v‡K| GRb¨ wm †cÖvMÖv‡g †Kv‡bv jvB‡eªwi dvskb eënvi Ki‡j †cÖvMÖv‡gi ïi“‡ZB
#include wW‡iw±f †÷U‡g‡›Ui mnv‡h¨ mswk−ó †nWvi dvBj mshy³ n‡q _v‡K| †cÖvMÖv‡g †Kv‡bv
†nWvi dvBj mshy³ Kiv n‡j K¤úvBjvi †cÖvMÖvg K¤úvBj Kivi mgq mshy³ dvB‡ji Dcv`vb¸‡jv
mswk−ó jvB‡eªvwi dvBj †_‡K Kwc K‡i| Giƒc ms‡hv‡Mi d‡j K¤úvBj g‡b nq, †h mshy³ dvBj
†hb ms‡hvMKvix dvB‡ji Askwe‡kl|
D‡j−L¨, †cÖvMv‡gi ïi“‡Z #include †÷U‡g‡›Ui mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv †nWvi dvBj mshy³ Kiv n‡j Zv H
dvB‡j ewY©Z mKj dvs‡ki Rb¨ KvR K‡i| †Kv‡bv jvB‡eªwi dvsk‡bi †nWvi dvBj Ges eënviwewa
wK Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ H jvB‡eªwi dvsk‡bi Dci Kvm©i †i‡L ev wm‡j± K‡i Ctrl+F1 Pvc‡j †ní dvBj
†_‡K Zv Rvbv hvq|
wm †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi K‡qKwU jvB‡eªwi dvsk‡bi bvg I eënvi

dvskb eënvi
abs () †Kv‡bv msL¨vi cig gvb wbY©q K‡i|
clock() †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni ïi“ †_‡K m¤úvw`Z K¬K wUK& wiUvb© K‡i|
exit() †cÖvMv‡gi wbe©v‡ni mgvwß NUvq|
gettime(), settime() Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi mgq wbY©q cybwba©viY K‡i|
log(), log100 †Kv‡bv msL¨vi jMviw`g Z_v logex I log10x wbY©q K‡i|
pow(), pow() †Kv‡bv msL¨vi NvZ (power) xn 10n wbY©q K‡i|
rand(), srand() ˆØe (random) msL¨v wbY©q I BwbwkqvjvBR K‡i|
sprt() †Kv‡bv abvZ¥K msL¨vi NvZ (sqrareroot) wbY©q K‡i|
asin(), acos(), atan() wÎ‡KvYwgwZK †Kv‡Yi Arc sine, Arc cosin Ges Arc tangent gvb
wbY©q K‡i|
sin(), cos(), tan() wÎ‡KvYwgwZi †Kv‡Yi sine, cosine Ges tangent gvb wbY©q K‡i|
sinh, cos(), tanh() wÎ‡KvbwgwZK †Kv‡Yi Hyperbolic sine, Hyperbolic cosine Ges
Hyperbolic tangent gvb wbY©q K‡i|
delay(), sleep() wbw`©ó mgq ch©š— (wgwj‡m‡K‡Û) †÷U‡g‡›Ui wbe©vn ¯’wMZ iv‡L|
system() Wm KvgvÛ †Rbv‡iU K‡i|
time(), stime() Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi mgq, w`b, ZvwiL BZ¨vw` wiUvb© K‡i|
BDRvi-wWdvBÛ dvskb (User Difind Function)
wm K¤úvBjvi A‡bK weë-Bb/jvB‡ewi dvskb _vKv m‡Ë¡I †cÖvMÖvg iPbvq mgq cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx me
iKg dvskb cvIqv hvq bv| †m‡¶‡Î †cÖvMÖvgvi Zvi wbR¯^ cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †hmKj dvskj ˆZwi
K‡i †cÖvMÖvg Z_v main() dvsk‡b eënvi K‡ib †m¸‡jv‡K BDRvi-wWdvBÛ (User difind)
eënviKvix ewY©Z dvskb ejv nq|
dvsk‡bi Dcv`vb
wm †cÖvMÖvg †Kv‡bv jvB‡eªwi wKsev BDRvi wWdvBÛ dvskb eënvi Ki‡Z †M‡j mvaviYZ wbgœwjwLZ
PviwU welq we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e :
• dvskb eY©bv (Function Detinition)
• dvskb Kj (Founction Call)
• dvskb †cÖv‡UvUvBc (Function Protorype)
• dvskb wiUvb© UvBc I wiUvb© †÷U‡g›U (Function's Return Type and Return Statement)|
G¸‡jv‡K dvsk‡bi Dcv`vb ev Ask ejv nq|
dvskb eY©bv (Function Detinition)

dvskb eY©bvi gva¨‡g K¤úvBjvi‡K Rvwb‡q †`qv nq, †h GUvi KvR Kx n‡e Ges Kxfv‡e Ki‡e|
GKwU BDRvi-wWdvBÛ dvskb KZK¸‡jv †÷U‡g›U wb‡q MwVZ nq| mvgvb¨ wKQy e¨wZµg Qvov
dvsk‡bi cÖwZwU †÷U‡g›U †mwg‡Kvjb Øviv †kl nq| BDRvi-wWdvBÛ dvsk‡bi eY©bv Zvi
eënviKvix ev main () dvsk‡bi Dc‡i wKsev wb‡P _v‡K wKš‘ †fZ‡i bq| BDRvi wWdvBÛ dvskb
†NvlYvi syntax n‡jv :
Return Type Function Name (Argument List)
// FunctionBody
// RetunStatment (Depends on ReturnType)
}
GLv‡b Return Type †h †Kv‡bv êa WvUv UvBc, FunctionName eënviKvix KZ©K … †`qv dvsk‡bi bvg
Ges ArgumentList dvsk‡b eëüZ Avi¸‡g‡›Ui ZvwjKv| FunctionBody †Z dvsk‡bi we¯—vwiZ eY©bv
_v‡K| FunctionBody †Kgb n‡e Zv dvsk‡bi aib A_©vr mgm¨vi Dci wbf©i K‡i| D‡j−L¨, dvsk‡bi
cÖ_g eÜbxi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †fwi‡qej †NvlYv Kiv n‡j Zv‡K Avi¸‡g›U †fwi‡qej ejv nq|
D`vniY :
int add ()
{
//.....
return 0;
}
int add (in, int)
{
//.....
return 0;
}
dvskb Kj (Function Call)

hLb GKwU dvskb Aci †Kv‡bv dvskb‡K eënvi K‡i, Zv‡K eënvKvix ev g~j dvskb Ges †h
dvskbwU eënvi Kiv nh Zv‡K eëüZ ev Kì dvskb ejv nq| Avi GB cÖwµqvi bvg dvskb Kj|
D`vniY 1 :
int add ( )
{
//..........
return 0;
}
Void main ( )
{
//...........
add (); // Function call
}
D`vniY 2 : GLwb Function `yBwU msL¨v Keyboard †_‡K †b‡e Ges Zv‡ì †hvMdj return Ki‡e|
# include < coniy.h>
int sum (int a, int b)
{
int + c ;
c = a + b;
return c;
}
Void main ()
{
int x, y, s
clrscr ( );
Print f ("Enter two numbers;}
scan f ("% d % d,” &x, &y);
s = sum (x, y);
Print f ( "sum of % d and % d is % d”, x, y, z):
gete ( );
}
Output :
Enter two numbers : 50 60
Sum of 50 and 60 is 110
D`vniY 3 : GKwU function `yBwU msL¨v BbcyU †b‡e Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨ eo msL¨vwU †ewi Ki‡e|
int Max (int a, int b)
{
if (a > b)
return a;
else
return b;
}
Void main ( )
}
int x, y;
clrscr ( );
Print f ("Enter two numberes");
scan f ("% d % d", &x, &y);
print f ("Maximum Number = % d", Max (x, y);
gatch ( );
{
Output :
Enter two numbers : 50 60
Maximum Number = 60
wiKvwm©f dvskb (Recursive Function)

hLb GKwU dvskb wb‡RB wb‡R‡K Kj K‡i ZLb Zv‡K wiKvwm©f dvskb e‡j| GB cÖwµqv‡K wiKvm©b
(Recwrion) ejv n‡jv| †Kv‡bv msL¨vi d¨v±wiqvj wbY©q wiKvwm©f dvsk‡bi GKwU Av`k© D`vniY|
†hgb:
2! = 2 1=2
3! = 3 2 1=6
4! = 4 3 2 1 = 24
5! = 5 4 3 2 1 = 120
6! = 6 5 4 3 2 1 = 720
9.5.1 ivwkgvjv (Expression)

An Expression is something the interpreter calculates (or evaluates).
wewfbœ ivwki mgwš^Z cÖwµqv‡K G·‡cÖkb ev ivwkgvjv e‡j| †Kv‡bv aª“e‡Ki mv‡_ Ab¨‡Kv‡bv aª“e‡Ki
†Kv‡bv cÖKvi MvwYwZK cÖwµqv m¤¢e bq| †hgbÑ 5 I 8 `yBUv aª“eK wKš‘ hw` Dnv‡K MvwYwZK
Acv‡iUi w`‡q hy³ Kiv nq ZLb Dnv ivwkgvjv‡Z (Expression) cwiYZ nq| †hgbÑ 1+1
(return2); 100-47 (returns 53); 3 * 34 (returns 102); 80/4 (returns 20); (100*3)+56
(returns 356) BZ¨vw` cÖwµqv‡K G·‡cÖkb ev ivwkgvjv e‡j|
9.5.2 KxIqvW© (Keyword)

cÖ‡Z¨K †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvq KZK¸‡jv msiw¶Z kã Av‡Q| msiw¶Z kã¸‡jv †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi †¶‡Î
eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GB msiw¶Z kã¸‡jv‡K KxIqvW© e‡j| C †cÖvMÖv‡g 32wU msiw¶Z kã
Av‡Q| mg¯— msiw¶Z kã¸‡jv‡K †cÖvMÖv‡gi †¶‡Î †÷U‡g›U e‡j| cÖwZwU KxIqv‡W©i Avjv`v A_©
Av‡Q Ges cÖwZwU KxIqvW© Avjv`v Avjv`v KvR K‡i| mg¯— KxIqvW© †QvU nv‡Zi A¶‡i wjL‡Z nq|
wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j C †cÖvMÖv‡g eëüZ KxIqvW©¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
aotu double int struc
break else long switch
case enum register typedel
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for signed void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while
9.5.3 Acv‡iUi
ivwkgvjv ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ †h mg¯— wPý ev cÖZxK eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡ì‡K Acv‡iUi (Operator) e‡j|
C †cÖvMÖv‡g Acv‡iUi‡K AvU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| †hgbÑ
1| MvwYwZK Acv‡iUi (Arithmetic Operator)
2| hyw³g~jK Acv‡iUi (Logical Operator)
3| Zyjbvg~jK Acv‡iUi (Relational Operator)
4| A¨vmvBb‡g›U Acv‡iUi (Assignment Operator)
5| e„w× ev n«vmKiY Acv‡iUi (Increment and Decrement Operator)
6| kZ©g~jK Acv‡iUi (Conditional Operator)
7| weUIqvBR Acv‡iUi (Bitwise Operator) Ges
8| we‡kl Acv‡iUi (Special Operator)
1| MvwYwZK Acv‡iUi (Arithmetic Operator)

†cÖvMÖv‡g MvwYwZK wnmve-wbKvk Kivi Rb¨ †h Acv‡iUi eëüZ nq Zv‡K MvwYwZK Acv‡iUi e‡j|
wb‡gœ ewY©Z Acv‡iUi¸‡jv C †cÖvMÖv‡g MvwYwZK Acv‡iUi wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq :
Acv‡iUi †h Kv‡R eëüZ nq D`vniY djvdj
+ †hvM Kivi Rb¨ 5.5+8.5 14
- we‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ 6.3-2.1 4.2
* ¸Y Kivi Rb¨ 5*4 20

