Suma LES enED enarrwenr If oF EDUCATION General Mathematics Quarter 1 - Module 5: Inverse Functions, Exponential Functions Scanned with CamScanner&) What I Need to Know This module was desi you master Inverse Fur permits it to be used in. the diverse vocabulary sequence of the cou; correspond with the The module is divide igned and written with you in mind, It is here to help rnctions and Exponential Functions. The scope of this module many different learning situations. The language used recognizes level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard ise. But the order in which you read them can be changed to textbook you are now using. d into two lessons, namely: Lesson 1 ~ Solving Problems Involving Inverse Functions Lesson 2 — Representing Real-Life Situations Using Exponential Functions And Distinguishing Exponential Functions, Equations and Inequalities After going through this module, you are expected to 1. solve problems involving inverse functions; 2. represent real-life situations using exponential functions; and 3. distinguish among exponential functions, exponential equations, and exponential inequalities. @ What I Know Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. For numbers 1-2. The number of bottled drinking water y consumed in a day is directly related to the number of workers in a company. Suppose this is represented by ye3x. 1. Which ofthe following is the inverse function model? A. f74Q) = 3x cb @)= (3) B.f7@)=x3 p.mw=@x ‘were consumed? any workers are there if 450 bottles 2 How oe 3 C. 150 workers. D. 50 workers ‘A. 1350 workers B. 450 workers 3. Which of the following is an example of an exponential function? ar) By-l* c.yex? D.y-t-3 ‘ch of the following is ch example of an exponential equation? = 4. Which ofthe flowing sah eta nponets aoe Ay=s = For numbers 5-6. Suppose thatthe half-life ofa certain radioactive substance is 3 days and there are 60 grams initially. * cnet)! yi 7 D. y= 60(3) B. y=60(2) : of substance remaining after 9 days? : 6: What i he amount OFS me 7 Serums. 3:75 grams 2 Scanned with CamScannersp apps Solving Problems Involving Inverse Functions using one-to-ont tons, determine the inverse of one-to-one functions, g one-to-one functions, how to throughs table shee ee and how to represent an inverse function concept, ime Will be more exciting as we will find out how we can apply all these *pts in solving problems involving Inverse Functions! Let's get started! What’s In EE * Definition of an Inverse Function Let fbe a one-to-one function with domain. Aand range B. Then the inverse of f, denoted by f~!, is a function with domain B and range A defined by f-1() = x if and only if f(x) = y for any yin B. A function has an inverse function if and only if it is one-to-one. Suggested Steps in finding the inverse of a one-to-one function “Variable Interchange Technique” Step 1. Write the function in the form of y=ftx) Step 2. Interchange the x and y variables Step 3. Solve for y in terms of x — What’s New ‘we can apply the concepts of inverse functions in solving word problems involving reversible processes. Let's think of the following scenarios: vr saked your frend to tink of a non-negative number, add jo 1 Suppose, Yo ating nmber, mulpy the reul by 3 and die the jo to the number, sare oe Tt gogo nko the orginal umber that your end result by 2: he rena i neon that wl Prove the si Thought o® Construct a result is given. Scenari us ty to imagine the scenario structing the inverse function, let us try i Before we proceed constnting Aon nave input of that non-negative number, say sing fo mach ity eertain number, say 94 a8 given ; al voit ace as reversing the process in the first machine ts input wil ‘The second machine Wi 26 pat from the fst machine, say Sf a8 gven, and its Soke mate in cone ot fo Oy ggan econ ey Be Staput il be thei Srenal mamber. a Scanned with CamScannerInput. x add nwo to the number square the resulting number multiply the result by 3 divide the result by 2 Output 54 Notice that in Machine 2, the — original 54 [ Dace operations are reversed together with the Input multiply the number by 2 direction of the flow divide the result by 3 (this time, from bottom get the square root of to top). Refer to our the resulting number color coding that subtract two from the number] marks inverse TT operations. So, what do you think is the original number, x? Note: Try to solve this mentally! You can do it! Ifyou have answered x= 4 as the original number, then you are correct! If not, its okt you may go back and figure it out. You can do it! Let’s check together. Note that the second machine “undoes” what the first machine does. Following the rule inside the second machine, we have s4 / [Machine 2} ‘ Input multiply the number