PHYSICAL EDUCATION

CLASS XII
CHAPTER – I
PLANNING IN SPORTS
Planning
Planning is the process of thinking and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. It
comprises of process setting goals, developing strategies and scheduling task to achieve goals. In simple words.
Planning is deciding in advance what to do , when , where how and by whom it is to be performed. Planning
helps us in reaching our destination efficiently and smoothly.

According to Allen, “A plan is a trap laid to capture the future”.

Objectives of Planning :
1. To reduce unnecessary pressure of immediacy- when tournaments or competitions are conducted
without proper planning, pressures will remain there to achieve goals.
2. To keep good control over all the activities – planning & control are connected together , proper plan
leads to have a control on activities & tournament will be easier.
3. To facilitate proper coordination –objective is proper coordination among various member of
committees.
4. To reduce chance of mistakes – planning reduces chances of mistake.
5. To increase efficiency- sports official become efficient with the help of a proper planning.
6. To increase the creativity – proper planning increases creativity among officials , teachers & coaches.
7. To enhance the sports Performance – planning improves performance of sportspersons.

TOURNAMENT
Tournament is a series of sports in which a team finally wins and rest of the teams lose the matches. Before
organizing tournament it is essential to prepare a good plan. Tournaments are helpful in harmonious
development of participants.
Importance of tournaments :
1. Development of sports skills - maximum number of participation improves skills – technical & tactical
both ,finally game improves
2. Propaganda of sports - tournaments helpful in publicising sports , it creates interest in that sports.
3. Helpful in selection of players – on the basis of tournament good players can be selected.
4. Development of National & International Integration - helpful in creating unity & brotherhood
5. Development of social qualities – Sports teaches Social traits – tolerance , sympathy , cooperation ,
brotherhood , discipline & ethical values – fair play , justice & respect for others.
6. Source of Recreation – provide ample recreation to the spectators
TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS

1. KNOCK –OUT TOURNAMENT – In this tournament, a team which is once defeated , automatically
gets eliminated from the tournament. Only the winning teams continues in the tournament. It means
second opportunity is not given to defeated team, opportunities are given to winning teams or players.

Advantages – Disadvantage-
 Less expensive
 Helpful in enhancing the standard of sports Maximum chance of weak team to enter into final
 Less time to complete the tournament round
 Minimum no of officials are required. Many chances of elimination
Spectators may not have enough interest

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2 LEAGUE TOURNAMENT
- Round Robin tournament
- Each team plays with every other team once if it is single league & if it is a double league – each
team plays twice.
- No element of chance and the real winner is picked up easily at the end.

Types of league tournament

( ) b) Double league  N (N- 1)
a) Single league –> N
Advantages Disadvantages
 Only single or deserving team gets victory  More time
 Every team gets full opportunity to show its  Costs more
performance  Teams coming from far and wide face
 It make sports popular owing to maximum problems
no. of matches  Require more arrangement for sports
 Sports officials do not face any difficulty officials
 Team need not wait to win other team  Most of the teams psychologically down due
 Appropriate opportunities are available to to their defeat again & again
the players
 Spectators also enjoy these games

2. COMBINATION TOURNAMENT
These tournament are conducted when matches are to be played on a group basis or zonal basis. These
tournament depend on the suitability of the activity, no. of participating teams and the areas and distance
from which they come to participate.
a) Knock out cum knock out
 Total no of teams are divided into four equal zones.
 First of all the teams of each zone will play on Knock–out basis. In this way , a team
becomes winner of all four zones.
 All the four winners team again play their matches on Knock -out basis.
 The team that wins in the final becomes winner of inter zonal tournament
b) League cum league
 Total no of teams are divided into four equal zones.
 First of all the teams of each zone will play on league basis. It is called Zonal or group
tournament.
 All the four zonal winners team again play their matches on league basis.
 The team that wins in the final becomes winner of inter zonal or group tournament
c) Knock – out cum league
 Total no of teams are divided into four equal zones.
 First of all the teams of each zone will play on knock–out basis.
 All the four zonal winners team again play their matches on league basis.
 The team that wins in the final becomes winner of inter zonal or group tournament
d) League cum Knock –out tournament
 Total no of teams are divided into four equal zones.
 First of all the teams of each zone will play on league basis.
 All the four zonal winners team again play their matches on knock -out basis.
 The team that wins in the final becomes winner of inter zonal or group tournament
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SEEDING
Seeding is such a method in which strong teams/players are selected to keep them at appropriate places in the
fixture so that they may not meet in the earlier rounds. They usually meet at the stage of Quater final.
Special Seeding
In this seeded players participate directly in the quarter final or semi final. They need not wait for longer
duration.