/ fvM Kivi Rb¨ 10/3 3.333
% fvM‡kl wbY©‡qi Rb¨ 10%3 1
wb‡gœ KwZcq MvwYwZK G·‡cÖkb I C †cÖvMÖv‡gi G·‡cÖkb †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :

MvwYwZK G·‡cÖkb C †cÖvMÖv‡gi G·‡cÖkb
x n x/y+pow(z,n)
y+z
2
⎛(ax +bx+c)⎞ (a*x*x+b*x+c)/(2*a)
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2a ⎠
⎛ 1⎞r pow ((p+1/q),r)
⎜p+ ⎟
⎝ q⎠
s(s-a) (s-b) (s-c) sqrt (s* (s-a) * (s-b) * (s-c)
b pow((3*a)/(5*b)+(5*a)/(3*b)),(b/a))
⎛ 3a 5a ⎞
⎜ + ⎟a
⎝5b 3b⎠
MvwYwZK Acv‡iUi wbe©v‡ni AMÖMY¨ (Precedence of Arithmetic Operators)

C †cÖvMÖv‡g MvwYwZK Acv‡iUi wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ †h AMÖMY¨Zv AbymiY Kiv nq Zv wbgœiƒc :
1| eÜbx ( )
2| m~PK (pow)
3| ¸Y I fvM (*, /)
4| modulus (%)
5| †hvM I we‡qvM (+,-)
we.`ª: hv‡ì Precedence GKB †m¸wji g‡a¨ †hwU cÖ_‡g _vK‡e Zvi KvRwU cÖ_‡g n‡e|
D`vniY 1 :
(K)100/10/10 = ? (L)2*2*2 = ? (M) 3*(4+8) = ?
(N) 2*2*2/2-5 = ? (O) 64/(4*(2*2)) = ? (P) 3*3*3/3-2 = ?
DËi : (K) 1 (L) 16 (M)36 (N) -1 (O) 4 (P) 7
D`vniY 2 : pow(4/2+6/3), (8MOD 3))-3*4-Gi wnmvewU C †cÖvMÖv‡g m¤úbœ Ki|

mgvavb :
pow ((4/2+6/3), (8 MOD 3))-3*4
= pow ((2.0+2), 2)-12
= pow (4,2)-12
= 16-12
=4
D`vniY 3 : pow ((4/2+8/3),8) MOD 3-3*2 Gi wnmvewU C †cÖvMÖv‡g m¤úbœ Ki|

mgvavb :
pow((4/2+8/3), 8)MOD 3-3*2
= pow((2.0+2)8), MOD 3-6
= pow (4,8) MOD 3-6
= 65536 MOD 3-6
= 1-6
= -5
D`vniY 4 : 8/2-pow ((7-25.5),5) MOD 3 Gi wnmvewU C †cÖvMÖv‡g m¤úbœ Ki|

mgvavb :
8/2-pow ((7-25/5).5) MOD 3
= 8/2-pow((7-5),5) MoD 3
= 8/2-pow (2,5) MOD 3
= 8/2-32 MOD 3
= 4-2
=2
2| hyw³g~jK Acv‡iUi (Logical Operator)

mvaviYZ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK G·‡cÖk‡bi Zyjbvi †¶‡Î hyw³g~jK Acv‡iUi eëüZ nq| C †cÖvMÖv‡g
mvaviYZ 3 ai‡bi hyw³g~jK Acv‡iUi eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ &&,#,! BZ¨vw`|
G‡ì g‡a¨ ! Acv‡iUiwU `ywU G·‡cÖk‡bi Zyjbvi †¶‡Î eëüZ nq bv| GwU ïaygvÎ GKwU
G·‡cÖk‡bi djvdj‡K cwieZ©b (0 †K 1 Ges 1 †K 0) Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| && Acv‡iUi Øviv
Logical AND Ges|| Acv‡iUi Øviv Logical OR †evSv‡bv nq| && Acv‡iU‡ii †¶‡Î `ywU
G·‡cÖk‡bi gvbB 1 n‡j djvdj 1 Avm‡e Ges|| Acv‡iU‡ii †¶‡Î †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU G·‡cÖk‡bi
gvb ev DfqwUi gvbB 1 n‡j djvdj 1 Avm‡e| wb‡P `ywU D`vniY †`qv n‡jvÑ
1. if(age>55 && salary < 1000)

2. if (age>55|| salary < 1000)
1bs D`vni‡Y hw` age 55 eQ‡ii †P‡q eo Ges salary 1000 Gi †P‡q Kg nq Zvn‡j djvdj 1
n‡e Ab¨w`‡K 2 bs D`vni‡Y hw` age 55 eQ‡ii †P‡q eo A_ev salary 1000 Gi †P‡q Kg nq
A_©vr †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU kZ© c~iY K‡i Zvn‡j djvdj 1 n‡e|
3| Zyjbvg~jK Acv‡iUi (Relational Operator)

†cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni mgq `ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ Zyjbvi †¶‡Î Zyjbvg~jK Acv‡iUi eëüZ nq| †hgbÑ 80 ev Zvi
†ewk b¤î †c‡j A+,70 Gi †ewk ev mgvb Ges 80 Gi Kg n‡j A BZ¨vw` cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ Zyjbvg~jK
Acv‡iUi eëüZ nq| C †cÖvMÖv‡g mvaviYZ 6 ai‡bi Zyjbvg~jK Acv‡iUi eëüZ nq| h_vÑ
Operator Meaning
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
< Less than
> Greater than
<= Less than or equal
>= Greater than or equal
4| A¨vmvBb‡g›U Acv‡iUi (Assignment Operator)

hLb †Kv‡bv ivwkgvjvi ev †Kv‡bv aª“e‡Ki gvb †Kv‡bv Pj‡K ivL‡Z nq ZLb A¨vmvBb‡g›U Acv‡iUi
eënvi Kiv nq| Avgiv mvaviYZ A¨vmvBb‡g›U Acv‡iUi wn‡m‡e “=” wPý eënvi Ki nq| C
†cÖvMÖv‡g wKQy 'shorthand' A¨vmvBb‡g›U Acv‡iUi eënvi Kiv nq, hvi MVb wbgœiƒc :
v op = exp
GLv‡b v n‡”Q PjK, op n‡”Q C bibary arithmetic operator Ges exp n‡”Q Expression|
Acv‡iUi 'op = ' n‡”Q shorthand assignment operator| mPivPi eënvi nq Ggb wKQy MvwYwZK
Expression I Zv‡ì shorthand assignment operator wb‡Pi Q‡K †`qv n‡jv :
Statement with simple assignment Statement with shorthand
operator operator
a=a+1 a+=1
a=a-1 a- = 1
a = a* (n+1) a*=n = 1
a = a/(n+1) a/=n+1
a = a%b a% = b
Shortand assignment operator eënv‡ii myweav

1| evgc‡¶i PjK cybivq †jLvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv weavq Expression †jLv mnR nq|
2| GB mKj Statement Mov Ges eënvi Kiv A‡bK mnR|
3| GB mKj Statement AwaK Kvh©Ki|
5| e„w× ev n«vmKiY Acv‡iUi (Increment and Decrement Operator)

C †cÖvMÖv‡g `ywU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Acv‡iUi eënvi Kiv nq hv mvaviYZ Ab¨ fvlvq eënvi Kiv nq bv|
Acv‡iUi `ywU n‡”Q Increment and Decrement Operator :
++ Ges
Acv‡iUi++ Acv‡i‡Ûi mv‡_ 1 †hvM K‡i Ges Acv‡iÛ †_‡K 1 we‡qvM K‡i| Giv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB
unary Acv‡iUi Ges G‡ì MVb wbgœiƒc :
++x ; or x++
++x is equivalent to x = x+1; (or x + = 1)
- - x is equivalent to x = x-1; (or x- = 1)
†Kv‡bv Pj‡Ki Av‡M (++x)++ eënvi Ki‡j Av‡M Pj‡Ki gvb e„w× cv‡e Ges c‡i PjK
Acv‡ik‡b Ask wb‡e|
c¶vš—‡i †Kv‡bv Pj‡Ki (x++)++ eënvi Ki‡j Av‡M PjK Acv‡ik‡b Ask †b‡e Ges c‡i
Pj‡Ki gvb e„w× cv‡e|
D`vniY :
"main ()
{
int x, y;
y = 10;
x = ++y;
}
G‡¶‡Î Av‡M y Gi gvb GK (1) e„w× cv‡e| Zvn‡j y Gi gvb n‡jv 11; Zvici x = 11 n‡e|
main ()
{
int x, y;
y = 10;
x = y++;
}
G‡¶‡Î cÖ_‡g x = 10 n‡e, Zvici y Gi gvb 1 (GK) e„w× †c‡q 11 n‡e|
6| kZ©g~jK Acv‡iUi (Conditional Operator)

GK‡Rvov Acv‡iUi “?: ” C †cÖvMÖv‡g conditional expression MVb Kivi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv nq|
GB Acv‡iU‡ii MVb wbgœiƒc :
exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
GLv‡b exp1, exp2, Ges exp3 n‡”Q expression|
D`vniY 1 :
x = 20;
y = 15;
z = (x > y) ? x : y;
GLv‡b, (x > y) hw` mZ¨ nq Zvn‡j z = x, Ab¨_vq (x > y) wg_¨v n‡j z = y,

D`vniYwU‡Z, z Gi gvb n‡e 20, (z = x),
D`vniY 2 : Conditional Operator eënvi K‡i `yBwU msL¨vi g‡a¨ eoUv †ei Kivi †cÖvMÖvg|
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b;
clrser ();
print f ("Enter the first number : ");
scan f ("% d", 4a);
print f ("\n Enter the second number :");
scan f ("% d", b);
print f (" Maximum = % d", (a > b) ? a : b);
getch ();
}
†cÖvMÖvgwU ivb Kivi ci djvdj n‡e wbgœiƒc :
Enter the first number : 60
Enter the second number : 50
Maximum = 60
D`vniY 3 : `yBwU msL¨vi g‡a¨ †QvU msL¨vwU †ei Kivi †cÖvMÖvg (Conditional Operator eënvi
K‡i)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b;
clrser ();
print f (" a = ");
scan f ("% d", &a);
print f (" b = ");
scan f ("%d", &b);
print f ("Minimum = % d ", (a < b) ? a : b);
getch ();
}
†cÖvMÖvgwU ivb Ki‡j djvdj n‡e wbgœiƒc :

a = 50
b = 90
Minimum = 50
Conditional Operator eënvi K‡i wb‡Pi †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv mgvavb Ki :

i. wZbwU msL¨vi g‡a¨ eowU †ei Ki|
ii. wZbwU msL¨vi g‡a¨ †QvUwU †ei Ki|
iii. wZbwU msL¨vi g‡a¨ ga¨gwU †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
7| weUIqvBR Acv‡iUi (Bitwise Operator)

C †cÖvMÖv‡g weU †j‡f‡j WvUv eënvi Kivi Rb¨ Bitwise Operator eënvi Kiv nq| GB mKj
Acv‡iUi eënvi Kiv nq †Kv‡bv weU cix¶v Kivi Rb¨ ev †Kv‡bv weU Wv‡b ev miv‡bvi Rb¨| Float
ev Double UvB‡ci WvUvi †¶‡Î Bitwase Operator eënvi Kiv hvq bv| wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j wKQy
Bitwise Operator I Zv‡ì A_© †`qv n‡jv :
Operator Meaning
& bitwise AND
| bitwise OR
^ bitwise exclusive OR
<< shift left
>> shift right
~ One's complement
8| we‡kl Acv‡iUi (Special Operator)