by2 | > 54x2= 108 divide the result by 3 — 108 > VW get the square root of the resulting number _ subtract two from the number | x\ > Hence, the original number, , that your friend thought of 6-294 4 i i a general, no mater what input eee tha this sow averse fenton works 18 gene ements hat Np uaa fod oe ott Joe sen eyachine (inverse function of the original function) @Q) What is It int approach ‘es in solving a problem involving inverse functions, ‘There ae €* in io mental computation. However, some cases ee in rae ein gee ap ind hat inves ergs mach eee machin oh i an nd ca oraees Foose ts th nd he prosene often ier ind whats Scanned with CamScannerInthe cer ; Trscai bine scenatio, we have tried to solve the problem using mental computation thru Weal sake geumations as machines. Let us go back tothe problem and this time, oe tl che het “variable interchange technique” in constructing We are asked to construct an invé 0 ae fn inverse function that will provide the original number if Solution: Fist ct us construct the orignal function (this acts asthe frst machine that wl compute the nal number up based on the onal number pe wing & ructions, we can come up with this function: fix) =(x + 2)? 3*2 or ftx)= 2222", Note that the graph of this function, as shown below, on.the left is not a one-to-one function because it does not satisfy the horizontal line test. But, since the instruction indicated that the original number (input) must be non-negative, then we can say that domain of the function must be restricted to 0, and on the right, below. enti sophie shows i . =| A one-to-one = e+e arantees us of fixje MESEE BO ye Custence of function. ‘The function with restricted domain x20 is then one-to-one funetion, and this guarantees us that an inverse function exists. We can now construct the inverse function by following the “variable interchange technique” that we have learned from the past lesson. seat STEP 1. Write fs}as y STEP 2. Interchange xand 4 x= 2 yeo STEP 3. Solve for y in terms of agent pox a 2e20222 — Multiply both sides by 2 which i : the Least Common Denominator, LCD) 2x= 30+ 2) Divide both sides by 3 FBeKoFO cntesnurerstihaie Wott hice yx 0, oe do nt consider Subtract 2 on both sides Scanned with CamScannerBy Symmetric Property of Equality ‘The inverse function of f(x) then is f(x) = of STEP 4. Write yas f-¥(x) f'@) fz Fe Ba, Finally, we evaluate the is ly, we evaluate the inverse function at x = 54 to determine the original number. rig = PEO, = V56-2 6-2 S64) = 4 ‘Therefore, the original number is 4. > The “variable interchange technique” that we have utilized in constructing inverse fanction may not always be applicable in other types of problems, specially, if the variables denote specific meaning and value. In that case, we will opt to “solve for the other variable” instead to find the inverse function, To illustrate, let us check Scenario 2: Scenario 2. Engineers have determined that the maximum force t in tons that a particular bridge can carry is related to the distance d in meters between its supports by the following function: cca tow far should the supports be ifthe bridge isto support 6.5 tons? Construct en iaverse function to determine the result " a Se Soles idenntes maximum force tin tons. To lessen confusion in this eae, let us motes and {eng re ey denote specific values. We solve instead for in terms oft (8 yen te Get the cube root of both sides de Veedei# Multiply both sides by d whic isthe LED aM 125 aM 8 Divide both sides by VE ‘the inverse function is d(0) = "Z Let ws now evaluate the inverse function at t= 68 469" 3 “es (65) = 670 we can now constde that the SUPP ts should be placed at most 6.70 meters apart, 6 Scanned with CamScanner@) emma Activity: The relationshi ity: The relationship between the age of a man and his son is given by fixJ=4x+5. a. What dos 1 7 owns goua. {32 represen ff) is the age ofthe father? ¢. Find f*(45) @) What I Have Learned 1, We can apply the concepts of inverse functions in solving word problems involving reversible processes. 2. Itis essential for us to understand the problem and to know what js being asked for us to be able to construct a mathematical model - 3. It would be helpful if we can also visualize inverse functions as two machines that undo each other, 4, In constructing inverse functions in problem solving, one may opt to use the snariable interchange technique”, but, in other cases where variables denote specific meaning and values, we may just “solve for the other variable” to avoid confusion, i) What I Can Do 1. A particular breed of tilapia has its weight w (in kilograms) related te length I {in ein) modelled by the Function w= (9.24510 Explain why the function is one-to-one, even itis a quadratic function. >, Find the inverse of this function : Find the approximate length of a single feb if its weight s 400 grams Assessment or numbers 3-4, A trumber” is 20 more than three times another number. 