University of the Philippines – Diliman

Department of Chemical Engineering

Introduction
ChemE 101
Chemical Engineering Process Analysis I
AY 2018 – 2019
MSPDEANG
August 8, 2018

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 Introduction to Chemical
Processes and Process Design
Chemical Engineering
Chemical engineering is the profession in which a
knowledge of mathematics, chemistry, and other natural
sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is
applied with judgment to develop economic ways of using
materials and energy for the benefit of mankind.

-- American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)

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Chemical Process
 A combination of steps in which materials are converted
into desired products using equipment and conditions
that facilitate the conversion.

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 Chemical Processes
 Every industrial chemical process is designed to
economically produce a desired product from a variety of
starting materials through a succession of treatment steps

Physical Chemical Physical

Raw
treatment treatment treatment Products
Materials
steps steps steps

Recycle

Example:
Biodiesel Production

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Biodiesel Production

http://www.chemistryland.com/Biodiesel/SmallScale/SmallScaleProductionBiodiesel.htm

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Biodiesel Production
 For Large Scale Production
Physical Chemical Physical
treatment treatment treatment
steps steps steps

Chemical Biodiesel
Oil Purification
Reaction Purification

 Filtration  Chemical Reactor  Distillation

 Evaporation  Agitation  Extraction

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Biodiesel Production

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Chemical Engineering

Chemical
Processes

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Chemical Engineering Calculations
 A Chemical Engineer’s job is to design the overall
process and individual equipment, and generate the
process flow diagram (PFD) as well as the Piping and
Instrumentation Diagram(P&ID)

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Process Flow Diagrams

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Process Flow Diagrams

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Chemical Process Calculations

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Chemical Process Calculations

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Heat and Material Balance

 The Heat and Material Balance (a key component of the PFD)

is one of the most crucial deliverables in the design process.
 Thus a chemical engineer must have a solid foundation on
both material and heat/energy balances.
 Scope of ChemE 101: Mass/Molar flowrates, Volumetric
Flowrates, Composition, Temperature/Pressure
 Other properties will be discussed in higher ChemE courses.

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Units and Dimensions
Units and Dimensions
 Measured quantities – value + unit
 Dimension – property that can be measured
– Can only add/subtract if same units
– Can combine in multiplication/division
 Conversion factor
– Equation which has the same quantity but different units

 Systems of Units
– International System of Units (SI)
– American Engineering System of Units (AES)

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Types of Units
Dimension Base Unit (SI) Symbol
 Base units Mass (m) kilogram kg

Length (L) meter m

Light Intensity candela cd

Time (t) second s

Electric Current ampere A

Temperature (T) kelvin K

Amount of substance mole mol

(n)

 Multiple units: multiples

or fractions of base units
– 1 minute = 60 seconds
– 1 hour = 60 minutes

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Derived Units
 Multiplying/Dividing base or multiple units
– Area: length x length (ex: m2,ft2)
– Volume: length x length x length (ex: L, m3, fl oz)
– Speed: length/time (ex: m/s, km/hr, ft/s)
– Acceleration length/time2 (ex: m/s2, ft/s2)
 Defining equivalents of compound units
– Force: 1N = 1 kg m /s2
– Pressure: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
– Energy: 1 J = 1 N-m
– Power: 1 W = 1 J/s

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Mole Units
 Special Note: Mole Unit
– Amount of a substance
– Molecular weight = mass of a mole of substance
• Numerically equal if using units in the same system
– Ex. for O2
• SI/CGS: 32 g/mol or 32 kg/kmol
• AES: 32 lb/lbmol
– Thus, conversion factors for kg-lb is the same as kmol-lbmol

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Force Units
 Special Note: Force and Weight
– Force = mass x acceleration
– Natural units: kg-m/s2, g-cm/s2, lbm-ft/s2
– Derived units
• SI: 1 N (Newton) = 1 kg-m/s2
• CGS: 1 dyne = 1 g-cm/s2
• AES: 1 lbf (pound-force) = 32.174 lbm-ft/s2
– Conversion from natural to derived

kg  m / s 2 g  cm / s 2 lbm  ft / s 2
gc  1 1  32.174
N dyne lb f

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Exercise
 Using newton’s second law, determine the conversion
factor between Newton and pound force.