C †cÖvMÖv‡g wKQy we‡kl Acv‡iUi eënvi Kiv nq we‡kl we‡kl Kv‡Ri Rb¨| †hgbÑ
The Coma Operator, The sizeof Operator, pointer Operator (& and *), member
selection Operator (. and ->)|
9.6.1 BbcyU †÷U‡g›U (Input Statement)

Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †h‡Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq WvUv mieivn Ki‡Z nq| C
†cÖvMÖvwgs-G wZb ai‡bi eë¯’vi gva¨‡g WvUv mieivn ev BbcyU †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| h_vÑ
1| A¨vmvBb‡g›U †÷U‡g›U (Assignment Statement)
2| GKwU eY© cov (Reading a Character)
3| Formated Input (scanf KgvÛ)
wb‡gœ G‡ì eënvi D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ

1| A¨vmvBb‡g›U †÷U‡g›U (Assignment Statement) :
hw` WvUv cwieZ©bkxj bv nq Ges WvUvi msL¨v Kg nq Zvn‡j †cÖvMÖv‡g WvUv¸‡jv‡K mivmwi GKwU
Pj‡Ki gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ
a = 50;
b = 60;
wb‡gœ `yBwU msL¨vi †hvMdj †ei Kivi Rb¨ Assignment Statement eënvi K‡i GKwU †cÖvMÖvg
†jLv n‡jv :
'*A Programme for add two numbers by using assignment statement *'
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h?
void main()
{
int a, b, sum;
a = 50;
b = 60;
sum = a+b;
print f ("The sum of two numbers : %d", sum); getcu ();
}
2| GKwU eY© cov (Reading a Character)

me‡P‡q mnRZg BbcyU KgvÛ n‡jv GKwU K‡i eY© cov, hv mvaviYZ Kiv nq Kx-†ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨|
GB KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ getcher dvskbwU eënvi Kiv nq| getchar dvskbwUi MVb wbgœiƒc :
variable_name = getchar();
vairable_name ক char type G †NvlYv Ki‡Z n‡e| D`vniY¯îƒcÑ
char name;
name = getchar();
Interactive cwi‡e‡k getchar ()eënvi K‡i GKwU †cÖvMÖvg wb‡P †`qv n‡jv :
/ READING A CHARACTER FROM TERMINAL*/
# include < stdio.h
# include<conio.h>
main ()
{
char answer;
print f ("Would you like to know my name?\n");
print f ("Type Y for yes and N for no:");
answer = getchar (); / *Reading a character.*/
if (answer = = 'Y'|| answer = = 'y')
print f ("\n\n My name is Abdullah. \n");
else
print f ("You are good for nothing.");
getc ();
}
Output n‡e wbgœiƒc :

Would you like to know my name?
Type Y for yes and N for no : Y
My name is Abdullah.
Would you like to know my name?
Type Y for yes and N for no : N
You are good for nothing.
3| Formated Input (scanf KgvÛ)

hw` WvUv cwieZ©bkxj nq Zvn‡j scanf Kgv‡Ûi gva¨‡g Kx-†evW© †_‡K WvUv MÖnY Kiv nq| scanf
statement eënviKvixi wbKU †_‡K WvUv c‡o Ges Zv †g‡gvwi Pj‡K msi¶Y K‡i| scanf
statement-Gi mvaviY MVb (syntax) n‡jv :
scanf ("control string", argl, arg2, ..... argn);
GLv‡b control string ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q †Kvb ai‡bi WvUv BbcyU Ki‡Z n‡e Zv D‡j−L Ki‡Z
n‡e, arg1, arg2, ...... argn n‡”Q †g‡gvwii wVKvbv †hLv‡b WvUv msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e ev †h mKj
Pj‡K WvUv ivLv n‡e Zvi bvg|
wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j scanf dvsk‡bi control string ev Format code †`qv n‡jv :
Code Meaning
%c read a single character
%d read a decimal integer
%e read a floating point value
%f read a floating point value
%g read a floating point value
%h read a short integer
%i read a decimal, hexedecimal or octal integer
%o read a octal integer]
%s read a string
%u read a unsigned decimal integer
%x read a hexadecimal integer
% [..] read a string of word (s)
wb‡gœ eY©¸‡jv % I Control String-Gi gv‡S ewm‡q wKQy Character †K iƒcvš—i Kiv hvq|
h for short integer
I for long integer or double
L for long double
9.6.2 AvDUcyU †÷U‡g›U (Output Statement)

Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †h‡Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡j Zvi djvdj cÖ`vb Ki‡Z (mvaviYZ gwbU‡i
†`Lv‡bv nq)| djvdj cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †h mKj †÷U‡g›U eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡ì‡K AvDUcyU †÷U‡g›U
ejv nq| C †cÖvMÖvwgs-G mvaviYZ `yB ai‡bi eë¯’vi gva¨‡g WvUv mieivn ev BbcyU †`qv †h‡Z
cv‡i| h_vÑ
1| GKwU eY© †jLv (Writing a character)
2| Formated Output (printf KgvÛ)
wb‡gœ G‡ì eënvi D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvÑ
1| GKwU eY© †jLv (Writing a Character)
me‡P‡q mnRZg AvDUcyU KgvÛ n‡jv GKwU K‡i eY© †jLv hv mvaviYZ Kiv nq gwbU‡ii mvnv‡h¨|
GB KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ putchar dvskbwU eënvi Kiv nq| putchar dvskbwUi MVb wbgœiƒc :
putchar (variable_name);
variable_name †K char type G †NvlYv Ki‡Z n‡e| D`vniY¯îƒc-
char answer;
answer = 'Y' ;
putchar (answer) ;
putchar () eënvi K‡i GKwU †cÖvMÖvg wb‡P †`qv n‡jv hv GKwU GKwU K‡i eY© co‡e Ges wecixZµ‡g
(†QvU nv‡Zi A¶i‡K eo nv‡Zi wKsev eo nv‡Zi A¶i‡K †QvU nv‡Zi A¶‡i) gwbU‡i †`Lv‡e-
/* WRITING A CHARACTER TO THE TERMINAL*/
# include <stdio.h>
# include < ctype.h>
# include >conio.h>
main ()
{
int ch; ch/
printf ("Enter an alphabet:") ;
putchar ('\n') ;
ch = getchar ();
if (islower (ch))
putchar (toupper (ch));
else
putchar (tolower (ch));
getch();
}

Enter an alphabet
a
A
Enter an alphabet
A
a
2| Formated Output (printf KgvÛ)

hw` djvdj cwieZ©bkxj nq Zvn‡j printf Kgv‡Ûi gva¨‡g gwbU‡i djvdj cÖ`vb Kiv nq| printf
statement †g‡gvwi‡Z djvdj c‡o Ges Zv gwbU‡i cÖ`k©b K‡i|
printf statement-Gi mvaviY MVb (syntax) n‡jvÑ
printf ("control string", arg1, arg2, .... argi);

GLv‡b control string ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q †Kv‡bv ai‡bi djvdj cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e Zv D‡j−L
Ki‡Z n‡e, arg1, arg2, ... argn n‡”Q †g‡gvwii wVKvbv †hLv‡b djvdj msi¶Y _v‡K ev †hmKj
Pj‡K djvdj ivLv Av‡Q Zvi bvg|
wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j printf dvsk‡bi control string ev Format code †`qv n‡jv :
Code Meaning
%c read a single character
%d read a decimal integer
%e read a floating point value
%f read a floating point value
%g read a floating point value
%h read a short integer
%i read a decimal, hexidecimal or octal integer
%o read a octal integer]
%s read a string
%u read a unsigned decimal integer
%x read a hexadecimal integer
% [..] read a string of word (s)
wb‡gœ eY©¸‡jv % I Control ctring Gi gv‡S ewm‡q wKQy Character †K iƒcvš—i Kiv hvq|
h for short integer
l for long integer or double
L for long double
9.6.3 K‡›Uªvj †÷U‡g›Um (Control Statements)

wm jv½y‡q‡R †jLv †cÖvMÖv‡g †÷U‡g›U¸‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e mvRv‡bv _v‡K hv G‡Ki ci GK wm‡Kv‡qÝ
Abyhvqx wbe©vn nq| G‡¶‡Î †÷U‡g›U¸‡jv cybive„wË Abyhvqx wbe©v‡ni cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| wKš‘
†÷U‡g›U¸‡jv cybive„wË Abyhvqx wbe©v‡ni cÖ‡qvRb n‡j wKQy kZ©hy³ Kiv nq| G¸‡jv‡K K‡›Uªvj
†÷U‡g›U ejv nq| †÷U‡g›U wbe©vn wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ K‡›Uªvj †÷U‡g›U eëüZ nq| K‡›Uªvj †÷U‡g›U
eënvi K‡i †cÖvMÖvg †jLv n‡j †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvKvi †QvU nq Ges †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni mgq Kg jv‡M|
K‡›Uªvj †÷U‡g›U-Gi †kªwYwefvM

wm j¨s¸‡q‡R K‡›Uªvj †÷U‡g›U‡K mvaviYZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
1| KwÛkbvj †÷U‡g›U (Conditional Statements)
2| jyc †÷U‡g›U (Loop Statements)
1| KwÛkbvj †÷U‡g›U (Conditional Statments)

wm †cÖvMÖv‡g kZ©mv‡c‡¶ †Kv‡bv †÷U‡g›U m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ KwÛkbvj K‡›Uªvj eëüZ nq| KwÛkbvj
K‡›Uªv‡j eëüZ kZ© mZ¨ n‡j †cÖvMÖv‡g GK ai‡bi dj cvIqv hvq Avi mZ¨ bv n‡j Ab¨ ai‡bi dj
cvIqv hvq| Ab¨Zg KwÛkbvj †÷U‡g›Umg~n n‡jv :
• The Simple if †÷U‡g›U
• The if else †÷U‡g›U
• The Nesting of if..else †÷U‡g›U
• The else if ladder †÷U‡g›U
• The switch †÷U‡g›U
Simple if Statement
~ K KvR Kivi Dc‡hvMx †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwii Rb¨ mvaviY if Statement eëüZ nq|
mvaviY †Kv‡bv wm×vš—gj
Gi mvaviY MVb (Syntax) n‡jvÑ
if (test expression)
{
statement-block;
}
statement-x
Statment-block GKwU †÷U‡g›U n‡Z cv‡i Avevi GKvwaK †÷U‡g›U n‡Z cv‡i| GKwU †÷U‡g›U
n‡j wØZxq eÜbx †èvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| hw` test expression mZ¨ nq Zvn‡j statment-block
Kvh©Kix n‡e Ab¨_vq GwU‡K ev` w`‡q statment x Kvh©Ki n‡e|
D`vniY :
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
Void main ()
{
int mark;
Print f (‘‘Enter your mark:’’);
scan f (‘‘ % d’’ & mark);
if (mark > = 80)
Print (‘‘you have A+’’);
getur ( );
}
Output:
Enter your mark : 90
You have A+
The if...else †÷U‡g›U

if †÷U‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ ÔAb¨_vqÕ A‡_© else †÷U‡g›U eëüZ nq, Gi mvaviY MVb (syntax) n‡jvÑ
if (test expression)
{
True-block statement;
}
else
{
False-Block statement;
}
statements-x
GLv‡b test expression hw` mZ¨ nq Zvn‡j true-block statement m¤úvw`Z n‡e Ab¨_vq False-
Block statement m¤úvw`Z n‡e|
D`vniY 1 : †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨v †Rvo A_ev we‡Rvo wbY©‡qi †cÖvMÖvg|

<# include <stdio.h>
<# include <conio.h>
Void main ( )
{
int n;
clrser ( )
print (‘‘Enter any number : ’’):
scan f (‘‘ % d’’ & n);
if (n% 2 < = 0)
print f (‘‘ Even number’’);
else
print (‘‘ Odd number’’):
getcu ();
}
Output:
Enter any number : 50
Even number
D`vniY 2 : wfbœ `yBwU msL¨vi g‡a¨ eo msL¨vwU †ei Kivi †cÖvMÖvg|