1. foal is the “umber”, what is the Fenction model fo for this problem? 2. What does /~1(x) represent? : 3 What is the equation for /-'2)2 3. What 33 {he wale ofthe other number ifthe “number” has a value of 110? Scanned with CamScanner@s.) Additional Activities Suppose a particular real esta ' a ae eee a. What is the best model function for this scenario, assuming y is his monthly earnings and xis his total sales? b. What would be the sales function for this problem? ¢ the total sales if the real estate agent’s earnings for the month c. How much should b is P20,000 Representing Real-Life Situations Using Exponential Functions _ revious lessons, we were able to represent real-life situations using one and to learn about the concept of inverse functions. tations using Exponential 1 Punetions, -In the p1 to-one function: ‘This time, we will learn how to 0 learn how represent real-life situ Functions. We will als« to distinguish among Exponential Equations, and Inequalities. Let's ge @ What’s In jon where each element in the domainis related ¢ started! + A function is a relat! fo only one value in the range by some rule ape the elements of the domain can be +4 roe trat input to a machine thet seg rate so that cach input Sonds to onty 1 output + Function notation =f) Scanned with CamScanneragg cane Pea ‘The spread of a pandemic, su growth” in the early stages, ich as COVID-19, wo W ), would normally resemble “exponential Philippines (UP). esi according to a research institute i it 4 arch institute in the the What do you think this means? How ean we picture ieee Figure 1 below shot ws a fe inven tat erasers Cae te ls bt coe Fonts 00 asd on Uo Se et ‘hephilpsinesniehtforgoicymaling), The bi uetion nur inch indicates. the basic reproduction number Ry which indicates the rae o pend othe pancemseis 140 by teeth ste sconce, Aon to them, a reproduction mumber R>1 indicates thatthe pandemic spreading andthe mumber of new COVID-19 is increasing, They added thatthe higher the reproduction umber, the faster the epidemic will pread. On the other hand, having R <1 is what int to achieve, as this will indicate that the number of new COVID-19 is decreasing. sno 5 19 in the Philippi Figure 1: Forecast of Cov uusing R= 140 "9020 released report of UP OCTA Research Institute How do you think were they able to forecast such trend? How were they able to vec up with a mathematical model that can represent the whole scenario? ‘As a responsible citizen, how can you be a part ofthe mitigation and eradication of the pandemic? ‘Activity 2: This activity wil hep introduce the cohept of an exponential function. Have tei ae and a pair of acissors. Follow the instructions below. (You may do this aerate mayrask help from your family members to accomplish (is) Tnatructions Tat Step 0, there is 1 stein ; TAL Step 0, thers | gto two equal pars and then cut atthe middle How 2 At Sep 1 fl ibd you ave? On ane of paper, copy the able below tnd enter your answer. . tnd enter Your AMSAT ch ofthe strings equal and then cut How many strings 3. At Step 2, 30Gjo you have? Enter Your answer. : of equal length do Zoey unt ve table is completly fled-up, Step Sit f2}s/4[stelz Runberorsinge |? Scanned with CamScannerQuestions: 1. What have you observed nu observed with the result 1 What have fesults found in the table? a ao a best describes the relationship between the Steg end the ‘nam r of let xas the "step number" and yaa the numberof tings". Answers: Step Oli (2138/4 [5 TZ é Number of Strings [1]2]4[8 [16] 32 [64 | 128 1. Yes, there is a pattern! It can be observed that as the “step number” increases by one, the “number of strings” doubles. 2, If xis the “step number” and y is the ‘number of lationship can be described by the function y = 2* Sep om aiml eae islam [ese eom |r on Number of Stings | 1 | 2 | 4-18 | 16 [32 | 64 | 128 |g | TPaysys Ty ays ? ylalala ||] ele pe What is It Exponential functions occur in various in real-world situations. Exponential fanction tare used to model real-life situations, such as population growth radioactive Gecay, carbon dating, growth of an epidemic, loan interest rates, and investments. Definition: : An exponential function with Let us have the formal definition of an exponential function. base bis a function of the form y or flsj-b", where b>O, bel, and the variable xcan be any real number, xe. In the activity that we had, y=2* be2 and a variable exponent x. (Tah that is positive and not equal to,1 and the Going back to the table were we (increase) How about this table below? What is the ea) Ne ‘PP Do you