 Answer: 1 lbf = 4.459 N

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Some Useful Conversion Factors
Length
1m = 0.3028ft , 2.54 cm = 1 inch, 1.6 km = 1 mile, 3ft = 1yd
Mass
1kg = 2.2lbs , 16 oz = 1 lb
Area
1 acre = 43560 ft2, 1 hectare = 10000m2
Volume
1m3 = 1000L, 1 US gallon = 3.785L = 128 fl oz
Energy
1cal = 4.184 J, 1kcal=1Cal=1000cal, 1Btu = 252cal = 1054J
Power
1hp = 746W

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3x5 Index Card

Last name, First name, MI.

Student Number 1 x 1 ID pic
Phone number
Email address

PTCICOE “Nickname”
Contact number of PTCICOE Na
Relation to PTCICOE

At the back: Class expectations

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Dimensional Homogeneity
Dimensional Homogeneity
 Every valid equation must be dimensionally homogeneous
– All additive terms must have the same dimensions
 Recall from Math:
ex 
 sin y 
ln x  x[]1  y[]1
cos y 
log x 
 Ex. A quantity k depends on temperature T in the following
manner (Arhenius Law)

 mol   20, 000[cal / mol ] 

k  3   1.2 10 exp  
5

 cm  s   1.987T [ K ] 
– What are the units of 1.2x105 and 1.987?

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Exercise
 The density of a fluid is given by the following empirical
correlation

Where the density is in pounds per cubic feet, and Pressure

is in mmHg.

Determine the units of 70.5 and 8.27x10-7

Derive the formula for the same form, but this time in g/mL
and kiloPascals.

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Exercise
 Ex. Given the Antoine equation, with values (Note, the
Antoine equation is an EMPIRICAL equation)
B
log P  mmHg   A 
T F   C

A = 6.85221 B = 1916.33 C = 385.6

– What are the units of A, B and C?
– Obtain new coefficients A’, B’ and C’ if T is to be in oC and P
in kPa.
Answer: A’ = 5.97711 B’ = 1064.63 C’ = 232

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Dimensionless Groups/Numbers
 Reynolds Number (NRe)
– Determines if fluid flow is laminar or turbulent

 Dimensionless numbers simplify the physical

understanding of a phenomenon
 Encountered frequently in Chemical Engineering.

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Exercise
 The Reynolds number is used to determine if the flow through
a conduit is either in the laminar, turbulent or transition regime
as shown below:
 Nre≤2100 : Laminar Dvr
 2100<Nre<4000 : Transition N Re =
 Nre≥4000 :Turbulent m
For the given data below, determine the flow regime:
D = 5.89in
v = 4.3m / s
lbm
r = 55.54 3
ft
m = 6.5´10-3 Pa - s

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Curve Fitting and Graphical
Representation of Data
Handling of Data
 Most of the data used by engineers are in the form of
tables, graphs, equations or formulas

 Equation to evaluate the skin friction in pipes

 This formula may also be represented by a chart/diagram

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Handling of Data

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Curve Fitting
 It is important to determine the mathematical relationship
between certain variables.
How?
 Conduct experiments, and use the obtained data to fit
into a model/equation.

 Fit semi-log, log-log, reciprocal, hyperbolic data as linear

equations
 Arrange equations so that the grouping of variables
result in a straight line plot (or other curves)
 Graphing can be done manually or by using programs
like MS Excel or hand held calculators

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Plot of a Straight Line

Equation: y = mx + b
where m is the slope
and b is the intercept

f(y) = m f(x) + b
log y = m (log x) + b
ln y = m (ln x) + b

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Example
The following table shows the specific heat of ethane as a
function of temperature:

Temperature, °C 38 66 93 121 149 204

Specific heat, cal/g- 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.61
°C

Given that the variation is linear, find the equation that

represents the data.

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Example
Temperature, °C 38 66 93 121 149 204
Specific heat, cal/g- 0.43 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.61
°C

Dependent variable:
Specific heat (y)
Independent variable:
Temperature (x)

At x = 0; b = 0.385.