# include <stdio.h>
Void main ( )
{
int x, y;
clrser ( );
Print (‘‘Enter two different numbers;)
scan f (‘‘ %d % d’’, &x, &y);
if (x>y)
Print f (‘‘The highest number is : % d”, x):
else
Print (‘‘The highest number is % d”, y):
getch;
{
Output:
Enter two differents numbers : 50 40
The highest number is : 50
The nesting of if...else †÷U‡g›U

hLb wm×vš— GKvwaK _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î GKvwaK if...else eëüZ nq| GB GKvwaK if...else eënvi
Kiv‡KB †b‡÷W if...else e‡j|
Gi mvaviY MVb (general form) wbgœiƒc
if (test condition-1)
{
if (test condition-2)
{
statement-1;
}
else
{
statement-2;
}
}
else
{
statement-3;
}
statement-x:
hw` test condition-1 wg_¨v nq Zvn‡j statement-3 m¤úvw`Z n‡e| Avi hw` test condition-1
mZ¨ nq Zvn‡j test condition-2 †K test Kiv n‡e, GwU mZ¨ n‡j statment-1 m¤úvw`Z n‡e Avi
hw` GwU wg_¨v nq Zvn‡j statment-2 m¤úvw`Z n‡e| Zvici control statment-x G hv‡e|
D`vniY : wfbœ wZbwU msL¨vi g‡a¨ e„nËg msL¨vwU †ei Kivi †cÖvMÖvg|
# include <conio.h>
Void main ( )
{
int a, b, c max;
clrser ( )
Print f (‘‘Enter three numbers”);
scan f (‘‘% d % d % d”, &a, &b, &c);
if (a>b)
{
if (a > c)
max = a
else
max = c
}
else
{
if (b>c)
max = b;
else
max=c;
}
Printf (‘‘The maximum number is : % d ”, max);
getch ( )
}
Output:
Enter Three numbers : 10 50 30
The maximum number is : 50
wb‡R Ki
†b‡÷W if else eënvi K‡i mgvavb K‡iv :
1. wfbœ wZbwU msL¨vi g‡a¨ ga¨g msL¨vwU †ei K‡iv|
2. wfbœ wZbwU msL¨vi g‡a¨ ¶y`ªZg msL¨vwU †ei K‡iv|
The else if laddre †÷U‡g›U

hLb A‡bK¸‡jv k‡Z©i g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU kZ© mZ¨ nq †m‡¶‡Î else if ladder †÷U‡g›U eëüZ nq|
D`vniY : Keyboard †_‡K gvK© BbcyU †b‡e Ges †iRvë grade G †`Lv‡bvi †cÖvMÖvg|
Void main ( )
{
int mark;
clrser ( );
Print f ("Enter mark”,)
scanf ("% d”, & mark);
if (mark>=80)
Print f ("result is A+”);

else if (mark =70)
print ("Result is A.”);
else if (mark > = 60)
Print f ("Result is A-,”
else if (mark > 50)
Print f ("Result is B”);
else if (mark > = 40)
Print f ("Result is c.”);
else
Print f ("Result is fail”);
gatch ( ) ;
{
Output:
Enter mark : 90
Result is A+
Enter mark : 30
Result is fail.
The switch †÷U‡g›U

GB †÷U‡g‡›Ui mvnv‡h¨ GKUv wbw`©ó PjK ev G·‡cÖk‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i GKvwaK wbe©vn Kiv nq|
hLb A‡bK¸‡jv weKí _v‡K ZLb if †÷U‡g›U eënvi Kivi †P‡q switch †÷U‡g›U eënvi KivB
DËg| A‡bK weK‡íi †¶‡Î if †÷U‡g›U eënvi Ki‡j †cÖvMÖvg A‡bK RwUj n‡q hvq| g~j †cÖvMÖvg
Qvov †cÖvMÖvg m¤úv`bv Kiv A‡bK KwVb n‡q hvq| GB mg¯— RwUjZv cwinvi Kivi Rb¨ switch
†÷U‡g›U eënvi Kiv nq|
D`vniY : k~b¨ †_‡K bq ch©š— †h †Kv‡bv GKwU msL¨v Kx-†evW© †_‡K BbcyU wb‡j Zv evbvb K‡i
cÖ`k©b Kivi †cÖvMÖvg|
# include < stdio.h)
Void main ( )
{
int n;
clvser ( )
Print f ("Enter any digit :”);
scan f (" % d”, & n);
switch (n)
{
case 0 :
Print (Zero”);
break;
case 1 ;
Print f (“One” )
break;
case 2 ;
Print f (“Two” )
break;
case 3;
Print f (“Three” )
break;
case 4;
Print f (“Four” )
break;
case 5;
Print f (“Five” )
break;
case 6;
Print f (“Six” )
break;
case 7;
Print f (“Seven” )
break;
case 8;
Print f (“Eight” )
break;
case 9;
Print f (“Nine” )
break;
default ;
Print f (“Please Enter the correct input”)
}
getch>:
}
Output:
Enter any digit : 7 Seven
Enter any digit : 10

Please Enter the correct input
2| jyc †÷U‡g›U (Loop Statement)

†Kv‡bv †÷U‡g›U `yB ev Z‡ZvwaKevi m¤úvw`Z Kivi Rb¨ jyc †÷U‡g›U eëüZ nq|
wm fvlvq eëüZ jyc †÷U‡g›U¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
● for jyc †÷U‡g›U
● while jyc †÷U‡g›U
● do...while jyc †÷U‡g›U
The for †÷U‡g›U

The for †÷U‡g›U :
mvaviY MVb wbgœiƒc :
for (initialization; test-condition; increment)
{
body of loop
}
for loop †hfv‡e KvR K‡i

for loop cÖ_‡g Gi initialize Ask wb‡q KvR K‡i| GB As‡k K‡›Uªvj Pj‡Ki Rb¨ GKUv cÖv_wgK
gvb wba©viY Kiv nq| Gici test-condition Ask KvR K‡i test-condition mZ¨ n‡j body of
the loop m¤úvw`Z nq| Zvici increment Ask KvR K‡i| GB As‡k K‡›Uªvj Pj‡Ki gvb e„w×
Kiv nq| test-condition wg_¨v bv nIqv ch©š— body of the loop m¤úvw`Z n‡Z _vK‡e|
D`vniY : 1 †_‡K 100 ch©š— msL¨v †hvM Kivi †cÖvMÖvg A_ev (1 + 2+ 3 + 4 + - - - - - -+ 100
avivi †hvMdj)
Void main ( )
{
int i, sum = 0;
for (i = 1; i < = 100; i + + )
sum + = i; //sum = sum + i
Print f ("the sum is % d”, sum);

getch ( );
}
Output :
The sum is 50 50
The while †÷U‡g›U

jyc †÷U‡g‡›Ui g‡a¨ me‡P‡q mijZg jyc n‡jv while †÷U‡g›U| while jy‡ci c‡i wjwLZ kZ©
(condition) hZ¶Y mZ¨ _v‡K ZZ¶Y while jy‡ci g‡a¨ wjwLZ Operation(s) NU‡Z _v‡K| Avi
kZ© wg_¨v n‡jB jyc †kl n‡q hvq|
D`vniY 1 : 1 †_‡K 100 ch©š— msL¨v †hvM Kivi †cÖvMÖvg|

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
Void main ( )
{
in + i, sum = 0
clrscr ( );
i=1
while (i < = 100)
{
sum + = i
i++;
}
Print f ("The sum is % d ”, sum)
getch ( ) ;
}
Output:
The sum is : 50 50
D`vniY 2 : 1 †_‡K 10 ch©š— msL¨vi hZ¸‡jv †Rvo msL¨v Av‡Q Zv †ei Kivi †cÖvMÖvg|
Void main ( )
{
int i = 1;
while (i < = 10)
{
Print f (" % 2d”, cº)
i + = 2;
{
getch ( );
{
Output:
2 4 6 8 10
The do †÷U‡g›U
while loop †÷U‡g›U cÖ_‡g kZ© hvPvB Kiv nq Zvici jy‡ci g‡a¨ KvR K‡i hw` kZ© mZ¨ nq|
A‡bK mgq Av‡M jy‡ci g‡a¨ KvR K‡i Zvici kZ© hvPvB Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G‡¶‡Î do †÷U‡g›U
eënvi Kiv nq| GLv‡b cÖ_‡g jy‡ci Kv‡R Ki‡e Zvici kZ© hvPvB Ki‡e| kZ© c~iY Ki‡j cybivq
jy‡ci KvR Ki‡e| cÖwZevi KvR †k‡l hvPvB Ki‡e| kZ© wg_¨v n‡j K‡›Uªvj loop †_‡K †ei n‡q
hv‡e do †÷U‡g‡›Ui mvaviY MVb (general form)| wbgœiƒc :
Output:
do
{
body of loop
}
while (test-condition);
D`vniY : 1 †g †_‡K 10 Gi g‡a¨ †Rvi msL¨v †ei Kiv|

Void main ( )
{
int i = 0;
clrscr ( )
do
{
i+=2
Print f (" % 3d”, i)
}
while (i < = 10):
Output:
2 4 6 8 10
9.9 MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvavb

D`vniY 1 : `yBwU msL¨vi †hvMdj †ei Kivi †cÖvMÖvg|
void main ()
{
int x, y, sum;
clrscr ();
printf ("Enter the first number :");
scanf ("% d", &x);
print f ("\n Enter the second number :");
scan ("%d", &y);
sum = x+y;
printf ("\n The sum of two numbers : % d", sum):
getch ();
}
Dc‡iv³ †cÖvMÖvgwU ivb Ki‡j wbgœiƒc djvdj †`Lv‡e :
Enter the first number : 50
Enter the second number : 40
The sum of two numbers : 90
D`vniY 2 : `yBwU msL¨vi †hvMdj †ei Kivi †cÖvMÖvg GKUy Ab¨fv‡e Kiv n‡jv|
# include >stdio.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b;
clrscr ();
printf ("a = ");
scanf ("%d", a);
print f("b = ");
scan f ("%d", b);
print f ("sum = % d", a+b);
getch ();
}

a = 50
b = 10
sum = 150
D`vniY 3 : `yBwU msL¨vi fvM †kl (Remainder) †ei Kivi †cÖvMÖvg|

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b;
clrscr (/;
print f ("a = ");
scan f ("%d", da);
print f ("b = ");
scant ("% d", a & b);
print f ("The Remainder is : % d", a %b);
getc ()
}
†cÖvMÖvgwU ivb Ki‡j wbgœiƒc djvdj †`Lv‡e :
a = 10
b=3
The Remainder is : 1
cÖkœgvjv
1. wm †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi D™¢veb K‡ib †K?
2. wm †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi mvnv‡h¨ Kx ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg †jLv hvq?
3. †cÖvMÖvg K¤úvBwjs Kx?
4. WvUv UvBc Kx?
5. A¨v‡m¤^jvi Kx?
6. PjK Kx?
7. aª“eK Kx?
8. Array wK?
9. dvskb Kx?
10. ivwkgvjv Kx?
11. KxIqvW© Kx?
12. Acv‡iUi Kx?
msw¶ß cÖkœ :
1. K¤úvBwjs‡qi cÖavb KvR Kx?
2. †cÖvMÖvg wWevwMs Kx?
3. Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
4. Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg Kq cÖKvi?
5. K¤úvBj‡ii KvR Kx?
6. B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii KvR e¨vL¨v Ki|
7. C †Z Kq ai‡bi WvUv eëüZ nq?
8. WvUv UvB‡K KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
9. A¶igvjv aª“eK Kxfv‡e MwVZ nq|
10. Pj‡Ki cÖKvi‡f` D‡j−L Ki|
11. dvsk‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki|
12. C †cÖvMÖv‡g Acv‡iUi‡K KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv nq?
13. C †cÖvMÖvwgs-G KZ ai‡bi eë¯’vi gva¨‡g WvUv mieivn ev BbcyU †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i?
14. AvDUcyU †÷U‡g›U Kx?
15. K‡›Uªvj †÷U‡g›Um Kx?
16. jyc †÷U‡g›U KLb eënvi nq?