think this is an exponential function? the telationship between and jg an example of an exponential function with a base derived y=2? ihe note that in all cases the base bis always constant we exponent xis the one that varies.) x, we can observe that there is a drastic or ceittinerease of y values as x increases by }- This illustrates an exponential growth: yuation of the function that best describes a a eee Va [a | we | 2 | w | we] we (Gras uy tw analyze the emereini Cquation of a function deseribing 10 pattern from the table 60 we can come up wit the relationship between x and y. ee Scanned with CamScannerORAS ie a amen x s im a : 7s = = = i ~y | @ 10 |1@|@ @ | @ orf) =(2)". Note 1 . FG) = (Z)". Note that the base bis, Since b> Oandb # 1 arid the exponent xis a variable, then we can say that f(x) = (!)" is an exponential function. Further, by analyzing the table, we can obsorve that there i a drastic op rapid decrease of values of y as x increases by 1. This illustrates an exponential decay (decrease) which we will understand better as we deal with real-life situations as we go along, Note that although exponential functions are defined to be of the form y=b* or fl)=b*, where 60, bel, and xe %, many applications involve transformation of exponential function such as. gfx) a* bY ° Can you think of an example of a real-life situation that can be modeled by an exponential function? Hint: activities or situations that involve rapid increase or decrease. Some of the most common applications in real-life situations and their transformations are population growth illustrates exponential growth), exponential decay, and compound interest. We will try to represent these real-life situations using an exponential function. Bear in mind that we need to pay attention to the emerging pattern s0 we can generate our mathematical model. Let's get started! |A. Popiilation Growth. On several instances, scientists start with a certain number of aoe or animals and watch how the population grow. For example, if the population Baubles every 3 days, this can be represented as an exponential function. lly 25 bacteria. Suppose that Example 1 Let t= time in hours. ACO, there were initial ‘al model for the number of the bacteria double every 100 hours. Give an exponent bacteria as a function of t Solution: ‘niall, at =O | Number ofbacteria =25 _ —omtewsiuenas_25(2)° = 25(2) ALE=100 | wumber of bacteria =25(2) em bewritenas 252)" = 25(2):08, ‘at =200 | Number of bacteria =25(2)° = 25(2)% at =300 | Number of bacteria »25(2)* = 25(2) 0 at =400, | number of bacteria =252)" = 25) we can say that this population growth situation is inction y=25(2)* oF ft}= 25(2)s. Looking at the emerging pattern, best modelled by the exponential fu cic aad Population Growth. = omential Models a8 Fey every units of time. Ifyy isthe initial amount, after t units of time is given by y= Exp ‘Suppose a quantity then the quantit Scanned with CamScannerB. Exponential De, Radioactive subst The halflife ofa radionning coms that decay naturally. decay. tive substance isthe time it takes for half ofthe substance Example 2. Th: aa Rapes of a radioactive substance is the amount of the time it takes Substance ic io auestance © decay. Suppose the halflife of « certain radioactive lays, and there are 100 grams initially. a) Give an expone: . ;Ponential model for the Amount of radioactive substance as a function of b) Determine the amount of substance’ remaining after 30 days. Solution: a) Let tbe the time in days. We use the fact that the mass is halved every 10 definition of halflife) jays (from Inia, at 0 [Amount ofsubstancerioo g -=109(8)_=_100(3) —..Crti‘CaOr—sSshrCrhCrh 320 |amountofeubetance «25g = 100(s)" = 100(3)= sg_= 0!) = _100()F ‘at 40 | amount of substance =6.25g + 100(3) at &=30 | Amount of substance =! Looking at the emerging pattern, we can say that this radioactive desey (exponential function ye100(2)" or decay) situation is best modelled by the exponential = 100(!) by tree tot at dhe table, we ould easily se thatthe amount of substance remaining & we Tak at a rams, We may also substitute 90 in our derived formula or a eo tnd the amount of substance remaining, oo(2)'=100(2)+12.§ grams 30) 100(2) ote: Compound interest willbe discussed in more depth in er jusiness Mathematics. For now, let us have in rns an interest compounded annually c) Compound Interest. the later module of Grade 11 coverins tind that an amount that a principal that ea t earns interest every Year. ‘ed P100, 000.00 in a company that offers 6% interest genre Mi, Dels Cries Deane Ct acpnental moire enh ft as a function of t Solution a) Let tbe the time in tus a model of the situation. means that i years. We want fo construct a pattern that would give THA a FO vestment = 7100, 000, = 100,00005.08)" SET [fnvestment= P100, 000(1.00) = P 106. 