A(180, 0.58), B(13, 0.40)

a = (0.58 – 0.40)/(180 - 13)
a = 0.00108

Equation of line: Cp = 0.00108T + 0.385

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Plotting a Straight Line

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Logarithmic Scales

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Case Study
Researchers have shown that Y varies with X according to
the following function:
Y  a exp  bX 
To determine the value of a and b, you performed the same
experiment that they did and came up with the following data
points:

X 2 5 9 12 18 22 23
Y 3.78 15.35 24.15 67.52 266.54 778.21 889.51

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Case Study
 A graph of your data points on rectangular (Cartesian)
coordinates looks like:
1000

800

600
Y

400

200

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
X

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 Case Study (Take log of both sides)
log Y   log  a   bX  log  e 
3

2
log(Y)

1
b log  e   0.11  b  0.253

log0a  0.48  a  3.02

0 5 10 15 20 25
X

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Semi-log Plot
1000

Plot values as is in the semi-log

100
plot
Y

10

1
0 5 10 15 20 25
X

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Semi-log Plot
1000

100
Y

10

1
0 5 10 15 20 25
X

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Case Study
1000

100
Y

10

a3
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
X

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Case Study
1000
log Y1   log a  b log  e   X 1 

log Y2   log a  b log  e   X 2 

100
Y

10 log Y2   log Y1 

b
log  e    X 2  X 1 

1
0 5 10 15 20 25
X

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Case Study
1000

14,100 
100
Y

10
log 100   log  3
b  0.2505
 0,31  log  e   14  0 
0 5 10 15 20 25
X

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Logarithmic Plots
 Logarithmic plots allow one to see more detail in graphs
where there is a wide range of values, but some of the
data are very close together.

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 Log-Log Graph
 Straight lines on log-log graph paper represents
equations of the following form:

Y  aX b

X 6 15 55 67 106 160 254 302 455 599 663

133.31
Y 3 187.116 302.615 325.54 385.162 449.243 533.022 568.276 661.334 732.158 760.181

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In Cartesian Coordinates

800

600

400
Y

200
Y  aX b

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
X

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Linearizing

3
log(Y)

2.5

log Y   log  a   b log  X 

2
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
log(X)

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Log-log plot
1000

100
Y

10
1 10 100 1000
X

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Obtain constants
1000

 50,300 
Y  aX b

1, 65
log Y2   log Y1 
100 b
Y

log  X 2   log  X 1 
log  300   log  65 

a  65 log  50   log 1
 0.39

10
1 10 100 1000
X

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Homework
In an electric generating station, the steam silica should be
maintained at a prescribed level. Excessive silica in the steam will
cause silica deposition in the turbine blades which will
considerably reduce turbine efficiency or even cause a plant
shutdown.
The following tabulation shows the maximum boiler pressure that
can be tolerated to maintain the steam silica at a satisfactory
level:
Silica, 7 5 4.2 3.5 3 2.5 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.2 1
ppm
Pres., 800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 2000
psig

If the above values will form a straight line on a semi-log scale,

find the appropriate equation that will represent the data.

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Example

Silica,p 7 5 4.2 3.5 3 2.5 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.2 1

pm
Pres.,
psig
800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 2000

Let Csilica = aebP (from y = aebx)

Taking the natural logarithm of both sides of the above
equation:
ln Csilica = bP + ln a
 Plot ln C vs. P on a rectangular plot, or
 Plot C vs P on a semilog plot

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 Example
P 800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 2000
LN(C) 1.9459 1.6094 1.4351 1.2528 1.0986 0.9163 0.7419 0.5306 0.4055 0.1823 0.0000

2.5

1.5

0.5
y = -0.0017x + 3.2822
R² = 0.9958
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

-0.5

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Example
 In a semi-log plot
100

10

1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

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Example

Silica, 7 5 4.2 3.5 3 2.5 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.2 1

ppm
Pres.,
psig
800 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 2000

ln Csilica = aP + ln b
 Plot C vs P on a semilog plot

Slope: b
C(600,10), D(1800,1.2)
b = (ln 10 – ln 1.2)/(600 – 1800)
= -1.77 x10-3

Csilica = 29e-0.00177P

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QUESTIONS?