17. KwÛkbvj †÷U‡g›U Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ :
1. C †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki|
2. Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg ej‡Z Kx eySvq? K¤úvBjvi I B›UviwcÖUvi m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki|
3. K¤úvBjvi I B›UviwcÖUv‡ii cv_©K¨ Kx?
4. †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi wewfbœ avc wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki|
5. wewfbœ ai‡bi WvUv UvBc wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki|
6. aª“eK Kx? wewfbœ ai‡bi aª“eK wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki|
7. PjK Kx? †cÖvMÖvwgs- G Pj‡Ki ¸i“Z¡mn Av‡jvPbv Ki|
8. f¨vwi‡qej ev Pj‡Ki bvgKi‡Yi wbqgvewj Av‡jvPbv Ki|
9. Array Kx? A¨v‡ii WvB‡gbkb Gi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki|
10. dvskb Kx? C †cÖvMÖv‡g dvskb‡K Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv nq? dvsk‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki|
11. Acv‡iUi Kx? C †cÖvMÖv‡g Acv‡iUi‡K KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv nq?
12. K‡›Uªvj †÷U‡g›Um Kx? K‡›Uªvj †÷U‡g›U Gi †kªwYwefvM Ki| KwÛkbvj †÷U‡g›U KZ cÖKvi
I Kx Kx?
13. C †cÖvMÖv‡g `yBwU msL¨vi †hvMdj †ei Kivi †cÖvMÖvgwU Ki|
14. C †cÖvMÖv‡g `yBwU msL¨vi fvM †kl †ei Kivi †cÖvMÖvg Ki|
eënvwiK, Re I cÖ‡R±
eënvwiK
cix¶Y-1: WvUv‡eR †Uwej wWRvBb

ZË¡ : Data sheet view (WvUvkxU wfD)
hš¿cvwZ :
nvW©Iq¨vi : GKwU cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi
mdUIq¨vi : Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g : DB‡ÛvR G·wc
A¨vwc−‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi : gvB‡µvmdU G‡·m
Kvh©cÖYvwj : cix¶YwU Ki‡Z wb‡gœ ewY©Z c×wZ AbymiY Kwi|
KvR Kivi mgq hw` KLbI Database (WvUv‡eR) †`‡L GiKg g‡b nq Field (wdì) ev Column
(Kjvg) Gi bvg¸‡jv GKUy AbïKg (wb‡gœ ewY©Z Q‡Ki g‡Zv) hv Ab¨vb¨ c×wZ‡Z Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡”Q
bv ev Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| ZLb Database Window †Z Ae¯’vbKv‡j
1. Table Click, New Click Ki‡j New Table Dialog Box Avm‡e|
2. Design View Click Ki‡j GKwU QK Avm‡e GwU n‡jv Design View (wWRvBb wfD)|
3. Design G gvDm wK¬K Ki‡j wb‡gœv³ WvqvjM e· c`©vq Avm‡eÑ

4. GLb Avgiv wb‡Riv wdì ˆZwi Kie| Field Name Gi cÖ_g N‡i UvBc Ki ID No Ges †jLv
†k‡l Kx-†evW© †_‡K GKevi Tab Kx †cÖm Ki;
cix¶Y-2: ¯‹yj WvUv‡eR †Uwej ˆZwi

ZË¡ : WvUv‡eR WvUv ev DcvË¸‡jv mvaviYZ mvwi Ges Kjv‡gi mgš^‡q MwVZ KZK¸‡jv †Uwej
AvKv‡i mw¾Z _v‡K, †h¸‡jv‡K WvUv †Uwej ejv nq|
hš¿cvwZ :
• Start >programs>microsoft access wb‡`©k w`‡q cÖwZevi gvB‡µvmdU G‡·m †cÖvMÖvg
I‡cb Kwi|
eënnvwiK 325
• Create wie‡bbi table Kgv

gv‡Û wK¬K Ki‡‡j wb‡gœi wP‡Î
Îi g‡Zv New
w Table e·wwU Avm‡e|
• Datasheet wie‡bi
w w Kgv‡Û Deesign View †Z wK¬K Ki‡‡j wb‡gœi wP‡‡Îi g‡Zv WvqqvjM
view
e· Avm‡e|
• wdì Name Gi wb‡P †h †Kv‡bv GKwUU wd‡ìi bvg (name) UvBc c K‡i Data type text wm‡j±
wm
Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Name Field Gi wb‡P Kvm©
K i wb‡q ch©
c vqµ‡g Rooll, Addresss wdì UvBc K‡i Data type
number I Text
T wm‡j± Ki‡Z
K n‡e|
• Save As Wvq
vqvjM e‡· Table
T name e‡·
e studentt wj‡L OK †eevZv‡g wK¬K K
Kwi|
• Student bv‡g
‡g bZyb GKUvv WvUv †Uwej ˆZwi
ˆ n‡e|
• †Uwe‡ji Roll wdì cÖvBgvwi Kx wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kwi|

• cwi‡k‡l Office †gby¨ †_‡K mve‡gby¨ wbe©vPb K‡i wKsev UvB‡Uj ev‡ii Wvbw`‡Ki µm evU‡b
wK¬K K‡i gvB‡µvmdU Gw·m †cÖvMÖvg eÜ Kwi|
djvdj: G cix¶v †k‡l Employee.Accdb WvUv‡e‡R Student bv‡g GKwU †Uwej ˆZwi n‡e|
cix¶Y-3 : 2 wU WvUv‡eR †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ wi‡jkb ˆZwi

ZË¡ : †h mKj WvUv‡eR †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ wi‡jkb ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Aš—Z GKwU Kgb wdì
_vK‡Z n‡e|
hš¿cvwZ :
nvW©Iq¨vi: GKwU cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi
cÖ_‡g †Uwej `ywU I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡e|
• cÖ_‡g †Uwej `ywU I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Tools †gby¨ †_‡K Relationship-G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| ZLb c`©vq Realationships DB‡ÛvwU
†`Lv hv‡e Ges Gi Dc‡i Show Table WvqvjM e·wU †`Lv hv‡e|
• Zvici †UwejwU wm‡j± K‡i evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici †UwejwU wm‡j± K‡i evU‡b wK¬K
Ki‡j †Uwej `ywU DB‡Ûv‡Z †`Lv hv‡e|
• Show Table WvqvjM e‡·i †K¬vR evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j ZLb c`©vq wb‡gœi Realationships
DB‡ÛvwU †`Lv hv‡e|
eënnvwiK 327
• Zvici Empployees †Uwewe‡ji Emplooyee ID wdì ì‡K W«vM K‡i ‡i Service RRecords G †Q‡o
w`‡Z n‡e| Gici
G c`©vq wi‡jkbwkc
wi Wv
WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
Av
• GB wi‡jkbwk
wkc WvqvjM e·
e †_‡K evU‡‡b wK¬K Ki‡j
j wb‡gœi wP‡Îii g‡Zv wi‡jk
kb ˆZwi n‡e|
• File †gby¨ †_‡K Save evU‡b wK¬K K‡i wi‡jkbwUi GKUv bvg w`‡q Save Ki‡Z n‡e|
cix¶Y-4 : dg© ˆZwiKiY

ZË¡ : †cÖvMÖv‡g wewfbœ KvR wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ †hme DB‡Ûv eënvi Kiv nq, †m me DB‡Ûv d‡g©i gva¨‡g
eënvi Kiv nq| Avgiv GLv‡b Design View eënvi K‡i GKwU dg© ˆZwi Kie|
hš¿cvwZ :
A¨vwc−‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi :gvB‡µvmdU Gw·m
• g‡b Kwi DISIT bv‡g Avgv‡ì c~‡e© Kiv GKwU WvUv‡eR dvBj i‡q‡Q| GLb,
1) DISIT WvUv‡eRwU I‡cb Ki“b;
2) Form U¨v‡e wK¬K Ki|
3) New evU‡b wK¬K Ki| New Form WvqvjM e· c`©vq Avm‡e| †hgbÑ
eënvwiK 329
4) Design View wm‡j± Ki;

5) Choose the table WvDb A¨v‡iv‡Z wK¬K K‡i Employee Data wm‡j± Ki| Zvici OK `vI|
Employee Field †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq wdì¸‡jv †P‡c a‡i (Drag K‡i) dg© wd‡ì †Q‡o `vI| Gevi
wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i mvRvI| †hgbÑ
cix¶Y-5: WvUv‡e‡R †Kv‡qwi ˆZwiKiY

ZË¡ : †Kv‡bv †Uwe‡j msiw¶Z wecyj cwigvY WvUv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq †h †Kv‡bv WvUv‡K AZ¨š— `ª“Z
Ges Lye mnR Dcv‡q Luy‡R †ei Kivi Kvh©Ki eë¯’v‡K †Kv‡qwi ejv nq|
hš¿cvwZ :
nvW©Iq¨vi: GKwU cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi

A¨vwc−‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi : gvB‡µvmdU Gw·m
• g‡b Kwi DISIT bv‡g Avgv‡ì Kiv GKwU WvUv‡eR dvBj i‡q‡Q|
• GLb DISIT dvBjwU I‡cb Ki|
• DISIT WvUv‡eR DB‡Ûv †_‡K Queries G wK¬K Ki“b; WvqvjM e· c`©vq Avm‡eÑ
• GLb G wK¬K Ki“b; WvqvjM e· c`©vq Avm‡eÑ
• †Uwe‡ji bvg wm‡j± K‡i Add G wK¬K Ki“b;

• Zvici Close G wK¬K Ki“b; WvqvjM e· c`©vq Avm‡e|
eënvwiK 331
cix¶Y-6: wi‡cvU© ˆZwiKiY

ZË¡ : G‡·m †cÖvMÖv‡g WvUv‡eR ˆZwi K‡i wewfbœ wd‡ìi Aax‡b ivLv nq| †Kv‡bv WvUv‡e‡Ri DcvË
mg~‡ni AvDUcyU n‡”Q wi‡cvU©|
hš¿cvwZ :
1. g‡b Kwi DISIT bv‡g Avgv‡ì Kiv GKwU WvUv‡eR dvBj i‡q‡Q| GLb DISIT dvBjwU I‡cb Ki|
2. Report G wK¬K Ki;
3. New G wK¬K Ki‡j WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLb Choose the table †_‡K Employee Data
wm‡j± Ki;
4. OK wK¬K Ki; WvqvjM e· c`©vq Avm‡e| †hgbÑ
5. GLb Employee Data wdì †_‡K Drag K‡i Report wd‡ì †Q‡o `vI| wb‡Ri g‡Zv mvwR‡q
bvI|
6. File †_‡K Save G wK¬K Ki; Save As WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
7. †h †Kv‡bv bvg UvBc (†hgbÑSaif) Kii OK wK¬K Ki|
8. File †_‡K Close wK¬K Ki|
9. Gevi Report Name (Saif) G wK¬K K‡i †`L| wWm‡c− Avm‡e-
cix¶Y-7: wi‡cvU© wcÖ›UKiY

ZË¡ : G‡·m †cÖvMÖv‡g WvUv‡eR ˆZwi K‡i AvDUcyU ev wi‡cvU© wcÖ›U Ki‡Z nq|
hš¿cvwZ :
1 . WvUv‡eR wi‡cvU©wU I‡cb K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
2. File †gby¨ †_‡K wK¬K K‡i Print Kgv‡Û wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| c`©vq wb‡gœi b¨vq Print WvqvjM e·
Avm‡e|
eënvwiK 333
3. e‡· wcÖ›U †iÄ, KZ Kwc wcÖ›U n‡e Ges wcÖ›Uv‡ii bvg wba©viY K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. †UwejwU wcÖ›U n‡q hv‡e|
cix¶Y-8: †j‡fj wcÖ›UKiY

