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Introduction
ChemE 101
Chemical Engineering Process Analysis I
AY 2018 – 2019
MSPDEANG
August 8, 2018
MSPDEANG 2018
Introduction to Chemical
Processes and Process Design
Chemical Engineering
Chemical engineering is the profession in which a
knowledge of mathematics, chemistry, and other natural
sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is
applied with judgment to develop economic ways of using
materials and energy for the benefit of mankind.
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Chemical Process
A combination of steps in which materials are converted
into desired products using equipment and conditions
that facilitate the conversion.
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Chemical Processes
Every industrial chemical process is designed to
economically produce a desired product from a variety of
starting materials through a succession of treatment steps
Recycle
Example:
Biodiesel Production
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Biodiesel Production
http://www.chemistryland.com/Biodiesel/SmallScale/SmallScaleProductionBiodiesel.htm
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Biodiesel Production
For Large Scale Production
Physical Chemical Physical
treatment treatment treatment
steps steps steps
Chemical Biodiesel
Oil Purification
Reaction Purification
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Biodiesel Production
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Chemical Engineering
Chemical
Processes
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Chemical Engineering Calculations
A Chemical Engineer’s job is to design the overall
process and individual equipment, and generate the
process flow diagram (PFD) as well as the Piping and
Instrumentation Diagram(P&ID)
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Process Flow Diagrams
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Process Flow Diagrams
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Chemical Process Calculations
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Chemical Process Calculations
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Heat and Material Balance
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Units and Dimensions
Units and Dimensions
Measured quantities – value + unit
Dimension – property that can be measured
– Can only add/subtract if same units
– Can combine in multiplication/division
Conversion factor
– Equation which has the same quantity but different units
Systems of Units
– International System of Units (SI)
– American Engineering System of Units (AES)
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Types of Units
Dimension Base Unit (SI) Symbol
Base units Mass (m) kilogram kg
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Derived Units
Multiplying/Dividing base or multiple units
– Area: length x length (ex: m2,ft2)
– Volume: length x length x length (ex: L, m3, fl oz)
– Speed: length/time (ex: m/s, km/hr, ft/s)
– Acceleration length/time2 (ex: m/s2, ft/s2)
Defining equivalents of compound units
– Force: 1N = 1 kg m /s2
– Pressure: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
– Energy: 1 J = 1 N-m
– Power: 1 W = 1 J/s
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Mole Units
Special Note: Mole Unit
– Amount of a substance
– Molecular weight = mass of a mole of substance
• Numerically equal if using units in the same system
– Ex. for O2
• SI/CGS: 32 g/mol or 32 kg/kmol
• AES: 32 lb/lbmol
– Thus, conversion factors for kg-lb is the same as kmol-lbmol
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Force Units
Special Note: Force and Weight
– Force = mass x acceleration
– Natural units: kg-m/s2, g-cm/s2, lbm-ft/s2
– Derived units
• SI: 1 N (Newton) = 1 kg-m/s2
• CGS: 1 dyne = 1 g-cm/s2
• AES: 1 lbf (pound-force) = 32.174 lbm-ft/s2
– Conversion from natural to derived
kg m / s 2 g cm / s 2 lbm ft / s 2
gc 1 1 32.174
N dyne lb f
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Exercise
Using newton’s second law, determine the conversion
factor between Newton and pound force.
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Some Useful Conversion Factors
Length
1m = 0.3028ft , 2.54 cm = 1 inch, 1.6 km = 1 mile, 3ft = 1yd
Mass
1kg = 2.2lbs , 16 oz = 1 lb
Area
1 acre = 43560 ft2, 1 hectare = 10000m2
Volume
1m3 = 1000L, 1 US gallon = 3.785L = 128 fl oz
Energy
1cal = 4.184 J, 1kcal=1Cal=1000cal, 1Btu = 252cal = 1054J
Power
1hp = 746W
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3x5 Index Card
PTCICOE “Nickname”
Contact number of PTCICOE Na
Relation to PTCICOE
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Dimensional Homogeneity
Dimensional Homogeneity
Every valid equation must be dimensionally homogeneous
– All additive terms must have the same dimensions
Recall from Math:
ex
sin y
ln x x[]1 y[]1
cos y
log x
Ex. A quantity k depends on temperature T in the following
manner (Arhenius Law)
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Exercise
The density of a fluid is given by the following empirical
correlation
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Exercise
Ex. Given the Antoine equation, with values (Note, the
Antoine equation is an EMPIRICAL equation)
B
log P mmHg A
T F C
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Dimensionless Groups/Numbers
Reynolds Number (NRe)
– Determines if fluid flow is laminar or turbulent
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Exercise
The Reynolds number is used to determine if the flow through
a conduit is either in the laminar, turbulent or transition regime
as shown below:
Nre≤2100 : Laminar Dvr
2100<Nre<4000 : Transition N Re =
Nre≥4000 :Turbulent m
For the given data below, determine the flow regime:
D = 5.89in
v = 4.3m / s
lbm
r = 55.54 3
ft
m = 6.5´10-3 Pa - s
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Curve Fitting and Graphical
Representation of Data
Handling of Data
Most of the data used by engineers are in the form of
tables, graphs, equations or formulas
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Handling of Data
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Curve Fitting
It is important to determine the mathematical relationship
between certain variables.