Procedure of fixture in a league or Round Robin Tournament

a) Cyclic Method
 In this method if the number of teams is in even number, the team number 1 is fixed on the top
of the right hand side and then other team numbers are in ascending order consecutively
downward and then upward on the left side.
 If the number of team is in odd number, the bye is fixed on the top of the right side. The rest of
the procedure is same.
 Teams are rotated in the clockwise direction.
 If the no of teams is in even number, the number of rounds will be N-1 and if the no of teams is
in odd number, the number of rounds will remain the same.
b) Staircase Method
 In this fixtures are made like ladder or a staircase
 Easiest method because no bye is given to any team and there is no problem of odd and even
number of teams.
c) Tabular Method
Method of deciding the winner in a league tournament

a) British Method  Percentage of points =


b) American Method  Percentage =

BYE
A team which gets bye, does not play in the first round. It is a form of privilege to a team which is exempted
to participate in the first round. It is given by drawing lots. If the number of teams in a tournament is in the
power of 2,4,8,16,32 and 64 etc, bye is not given to any team.

VARIOUS COMMITTEES
 Committee for publicity – announce date, venue & sports events to the printing
 Transport Committee – provide facilities regarding transportation to various teams
 Boarding & lodging Committee- provide accommodation & serving meals
 Decoration & Ceremony Committee – responsible for decoration of sports arena
 Refreshments & entertainment Committee – refreshment to guest
 Reception Committee – welcome guest & spectators
 Committee For officials –select various officials like time keeper, refree , umpire ,lap scorers,
recorders & judges
 Announcement Committee – announce opening & closing ceremonies , name of officials, when event
will take place etc
 First aid Committee – this is headed by well qualified doctor, provides first aid victim to injured or
affected victim or sports person
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INTRAMURALS : derived from latin words ‘intra‘ which means within and ‘muralis’ which means
walls.
It means activities which are performed with in an Institution.

Significance of Intramurals :
a) Significant for physical , mental, emotional
and social development
b) Lay stress on moral & ethical values
c) Development of health of children
d) Important to calm down the fighting instinct
of children
e) Developing leadership qualities
f) Ample opportunities for students to
participate in games.

Objectives of Intramurals
1. To develop opportunity to every student to
participate in games & sports
2. To develop the leadership qualities among
students
3. To develop the feeling of cooperation
4. To develop the feeling of sportsmanship
5. To develop to learn a variety of games and
skills
6. To find out the talented sportsperson
7. To provide the opportunity to develop
personality

ACTIVITIES FOR INTRAMURALS

 Major games – volleyball , cricket , hockey ,basketball etc.
 Minor Games – Shuttle runs , kho- kho, Tag games, Circle games , sack race etc.
 Rhythmics – dumb bell , folk dance, group dance marching etc.
 Creative Activities – Painting , drawing, making models etc.
 Combative Activities – Boxing , judo , karate etc.

EXTRAMURALS
Derived from latin words – extra means outside and muralis means wall .It means that the activities which
are performed outside the walls of an institution or school. It means an activities which are organized by the
school/ institution and the students of two or more schools participate in them.

Significance of Extramural:
a) Provide opportunities to schools to show their
sports capabilities d) For making and implementing the programmes
b) For enhancing the standard of sports of physical education more effective
performance e) Improve the opportunities to participate in
c) Provide appropriate knowledge of sports sports.
techniques.
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Objectives of Extramural
1. To improve the standard of sports 4. To broaden the base of sports
2. To provide experience to students 5. To provide the knowledge of new rules &
3. To develop sportsmanship and fraternity advanced techniques

SPECIFIC SPORTS PROGRAMMES

 Not usually related to competition

 Have various objectives such as creating awareness among people regarding unity ,health and diseases
like AIDS ,Swine flu or raising funds for charitable institutions
 Organized for promotion and maintenance of health among people

SPORTS DAY

 Harmonious development of children in schools

 Various sports activities in which physical & recreational activities are included
 Sports day is organized by each and every school
 A day is fixed in a year for Sports day
 On this day ample opportunities are provided to each children
 Young children take specific interest in such activities.
 Children seen more enthusiastic on this day
 School authorities lay stress on the maximum no of participation
 Level of health also increased
 Various social qualities like : brotherhood , friendship, honesty , cooperation , tolerance, unity etc
are developed

HEALTH RUNS

 Organized by health department, sports department or Social department

 Purpose to improve standard of health
 Aim can be raising of funds for charity
 A great physical activity with significant health benefits
 For this a pair of shoes and light clothes
 No competition
 Date and time is also fixed in advance
 Suggestions to make it more effective and safe
 Avoid tension before coming
 Breathing should be rhythmic and deep
 Don’t bend your body from hip level
 Both arms should swing equally
 Consume adequate fluid before and after run

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 RUN FOR FUN

 Objective to spread the message among the masses to remain healthy and fit
 Motivate the people to exercise regularly and stay healthy
 Related to have fun and frolic during running
 Enjoyment & recreation rather than competition
 Organized to raise funds for charity
 Can include novel categories – wearing costumes and categories for children, teenagers and adults.