000 = 100,000(1.06)" SET [invent FG, 000 (06) =P 112, 360 = 100, 000(4.06)" BET: [nsestmest 713, 3601.06) = F119, 101,60 = 100,000.06)" SES [investment — 9, 101 601.08) = P 126, 247.70 = 100,000(1.06)" i 12 Scanned with CamScanner‘An exponential model for this compound it it . pol creeaniel spound interest situation is y =100,000(1.06)' or Compound Interest if principal P is invested at a invested at an annual rate ofr, compounded annuelly, then th amount after t years is given by A= P(1 +n) i oes EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS, EQUATIONS, AND INEQUALITIES ‘Moving on, we will now disting i I ow distinguish among exponential functions, exponential equations, and exponential inequalities. Consider a, b,c. What can you say about these? How are they similar? How are they different? + alae t= 16x byy=2* vam . possible Answers: Items (a), (0, and (all nvolve expressions with a variable ine exponent. Ttems (a) and (c) involve only one variable, but (D) exprestes relationship exponent. ems (3 27 fone (a) and (involve inequality, But) involves an inequaliY Definition Definition at expression is an expression of the form ax b*+ dy where 20, bel. [bea ‘The definitions of exponential equations, inequalities, and functions are shown belo’ [Exponential Exponential Exponential . | Equation Inequality Function Definition ‘An Gquation [An inequality [Function of the involving involving form fle)=0*, exponential exponential where b>0, bF 1 expressions expressions | Example = 16 36120 [sas ore What’s More Activity: Exponential Function or Not? oon a piece of paper, write BP if it displays an exponential function, and NEF if not Reagon out your answer. 1. FO) =x 2. f= 3. Fe) Answers - 3 Tey= 2 NEF aye EF ‘This o a quadratic function. Sice boo, be, and exponent x is a Tina andra ANE rane pov | rable, then, tio ie a2 expunental The ate enetal to 1 and it should be the | function. Rumveht that varies for this t0 be an | cxponential function. 13, Scanned with CamScannercore! fcon : ‘cannot be equal to se | Since boo, be Guuptbeemaltoltran aaponeuat® |S BD, be, and enpoen ax ae that even if an exponential function. Note the variable x has 2 beside it, i's ‘ok, the whole 2 will stil vary as we input 3. y= CF NEF any real number x iD aes general, the base of an £, negative F. cannot be 8. y=()"" er, Since b>0, bs 1 and exponent 2 varies, then, tis san exponential function, Same ide vith number’ the whole dor wil vary a we input any real number fo Activity 2: Exponential Function, Expo Identify whether the following is an Expor (EE), Exponential Inequality (EI), or Neithe nential Equation, Exponential Inequality ential Function (EF), Exponential Equation er of the three (Neither) 4 i= 52 = 1654 3. 6DSSa « & What I Have Learned 1, Exponential functions are used to m jodel real-life situations, such as population growth, radioactive decay, carbon dating, growth of an epidemic, loan interest rates, and javestments. It illustrates rapid increase 2. In representing real-life situations using to check emerging patterns for us to ‘or decrease of a certain variable. 1g exponential functions, itis important for us ‘construct the model that represents the relationship between the two variables involved. i i jonential Exponential Exponential ‘Exponent Equation Inequality _| Function. Definition An equation [An inequality | Function of "the ; involving involving form —- fisl=b*, exponential exponential where b20, b¥ 1 expressions expressions : S Example 41 = 16 330 (fae s ory 14 Scanned with CamScanner4) What I Can Do 1. Mrs. Dela Cruz invested P100, 000.00 , in a company that offers 6% interest compounded annually. Is it possible for Mrs. joule ‘ © 10 years? (Refer to example 3) Se aa ae 2. A population starts with 1000 individ viduals and triples every 80 years. a] Give an exponential model forthe situation. vey ’b) What is the size of the population after 100 years? Assessment For numbers 1-2. A population starts with 900 individuals and triples every 2 years. 1. Which among the following functions is the best exponential model for the situation? A y = 500(2)", c.y = 50003)" B. y=500(2)* D. y= 50003)" 2, What is the size of the population after 6 years? ‘A. 40,500 B. 13,500 c. 4,500 D. - 1,500 43, Which ofthe following is an example of an exponential Kunction? A. ye(L.8)" B. ysl Cyt D3 ‘example of an exponential equation? 4, Which of the following is an Ay=® B. fist C.4%> 2 a Additional Activities 1. Suppose that the halP-lfe of a substance © 250 years. If there were initially 100 g of 1, SuPPrtance,(e) give an exponential model for the situation, and (b) how much will remain, after 500 years? Scanned with CamScanner