LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS
Presented by:
Kristinelou Marie N. Reyna
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Presentation Outline

Definition and Causes

Prevalence
Transmission and Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
Nursing Management
DEFINITION &
CAUSES
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease
that primarily affects the lung parenchyma.
It also may be transmitted to other parts of
the body, including the meninges, kidneys,
bones, and lymph nodes. It is caused by the
primary infectious agent, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
DEFINITION &
CAUSES
Tuberculosis (TB) could spread to other
organ systems, which it then becomes
extrapulmonary tuberculosis. TB can be
placed into the following two categories:

Primary / Latent Tuberculosis – Although

a person’s body can be infected with
mycobacterium tuberculosis, they may
not be showing clinical signs and
symptoms. Most people have healthy
immune systems that will never allow TB
to take over their bodies.
DEFINITION &
CAUSES
Tuberculosis (TB) could spread to other
organ systems, which it then becomes
extrapulmonary tuberculosis. TB can be
placed into the following two categories:

Secondary Tuberculosis (Active) – This

will develop after the immune system of
a person is lowered. Reinfection will
occur and the person will start to show
clinical signs and symptoms.
 PREVALENCE
TB is a worldwide public health problem, and the mortality and
morbidity rates continue to rise. M. tuberculosis infects an
estimated one third of the world’s population and remains the
leading cause of death from infectious disease in the world.

About 1 million Filipinos have active TB disease. This is the third

highest prevalence rate in the world, after South Africa and
Lesotho.

In 2019, the Philippines had the highest TB incidence in Asia

with 554 cases per 100,000 people, according to a World Health
Organization (WHO) report. Approximately, 74 Filipinos die of TB
every day and is among the top 10 causes of death in the country.
Since then, the DOH has recorded 1.1 million TB cases, leaving 1.4
million more cases to find and treat in the next 2.5 years.
TRANSMISSION
Tuberculosis (TB) is contagious. It spreads
from person to person by airborne
transmission.
An infected person releases droplet nuclei
through talking, coughing, sneezing,
laughing, or singing.
Larger droplets settle; smaller droplets
remain suspended in the air and are
inhaled by the susceptible person.
RISK FACTORS
Close contact with someone who has active TB
Immunocompromised status
Preexisting medical conditions or special
treatment
Substance abuse
Immigration from countries with a high
prevalence of TB.
Any person without adequate health care.
Being a health care worker performing high-
risk activities.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Signs and symptoms include:
ASSESSMENT &
DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
Tuberculin Skin Test
The Mantoux test is used to determine if a
person has been in- fected with the TB
bacillus.

A small amount of a substance called PPD

tuberculin is injected just below the skin of
your inside forearm. Within 48 to 72 hours, a
health care professional will check your arm
for swelling at the injection site. A hard, raised
red bump means you're likely to have TB
infection.
ASSESSMENT &
DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
Chest X-ray Test
If a person have had a positive skin test,
doctor is likely to order a chest X-ray. This
may show white spots in his lungs where
immune system has walled off TB bacteria, or
it may reveal changes in his lungs caused by
active tuberculosis.
ASSESSMENT &
DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
Sputum Test
Also known as a sputum culture, it is a test
that your doctor may order when you have a
respiratory tract infection or other lung-
related disorder to determine what is growing
in the lungs.

The samples are tested for TB bacteria. These

bacteria can also be tested to see if they are
resistant to the effects of medications
commonly used to treat tuberculosis.
 CLASSIFICATION OF TB
Data from the history, physical examination, skin
test, chest x-ray, and microbiologic studies are used
to classify TB into one of five classes.

Class 0: no exposure; no infection

Class 1: exposure; no evidence of infection
Class 2: latent infection; no disease (eg, positive
PPD reaction but no clinical evidence of active TB)
Class 3: disease; clinically active
Class 4: disease; not clinically active
Class 5: suspected disease; diagnosis pending