RUN FOR SPECIFIC CAUSE

 Related to good and nobel cause

 Organized for various categories of participants
 Distance of run may vary for different categories of participants
 Purpose is to raise the fund for specific cause
 Usually main reason is to stay fit and create a healthy balance in life
 Social non profit organizations organizes marathon race or run for special cause such as helping
the patients of cancer, physically handicapped, AIDS etc
 EG : Mumbai Marathon and Chennai Marathon

RUN FOR UNITY

 To shown unity and peace among people of different religions

 Purpose may be national and international integration & Brotherhood
 In some countries it is organized to celebrate their independence
 Brings a sense of togetherness among people

A fixture of six teams on league basis according to the cyclic method .

Ans. Total no of teams = 6
( ) ( )
Total No of matches= =
( )
= = = 15 matches
No. of rounds = N-1 = 6-1 = 5 ROUNDS

NOTE: In odd teams bye fix right side

In even teams 1 fix right side

Explain the staircase method of league tournament.

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Ans. In staircase method, fixtures are made just like a ladder or a staircase. This method is easiest method
because no bye is given to any team and there is no problem of odd and even no. of teams. For eg. A fixture
of 9 teams on league basis according to staircase method will be drawn in the following way :

Draw a fixture of 16 teams using knockout cum league method.

Ans. All the 16 teams are divided in 4 zones . first of all the teams play there matches in their respective
zones on knock out basis and one team becomes a winner from each zone. After that the 4 winner teams
again play there matches on league base and one team becomes the winner of inter group or zone
tournament.

NOTE: See Combination tournament on the page no: 2 (given above )

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 OBJECTIVE TYPE / MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q1. State whether the following statements are True or False.

a) Planning is necessary for success in sports events.
b) Intramural competitions are within an institution.
c) Community walk is a competitive event.
d) Organising Committee is headed by a Chairman.
e) Knockout tournaments do not eliminate the losing team.

Q2. Fill in the blanks.

a) League tournament is also known as ............
b) .................... is the process of allowing a team to go to the next level in a tournament without
c) playing.
d) ......... committee handles the budget of a tournament.
e) In single league tournament, each team plays the other team ..................
f) Community bonding occurs in .................. tournaments.

Q3. Tick (✓) the correct option.

(a) A 5-km community walk is a type of ....
(i) Intramural competition (iii) Extramural competition
(ii) Specific sports programme (iv) National tournament
(b) Round Robin tournaments are of ... types.
(i) Three (ii) Four (iii) Two (iv) Six
(c) Knockout tournament is also known as ....
(i) Elimination tournament (iii) Challenge tournament
(ii) Round robin tournament (iv) Consolation tournament
(d) Planning in sports leads to .....
(i) Increased expenditure (iii) Increased mistakes
(ii) Better coordination (iv) Favouritism
(e) Pre-tournament committees include ... .
(i) Organisation committee (iii) Medical committee
(ii) Awards committee (iv) Transport committee
(f) Umpires, referees and record keepers are a part of ...
(i) Awards committee (iii) Officials committee
(ii) Organising committee (iv) Medical committee
(g) Knock-out, league & combination are types of ... .
(i) Sporting equipment (iii) Prizes
(ii) Tournaments (iv) Awards
(h) Intramural competitions are between ....
(i) Same school (iii) Same state schools
(ii) Countrywide schools (iv) Different countries
(i) Inter-school competitions are called ....
(i) Extramural (iii) Intramural
(ii) National (iv) Olympics
(j) Seeding is given in a fixture to ....
(i) Weak teams (iii) Favourite teams
(ii) Strong teams (iv) Local teams
(k) Under ... procedure, good teams do not meet each other at the very start of the tournament
(i) Seeding (iii) Combination
(ii) Fixture (iv) Elimination

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 ASSIGNMENT

Q1. Define seeding and bye. Explain the procedure for giving ‘bye’.

Q2. Discuss intramurals? Explain any five objectives of intramurals .Mention the significance of
intramurals for school children.

Q3. Define knock-out tournament. Draw the fixtures of 14, 17, 19, 21 teams on knock-out basis.

Q4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of knock -out tournament .

Q5. What do you mean by tournament? Elucidate the importance of tournaments in detail.

Q6. What is a league tournament? Explain its merits ,demerits and types .

Q7. Discuss extramurals. Explain any five objectives of extramurals. Mention the significance of
extramurals for school children.

Q8. What do you mean by specific sports programmes? Explain about health runs and run for unity in
detail .

Q9. Draw a league fixture for 6 & 9 teams using both (cyclic, staircase method).

Q10. Define Planning. Explain the objectives of planning.

Q11. Elucidate the committees and their responsibilities of inter school CBSE basketball tournament.

Q12. Define combination tournament. Draw a fixture of 16 teams using League cum Knock–out,
Knock out cum League method