ZË¡ : †Kv‡bv Database Table-Gi AmsL¨ Field †_‡K ïaygvÎ bvg I wVKvbv m¤^wjZ Field `ywU‡K
Print Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Label c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq|
hš¿cvwZ :
1. GRb¨ †h Table †_‡K bvg I wVKvbv Print Kie †mB Table Gi Database Window wU
Open Kwi|
2. Zvici Report Tab Select K‡i New Button Click Ki‡j New Report Dialog Box
Avm‡e|
3. ZLb Dc‡ii Box G Lable Wizard Select Kwi Ges wb‡Pi Box G †h Table/Query †_‡K
Lable Kie †mwU Select K‡i Ok Click Ki‡j Label Wizard Dialog Box Avm‡e|
4. ZLb GB Box Gi mewKQy Setting K‡i Next Click K‡i cQ›`g‡Zv Font Style Select K‡i
Next Click K‡i Button Gi mvnv‡h¨ Field Setting K‡i Next Click K‡i Field Gi
avivevwnKZv Setting K‡i Next Click K‡i Save Kie †mB bvg wj‡L|
5. See the labels as they will look printed Click
6. Finish Click Ki‡j Select g‡Zv Lable ˆZwi n‡e| cieZ©x‡Z Save K…Z bvg Open K‡i
†`L‡Z cvie|
cix¶Y-9.Kw¤úDUvi c`©vq †g‡mR cÖ`k©b Kivi †cÖvMÖvg

nvW©Iq¨vi: GKwU wcwm
mdUIq¨vi : Kw¤úDUv‡ii Notepad
avc-1: †U·U UvBc Kiv
eënvwiK 335
cÖ_‡g †bvUc¨vW Lyj‡Z n‡e Ges UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e

x=msgbox(box text,buttons,box title)
†hLv‡b "box text" Ask Av‡Q †mLv‡b DB‡Ûv‡Z hv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z PvB Zv †Kv‡Ukb gvK©mn UvBc
Kwi|
"box title" As‡k message box Gi UvB‡Uj UvBc Kwi|
"buttons" G GKwU bv¤^vi wjwL †Kv‡Ukb gvK© QvovB|
0: Normal message box
1: OK and Cancel
2: Abort, Retry, Ignore
3: Yes, No, Cancel
4: Yes and No
5: Retry and Cancel
16: Critical message icon
32: Warning query icon
48: Warning message icon
64: Information message icon
4096: Always stay on top of the desktop
avc-2:
†kl n‡j GwU‡K VBS (or VBScript) file wn‡m‡e †mBf Kwi| GRb¨ ".vbs UvBc Kwi UvB‡U‡ji
†k‡l Ges "Save as type" e‡·i "Text Document (*txt)" cwieZ©b K‡i "All Files" wbY©q
Kwi| †hgbÑ dvB‡ji bvg Fake Virus.vbs. Save as type: All Files
avc-3-
Kw¤úDUvi c`©vq †g‡mR cÖ`k©b Kivi †cÖvMÖvg m¤úbœ n‡jv| Gi Øviv shorcut, rename it, change
the icon mn gRv Ki‡Z wewfbœ wRwbm ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwi|
cix¶Y-10:
ZË¡ : wm Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvq †hvM, we‡qvM,¸Y I fvM
hš¿cvwZ :
eënvwiK 337
A¨vwc−‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi : wm Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs

Avgiv GLb Kxfv‡e †hvM Ki‡Z nq Zvi †cÖvMÖvwgs Kie| Gici Zywg wb‡RB we‡qvM, ¸Y wKsev fvM
Gme Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
Av”Qv Avgiv †hvM Kxfv‡e Kwi? m~ÎUv n‡jvÑ
a+b=sum
GLv‡b a Ges b n‡jv `yBwU ARvbv gvb| Avi sum n‡jv Avgv‡ì Kvw•¶Z †hvMdj| Avgv‡ì msL¨v
hw` †ewk nq ZvB‡j a+b+c….. fv‡e †h‡Z _vK‡e| P‡jv Gevi GB m~Î eënvi K‡i †hvM Kwi|
[we.`ª. g‡b ivL‡e †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi fvlvq a,b,sum…. G¸‡jv‡K wKš‘ †fwi‡qej (variable) e‡j|
A_¨©vr GLv‡b gvb¸‡jv †mBf _vK‡e|]
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int a; int b; int sum;
a = 50; b = 60;
sum = a + b;
printf(‘‘Sum is %d’’, sum);
return 0;
}
†`‡Lv GLv‡bv main()
{
…..
}
[we.`ª.-†m‡KÛ eªv‡K‡Ui †fZ‡i Avgvi †hv‡Mi †cÖvMÖvgUv wj‡LwQ| †hv‡Mi m~Î, printf, return 0;
meB wVK Av‡Q wKš‘ %d, int Gme Kx? Av”Qv GKUy e¨vL¨v Kwi †Kgb?
c~Y© msL¨v‡K Avgiv Bs‡iwR‡Z Kx ewj? integer ev B‡›URvi| †cÖvMÖvwgs †jLvi mgq †mUv‡K ms‡¶c
K‡i wjL‡Z nq int. G‡K †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi fvlvq e‡j Data Type. GLb Avwg †h msL¨v †b‡ev †mUv †h
c~Y© msL¨v Zv Kw¤úDUvi‡K †evSv‡ZB int a wj‡LwQ| A_©vr GLv‡b a GKwU c~Y© msL¨v| GKB fv‡e b,
sum Gi Av‡MI int wj‡LwQ Kvib Avgv‡ì Ab¨ msL¨v Ges †hvMdjwU c~Y© msL¨v n‡e| Avgiv †Kvb
†Kvb †fwi‡qej †cÖvMÖv‡g e¨venvi Ki‡ev Zv Kw¤úDUvi‡K eywS‡q w`‡ZB cÖ_‡g Gfv‡e wjL‡Z nq|
G‡K e‡j Declration of Variables (wWK¬v‡ikb Ae †fwi‡qejm)|
Gici Avgiv a=50, b=60 w`‡qwQ| gv‡b a Gi gvb 50 Avi b Gi gvb 60|
Gici m~Î wj‡LwQ sum=a+b; Zvici †hvMdj †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ printf functionUv wj‡LwQ| g‡b
Av‡Q Kxfv‡e printf function wjL‡Z nq? printf (“..”) BbfvB‡UU ÕÕ ÕÕ Kgvi †fZ‡i hv wcÖ›U
Ki‡Z PvB Zv wjL‡Z n‡e| Avwg wcÖ›U Ki‡ev Sum is 110, gv‡b †hvMdj| ZvB‡j Kxfv‡e wjLe?]
printf (‘‘Sum is %d’’, sum);
Gevi †KvW build and run option-G wM‡q ivb Kwi‡q †`‡Lv|
Kx †`Lv‡”Q?
Sum is 110
Av”Qv Avwg hw` Gfv‡e wcÖ›U Ki‡Z PvB †h
a=50, b=60 and sum=110
ZvB‡j Kxfv‡e wjL‡ev? Lye mnR|
printf(‘‘a=%d, b=%d and sum=%d’’, a,b, sum);
GLv‡b %d Gi Rb¨ a, 2q %d Gi Rb¨ b Ges me †k‡li %d Gi Rb¨ sum wj‡LwQ|
Gevi †`wL Zywg 50+60=110 Gfv‡e wcÖ›U K‡iv‡Zv|
Gfv‡e Zywg we‡qvM (-), fvM (/) A_ev ¸Y (*) Ki‡Z cvi‡e| wb‡RB †Póv K‡i †`‡Lv|
cÖwZ jvBb †kl Kivi ci wKš‘ ; wPý †`‡e| GUv †`qvi gv‡b n‡jv H jvBb ILv‡bB †kl|
eënnvwiK 339
Re
Re -1 : WvUv‡eRR †Uwej wWR RvBbKiY WvUUv‡e‡R
ZË¡ : Gg Gm G‡‡·m †cÖvMÖv‡gii gva¨‡g GKwwU †Uwej wWRRvBb Kiv
Kg©c×wZÑ
c
RewU
wU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z
Z wb‡gœ ewY©Z c×wZ AbymiY
i Kwi-
1. Start
S ⇒Proograms⇒M Microsoft Access
A wb‡``©k w`‡q cÖwZevi
wZ Gg Gm
m G‡·m †cÖ
cÖvMÖvg
I‡c
cb Kwi|
2. wZbwU Ackbb †_‡K Openn an Existinng Database wbe©vPb K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Kwi|
3. File List †_
_‡K Employee.mdb wm‡j j± K‡i Openn evU‡b wK¬K Kwi|
4. Employee WvUv‡eR
W DB‡‡Ûvi †Uwej evvU‡bi Wvb w`‡
`‡K Aew¯’Z New
N evU‡b wK¬K Kwi|
5. New Tablee WvqvjM e· · cÖ`wk©Z n‡j
‡j †Uwe‡ji cÖK…wZ wn‡m‡ee Design Viiew evUb wbbe©vPb
K‡i G›Uvi Kx Pvwc|
6. Table1 bv‡gg bZyb WvUv †Uwej
†U ˆZwi n‡‡j wb‡gœi wP‡Î Îi eY©bvbyhvqx
qx Zv‡Z WvUv wwdì I WvUv UvBc
U
wba©vib Ki|
7. File †gby¨ †_‡K Save mve‡gby¨ wbe©vPb K‡i WvUv †Uwej Student bv‡g †mf Kwi| †Uwe‡ji
†ivj wdì cÖvBgvwi Kx wn‡m‡e wbe©wPb Kwi|
8. cwi‡k‡l File †gby¨ †_‡K Exit mve‡gby¨ wbe©vPb K‡i wKsev UvB‡Ujev‡ii Wvbw`‡Ki µm
evU‡bi wK¬K K‡i Gg Gm G‡·m †cÖvMÖvg eÜ Kwi|
djvdj- GB Re †kl n‡j Employee.mdb WvUv‡e‡R Student bv‡g GKwU †Uwej ˆZwi n‡e|
Re-2: ¯‹yj WvUv‡eR †Uwej ˆZwi

