2. Recommended Nutrient requirement during Pregnancy, provide a table.

Answer:

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS DURING PREGNANCY

Nutrient Pregnancy Requirement
Calcium 1000 mg/day
Iron 27 mg/day
Vitamin A 770 mcg/day
Vitamin C 85 mg/day
Vitamin D 400-600 IU/day
Vitamin B6 1.5 mg/day
Vitamin B12 2.6 mg/day
Folic Acid 600-800 mcg/day
Calorie 300-350 kcal/day
Protein 82.2 g/day

21.
These are malignant neoplasms, what disease is this?
22.
What are mini-strokes?
23.
A medical term for blood clot.
24.
When an elderly cannot recognize familiar things.
25.
Impaired ability to comprehend or express verbal language.

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
o
Stochastic Theories
-
Based on random events that cause cellular damage that accumulates as organism
ages

Free Radical Theory
o
Membranes, nucleic acids, and proteins are damaged by free
radicals which causes cellular injury and aging

Orgel/Error Theory
o
Errors in DNA and RNA synthesis occur with aging

Wear & Tear Theory
o
Cells wear out and cannot function with aging

Connective Tissue/Cross-Link Theory
o
With aging proteins impede metabolic processes and cause trouble
with getting nutrients to cells and removing cellular waste products
o
Nonstochastic Theories
-
Based on genetically programmed events caused by cellular damage that
accelerates aging of the organism

Programmed Theory
o
Cells divide until they are no longer able to; this triggers apoptosis or
cell death

Gene/Biological Clock Theory
o
Cells have a genetic programmed aging code

Neuroendocrine Theory
o
Problems with the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Endocrine Gland
Feedback System causes disease; increased insulin growth factor
increases aging

Immunological Theory
o
Aging is due to faulty immunological function which is linked to
general well being

NURSING THEORIES OF AGING
o
Functional Consequences Theory
-
Environmental and biopsychosocial consequences impact functioning. Nursing’s role
is to minimize age-associated disability in order to enhance safety and quality of living
o
Theory of Thriving
-
Failure to thrive results from a discord between the individual and his or her
environment or relationships. Nurses identify and modify factors that contribute to
disharmony among these elements