How?
Conduct experiments, and use the obtained data to fit
into a model/equation.
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Plot of a Straight Line
Equation: y = mx + b
where m is the slope
and b is the intercept
f(y) = m f(x) + b
log y = m (log x) + b
ln y = m (ln x) + b
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Example
The following table shows the specific heat of ethane as a
function of temperature:
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Example
Temperature, °C 38 66 93 121 149 204
Specific heat, cal/g- 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.61
°C
Dependent variable:
Specific heat (y)
Independent variable:
Temperature (x)
At x = 0; b = 0.385.
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Plotting a Straight Line
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Logarithmic Scales
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Case Study
Researchers have shown that Y varies with X according to
the following function:
Y a exp bX
To determine the value of a and b, you performed the same
experiment that they did and came up with the following data
points:
X 2 5 9 12 18 22 23
Y 3.78 15.35 24.15 67.52 266.54 778.21 889.51
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Case Study
A graph of your data points on rectangular (Cartesian)
coordinates looks like:
1000
800
600
Y
400
200
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
X
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Case Study (Take log of both sides)
log Y log a bX log e
3
2
log(Y)
1
b log e 0.11 b 0.253
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Semi-log Plot
1000
10
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
X
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Semi-log Plot
1000
100
Y
10
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
X
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Case Study
1000
100
Y
10
a3
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
X
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Case Study
1000
log Y1 log a b log e X 1
log Y2 log a b log e X 2
100
Y
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
X
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Case Study
1000
14,100
100
Y
10
log 100 log 3
b 0.2505
0,31 log e 14 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
X
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Logarithmic Plots
Logarithmic plots allow one to see more detail in graphs
where there is a wide range of values, but some of the
data are very close together.
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Log-Log Graph
Straight lines on log-log graph paper represents
equations of the following form:
Y aX b
133.31
Y 3 187.116 302.615 325.54 385.162 449.243 533.022 568.276 661.334 732.158 760.181
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In Cartesian Coordinates
800
600
400
Y
200
Y aX b
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
X
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Linearizing
3
log(Y)
2.5
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Log-log plot
1000
100
Y
10
1 10 100 1000
X
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Obtain constants
1000
50,300
Y aX b
1, 65
log Y2 log Y1
100 b
Y
log X 2 log X 1
log 300 log 65
a 65 log 50 log 1
0.39
10
1 10 100 1000
X
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Homework
In an electric generating station, the steam silica should be
maintained at a prescribed level. Excessive silica in the steam will
cause silica deposition in the turbine blades which will
considerably reduce turbine efficiency or even cause a plant
shutdown.
The following tabulation shows the maximum boiler pressure that
can be tolerated to maintain the steam silica at a satisfactory
level:
Silica, 7 5 4.2 3.5 3 2.5 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.2 1
ppm
Pres., 800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 2000
psig
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Example
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Example
P 800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 2000
LN(C) 1.9459 1.6094 1.4351 1.2528 1.0986 0.9163 0.7419 0.5306 0.4055 0.1823 0.0000
2.5
1.5
0.5
y = -0.0017x + 3.2822
R² = 0.9958
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
-0.5
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Example
In a semi-log plot
100
10
1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
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Example
ln Csilica = aP + ln b
Plot C vs P on a semilog plot
Slope: b
C(600,10), D(1800,1.2)
b = (ln 10 – ln 1.2)/(600 – 1800)
= -1.77 x10-3
Csilica = 29e-0.00177P
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QUESTIONS?