ZË¡ : Gg Gm G‡·m †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g GKwU †Uwej wWRvBb Kiv
Kg©c×wZ- g‡b Kwi Avgv‡ì †UKwbK¨vj ¯‹y‡ji QvÎQvÎx‡ì Rb¨ Result.mdb bv‡g Av‡M †_‡K
GKwU WvUv‡eR i‡q‡Q| GLb QvÎQvÎx‡ì Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ †mLv‡b GKwU †Uwej ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
GRb¨ Avgiv GgGm G‡·m †cÖvMÖvg eënvi Kie|
RewU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z wb‡gœ ewY©Z c×wZ AbymiY KwiÑ
1. Result WvUv‡eR DB‡Ûvi †Uwej evU‡bi Wvbw`‡K Aew¯’Z New evU‡b wK¬K Kwi|
2. New Table WvqvjM e· cÖ`wk©Z n‡j †Uwe‡ji cÖK…wZ wn‡m‡e Design View evUb wbe©vPb
K‡i G›Uvi Kx Pvwc|
3. Table1 bv‡g bZyb WvUv †Uwej ˆZwi n‡j wb‡gœi wP‡Îi eY©bvbyhvqx Zv‡Z WvUv wdì I WvUv UvBc
wba©viY Ki|
4. Table1 bv‡g bZyb WvUv †Uwej ˆZwi n‡j wb‡gœi wP‡Îi eY©bvbyhvqx Zv‡Z WvUv wdì I WvUv UvBc
wba©viY Ki|
5. File †gby¨ †_‡K Save mve‡gby¨ wbe©vPb K‡i WvUv †Uwej Student bv‡g †mf Kwi| †Uwe‡ji
†ivj wdì cÖvBgvwi Kx wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kwi|
eënnvwiK 341
Re--3: 2 wU WvUv
Uv‡eR †Uwe‡jji g‡a¨ wi‡jkjkb ˆZwi
KvR
R- wi‡jkb n‡”Q
n GKwU †UUwe‡ji wd‡ì ìi mv‡L Ab¨¨ †Uwe‡ji wdì¸‡jvi
wd m¤¤úK© Kiv| GLv‡b
G
Avgiiv Gg Gm G‡‡·m †cÖvMÖvg eënvi K‡i 2 wU WvUv‡eR
R †Uwe‡ji g‡aa¨ wi‡jkb ˆZ
Zwi Kie|
Kg©c×wZÑ
c
• cÖ_‡g †Uwej `ywU I‡cb Ki‡Z
Ki n‡e|
• Tools †gby¨ †_‡K Relattionship-G wK¬ w K Ki‡Z n‡e|
n ZLb c`©
c vq Relatioonships DB‡‡ÛvwU
†`Lv hv‡e Gees Gi Dc‡i Show Tablle WvqvjM e· ·wU †`Lv hv‡ee|
• Zvici †Uwej jwU wm‡j± K‡i
K evU‡b wK¬ KK
K Ki‡Z n‡ee| Zvici †UUwejwU wm‡j±± K‡i evU‡b wK¬K
Ki‡j †Uwej `ywU DB‡Ûv‡ZZ †`Lv hv‡e||
• Show Tablle WvqvjM e‡·i e †K¬vR evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j ZLb c`©vq wb‡gœi Relationsships
DB‡ÛvwU †`LLv hv‡e|
• Zvici Empployees †Uwewe‡ji Emplooyee ID wdì ì‡K W«vM K‡‡i Service R Records-G †Q‡o
w`‡Z n‡e| Gici
G c`©vq wi‡jkbwkc
wi Wv
WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
Av
• GB wi‡jkbwk
wkc WvqvjM e·
e †_‡K evU‡‡b wK¬K Ki‡j kb ˆZwi n‡e|
j wb‡gœi wP‡Îii g‡Zv wi‡jk
• File †gby¨ †__‡K Save evUU‡b wK¬K K‡ii wi‡jkbwUi GKUv

G bvg w`‡‡q Save Ki‡‡Z n‡e|
Re 4: dg© ˆZwiKiY
Re: Avgiv Gg Gm G‡·m †cÖvMÖvg eënvi K‡i Design View-Gi gva¨‡g K‡i GKwU dg© ˆZwi Kie|
• g‡b Kwi DISIT bv‡g Avgv‡ì c~‡e© Kiv GKwU WvUv‡eR dvBj i‡q‡Q| GLb,
1. DISIT WvUv‡eRwU I‡cb Kwi;
2. Form U¨v‡e wK¬K Kwi|
3. New evU‡b wK¬K Kwi| New Form WvqvjM e· c`©vq Avm‡e| †hgbÑ
4. Design View wm‡j± Kwi;

5. Choose the table WvDb A¨v‡iv‡Z wK¬K K‡i Employee Data wm‡j± Kwi Zvici OK wè|
eënvwiK 343
Employee Field †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq wdì¸‡jv †P‡c a‡i (Drag K‡i) dg© wd‡ì †Q‡o `vI| Gevi
wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i mvRvB| †hgbÑ
Re-5: wi‡cvU© ˆZwiKiY

ZË¡ : G‡·m †cÖvMÖv‡g WvUv‡eR ˆZwi K‡i wewfbœ wd‡ìi Aax‡b ivLv nq| †Kv‡bv WvUv‡e‡Ri DcvË
mg~‡ni AvDUcyU n‡”Q wi‡cvU©|
Kvh©cÖYvwj : RewU Ki‡Z wb‡gœ ewY©Z c×wZ AbymiY Kwi|
1. g‡b Kwi DISIT bv‡g Avgv‡ì Kiv GKwU WvUv‡eR dvBj i‡q‡Q| GLb DISIT dvBjwU I‡cb Ki|
2. Report G wK¬K Ki;
3. New G wK¬K Ki‡j WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLb Choose the table †_‡K Employee Data
wm‡j± Ki;
4. OK wK¬K Ki;WvqvjM e· c`©vq Avm‡e| †hgbÑ
5. GLb Employee Data wdì †_‡K Drag K‡i Report wd‡ì †Q‡o `vI| wb‡Ri g‡Zv mvwR‡q bvI|
6. File †_‡K Save G wK¬K Ki; Save As WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|

7. †h †Kv‡bv bvg UvBc (†hgbÑ Md. Jamal Hissain) K‡i OK wK¬K Ki|
8. File †_‡K Close wK¬K Ki|
9. Gevi Report Name (Md. Jamal Hissain) G wK¬K K‡i †`L| wWm‡c− Avm‡eÑ
Re-6: wi‡cvU© wcÖ›UKiY

Re: G‡·m †cÖvMÖv‡g WvUv‡eR ˆZwi K‡i AvDUcyU ev wi‡cvU© wcÖ›U Ki‡Z n‡e|
1 . WvUv‡eR wi‡cvU©wU I‡cb K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
2. File †gby¨ †_‡K wK¬K K‡i Print Kgv‡Û wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| c`©vq wb‡gœi b¨vq Print WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
3. e‡· wcÖ›U †iÄ, KZ Kwc wcÖ›U n‡e Ges wcÖ›Uv‡ii bvg wba©viY K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. †UwejwU wcÖ›U n‡q hv‡e|
eënvwiK 345
Re-7: †j‡fj wcÖ›UKiY

Re: †Kv‡bv Database Table Gi AmsL¨ Field †_‡K ïaygvÎ bvg I wVKvbv m¤^wjZ Field `ywU‡K
Print Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Label c×wZ Abymib Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b Avgiv GLb †mB KvRwUB Kie|

1. GRb¨ †h Table †_‡K bvg I wVKvbv Print Kie †mB Table Gi Database WindowwU
Open Kwi|
2. Zvici Report Tab Select K‡i New Button Click Ki‡j New Report Dialog Box
Avm‡e|
3. ZLb Dc‡ii Box G Lable Wizard Select Kwi Ges wb‡Pi Box G †h Table/Query †_‡K
Lable Kie †mwU Select K‡i Ok Click Ki‡j Label Wizard Dialog Box Avm‡e|
4. ZLb GB Box Gi mewKQy Setting K‡i Next Click K‡i cQ›`g‡Zv Font Style Select K‡i
Next Click K‡i Button Gi mvnv‡h¨ Field Setting K‡i Next Click K‡i Field-Gi
avivevwnKZv Setting K‡i Next Click K‡i Save Kie †mB bvg wj‡L|
5. See the labels as they will look printed Click
6. Finish Click Ki‡j Select g‡Zv Lable ˆZwi n‡e| cieZ©x‡Z Save K…Z bvg Open K‡i
†`L‡Z cvie|
cÖ‡R±
cÖ‡R±- 1:
†UKwbK¨vj ¯‹y‡ji QvÎQvÎx‡ì cix¶vi djvdj wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GKwU WvUv‡eR wm‡÷g ˆZwiKiY
UvB‡Uj ev wk‡ivbvg : †UKwbK¨vj ¯‹‡y ji QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì cix¶vi djvdj wbY©‡qi Rb¨ gvB‡µvmdU GKwmm
†cÖvMÖvg eënvi K‡i cÖ‡R±wU ev¯—evqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡R± GKwmm WvUv‡eR, WvUv‡eR, WvUv‡eR
wk¶v_©x‡ì †ivj, bvg, †kªwY, kvLv, †mkb, welq, djvdj cÖf…wZ Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU WvUv †Uwej Ges
†Uwe‡j WvUv Gw›Uª Kivi Rb¨ GKwU Gw›Uª dig eëüZ n‡q‡Q| msiw¶Z Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z djvdj cÖ`k©b I
gy`‡ª Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡R‡± K‡qKwU †Kv‡qwi I wi‡cvU© wWRvBb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wm‡÷g wWRvBb: cÖ‡R±wU wb‡gœi K‡qKwU µwgK av‡c wWRvBb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
1. WvUv‡eR ˆZwi:
Start>Program>Microsoft Access wb‡`©k w`‡q gvB‡µvmdU GKwmm †cÖvMÖvg Pvjy K‡i cÖvß
WvqvjM e‡·i Blank Database wbe©vPb K‡i G›Uvi Kx Pvwc|
* GKwU WvqvjM e‡·i gva¨‡g WvUv‡e‡Ri bvg PvIqv n‡j N. Ideal wj‡L G›Uvi Kx Pvwc| d‡j
N. Ideal mdb bv‡g GKwU bZyb WvUv‡eR ˆZwi n‡e Ges †Uwej, †Kv‡qwi, dig, wi‡cvU©, g¨v‡µv
I gwWDj U¨ve m¤^wjZ GKwU DB‡Ûv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
2. WvUv †Uwej ˆZwi:
Ideal WvUv‡eR DB‡Ûvi †Uwej U¨v‡ei Wvbw`‡K Aew¯’Z New evU‡b wK¬K Kwi|
New Table WvqvjM e· cÖ`wk©Z n‡j †Uwe‡ji cÖK…wZ wn‡m‡e Design View wbe©vPb K‡i
G›Uvi Kx Pvwc|
Table bv‡g bZyb WvUv †Uwej ˆZwi n‡j wb‡gœi wP‡Îi eY©bvbyhvqx Zv‡Z WvUv wdì I WvUv UvBc
wba©viY Kwi|
ˆZwi WvUv †Uwej †mf Kivi Rb¨ File †gby¨ †_‡K mve‡gby¨ wbe©vPb K‡i Result bv‡g Zv †mf Kwi|
eënvwiK 347
3. WvUv Gw›Uª dig ˆZwi :

* From U¨v‡e wK¬K K‡i Zvici New evU‡b wK¬K Kwi|
* From Wizard G wK¬K Kwi|
* dig DBRv‡W©i cÖ_g DB‡Ûv G‡j Table/Queries wj÷ e· †_‡K Result †Uwej wbe©vPb K‡i|
evU‡b wK¬K Kwi, d‡j Result †Uwe‡j me¸‡jv wdì di‡g eënv‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡e|
* Next evU‡b wK¬K Kwi, dig DB‡Ûv‡Ri wØZxq DB‡Ûv G‡j Columnar †iwWI evUb wbe©vPb
K‡i cybivq Next evU‡b wK¬K Kwi|
* dig DBRv‡W©i Z…Zxq DB‡Ûv G‡j Standard Ackb wbe©vPb K‡i Next evU‡b wK¬K Kwi|
dig DBRv‡W©i PZy_© ev †kl DB‡Ûv G‡j UvB‡Uj e‡· Result Entry From wj‡L Finish
evU‡b wK¬K Kwi| d‡j Result Entry Form bv‡g GKwU Gw›Uª dig ˆZwi Kwi|
4. †Kv‡qwi ˆZwi :
* WvUv‡eR DB‡Ûvi Queries U¨ve †_‡K New evU‡b wK¬K Kwi, New Query DB‡Ûv G‡j
Design View wbe©vPb K‡i Ok evU‡b wK¬K Kwi|
* Show Tables WvqvjM e‡·i Tables U¨ve †_‡K Result †Uwej wbe©vPb K‡i Ok evU‡b wK¬K
Kwi, †Uwej mshy³ n‡jv Close evU‡b wK¬K Kwi|
* †Kv‡qwi DB‡Ûvi Field eivei cÖ_g e‡· gvDm wK¬K K‡i Result †Uwe‡ji Roll wdì wbe©vPb Kwi|
* Abyiƒcfv‡e †Kv‡qwi DB‡Ûv Field eivei wØZxq †_‡K beg e‡· ch©vqµ‡g wK¬K K‡i Class,
Section, Bengali cÖf…wZ wdì wbe©vPb Kwi|
* †Kv‡qwi DB‡Ûvi Field eivei cÖ_g e‡· gvDm wK¬K K‡i Result †Uwe‡ji Roll wdì wbe©vPb Kwi|
* Abyiƒcfv‡e †Kv‡qwi DB‡Ûv Field eivei wØZxq †_‡K beg e‡· ch©vqµ‡g wK¬K K‡i Class,
Section, Bengali cÖf…wZ wdì wbe©vPb Kwi|
* cÖ‡Z¨K †¶‡Î Show e‡· wUK wPý Kwi †hb †Kv‡qwi‡Z mswk−ó wdjmg~n cÖ`wk©Z nq|
* Section wd‡ìi Criteria e‡· "Computer" wjwL, d‡j †Kv‡qwi wbe©vnKv‡j †Kej Kw¤úDUvi
wefv‡Mi wk¶v_©x‡ì †iKW© cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
* Gevi UvB‡Ujev‡ii Wvb w`‡Ki µm evU‡b wK¬K K‡i †Kv‡qwi DB‡Ûv eÜ Kivi cÖv°v‡j
Computer Query bv‡g †mf Kwi|
* WvUv‡eR DB‡Ûvi †Kv‡qwi U¨ve †_‡K Computer Query wbe©vPb K‡i Wvbw`‡Ki Open evU‡b
wK¬K Kwi| †Kv‡qwiwU DB‡Ûv‡Z †Kej Kw¤úDUvi Mªy‡ci wk¶v_©x‡ì †iKW© cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
5. wi‡cvU© ˆZwi:
WvUv‡eR DB‡Ûvi Report U¨ve wbe©vPb K‡i New evU‡b wK¬K Kwi, New Report DB‡Ûv G‡j
Report Wizard wbe©vPb K‡i Ok evU‡b wK¬ Kwi|
* wi‡cvU© DBRv‡W©i cÖ_g DB‡Ûv G‡j Tables/Queries wj÷ e· †_‡K Result †Uwej wbe©vPb
K‡i evU‡b wK¬K Kwi,d‡j Result †Uwe‡ji me¸‡jv wdì wi‡cvU© cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡e|
Next evU‡b wK¬K Kwi, wi‡cvU© DBRv‡W©i wØZxq DB‡Ûv G‡j Columnar †iwWI evUb wbe©vPb K‡i
cybivq Next evU‡b wK¬K Kwi, Kvw•¶Z wi‡cvU© ˆZwi n‡e|
cÖ‡R±- 2:
†UKwbK¨vj ¯‹yj I K‡j‡Ri QvÎQvÎx‡ì jvB‡eªwi eë¯’vcbv WvUv‡eR wm‡÷g ˆZwiKiY
¯‹yj ev K‡jR QvÎQvÎx‡ì Rb¨ G‡·‡m jvB‡eªwi eë¯’vcbv GKwU RbwcÖq cÖ‡R±| GLv‡b †UKwbK¨vj ¯‹‡y ji
QvÎQvÎx‡ì Rb¨ GKwU jvB‡eªwi eë¯’vcbv Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡e hv‡Z eB, †jL‡Ki bvg BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
†Uwej: GLv‡b PviwU †Uwej m„wó K‡i Zv‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
eënvwiK 349
j¶¨ Ki GLv‡b PviwU †Uwej i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b †jvb †UwejwU eyK †Uwe‡ji mv‡_ ISBN Gi mv‡_ key
field wn‡m‡e mshy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi Øviv eySvq, jvB‡eªwi ïaygvÎ GK ai‡bi eB ivL‡Z cv‡i| PviwU
†Uwej Øviv jvB‡eªwi GKwU eB‡qi A‡bK msL¨v ivL‡Z cv‡i, cÖ‡Z¨KwU GKwU Abb¨ MÖnY bv¤^vi w`‡q|
†Kv‡qwi
GB wm‡÷‡g PviwU †Kv‡qwi i‡q‡Q| GKwU cÖKZ … jvB‡eªwi eB AbymÜv‡bi myweav _vK‡Z n‡e title,
classification, key word BZ¨vwì Ici wfwË K‡i| cÖ_g `yBwU †Kv‡qwi QryBooksIn and
QryBooksOut. G¸wj dg© Øviv eëüZ nq eB‡qi wi‡÷i mv‡_ K‡¤^v e· Ry‡o w`‡Z Ges Giv ÷K
cwigv‡c I eëüZ nq|
QryBooksOut is LyeB mij| †h me eB avi wn‡m‡e Av‡Q Zviv tblLoan-†Z Aš—©fy³ n‡e| wKš‘
Gi wiUvb© WvUv _vK‡e bv, †h‡nZy G¸wj GLb I †diZ Av‡mwb|
eënvwiK 351
dg©:
frmAccession and frmLoan G¸‡jvi Data Entry property Yes †mU Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z dg©wU
k~b¨ Ges GwU †Lvjv n‡j WvUv MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ GwU cÖ¯‘Z i‡q‡Q| frmReturn unbound i‡q‡Q, †h‡nZy
GwU †Kv‡bv wKQy †mBf K‡i bv| GwU ïay gvÎ eB‡qi Gw›Uª bv¤^vi msMÖn K‡i †hwU †diZ G‡m‡Q Ges
Avc‡WU †Kv‡qwii wbKU †cÖiY K‡i| evUb wK¬K Ki‡j .Requery c×wZ av‡i †bIqv eB-Gi Z_¨
ivb Ki‡e|
cÖ‡R±- 3:
wm Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvq †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y I fvMdj †ei Kivi †cÖvMÖvg iPbv
Dc‡iv³ mgm¨vwUi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Avgiv hw` M‡elYv Kwi (Problem Analysis) Zvn‡j cwi®‹vi
fv‡e eyS‡Z cvi‡ev †h `yBUv b¤î Gi †hvM (+), we‡qvM (-) Ges ¸Y (*) Ki‡Z n‡e Gi A_© n‡”Q
2wU †fwi‡qej jvM‡e Ges K¨vjKz‡jkb Kivi ci Kw¤úDUvi D³ gvb‡K GKwU †fwi‡qej Gi g‡a¨
ivL‡Z PvB‡e| Gi A_© n‡”Q AvDUcyU †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ Av‡iv GKwU †fwi‡qej jvM‡e| me‡P‡q eo
K_v, K¤úvBjvi Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì‡K GKwU A¼ K‡i †`‡e| AvcvZZ Avgiv †R‡b ivwL †h, wm
†cÖvMÖvwgs G wKQy Mathematical Operator Av‡Q hvi gva¨‡g Avgiv Kw¤úDUvi Gi Arithmetic
Logic Unit(ALU) †K eënvi Ki‡Z cvwi Ges ZLb Avgv‡ì †cÖvMÖvg + , - Ges * Gi gvb ey‡S
hvq| †hgb * wjL‡j ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw`|
†cÖve‡jg-1 Gi †mvm©‡KvW wbgœiƒc:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a, b, c = 0;
a=5;
b=6;
c = a+b;
printf("%d\n",c);
c = a-b;
printf("%d\n",c);
c = a*b;
printf("%d\n",c);
}
Dc‡iv³ †cÖvMÖvgwU †KvW-e−Km G UvBc Kivi ci †mf Ki‡j wb‡gœi wP‡Îi b¨vq †`Lv‡e|
D³ †cÖvMÖvgwU K¤úvBj Ges ivb Ki‡j AvDUcyU DB‡ÛvwU wb‡gœi wPÎwUi g‡Zv †`Lv‡e|
mgvß

Trade - 2018 - Class-9-10 Computer &amp; ICT-1 Web (WI)

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Trade - 2018 - Class-9-10 Computer &amp; ICT-1 Web (WI)

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cÖ_g cÎ

cÖ_g Ask : Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖv_wgK aviYv

1.2 Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb ˆewkó¨mg~n

Kw¤úDUvi `ªæZ MwZm¤úbœ (High Speed)

wbfy©j dj cÖKvk (Accuracy)

†QvU ¯’v‡b A‡bK eo WvUv msi¶Y (Storage)

w`‡b 24 NÈv KvR Kiv m¤¢e (Dilligencey)

Am¤¢e‡K m¤¢e Kiv (Incredibility)

hyw³m½Z wm×všÍ (Logical Decision)

1.3 Kw¤úDUv‡ii e¨envi

Avevm¯’‡j (At Home)

e¨vs‡K (In Banks)

wWcvU©‡g›Uvj †÷v‡i (In Departmental Store)

†ijI‡q I wegvb e›`‡i (In Railway and Airlines Reservations)

†hvMv‡hvM †¶‡Î (In Communication)

gy`ªY I cÖKvkbvq (Printing and Publishing)

wk¶v‡¶‡Î (In Education)

nvmcvZv‡j (In Hospitals)

M‡elYv I Dbœq‡b (In Research and Development)

mvgwiK †¶‡Î (In Defence)

e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ (In Business and Industry)

1.4 Kw¤úDUv‡ii weeZ©b I wewfbœ cÖRb¥

wLª÷c~e© 500 eQi †_‡K 2008-Gi g‡a¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii avivevwnK AMÖMwZ

Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ cÖRb¥

cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii ˆewkó¨Ñ

wØZxq cÖRb¥ ev †Rbv‡ikb

wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii ˆewkó¨Ñ

Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ ev †Rbv‡ikb

wPÎ : AvB. wm. (IC)

Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii ˆewkó¨Ñ

PZz_© cÖRb¥ ev †Rbv‡ikb

PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii ˆewkó¨Ñ

cÂg cÖRb¥ ev †Rbv‡ikb

cÂgg cÖR‡b¥i Kww¤úDUv‡ii ˆeewkó¨Ñ

gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi (Micro Computer)

wgwb Kw¤úDUvi (Mini Computer)

†gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi (Mainframe Computer)

mycvi Kw¤úDUvi (Super Computer)

nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi (HybriD Computer)

2.2 Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii cv_©K¨

2.3 Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vimg~n

Kw¤úDUv‡ii BbcyU wWfvBmmg~n :

wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z wWfvBmmg~n :

2.4 wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki KvR

2.5 cÖ‡mmi ev CPU Gi msMVb

wPÎ : Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb

¯§„wZ Bbdi‡gkb †iwR÷vi ev MIR :

2.5 BbcyU BDwbU, wm wc BD Ges AvDUcyU BDwb‡Ui Kvh©vewj

wPÎ : Keyboard Port

wPÎ : wewfbœ cÖKvi Joystick.

wPÎ : wewfbœ cÖKvi Scanner

wPÎ : Digital Camera.

wPÎ : wewfbœ cÖKvi Web Camera (Cam)

AcwUK¨vj gvK© wiWvi (OMR):

wPÎ : I. Gg. Avi †gwkb

1) iwOb (Color) gwbU‡i c`©vq mKj is dy‡U I‡V|

gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i (Multimedia Projector):

Dot Matrix Bubble Jet

2.6 Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨v‡ii †kÖwYwefvM

2.7 wewfbœ cÖKvi mdUIq¨vi cwiwPwZ

wm‡÷g g¨‡bR‡g›U mdUIq¨vi

wm‡÷g mv‡cvU© mdUIq¨vi

wm‡÷g †W‡fjc‡g›U mdUIq¨vi

3) Kw¤úDUvi GB‡WW mdUIq¨vi BwÁwbqvwis (Computer Aided Software Engineering–

Trade - 2018 - Class-9-10 Computer & ICT-1 Web (WI)

Trade - 2018 - Class-9-10 Computer & ICT-1 Web (WI)